861:(OLG) is not effective, according to investigation conducted by the television series, revealed in late 2017. |"Gambling addicts ... said that while on the ... self-exclusion list, they entered OLG properties on a regular basis" in spite of the facial recognition technology in place at the casinos, according to the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. As well, a CBC journalist who tested the system found that he was able to enter Ontario casinos and gamble on four distinct occasions, in spite of having been registered and photographed for the self-exclusion program. An OLG spokesman provided this response when questioned by the CBC: "We provide supports to self-excluders by training our staff, by providing disincentives, by providing facial recognition, by providing our security officers to look for players. No one element is going to be foolproof because it is not designed to be foolproof".
918:
factors that can trigger pathological gambling, it can also trigger drug consumption". In Mexico there could be between one and three million people addicted to gambling. "They should be aware of what their children are doing, and on the other hand, they should motivate pro-active gambling, healthy gambling", commented
Lizbeth García Quevedo. The Ministry of Health document highlights that a study on pathological gambling that analyzed 46 studies carried out in Canada, the United States, Australia, Sweden, Norway, England, Switzerland and Spain, revealed that the prevalence of pathological gambling is relatively higher among adolescents, which shows the continuity of the problem considering that many pathological gamblers state that they started their gambling behavior at an early age.
1178:
that define a state of addiction. ... A large body of literature has demonstrated that such ΔFosB induction in D1-type neurons increases an animal's sensitivity to drug as well as natural rewards and promotes drug self-administration, presumably through a process of positive reinforcement ... Another ΔFosB target is cFos: as ΔFosB accumulates with repeated drug exposure it represses c-Fos and contributes to the molecular switch whereby ΔFosB is selectively induced in the chronic drug-treated state. ... Moreover, there is increasing evidence that, despite a range of genetic risks for addiction across the population, exposure to sufficiently high doses of a drug for long periods of time can transform someone who has relatively lower genetic loading into an addict.
933:'s division on addictions, 1.1 percent of the adult population of the United States and Canada could be called pathological gamblers. A 1996 study estimated 1.2 to 1.9 percent of adults in Canada were pathological. In Ontario, a 2006 report showed 2.6 percent of residents experienced "moderate gambling problems" and 0.8 percent had "severe gambling problems". In Quebec, an estimated 0.8 percent of the adult population were pathological gamblers in 2002. Although most who gamble do so without harm, approximately 6 million American adults are addicted to gambling.
108:
622:
women compared with men. This phenomenon was initially described for alcoholism, but it has also been applied to pathological gambling. Also, biological data support a relationship between pathological gambling and substance use disorder. A comprehensive UK Gambling
Commission study from 2018 has also hinted at the link between gambling addiction and a reduction in physical activity, poor diet, and overall well-being. The study links problem gambling to a myriad of issues affecting relationships, and social stability.
675:
DSM-IV criteria is the
National Opinion Research Center DSM Screen for Gambling Problems (NODS). The Canadian Problem Gambling Inventory (CPGI) and the Victorian Gambling Screen (VGS) are newer assessment measures. The Problem Gambling Severity Index, which focuses on the harms associated with problem gambling, is composed of nine items from the longer CPGI. The VGS is also harm based and includes 15 items. The VGS has proven validity and reliability in population studies as well as Adolescents and clinic gamblers.
4424:
85:
823:, may help reduce the severity of gambling symptoms in the short-term, however it is not clear if these medications are effective at improving other psychological symptoms associated with this disorder or for longer term symptom relief from problem gambling. The evidence suggesting the effectiveness of mood stabilizers is not clear.
1005:(SCU), found that the proximity of a person's residence to a gambling venue is significant in terms of prevalence. Harmful gambling in the study was prevalent among those living within 100 metres of any gambling venue, and was over 50% higher than among those living ten kilometres from a venue. The study's data stated:
993:
Casinos and poker machines in pubs and clubs facilitate problem gambling in
Australia. The building of new hotels and casinos has been described as "one of the most active construction markets in Australia"; for example, AUD$ 860 million was allocated to rebuild and expand the Star Complex in Sydney.
904:
With gambling addiction on the rise worldwide and across Europe in particular, those calling gambling a disease have been gaining grounds. The UK Gambling
Commission announced a significant shift in their approach to gambling through their reclassification of gambling as a disease, and therefore that
750:
12 Step–based programs such as
Gamblers Anonymous are specific to gambling and generic to healing addiction, creating financial health, and improving mental wellness. Commercial alternatives that are designed for clinical intervention, using the best of health science and applied education practices,
621:
Pathological gambling shows several similarities with substance use disorders. There is a partial overlap in diagnostic criteria; pathological gamblers are also likely to have a substance use disorder. The "telescoping phenomenon" reflects the rapid development from initial to problematic behavior in
1258:
Addiction: A term used to indicate the most severe, chronic stage of substance-use disorder, in which there is a substantial loss of self-control, as indicated by compulsive drug taking despite the desire to stop taking the drug. In the DSM-5, the term addiction is synonymous with the classification
1255:
Substance-use disorder: A diagnostic term in the fifth edition of the
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) referring to recurrent use of alcohol or other drugs that causes clinically and functionally significant impairment, such as health problems, disability, and failure to
908:
The World Health
Organization has also classified gambling a disease. In its 72nd World Health Assembly held on Saturday, May 25, 2019, ‘gaming disorder’ was recognized as an official illness. The 194-member meet added excessive gaming to a classified list of diseases as it revised its International
841:
Some experts maintain that casinos in general arrange for self-exclusion programs as a public relations measure without actually helping many of those with problem gambling issues. A campaign of this type merely "deflects attention away from problematic products and industries", according to
Natasha
775:
A growing method of treatment is peer support. With the advancement of online gambling, many gamblers experiencing issues use various online peer-support groups to aid their recovery. This protects their anonymity while allowing them to attempt recovery on their own, often without having to disclose
625:
There have also been studies that showcase factors like gender and age can affect how a person is affected by gambling. Where the probability of addiction can be 11% stronger in men than in women, and the age range of 19-29 has the highest risk of developing problem gambling or pathological gambling
984:
For Isabel Sánchez Sosa, coordinator of the
Compulsive Gamblers Association of Argentina, "gambling addiction is growing a lot in the country because the offer is impressive" and in this sense she asserted that the presence of bingos is a common issue in all neighborhoods. In the province of Buenos
869:
According to the Productivity Commission's 2010 final report into gambling, the social cost of problem gambling is close to 4.7 billion dollars a year. Some of the harms resulting from problem gambling include depression, suicide, lower work productivity, job loss, relationship breakdown, crime and
806:
Numerous pharmaceutical approaches to treating gambling addiction have been suggested including antidepressants, atypical antipsychotic agents, mood stabilizers, and opioid antagonists, however the best approach for treatment, treatment regime including dosage and timing is not clear. There is some
683:
Most treatment for problem gambling involves counseling, step-based programs, self-help, peer-support, medication, or a combination of these. However, no one treatment is considered to be most efficacious and, in the United States, no medications have been approved for the treatment of pathological
651:(the incorrect belief that a series of random events tends to self-correct so that the absolute frequencies of each of various outcomes balance each other out). Fifth, problem gamblers represent a chronic state of a behavioral spin process, a gambling spin, as described by the criminal spin theory.
634:
Several psychological mechanisms are thought to be implicated in the development and maintenance of problem gambling. First, reward processing seems to be less sensitive with problem gamblers. Second, some individuals use problem gambling as an escape from the problems in their lives (an example of
582:
Some medical authors suggest that the biomedical model of problem gambling may be unhelpful because it focuses only on individuals. These authors point out that social factors may be a far more important determinant of gambling behavior than brain chemicals, and they suggest that a social model may
1014:
According to the Productivity Commission's 2016 report into gambling, 0.5% to 1% (80,000 to 160,000) of the Australian adult population had significant problems resulting from gambling. A further 1.4% to 2.1% (230,000 to 350,000) of the Australian adult population experienced moderate risks making
888:
In Europe, the rate of problem gambling is typically 0.5 to 3 percent. The "British Gambling Prevalence Survey 2007", conducted by the United Kingdom Gambling Commission, found approximately 0.6 percent of the adult population had problem gambling issues—the same percentage as in 1999. The highest
1177:
Despite the importance of numerous psychosocial factors, at its core, drug addiction involves a biological process: the ability of repeated exposure to a drug of abuse to induce changes in a vulnerable brain that drive the compulsive seeking and taking of drugs, and loss of control over drug use,
917:
Lizbeth García Quevedo, director of the Coordination with Federal Entities (CONADIC), spoke of pathological gambling as a strong addiction in Mexico: "It has very similar behaviors, that is why some experts consider it an addiction because it is similar in the behaviors, in the origins, some risk
874:
was problem gambling, with each incident averaging a loss of $ 1.1 million. According to Darren R. Christensen. Nicki A. Dowling, Alun C. Jackson and Shane A. Thomas, a survey done from 1994 to 2008 in Tasmania gave results that gambling participation rates have risen rather than fallen over this
674:
diagnostic criteria presented as a checklist is an alternative to SOGS, it focuses on the psychological motivations underpinning problem gambling and was developed by the American Psychiatric Association. It consists of ten diagnostic criteria. One frequently used screening measure based upon the
662:
The most common instrument used to screen for "probable pathological gambling" behavior is the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS) developed by Lesieur and Blume (1987) at the South Oaks Hospital in New York City. In recent years the use of SOGS has declined due to a number of criticisms, including
358:
Research by governments in Australia led to a universal definition for that country which appears to be the only research-based definition not to use diagnostic criteria: "Problem gambling is characterized by many difficulties in limiting money and/or time spent on gambling which leads to adverse
925:
has shown the prevalence rate ranges from 0.1 percent to 0.6 percent. Nevada has the highest percentage of pathological gambling; a 2002 report estimated 2.2 to 3.6 percent of Nevada residents over the age of 18 could be called problem gamblers. Also, 2.7 to 4.3 percent could be called probable
1434:
Christensen, D. R.; Jackson, Alun C.; Dowling, Nicki A.; Volberg, Rachel A.; Thomas, Shane A. (2014). "An Examination of a Proposed DSM-IV Pathological Gambling Hierarchy in a Treatment Seeking Population: Similarities with Substance Dependence and Evidence for Three Classification Systems".
952:
According to Jennifer Trimpey, as the legality of online sport betting and online casino gambling increase across the United States, almost all governments of states with legal online gambling offer state-run self-exclusion programs, and most major online betting operators provide their own
714:
that increase one's vulnerability to out-of-control gambling. Additionally, CBT approaches frequently utilize skill-building techniques geared toward relapse prevention, assertiveness and gambling refusal, problem solving and reinforcement of gambling-inconsistent activities and interests.
762:
is one of the treatments of compulsive gambling. The motivational interviewer's basic goal is promoting readiness to change through thinking and resolving mixed feelings. Avoiding aggressive confrontation, argument, labeling, blaming, and direct persuasion, the interviewer supplies
366:
Most other definitions of problem gambling can usually be simplified to any gambling that causes harm to the gambler or someone else in any way; however, these definitions are usually coupled with descriptions of the type of harm or the use of diagnostic criteria. The
1009:
Specifically, people who lived 100 metres from their favourite venue visited an estimated average of 3.4 times per month. This compared to an average of 2.8 times per month for people living one kilometre away, and 2.2 times per month for people living ten kilometres
3004:
Christensen, Darren R.; Dowling, Nicki A.; Jackson, Alun C.; Thomas, Shane A. (December 1, 2015). "Gambling Participation and Problem Gambling Severity in a Stratified Random Survey: Findings from the Second Social and Economic Impact Study of Gambling in Tasmania".
718:
As to behavioral treatment, some recent research supports the use of both activity scheduling and desensitization in the treatment of gambling problems. In general, behavior analytic research in this area is growing There is evidence that the
339:" for another condition such as depression) seek to activate the brain's reward mechanisms while the behaviors characterizing obsessive-compulsive disorder are prompted by overactive and misplaced signals from the brain's fear mechanisms.
1958:
Roy, Alec; Adinoff, Brian; Roehrich, Laurie; Lamparski, Danuta; Custer, Robert; Lorenz, Valerie; Barbaccia, Maria; Guidotti, Alessandro; Costa, Erminio; Linnoila, Markku (April 1988). "Pathological Gambling: A Psychobiological Study".
538:
According to the Illinois Institute for Addiction Recovery, evidence indicates that pathological gambling is an addiction similar to chemical addiction. It has been observed that some pathological gamblers have lower levels of
837:
Gambling self-exclusion (voluntary exclusion) programs are available in the US, the UK, Canada, Australia, South Africa, France, and other countries. They seem to help some (but not all) problem gamblers to gamble less often.
2648:
Hollander E, Pallanti S, Allen A, Sood E, Baldini Rossi N (2005). "Does sustained release lithium reduce impulsive gambling and affective instability versus placebo in pathological gamblers with bipolar spectrum disorders?".
2371:
Hudgens-Haney, Matthew E; Hamm, Jordan P; Goodie, Adam S; Krusemark, Elizabeth A; McDowell, Jennifer E; Clementz, Brett A (2013). "Neural Correlates of Perceived Control and Risky Decision Making in Pathological Gamblers".
583:
be more useful in understanding the issue. For example, an apparent increase in problem gambling in the UK may be better understood as a consequence of changes in legislation which came into force in 2007 and enabled
377:
and has listed the disorder under substance-related and addictive disorders rather than impulse-control disorders. This is due to the symptomatology of the disorder resembling an addiction not dissimilar to that of a
940:
found that the percentage who reported being unable to control their gambling rose to 8.3 percent in 2022, up from just 4.2 percent in 2018. The reasons for the increase cited, are the time spent online during the
3615:
3600:
571:
A limited study was presented at a conference in Berlin, suggesting opioid release differs in problem gamblers from the general population, but in a very different way from people with a substance use disorder.
395:
Is often preoccupied with gambling (e.g., having persistent thoughts of reliving past gambling experiences, handicapping or planning the next venture, thinking of ways to get money with which to gamble)
602:. According to evidence from both community- and clinic-based studies, individuals who are pathological gamblers are highly likely to exhibit other psychiatric problems concurrently, including
3156:
2613:
Kim SW, Grant JE, Adson DE, Shin YC, Zaninelli R (2002). "A double-blind placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of paroxetine in the treatment of pathological gambling".
2549:
Dowling, Nicki; Jackson, Alun C.; Thomas, Shane A. (2008). "Behavioral Interventions in the Treatment of Pathological Gambling: A Review of Activity Scheduling and Desensitization".
1384:
2485:
2082:(source: Mick I, et al. Endogenous opioid release in pathological gamblers after an oral amphetamine challenge. At The European College of Neuropsychopharmacology Congress. 2014.)
2791:
726:
is efficacious in the treatment of pathological gambling. Additionally, for patients with both pathological gambling and a comorbid bipolar spectrum condition, sustained-release
521:
and comorbid mental disorders increase the risk of suicide in people with problem gambling. A 2010 Australian hospital study found that 17% of suicidal patients admitted to the
1928:
1902:
3130:
161:– psychoactive substances that with repeated use are associated with significantly higher rates of substance use disorders, due in large part to the drug's effect on brain
921:
In the United States, the percentage of pathological gamblers was 0.6 percent, and the percentage of problem gamblers was 2.3 percent in 2008. Studies commissioned by the
3095:
2684:
710:(CBT) has been shown to reduce symptoms and gambling-related urges. This type of therapy focuses on the identification of gambling-related thought processes, mood and
767:
and advice to compulsive gamblers who define their own goal. The focus is on promoting freedom of choice and encouraging confidence in the ability to change.
564:
Pathological gambling, as part of obsessive-compulsive disorder, requires the higher doses of antidepressants as is usually required for depressive disorders.
557:
might also contribute to compulsive behavior, including a gambling addiction. There are three important points discovered after these antidepressant studies:
2450:
Lesieur, H. R.; Blume, S. B. (September 1, 1987). "The South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS): a new instrument for the identification of pathological gamblers".
369:
4162:
1056:
1015:
them likely to be vulnerable to problem gambling. Estimates show that problem gamblers account for an average of 41% of the total gaming machine spending.
315:
has re-classified the condition as an addictive disorder, with those affected exhibiting many similarities to those with substance addictions. The term
544:
550:
Studies have compared pathological gamblers to substance addicts, concluding that addicted gamblers display more physical symptoms during withdrawal.
4182:
1256:
meet major responsibilities at work, school, or home. Depending on the level of severity, this disorder is classified as mild, moderate, or severe.
1051:
3164:
561:
Antidepressants can reduce pathological gambling when there is an effect on serotonergic reuptake inhibitors and 5-HT1/5-HT2 receptor antagonists.
595:
sites to advertise on TV and radio for the first time and which eased restrictions on the opening of betting shops and online gambling sites.
3202:
2278:
1641:
922:
302:
is repetitive gambling behavior despite harm and negative consequences. Problem gambling may be diagnosed as a mental disorder according to
1805:
1391:
282:
2815:
Slutske, Wendy (February 2006). "Natural Recovery and Treatment-Seeking in Pathological Gambling: Results of Two U.S. National Surveys".
2493:
1876:
335:, mainly because the behaviors in problem gambling and most primary substance use disorders (i.e., those not resulting from a desire to "
2798:
1803:
Ladd, George; Petry, Nancy (August 2003). "A Comparison of Pathological Gamblers with and without Substance Abuse Treatment Histories".
363:
defines pathological gambling as "being unable to resist impulses to gamble, which can lead to severe personal or social consequences".
1061:
643:, risk-seeking, sensation-seeking, and impulsivity play a role. Fourth, problem gamblers have several cognitive biases, including the
3574:
3405:"Don't Let Betting on the Super Bowl Take Control: The National Council on Problem Gambling Offers Help and Hope to Gambling Addicts"
751:
have been used as patient-centered tools for intervention since 2007. They include measured efficacy and resulting recovery metrics.
703:
216:– dependence socially seen as being extremely mild compared to physical dependence (e.g., with enough willpower it could be overcome)
2715:"Feasibility, Acceptance, and Safety of Metacognitive Training for Problem and Pathological Gamblers (Gambling-MCT): A Pilot Study"
2070:
654:
Spain's gambling watchdog has updated its 2019–2020 Responsible Gaming Program, classifying problem gambling as a mental disorder.
567:
In cases where participants do not have or have minimal symptoms of anxiety or depression, antidepressants still have those effect.
331:. However, data suggest a closer relationship between pathological gambling and substance use disorders than exists between PG and
3094:
Wardle, Heather; Sproston, Kerry; Orford, Jim; Erens, Bob; Griffiths, Mark; Constantine, Rebecca; Pigott, Sarah (September 2007).
1936:
1906:
1615:
547:, norepinephrine is secreted under stress, arousal, or thrill, so pathological gamblers gamble to make up for their under-dosage.
3502:
3134:
2857:
Dowling, Nicki; Merkouris, Stephanie; Lubman, Dan; Thomas, Shane; Bowden-Jones, Henrietta; Cowlishaw, Sean (September 22, 2022).
3529:
3350:
3102:
858:
172:– an adaptive state associated with a withdrawal syndrome upon cessation of repeated exposure to a stimulus (e.g., drug intake)
2311:
3476:
1413:
1284:
1199:
360:
308:
if certain diagnostic criteria are met. Pathological gambling is a common disorder associated with social and family costs.
4458:
3422:
1190:
Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders". In Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.).
2415:
Bensimon, M.; Baruch, A.; Ronel, N. (2013). "The experience of gambling in an illegal casino: The gambling spin process".
4375:
3847:
3704:
3630:
1300:
Petry, Nancy (September 2006). "Should the Scope of Addictive Behaviors be Broadened to Include Pathological Gambling?".
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There is also a question as to the effectiveness of such programs, which can be difficult to enforce. In the province of
4237:
1995:
1725:
Kaminer, Yifrah; Burleson, Joseph; Jadamec, Agnes (September 2002). "Gambling Behavior in Adolescent Substance Abuse".
2991:
3186:
National Opinion Research Center (April 1, 1999). "The Prevalence and Correlates of Gambling Problems Among Adults".
2355:
685:
332:
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422:
specialists state that compulsive gambling may result from biological, genetic, and environmental factors, such as:
250:– a condition in which the use of substances leads to clinically and functionally significant impairment or distress
4300:
4167:
3404:
320:
275:
2965:
4380:
4370:
3451:"Self-exclusion for problem gamblers: A comprehensive overview of self-exclusion programs and efficacy in the US"
3236:"Estimating the Prevalence of Disordered Gambling Behavior in the United States and Canada: A Research Synthesis"
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Potenza, Marc N; Fiellin, David A; Heninger, George R; Rounsaville, Bruce J; Mazure, Carolyn M (September 2002).
576:
17:
4402:
2817:
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Weatherly, Jeffrey N.; Flannery, Kathryn A. (2007). "Facing the challenge: The behavior analysis of gambling".
998:
503:
A gambler who does not receive treatment for pathological gambling when in a desperation phase may contemplate
1840:
Kausch, Otto (September 2003). "Suicide Attempts Among Veterans Seeking Treatment for Pathological Gambling".
42:
4453:
4448:
4003:
2713:
Gehlenborg, Josefine; Bücker, Lara; Berthold, Mira; Miegel, Franziska; Moritz, Steffen (September 21, 2020).
2532:
407:
Has jeopardized or lost a significant relationship, job, education, or career opportunity because of gambling
734:
has also been trialled quite successfully for the treatment of compulsive gambling. Group concepts based on
4232:
4217:
4205:
4145:
1768:
Kausch, Otto (December 2003). "Patterns of Substance Abuse Among Treatment-Seeking Pathological Gamblers".
735:
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268:
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901:(9.8%). In Norway, a December 2007 study showed the amount of current problem gamblers was 0.7 percent.
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3800:
234:– stimuli that the brain interprets as intrinsically positive and desirable or as something to approach
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4052:
3906:
1903:"Illinois Institute for Addiction Recovery – WEEK News 25 – News, Sports, Weather – Peoria, Illinois"
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has been observed in the aforementioned theory in people with regard to such activities as gambling.
38:
3682:
2966:'Nobody stopped me' at the casino: Ontario self-exclusion program fails to keep gambling addicts out
2208:"Medicalisation, morality, and addiction: Why we should be wary of problem gamblers in primary care"
4013:
3641:
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Ladouceur, Robert; Jacques, Christian; Chevalier, Serge; Sévigny, Serge; Hamel, Denis (July 2005).
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382:. To be diagnosed, an individual must have at least four of the following symptoms in 12 months:
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3131:"Ludopatía, comportamiento incontrolable por los juegos de azar | México | Noticieros Televisa"
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816:
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If not treated, problem gambling may cause severe and lasting effects on an individual's life:
379:
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video games (including any factors that resemble gambling such as slot machines or loot boxes)
410:
Relies on others to provide money to relieve desperate financial situations caused by gambling
319:
has long been used in the recovery movement. Pathological gambling was long considered by the
4397:
4325:
4310:
4222:
3820:
1668:
1667:
Moreyra, Paula; Ibáñez, Angela; Saiz-Ruiz, Jerónimo; Nissenson, Kore; Blanco, Carlos (2000).
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age and sex (usually found in youth or middle-aged people, and more common to men than women)
1337:"The neurobiology of pathological gambling and drug addiction: an overview and new findings"
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After losing money gambling, often returns another day to get even ("chasing" one's losses)
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with alcohol problems. A common tendency shared by people who have a gambling addiction is
168:
122:
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Ludomania, degenerate gambling, gambling addiction, compulsive gambling, gambling disorder
8:
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1972:
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258:– the diminishing effect of a drug resulting from repeated administration at a given dose
196:
101:
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Pengespill og Pengespillproblem i Norge 2007 (Report). SINTEF. December 2007. p. 3.
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1103:
184:– the escalating effect of a drug resulting from repeated administration at a given dose
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2916:"Review of Self-exclusion from Gambling Venues as an Intervention for Problem Gambling"
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1088:"Adolescents and loot boxes: links with problem gambling and motivations for purchase"
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Ladouceur, Robert (June 1996). "The Prevalence of Pathological Gambling in Canada".
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2859:"Pharmacological interventions for the treatment of disordered and problem gambling"
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2284:(Report). The New Zealand Department of Internal Affairs. p. 28. Archived from
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than normal gamblers. According to a study conducted by Alec Roy, formerly at the
429:(the presence of substance use disorders, personality disorders, emotional states)
398:
Often gambles when feeling distressed (e.g., helpless, guilty, anxious, depressed)
386:
Needs to gamble with increasing amounts of money to achieve the desired excitement
4409:
4293:
4018:
3646:
945:, gambling-like elements put into video games, and the increased legalization of
870:
bankruptcy. A survey conducted in 2008 found that the most common motivation for
598:
Pathological gambling is similar to many other impulse-control disorders such as
592:
426:
336:
188:
146:
801:
514:
Early onset of problem gambling may increase the lifetime risk of suicide. Both
4275:
4103:
3807:
3744:
3370:
2830:
2731:
2662:
1818:
946:
890:
857:, Canada, for example, the Self-Exclusion program operated by the government's
832:
664:
540:
254:
225:– stimuli that increase the probability of repeating behaviors paired with them
150:
3609:
3327:
3018:
2931:
2109:
1738:
1669:"Review of the Phenomenology, Etiology and Treatment of Pathological Gambling"
1448:
792:
concluded one-third of pathological gamblers overcome it by natural recovery.
575:
The findings in one review indicated the sensitization theory is responsible.
4442:
4288:
3713:
3410:(Press release). National Council on Problem Gambling (US). January 31, 2013.
3036:
2882:
2740:
2428:
2174:
2117:
2037:
1684:
1583:
1409:
909:
Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-11).
785:
607:
447:
392:
Has made repeated unsuccessful efforts to control, cut back, or stop gambling
238:
229:
220:
162:
784:
Research into self-help for problem gamblers has shown benefits. A study by
242:– an amplified response to a stimulus resulting from repeated exposure to it
3379:
3304:
3269:
3251:
3044:
2949:
2900:
2838:
2758:
2670:
2634:
2463:
2393:
2241:
2192:
2135:
2055:
1861:
1826:
1789:
1746:
1698:
Volberg, Rachel (March 2002). "The Epidemiology of Pathological Gambling".
1601:
1466:
1370:
1352:
1321:
1250:
1172:
1131:
438:
2471:
2223:
1980:
1232:
997:
A 2010 study, conducted in the Northern Territory by researchers from the
201:
3665:
2626:
1853:
889:
prevalence of problem gambling was found among those who participated in
599:
419:
347:
343:
3527:
3027:
1112:
4360:
4200:
4037:
3296:
2071:"Gambling Addicts' Brains Don't Have The Same Opioid Systems As Others"
1046:
820:
808:
723:
694:(GA) is a commonly used treatment for gambling problems. Modeled after
640:
97:
3592:
3335:
1457:
1341:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
730:
has shown efficacy in a preliminary trial. The opioid antagonist drug
59:
Repetitive gambling despite demonstrable harm and adverse consequences
3729:
3717:
3712:
3575:
Productivity Commission Inquiry Report, Gambling, Vol 1, 2010, p. 203
2599:
2562:
812:
731:
588:
554:
389:
Is restless or irritable when attempting to cut down or stop gambling
328:
157:
141:
3528:
Martin Young, Bruce Doran & Francis Markham (December 6, 2013).
1085:
3234:
Shaffer, Howard; Hall, Mathew; Vander Bilt, Joni (September 1999).
2977:
Casino Industry in Asia Pacific: Development, Operation, and Impact
2772:
Harvard Medical School (2004). "The Harvard mental health letter".
2279:
What do We Know About Gambling and Problem Gambling in New Zealand?
1275:
Gambling Addiction: The Problem, the Pain, and the Path to Recovery
1192:
Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience
515:
3897:
1217:"Neurobiologic Advances from the Brain Disease Model of Addiction"
3871:
3101:. National Centre for Social Research. p. 10. Archived from
1557:
1194:(2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 364–375.
1041:
854:
764:
504:
491:
458:
Other studies add the following triggers to the mentioned above:
359:
consequences for the gambler, others, or for the community." The
84:
3635:
3348:
3185:
2370:
1492:(5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.
1487:
1433:
3959:
3604:
3003:
2312:"Psychiatric Comorbidity Associated With Pathological Gambling"
1666:
1649:
960:
Using income or savings to gamble while letting bills go unpaid
584:
3530:"Too close to home: people who live near pokie venues at risk"
3208:(Report). Nevada Department of Human Resources. Archived from
2712:
3969:
3964:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3938:
3931:
3924:
3892:
3877:
2992:
Productivity Commission Inquiry Report, Gambling, Vol 1, 2010
2508:"Treatment Facilities | National Council on Problem Gambling"
871:
304:
149:
disorder characterized by persistent use of drugs (including
3477:"Cada vez son más los jugadores compulsivos en la Argentina"
3326:
Weibe, Jamie; Mun, Phil; Kauffman, Nadine (September 2006).
2856:
2551:
International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy
1390:(Report). gamblingresearch.org.au. p. i. Archived from
3887:
3882:
2151:"Natural Rewards, Neuroplasticity, and Non-Drug Addictions"
720:
121:
Spending a lot of money and time in casino/sports betting,
2647:
807:
evidence to suggest that opioid antagonists, for example,
414:
3912:
192:– symptoms that occur upon cessation of repeated drug use
3190:. National Gambling Impact Study Commission. p. 25.
2533:"Cognitive–Behavioral Therapy for Pathological Gamblers"
2492:. Centre for Addiction and Mental Health. Archived from
1385:
Problem Gambling and Harm: Towards a National Definition
975:
Feeling depressed or suicidal because of gambling losses
3351:"Prevalence of Pathological Gambling in Quebec in 2002"
1504:"Gambling addiction: Symptoms, triggers, and treatment"
1408:
Vorvick, Linda; Merrill, Michelle (February 18, 2010).
404:
Lies to conceal the extent of involvement with gambling
3509:. HM – The business of Accommodation. January 11, 2012
3233:
2771:
1724:
1086:
David Zendle; Rachel Meyer; Harriet Over (June 2019).
972:
Arguing with friends or family about gambling behavior
507:. Problem gambling is often associated with increased
342:
Problem gambling is an addictive behavior with a high
3559:
North American Foundation for Gambling Addiction Help
2348:
Problem gambling: Cognition, prevention and treatment
2094:"The Functional Anatomy of Impulse Control Disorders"
1490:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
702:
that emphasizes a mutual-support approach. There are
4163:
Community reinforcement approach and family training
3582:
2548:
1057:
National Council on Problem Gambling (United States)
667:(Battersby, Tolchard, Thomas & Esterman, 2002).
2792:"Minimal Intervention Approach to Problem Gambling"
2414:
1189:
704:
three in-patient treatment centers in North America
153:) despite substantial harm and adverse consequences
3089:
3087:
2020:Grant, Jon E.; Kim, Suck Won (September 1, 2006).
1877:"Gambling linked to one in five suicidal patients"
1272:
1214:
936:According to a survey of 11th and 12th graders in
545:National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
3503:"Hotel refurbishment market continues boom phase"
3423:"Problem Gambling Is on the Rise Among Young Men"
2612:
2585:
2092:Probst, Catharina C.; van Eimeren, Thilo (2013).
2091:
1488:American Psychiatric Association (May 18, 2013).
1183:
742:for problem gambling have also proven effective.
511:and attempts compared to the general population.
4440:
3325:
2022:"Medication Management of Pathological Gambling"
1642:"High Stakes: Teens Gambling with Their Futures"
1215:Volkow ND, Koob GF, McLellan AT (January 2016).
1052:National Council on Problem Gambling (Singapore)
373:has since reclassified pathological gambling as
3084:
2346:Gobet, Fernand; Schiller, Marvin, eds. (2014).
1531:"Behavioral Health Barometer Wood County Youth"
963:Repeated unsuccessful attempts to stop gambling
647:, unrealistic optimism, overconfidence and the
525:'s emergency department were problem gamblers.
200:– dependence that involves persistent physical–
3157:"History of Problem Gambling Prevalence Rates"
1407:
905:it should be addressed adequately by the NHS.
3698:
3570:
3568:
2345:
1138:
923:National Gambling Impact Study Commission Act
276:
2685:"Best Practice in Problem Gambling Services"
2449:
2310:Black, Donald; Shaw, Martha (October 2008).
2015:
2013:
1806:Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology
1208:
795:
754:
2863:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2068:
1616:"Compulsive gambling - Symptoms and causes"
446:drugs with rare side-effects (for example,
23:
3705:
3691:
3565:
3474:
2098:Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports
1144:
1062:Problem Gambling Foundation of New Zealand
494:, including suicidal thoughts and attempts
283:
269:
106:
83:
24:
3369:
3282:
3259:
3096:"British Gambling Prevalence Survey 2007"
3072:. European Gaming and Betting Association
3026:
2961:
2959:
2939:
2913:
2890:
2748:
2730:
2570:
2309:
2231:
2182:
2125:
2045:
2010:
1993:
1802:
1591:
1456:
1360:
1240:
1162:
1121:
1111:
842:Dow Schull, a cultural anthropologist at
3449:Trimpey, Jennifer (September 25, 2023).
3420:
3330:(Report). Responsible Gambling Council.
3328:Gambling and Problem Gambling in Ontario
2914:Gainsbury, Sally M. (January 22, 2013).
2019:
1147:"Cellular basis of memory for addiction"
32:This is an accepted version of this page
3555:"Statistics of Gambling Addiction 2016"
3448:
3399:
3397:
3203:Gambling and Problem Gambling in Nevada
2987:
2985:
2814:
2205:
1935:. Broadcast Interactive. Archived from
1697:
1334:
415:Factors that lead to gambling addiction
204:withdrawal symptoms (e.g., fatigue and
14:
4441:
3200:
2956:
2486:"Problem Gambling Severity Index PGSI"
2276:
2256:"Moran E. Letter: Gambling with lives"
1839:
1833:
1767:
1528:
988:
969:Losing sleep over thoughts of gambling
859:Ontario Lottery and Gaming Corporation
745:
639:). Third, personality factors such as
3686:
3421:Ansberry, Clare (December 18, 2022).
2852:
2850:
2848:
2148:
1929:"We Put Troubled Lives Back Together"
1874:
1414:University of Maryland Medical Center
1299:
1270:
956:Signs of a gambling problem include:
929:According to a 1997 meta-analysis by
864:
361:University of Maryland Medical Center
353:
3394:
3133:. September 11, 2016. Archived from
2982:
1973:10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800280085011
1770:Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment
1564:Journal of General Internal Medicine
4376:Discrimination against drug addicts
2212:British Journal of General Practice
1335:Potenza, M. N. (October 12, 2008).
56:
4238:Tobacco cessation clinics in India
3358:The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry
3188:Gambling Impact and Behavior Study
2845:
1151:Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience
57:
4470:
3240:American Journal of Public Health
3201:Voberg, Rachel (March 22, 2002).
1994:Griffiths, Mark (November 2003).
1259:of severe substance-use disorder.
953:self-exclusion programs as well.
826:
686:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
133:Addiction and dependence glossary
4423:
4422:
4301:Low-threshold treatment programs
4168:Motivational enhancement therapy
2167:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.03.010
2069:Shweta Iyer (October 18, 2014).
1639:
1576:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2002.10812.x
1314:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01593.x
1032:, an ancient poem about gambling
979:
912:
629:
498:
321:American Psychiatric Association
4381:Dopamine dysregulation syndrome
4371:Category:Vaccines against drugs
3547:
3521:
3495:
3468:
3442:
3414:
3342:
3319:
3276:
3227:
3194:
3179:
3149:
3123:
3112:
3059:
2997:
2970:
2907:
2808:
2784:
2765:
2706:
2677:
2641:
2606:
2579:
2542:
2525:
2500:
2478:
2443:
2417:European Journal of Criminology
2408:
2386:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.11.015
2364:
2339:
2326:
2303:
2270:
2248:
2199:
2142:
2085:
2062:
1996:"Action plan: Problem Gambling"
1987:
1951:
1921:
1895:
1868:
1796:
1761:
1718:
1691:
1660:
1633:
1608:
1551:
1522:
1496:
1481:
1427:
1221:New England Journal of Medicine
770:
577:Dopamine dysregulation syndrome
482:problems with money, bankruptcy
2875:10.1002/14651858.CD008936.pub2
2818:American Journal of Psychiatry
2651:American Journal of Psychiatry
2615:Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
2452:American Journal of Psychiatry
2350:. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
2149:Olsen, Christopher M. (2011).
1961:Archives of General Psychiatry
1875:Hagan, Kate (April 21, 2010).
1842:Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
1401:
1377:
1328:
1293:
1264:
1079:
999:Australian National University
13:
1:
4004:Adverse childhood experiences
1782:10.1016/S0740-5472(03)00117-X
1712:10.3928/0048-5713-20020301-06
1072:
878:
528:
333:obsessive–compulsive disorder
4233:Nicotine replacement therapy
4218:Intensive outpatient program
4206:Residential treatment center
4146:Cognitive behavioral therapy
1673:German Journal of Psychiatry
1145:Nestler EJ (December 2013).
949:in a number of U.S. states.
895:fixed odds betting terminals
779:
776:their issues to loved ones.
708:cognitive behavioral therapy
678:
657:
485:legal problems, imprisonment
7:
4459:Habit and impulse disorders
3831:Internet addiction disorder
3475:Clarín.com (May 19, 2010).
3285:Journal of Gambling Studies
3161:American Gaming Association
3007:Journal of Gambling Studies
2920:Journal of Gambling Studies
2719:Journal of Gambling Studies
2332:Potenza, Dr. Mark, (2003),
1437:Journal of Gambling Studies
1018:
985:Aires there are 46 bingos.
802:Addiction § Medication
479:relationship-related issues
435:impact of family or friends
10:
4475:
4266:List of twelve-step groups
3534:The Conversation Australia
3371:10.1177/070674370505000804
2831:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.2.297
2732:10.1007/s10899-020-09975-w
2663:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.1.137
2588:The Behavior Analyst Today
2334:The Psychology of Gambling
2258:. Guardian. April 21, 2009
1819:10.1037/1064-1297.11.3.202
1092:Royal Society Open Science
830:
799:
706:. One form of counseling,
533:
4418:
4348:
4331:Supervised injection site
4274:
4261:Addiction recovery groups
4253:
4213:Heroin-assisted treatment
4191:
4173:Motivational interviewing
4136:
4115:
4102:
4027:
3996:
3987:
3856:
3783:
3737:
3728:
3656:
3586:
3019:10.1007/s10899-014-9495-9
2932:10.1007/s10899-013-9362-0
2277:Abbott, Max (June 2001).
2110:10.1007/s11910-013-0386-8
1739:10.1080/08897070209511489
1449:10.1007/s10899-014-9449-2
1003:Southern Cross University
883:
796:Pharmaceutical treatments
760:Motivational interviewing
755:Motivational interviewing
264:
137:
132:
115:
91:
82:
74:
69:
4014:Psychological dependence
3848:Digital media addictions
2429:10.1177/1477370812455124
1538:barometer.2022.final.pdf
1529:Ivoska, William (2022).
1508:www.medicalnewstoday.com
325:impulse-control disorder
213:psychological dependence
39:latest accepted revision
4316:Needle exchange program
4306:Managed alcohol program
4284:Category:Harm reduction
3428:The Wall Street Journal
2692:Gambling Research Panel
1410:"Pathological Gambling"
926:pathological gamblers.
846:and author of the book
817:atypical antipsychotics
604:substance use disorders
427:mental health disorders
4336:Tobacco harm reduction
4156:Contingency management
4123:Alcohol detoxification
3836:Internet sex addiction
3252:10.2105/AJPH.89.9.1369
2464:10.1176/ajp.144.9.1184
1353:10.1098/rstb.2008.0100
1012:
931:Harvard Medical School
790:University of Missouri
740:metacognitive training
663:that it overestimates
637:negative reinforcement
380:substance use disorder
247:substance use disorder
4398:Motivational salience
4326:Stimulant maintenance
4311:Moderation Management
4223:Methadone maintenance
3137:on September 11, 2016
3108:on November 28, 2009.
2572:10536/DRO/DU:30059283
2496:on February 22, 2010.
2374:Biological Psychology
2224:10.3399/bjgp11X613197
1233:10.1056/NEJMra1511480
1007:
712:cognitive distortions
616:personality disorders
4454:Gambling and society
4449:Behavioral addiction
4321:Responsible drug use
4178:Motivational therapy
3843:Video game addiction
3167:on November 16, 2012
2627:10.4088/JCP.v63n0606
2206:Moscrop, A. (2011).
1854:10.4088/JCP.v64n0908
1271:Eades, John (2003).
1067:Video game addiction
696:Alcoholics Anonymous
462:traumatic conditions
123:Video game addiction
4245:Twelve-step program
4128:Drug detoxification
4009:Physical dependence
2512:www.ncpgambling.org
1397:on August 19, 2006.
1347:(1507): 3181–3189.
1113:10.1098/rsos.190049
1104:2019RSOS....690049Z
1036:Gambling Commission
989:Oceania (Australia)
848:Addiction by Design
844:New York University
746:Step-based programs
700:twelve-step program
645:illusion of control
197:physical dependence
102:clinical psychology
29:Page version status
4403:Incentive salience
4391:Inhibitory control
4366:Category:Addiction
4356:Addiction medicine
4151:Relapse prevention
4088:Tanning dependence
3657:External resources
3297:10.1007/BF01539170
2804:on March 20, 2009.
2490:ProblemGambling.ca
2026:Minnesota Medicine
1700:Psychiatric Annals
1025:Gamblers Anonymous
865:Impact (Australia)
692:Gamblers Anonymous
465:job-related stress
439:personality traits
354:Signs and symptoms
317:gambling addiction
177:drug sensitization
35:
4436:
4435:
4386:Cognitive control
4344:
4343:
4228:Smoking cessation
4183:Physical exercise
4098:
4097:
4084:Non-drug stimuli
3983:
3982:
3827:Internet-related
3680:
3679:
3215:on March 18, 2012
2316:Psychiatric Times
2291:on March 21, 2012
2155:Neuropharmacology
1656:on July 16, 2011.
1646:Disney family.com
1286:978-0-8307-3425-2
1201:978-0-07-148127-4
943:COVID-19 pandemic
938:Wood County, Ohio
899:betting exchanges
649:gambler's fallacy
612:anxiety disorders
509:suicidal ideation
452:dopamine agonists
375:gambling disorder
293:
292:
182:reverse tolerance
128:
127:
64:Medical condition
47:17 September 2024
26:
16:(Redirected from
4466:
4426:
4425:
4113:
4112:
3994:
3993:
3919:G9a-like protein
3735:
3734:
3707:
3700:
3693:
3684:
3683:
3584:
3583:
3577:
3572:
3563:
3562:
3551:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3525:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3507:Hotel Management
3499:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3472:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3409:
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3391:
3373:
3355:
3346:
3340:
3339:
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3316:
3280:
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3273:
3263:
3246:(9): 1369–1377.
3231:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3214:
3207:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3163:. Archived from
3153:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3100:
3091:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3071:
3067:"Problem Gaming"
3063:
3057:
3056:
3030:
3013:(4): 1317–1335.
3001:
2995:
2989:
2980:
2974:
2968:
2963:
2954:
2953:
2943:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2894:
2854:
2843:
2842:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2797:. Archived from
2796:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2752:
2734:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2689:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2645:
2639:
2638:
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2604:
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2600:10.1037/h0100652
2583:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2563:10.1037/h0100841
2546:
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2539:
2537:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2504:
2498:
2497:
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2476:
2475:
2458:(9): 1184–1188.
2447:
2441:
2440:
2412:
2406:
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2368:
2362:
2361:
2343:
2337:
2330:
2324:
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2307:
2301:
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2263:
2252:
2246:
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2235:
2218:(593): 836–838.
2203:
2197:
2196:
2186:
2161:(7): 1109–1122.
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2140:
2139:
2129:
2089:
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2081:
2079:
2077:
2066:
2060:
2059:
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2017:
2008:
2007:
2000:The Psychologist
1991:
1985:
1984:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1939:on June 29, 2012
1925:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1905:. Archived from
1899:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1848:(9): 1031–1038.
1837:
1831:
1830:
1800:
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1765:
1759:
1758:
1722:
1716:
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1695:
1689:
1688:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1652:. Archived from
1637:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1595:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1546:
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1364:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1278:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1244:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1166:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1125:
1115:
1083:
1030:Gambler's Lament
684:gambling by the
553:Deficiencies in
471:other addictions
296:Problem gambling
285:
278:
271:
206:delirium tremens
130:
129:
111:
110:
87:
70:Problem gambling
67:
66:
21:
4474:
4473:
4469:
4468:
4467:
4465:
4464:
4463:
4439:
4438:
4437:
4432:
4414:
4410:Sober companion
4340:
4294:Reagent testing
4270:
4249:
4193:
4187:
4138:
4132:
4107:
4105:
4094:
4023:
3979:
3866:Transcriptional
3858:
3852:
3779:
3765:Methylphenidate
3760:Methamphetamine
3724:
3711:
3681:
3676:
3675:
3652:
3651:
3595:
3581:
3580:
3573:
3566:
3553:
3552:
3548:
3538:
3536:
3526:
3522:
3512:
3510:
3501:
3500:
3496:
3486:
3484:
3473:
3469:
3459:
3457:
3447:
3443:
3433:
3431:
3419:
3415:
3407:
3403:
3402:
3395:
3353:
3347:
3343:
3324:
3320:
3281:
3277:
3232:
3228:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3205:
3199:
3195:
3184:
3180:
3170:
3168:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3140:
3138:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3118:
3117:
3113:
3105:
3098:
3092:
3085:
3075:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3064:
3060:
3002:
2998:
2990:
2983:
2975:
2971:
2964:
2957:
2912:
2908:
2869:(9): CD008936.
2855:
2846:
2813:
2809:
2801:
2794:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2770:
2766:
2711:
2707:
2697:
2695:
2687:
2683:
2682:
2678:
2646:
2642:
2611:
2607:
2584:
2580:
2547:
2543:
2535:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2516:
2514:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2448:
2444:
2413:
2409:
2369:
2365:
2358:
2344:
2340:
2331:
2327:
2308:
2304:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2281:
2275:
2271:
2261:
2259:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2204:
2200:
2147:
2143:
2090:
2086:
2075:
2073:
2067:
2063:
2018:
2011:
1992:
1988:
1956:
1952:
1942:
1940:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1912:
1910:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1886:
1884:
1873:
1869:
1838:
1834:
1801:
1797:
1766:
1762:
1727:Substance Abuse
1723:
1719:
1696:
1692:
1665:
1661:
1638:
1634:
1624:
1622:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1556:
1552:
1542:
1540:
1533:
1527:
1523:
1513:
1511:
1510:. June 19, 2018
1502:
1501:
1497:
1486:
1482:
1432:
1428:
1418:
1416:
1406:
1402:
1394:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1333:
1329:
1298:
1294:
1287:
1269:
1265:
1257:
1213:
1209:
1202:
1188:
1184:
1143:
1139:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1038:(Great Britain)
1021:
991:
982:
915:
886:
881:
867:
835:
829:
804:
798:
782:
773:
757:
748:
681:
665:false positives
660:
632:
536:
531:
523:Alfred Hospital
501:
488:health problems
450:medications or
417:
356:
327:rather than an
289:
189:drug withdrawal
147:biopsychosocial
105:
65:
60:
55:
54:
53:
52:
51:
50:
34:
22:
18:Problem gambler
15:
12:
11:
5:
4472:
4462:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4430:
4419:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4412:
4407:
4406:
4405:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4352:
4350:
4346:
4345:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4297:
4296:
4286:
4280:
4278:
4276:Harm reduction
4272:
4271:
4269:
4268:
4263:
4257:
4255:
4254:Support groups
4251:
4250:
4248:
4247:
4242:
4241:
4240:
4235:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4209:
4208:
4197:
4195:
4189:
4188:
4186:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4159:
4158:
4153:
4142:
4140:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4130:
4125:
4119:
4117:
4116:Detoxification
4110:
4100:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4092:
4091:
4090:
4082:
4081:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4053:Benzodiazepine
4050:
4045:
4040:
4031:
4029:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4000:
3998:
3991:
3985:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3976:
3975:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3935:
3928:
3921:
3916:
3903:
3902:
3901:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3862:
3860:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3833:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3818:
3810:
3808:Palatable food
3805:
3804:
3803:
3798:
3789:
3787:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3741:
3739:
3732:
3726:
3725:
3710:
3709:
3702:
3695:
3687:
3678:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3654:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3638:
3627:
3612:
3596:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3587:Classification
3579:
3578:
3564:
3546:
3520:
3494:
3467:
3441:
3413:
3393:
3364:(8): 451–456.
3341:
3318:
3291:(2): 129–142.
3275:
3226:
3193:
3178:
3148:
3122:
3111:
3083:
3058:
2996:
2981:
2969:
2955:
2926:(2): 229–251.
2906:
2844:
2825:(2): 297–302.
2807:
2783:
2764:
2725:(2): 663–687.
2705:
2694:. June 1, 2003
2676:
2657:(1): 137–145.
2640:
2621:(6): 501–507.
2605:
2594:(2): 130–142.
2578:
2557:(2): 172–188.
2541:
2524:
2499:
2477:
2442:
2407:
2380:(2): 365–372.
2363:
2356:
2338:
2325:
2302:
2269:
2247:
2198:
2141:
2084:
2061:
2009:
2006:(11): 582–585.
1986:
1967:(4): 369–373.
1950:
1920:
1909:on May 5, 2015
1894:
1867:
1832:
1813:(3): 202–209.
1795:
1776:(4): 263–270.
1760:
1733:(3): 191–198.
1717:
1706:(3): 171–178.
1690:
1659:
1632:
1607:
1570:(9): 721–732.
1550:
1521:
1495:
1480:
1426:
1400:
1376:
1327:
1308:(s1): 152–60.
1292:
1285:
1279:. Vine Books.
1263:
1227:(4): 363–371.
1207:
1200:
1182:
1157:(4): 431–443.
1137:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1033:
1027:
1020:
1017:
990:
987:
981:
978:
977:
976:
973:
970:
967:
966:Chasing losses
964:
961:
947:sports betting
914:
911:
891:spread betting
885:
882:
880:
877:
866:
863:
833:Self-exclusion
831:Main article:
828:
827:Self-exclusion
825:
800:Main article:
797:
794:
781:
778:
772:
769:
756:
753:
747:
744:
738:, such as the
680:
677:
659:
656:
631:
628:
593:online betting
569:
568:
565:
562:
541:norepinephrine
535:
532:
530:
527:
500:
497:
496:
495:
489:
486:
483:
480:
473:
472:
469:
466:
463:
456:
455:
444:
441:
436:
433:
430:
416:
413:
412:
411:
408:
405:
402:
399:
396:
393:
390:
387:
355:
352:
291:
290:
288:
287:
280:
273:
265:
262:
261:
260:
259:
251:
243:
235:
226:
217:
209:
193:
185:
173:
165:
163:reward systems
158:addictive drug
154:
135:
134:
126:
125:
119:
113:
112:
95:
89:
88:
80:
79:
76:
72:
71:
63:
58:
36:
30:
27:
25:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4471:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4429:
4421:
4420:
4417:
4411:
4408:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4399:
4396:
4392:
4389:
4388:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4347:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4290:
4289:Drug checking
4287:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4273:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4252:
4246:
4243:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4190:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4135:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4101:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4026:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3986:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3936:
3934:
3933:
3929:
3927:
3926:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3914:
3910:
3909:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3873:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3855:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3782:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3714:Reinforcement
3708:
3703:
3701:
3696:
3694:
3689:
3688:
3685:
3672:
3668:
3667:
3663:
3662:
3659:
3655:
3648:
3644:
3643:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3632:
3628:
3626:
3622:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3611:
3607:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3597:
3594:
3589:
3585:
3576:
3571:
3569:
3560:
3556:
3550:
3535:
3531:
3524:
3508:
3504:
3498:
3482:
3478:
3471:
3456:
3452:
3445:
3430:
3429:
3424:
3417:
3406:
3400:
3398:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3352:
3345:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3322:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3279:
3271:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3230:
3211:
3204:
3197:
3189:
3182:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3152:
3136:
3132:
3126:
3115:
3104:
3097:
3090:
3088:
3068:
3062:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3000:
2993:
2988:
2986:
2978:
2973:
2967:
2962:
2960:
2951:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2910:
2902:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2819:
2811:
2800:
2793:
2787:
2779:
2775:
2768:
2760:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2709:
2698:September 22,
2693:
2686:
2680:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2644:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2609:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2582:
2573:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2545:
2534:
2528:
2517:September 15,
2513:
2509:
2503:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2481:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2446:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2411:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2367:
2359:
2357:9781137272416
2353:
2349:
2342:
2335:
2329:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2306:
2287:
2280:
2273:
2257:
2251:
2243:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2202:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2145:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2088:
2072:
2065:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2016:
2014:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1990:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1954:
1938:
1934:
1933:CINewsNow.com
1930:
1924:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1882:
1878:
1871:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1836:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1799:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1764:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1721:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1694:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1663:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1640:Paul, Laura.
1636:
1621:
1617:
1611:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1554:
1539:
1532:
1525:
1509:
1505:
1499:
1491:
1484:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1430:
1415:
1411:
1404:
1393:
1386:
1380:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1331:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1296:
1288:
1282:
1277:
1276:
1267:
1260:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1203:
1197:
1193:
1186:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1141:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1098:(6): 190049.
1097:
1093:
1089:
1082:
1078:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
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