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Proctolin needs to be broken down to stop it staying permanently bound to the receptor. This is done by peptidases. The first step of breakdown is cleavage of the Arg-Tyr bond, followed by the cleavage of the Tyr-Leu bond. Using a number of tissue
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have been synthesised in order to find out more about the structure of the molecule. It was found that each amino acid in the proctolin molecule was needed for full activity. The preferred
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Proctolin is a potent stimulator in the contraction of a number of visceral and skeletal muscles in insects. Proctolin stimulates contractions of the hindgut in
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neurotransmitter. However, it now appears that there are many more functions of proctolin, and it is present in many more species.
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as in many systems where it is present it does not change the postsynaptic conductance. It is believed proctolin is a
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48:)-2-amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoic acid
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272:
601:
Starratt AN, Brown BE (1975). "Structure of the pentapeptide proctolin, a proposed neurotransmitter in insects".
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Proctolin was the first insect neuropeptide to be sequenced. Starratt and Brown identified it as a visceral
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that degrades proctolin was identified. Another enzyme was also identified that cleaves the Tyr-Leu bond.
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long and has cleavage sites either side of the RYLPT proctolin sequence. It is thought a signal
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432:. This is because all proctolinergic systems change the way impulses are transmitted across a
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36:
465:. Proctolin also modulates reproductive tissue, stimulating contractions of the oviducts in
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8:
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Orchard I, Belanger JH, Lange AB (1989). "Proctolin: a review with emphasis on insects".
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in crustaceans and in some insects. More frequently, proctolin is referred to as a
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has been recently identified as the orphan G-protein coupled receptor CG6986. The
487:. Another function of proctolin is that it speeds up heart rate in some insects.
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C((C(=O)O)NC(=O)1CCCN1C(=O)(CC(C)C)NC(=O)(CC2=CC=C(C=C2)O)NC(=O)(CCCN=C(N)N)N)O
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The proctolin structure is very highly conserved between species. Proctolin
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Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
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pointing outwards. This is the best position for it to bind to the
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in 1975. Proctolin was extracted from 125,000 cockroaches and the
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cells and the expressed receptor was specific for proctolin. In
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cuts at these cleavage sites to produce the proctolin peptide.
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of proctolin is a quasi-cyclic structure with the tyrosyl
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has been identified as CG7105. The pre-proprotein is 140
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have been synthesised to try and produce new effective
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440:, often with a more common neurotransmitter such as
332:Proctolin is found in the following insect orders:
404:A large range of proctolin peptide and nonpeptide
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313:was carried out on the sample to determine the
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516:, this receptor is strongly expressed in the
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683:Learn how and when to remove this message
699:Handbook of Biologically Active Peptides
646:This article includes a list of general
420:Proctolin is not considered a classical
317:sequence, which is Arg-Tyr-Leu-Pro-Thr.
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652:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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357:Proctolin may also be present in
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269:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
75:-threonine; Arg-Tyr-Leu-Pro-Thr
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1:
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550:that codes for the proctolin
615:10.1016/0024-3205(75)90134-4
508:was cloned and expressed in
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701:. Boston: Academic Press.
532:endings in adult hearts.
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697:Kastin, Abba J. (2006).
540:Through analysis of the
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667:more precise citations.
543:Drosophila melanogaster
536:Synthesis and breakdown
497:Drosophila melanogaster
436:, using proctolin as a
477:, and spermathecae in
730:10.1002/neu.480200515
573:Periplaneta americana
302:Periplaneta americana
458:Diploptera punctata
259: g·mol
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471:Leucophaea maderae
455:and the midgut of
273:Infobox references
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693:
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484:Rhodnius prolixus
451:, the foregut in
311:Edman degradation
281:Chemical compound
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159:CompTox Dashboard
122:Interactive image
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724:(5): 470–96.
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546:genome, the
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490:A proctolin
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467:P. americana
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449:P. americana
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426:neurohormone
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410:insecticides
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387:conformation
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328:Localisation
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289:neuropeptide
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81:Identifiers
54:Other names
45:
41:
665:introducing
568:homogenates
556:amino acids
453:S. gregaria
395:active site
367:crustaceans
297:crustaceans
291:present in
211:Properties
749:Categories
648:references
588:References
576:a soluble
514:Drosophila
391:side chain
365:, decapod
352:Coleoptera
337:Orthoptera
315:amino acid
252:Molar mass
109:3D model (
98:57966-42-4
88:CAS Number
37:IUPAC name
17:Proctolin
673:July 2022
580:as a key
560:peptidase
552:precursor
510:mammalian
442:glutamate
377:Structure
342:Hemiptera
307:cockroach
285:Proctolin
63:-tyrosyl-
59:-Arginyl-
603:Life Sci
530:neuronal
492:receptor
416:Function
406:mimetics
399:receptor
363:annelids
359:molluscs
71:-prolyl-
67:-leucyl-
738:2568390
661:improve
528:and on
522:hindgut
504:of the
434:synapse
397:of the
383:analogs
371:mammals
347:Diptera
293:insects
257:648.762
134:PubChem
736:
705:
650:, but
621:
582:enzyme
524:, the
322:muscle
195:SMILES
147:123786
31:Names
570:from
526:aorta
287:is a
111:JSmol
734:PMID
703:ISBN
619:PMID
548:gene
518:head
481:and
461:and
295:and
726:doi
623:576
611:doi
502:DNA
494:in
164:EPA
137:CID
751::
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245:8
242:O
239:8
236:N
230:H
224:C
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162:(
113:)
73:L
69:L
65:L
61:L
57:L
46:R
42:S
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