Privateer - Knowledge

682: 1609: 513:, the ubiquity of wars and the island nation's reliance on maritime trade enabled the use of privateers to great effect. England also suffered much from other nations' privateering. During the 15th century, the country "lacked an institutional structure and coordinated finance". When piracy became an increasing problem, merchant communities such as Bristol began to resort to self-help, arming and equipping ships at their own expense to protect commerce. The licensing of these privately owned merchant ships by the Crown enabled them to legitimately capture vessels that were deemed pirates. This constituted a "revolution in naval strategy" and helped fill the need for protection that the Crown was unable to provide. 407: 1115:), who presented a proposal for colonizing the island noting its strategic location "lying in the heart of the Indies & the mouth of the Spaniards". Elfrith was appointed admiral of the colony's military forces in 1631, remaining the overall military commander for over seven years. During this time, Elfrith served as a guide to other privateers and sea captains arriving in the Caribbean. Elfrith invited the well-known privateer Diego el Mulato to the island. Samuel Axe, one of the military leaders, also accepted letters of marque from the Dutch authorizing privateering. 1220:, 1,400 soldiers and 600 seamen, arriving on 19 May 1641. At first, Pimienta planned to attack the poorly defended east side, and the English rushed there to improvise defenses. With the winds against him, Pimienta changed plans and made for the main New Westminster harbor and launched his attack on 24 May. He held back his large ships to avoid damage, and used the pinnaces to attack the forts. The Spanish troops quickly gained control, and once the forts saw the Spanish flag flying over the governor's house, they began negotiations for surrender. 934: 582: 1806:

ultimately led to orders forbidding US privateers from attempting to bring their prizes in to port, with captured ships instead having to be burnt. Over 200 American privateer ships were captured by the Royal Navy, many of which were turned on their former owners and used by the British blockading forces. Nonetheless, during the War of 1812 the privateers "swept out from America's coasts, capturing and sinking as many as 2,500 British ships and doing approximately $ 40 million worth of damage to the British economy."

984:. Bermudian trade with the rebellious American colonies actually carried on throughout the war. Some historians credit the large number of Bermuda sloops (reckoned at over a thousand) built-in Bermuda as privateers and sold illegally to the Americans as enabling the rebellious colonies to win their independence. Also, the Americans were dependent on Turks salt, and one hundred barrels of gunpowder were stolen from a Bermudian magazine and supplied to the rebels as orchestrated by Colonel 1412: 1310: 1029: 6498: 489:, in which all major European powers stated that "Privateering is and remains abolished". The United States did not sign the Declaration over stronger language that protects all private property from capture at sea, but has not issued letters of marque in any subsequent conflicts. In the 19th century, many nations passed laws forbidding their nationals from accepting commissions as privateers for other nations. The last major power to flirt with privateering was 6510: 38: 1111:", the alternate name of the Islands of Bermuda) in 1625, discovered two islands off the coast of Nicaragua, 80 kilometres (50 mi) apart from each other. Camock stayed with 30 of his men to explore one of the islands, San Andrés, while Elfrith took the Warwicke back to Bermuda bringing news of Providence Island. Bermuda Governor Bell wrote on behalf of Elfrith to Sir Nathaniel Rich, a businessman and cousin of the Earl of Warwick (the namesake of 1059:, which reduced the Admiralty's reliance on privateers in the western Atlantic, and partly to successful American legal suits and claims for damages pressed against British privateers, a large portion of which were aimed squarely at the Bermudians. During the course of the War of 1812, Bermudian privateers captured 298 ships, some 19% of the 1,593 vessels captured by British naval and privateering vessels between the Great Lakes and the West Indies. 1181:], a ship very richly laden with silver, gold, diamonds, pearls, jewels, and many other precious commodities taken by him in virtue of a commission of the said Earl from the subjects of his Catholic Majesty ... to the infinite wrong and dishonour of his Catholic Majesty, to find himself thus injured and violated, and his subjects thus spoiled, robbed, impoverished and murdered in the highest time of peace, league and amity with your Majesty. 1843: 1467: 120:. The commission also dictated the expected nationality of potential prize ships under the terms of the war. At sea, the privateer captain was obliged to produce the commission to a potential prize ship's captain as evidence of the legitimacy of their prize claim. If the nationality of a prize was not the enemy of the commissioning sovereign, the privateer could not claim the ship as a prize. Doing so would be an act of piracy. 1453:, the Royal Navy was able to concentrate more on defending British ships. Britain lost 3,238 merchantmen, a smaller fraction of her merchant marine than the enemy losses of 3,434. While French losses were proportionally severe, the smaller but better protected Spanish trade suffered the least and it was Spanish privateers who enjoyed much of the best-allied plunder of British trade, particularly in the West Indies. 5392: 140:, a privateer's allegiance to Britain overrode any allegiance to a sovereign providing the commission. This helped bring privateers under the legal jurisdiction of their home country in the event the privateer turned pirate. Other European countries followed suit. The shift from treason to property also justified the criminalisation of traditional sea-raiding activities of people Europeans wished to colonise. 1912: 1241: 241:: "Yea, since the privateering stroke so easily degenerates into the piratical and the privateering trade is usually carried on with so un-Christian a temper and proves an inlet unto so much debauchery and iniquity and confusion, I believe I shall have good men concur with me in wishing that privateering may no more be practised except there may appear more hopeful circumstances to encourage it." 891:. By the middle of the 18th century, Bermuda was sending twice as many privateers to sea as any of the continental colonies. They typically left Bermuda with very large crews. This advantage in manpower was vital in overpowering the crews of larger vessels, which themselves often lacked sufficient crewmembers to put up a strong defence. The extra crewmen were also useful as 1718:

the United States to carry the same into effect, and to issue to private armed vessels of the United States commissions of marque and general reprisal, in such forms as he shall think proper, and under the seal of the United States, against the vessels, goods, and effects of the Government of the said United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and the subjects thereof.

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back to England. The Spanish found gold, indigo, cochineal and six hundred black slaves on the island, worth a total of 500,000 ducats, some of the accumulated booty from the raids on Spanish ships. Rather than destroy the defenses, as instructed, Pimienta left a small garrison of 150 men to hold the island and prevent occupation by the Dutch. Later that year, Captain

949:, with their lucrative salt industry, from the late 17th century to the early 19th. The Bahamas made perpetual attempts to claim the Turks for itself. On several occasions, this involved seizing the vessels of Bermudian salt traders. A virtual state of war was said to exist between Bermudian and Bahamian vessels for much of the 18th century. When the Bermudian sloop 94:

authorized in the commission, including after its expiry. A privateer who continued raiding after the expiration of a commission or the signing of a peace treaty could face accusations of piracy. The risk of piracy and the emergence of the modern state system of centralised military control caused the decline of privateering by the end of the 19th century.

1199:, his Sergeant Major, in six small frigates and a galleon. The troops were landed on the island, and a fierce fight ensued. The Spanish were forced to withdraw when a gale blew up and threatened their ships. Carter had the Spanish prisoners executed. When the Puritan leaders protested against this brutality, Carter sent four of them home in chains. 1195:, Governor and Captain-General of Cartagena, resolved to remove the intolerable infestation of pirates on the island. Taking advantage of having infantry from Castile and Portugal wintering in his port, he dispatched six hundred armed Spaniards from the fleet and the presidio, and two hundred black and mulatto militiamen under the leadership of don 1017:), and in the Revolution they used their knowledge of Bermudians and of Bermuda, as well as their vessels, for the rebels' cause. In the 1777 Battle of Wreck Hill, brothers Charles and Francis Morgan, members of a large Bermudian enclave that had dominated Charleston, South Carolina and its environs since settlement, captaining two sloops (the 1777:, was possibly the most financially successful ship of the war. Privateers proved to be far more successful than their US Navy counterparts, claiming three-quarters of the 1600 British merchant ships taken during the war (although a third of these were recaptured prior to making landfall). One of the more successful of these ships was the 1092:, off the coast of Nicaragua. This colony was initially settled largely via Bermuda, with about eighty Bermudians moved to Providence in 1631. Although it was intended that the colony be used to grow cash crops, its location in the heart of the Spanish controlled territory ensured that it quickly became a base for privateering. 1398:. The corsairs included knights of the Order, native Maltese people, as well as foreigners. When they captured a ship, the goods were sold and the crew and passengers were ransomed or enslaved, and the Order took a percentage of the value of the booty. Corsairing remained common until the end of the 18th century. 1268:

conflict. As a consequence, Spain increased the issuing of privateering contracts. These contracts allowed an income option to the inhabitants of these colonies that were not related to the Spanish conquistadores. The most well-known privateer corsairs of the eighteenth century in the Spanish colonies were

1025:, respectively), carried out the only attack on Bermuda during the war. The target was a fort that guarded a little used passage through the encompassing reef line. After the soldiers manning the fort were forced to abandon it, they spiked its guns and fled themselves before reinforcements could arrive. 1158:

had come under the protection of the Providence Island Company. In 1635 a Spanish fleet raided Tortuga. 195 colonists were hung and 39 prisoners and 30 slaves were captured). The company could in turn issue letters of marque to subcontracting privateers who used the island as a base, for a fee. This

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The legal framework around authorised sea-raiding was considerably murkier outside of Europe. Unfamiliarity with local forms of authority created difficulty determining who was legitimately sovereign on land and at sea, whether to accept their authority, or whether the opposing parties were, in fact,

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have been compared to the privateers of by-gone days. These criminals hold computer systems hostage, demanding large payments from victims to restore access to their own computer systems and data. Furthermore, recent ransomware attacks on industries, including energy, food, and transportation, have

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When Spain issued a decree blocking foreign countries from trading, selling or buying merchandise in its Caribbean colonies, the entire region became engulfed in a power struggle among the naval superpowers. The newly independent United States later became involved in this scenario, complicating the

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to eliminate a pair of Bermudian privateering vessels that had been picking off vessels missed by the Royal Navy, returned frustrated, saying, "the Bermudians sailed their ships two feet for every one of ours". Around 10,000 Bermudians emigrated in the years prior to American independence, mostly to

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that war be and the same is hereby declared to exist between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the dependencies thereof, and the United States of America and their Territories; and that the President of the United States is herby authorized to use the whole land and naval force of

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The Gentleman's Magazine, and Historical Chronicle, Volume 49 1779 account of capture of "Weymouth" Packet by privateer General Sullivan; the "Weymouth" was later recaptured by The Rawlinson and the Clarendon, of Liverpool recaptured off the Land's End; see Willams, Gomer "History of the Liverpool

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would often be issued to private shipping companies and other private owners of ships, authorizing them to engage vessels deemed to be unfriendly to the issuing government. Crews of ships were awarded the cargo and other prizes aboard any captured vessel as an incentive to search far and wide for

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On 25 May 1641, Pimienta formally took possession and celebrated mass in the church. The Spanish took sixty guns, and captured the 350 settlers who remained on the island – others had escaped to the Mosquito Coast. They took the prisoners to Cartagena. The women and children were given a passage

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In Europe, the practice of authorising sea-raiding dated to at least the 13th century but the word 'privateer' was coined sometime in the mid-17th century. Seamen who served on naval vessels were paid wages and given victuals, whereas mariners on merchantmen and privateers received a share of the

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communities of slave-raiders. The sultans created a carefully spun web of marital and political alliances in an attempt to control unauthorised raiding that would provoke war against them. In Malay political systems, the legitimacy and strength of their Sultan's management of trade determined the

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Privateering allowed sovereigns to raise revenue for war by mobilizing privately owned armed ships and sailors to supplement state power. For participants, privateering provided the potential for a greater income and profit than obtainable as a merchant seafarer or fisher. However, this incentive

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restarted privateering and even removed the need for a sovereign's percentage as an incentive. Sovereigns continued to license British privateers throughout the century, although there were a number of unilateral and bilateral declarations limiting privateering between 1785 and 1823. This helped

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Entrepreneurs converted many different types of vessels into privateers, including obsolete warships and refitted merchant ships. The investors would arm the vessels and recruit large crews, much larger than a merchantman or a naval vessel would carry, in order to crew the prizes they captured.

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However, many of the ships captured by the Americans were recaptured by the Royal Navy. British convoy systems honed during the Napoleonic Wars limited losses to singleton ships, and the effective blockade of American and continental ports prevented captured ships being taken in for sale. This

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Privateers were implicated in piracy for a number of complex reasons. For colonial authorities, successful privateers were skilled seafarers who brought in much-needed revenue, especially in newly settled colonial outposts. These skills and benefits often caused local authorities to overlook a

82:, during wartime. The commission empowered the holder to carry on all forms of hostility permissible at sea by the usages of war. This included attacking foreign vessels and taking them as prizes and taking crews prisoner for exchange. Captured ships were subject to condemnation and sale under 1752:'s 1813-1815 activities at one and a half million dollars. In total, the Baltimore privateer fleet of 122 ships sunk or seized 500 British ships with an estimated value of $ 16 million, which accounts about one-third of all the value of all prizes taken over the course of the whole war. 2636:. The Warwick Excavation is a National Museum of Bermuda (NMB) project in partnership with Texas A&M and the Institute of Nautical Archaeology (INA), in association with The Global Exploration and Oceanographic Society (G-EOS) and Department of Archaeology at the University of Southampton 1257: 93:

The commission usually protected privateers from accusations of piracy, but in practice the historical legality and status of privateers could be vague. Depending on the specific sovereign and the time period, commissions might be issued hastily; privateers might take actions beyond what was

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Most of the supplies brought into the Confederacy were carried aboard privately owned vessels. When word came about that the Confederacy was willing to pay almost any price for military supplies, various interested parties designed and built specially designed lightweight seagoing steamers,

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was a successful privateer. Operating out of Jamaica, he carried on a war against Spanish interests in the region, often using cunning tactics. His operation was prone to cruelty against those he captured, including torture to gain information about booty, and in one case using priests as

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who abandoned his work as a shoemaker to work as a privateer. Such was the success of Enríquez, that he became one of the wealthiest men in the New World. His fleet was composed of approx. 300 different ships during a career that spanned 35 years, becoming a military asset and reportedly

1228:, who had been chosen to succeed Captain Butler as governor, arrived with a large group of dissatisfied settlers from New England. He found the Spanish occupying the islands, and sailed away. Pimienta's decision to occupy the island was approved in 1643 and he was made a knight of the 851:, which was well suited both to commerce and to commerce raiding. Bermudian merchant vessels turned to privateering at every opportunity in the 18th century, preying on the shipping of Spain, France, and other nations during a series of wars, including the 1688 to 1697 1334:(French: corsaire) were privateers, authorized to conduct raids on shipping of a nation at war with France, on behalf of the French Crown. Seized vessels and cargo were sold at auction, with the corsair captain entitled to a portion of the proceeds. Although not 838:

in the 15th century). Many Bermudians were employed as crew aboard privateers throughout the century, although the colony was primarily devoted to farming cash crops until turning from its failed agricultural economy to the sea after the 1684 dissolution of the

1693:, Spain, and the Netherlands seized approximately 2,500 American ships. Payments in ransom and tribute to the Barbary states amounted to 20% of United States government annual revenues in 1800 and would lead the United States to fight the Barbary states in the 1052:, they seized the vessel and sailed it back to Bermuda. One-hundred and thirty prizes were brought to Bermuda in the year between 4th day of April 1782 and the 4th day of April 1783 alone, including three by Royal Naval vessels and the remainder by privateers. 1188:, formerly Governor of Bermuda, was the last full governor of Providence Island, replacing Robert Hunt in 1638. Butler returned to England in 1640, satisfied that the fortifications were adequate, deputizing the governorship to Captain Andrew Carter. 497:, when Prussia announced the creation of a 'volunteer navy' of ships privately-owned and -manned, but eligible for prize money. (Prussia argued that the Declaration did not forbid such a force, because the ships were subject to naval discipline.) 4055:

English Privateering Voyages to the West Indies, 1588–1595: Documents relating to English voyages to the West Indies, from the defeat of the Armada to the last voyage of Sir Francis Drake, including Spanish documents contributed by Irene A.

641:, who had close contact with the sovereign, was responsible for some damage to Spanish shipping, as well as attacks on Spanish settlements in the Americas in the 16th century. He participated in the successful English defence against the 454:, captured 1,500 English merchant ships, helping to restore Dutch international trade. British trade, whether coastal, Atlantic, or Mediterranean, was also attacked by Dutch privateers and others in the Second and Third Anglo-Dutch wars. 3975: 2330:

Faithful warnings to prevent fearful judgments. Uttered in a brief discourse, occasioned, by a tragical spectacle, in a number of miserables under a sentence of death for piracy. At Boston in N.E. Jun. 22. 1704.: [Five lines of

674:. He arrived in Puerto Rico on June 15, 1598, but by November of that year, Clifford and his men had fled the island due to fierce civilian resistance. He gained sufficient prestige from his naval exploits to be named the official 1000:

authorised the sale of supplies to Bermuda, which was dependent on American produce. The realities of this interdependence did nothing to dampen the enthusiasm with which Bermudian privateers turned on their erstwhile countrymen.

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in order to receive full pardons for their previous crimes. Jackson formally requested clemency for Lafitte and the men who had served under him, and the US government granted them all a full pardon on February 6, 1815.

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in the attack on the Spanish fleet at Cadiz and participated in England's defeat of the Spanish Armada. During the war with Spain, Newport seized fortunes of Spanish and Portuguese treasure in fierce sea battles in the

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operated with a style of patriotic-religious authority that Europeans, and later Americans, found difficult to understand and accept. It did not help that many European privateers happily accepted commissions from the

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was a chief privateering port for the American colonies, leading to the British Navy blockading it in 1778–1779. Chief financiers of privateering included Thomas & Nathaniel Shaw of New London and John McCurdy of

926:, and sent him at the head of a force to reclaim the settlement. Before his arrival, however, the pirates had been forced to surrender by a force of Bermudian privateers who had been issued letters of marque by the 549:

England continued to rely on private ships-of-war to attack Iberian shipping because the Queen had insufficient finance to fund this herself. After the war ended many unemployed English privateers turned to piracy.

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allowed her to officially distance herself from their raiding activities while enjoying the gold gained from these raids. English ships cruised in the Caribbean and off the coast of Spain, trying to intercept

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Privateering commissions were easy to obtain during wartime but when the war ended and sovereigns recalled the privateers, many refused to give up the lucrative business and turned to piracy. Boston minister

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the American colonies. Many Bermudians occupied prominent positions in American seaports, from where they continued their maritime trades (Bermudian merchants controlled much of the trade through ports like

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Privateers generally cruised independently, but it was not unknown for them to form squadrons, or to co-operate with the regular navy. A number of privateers were part of the English fleet that opposed the

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for piracy began to shift the legal framework of piracy away from treason towards crime against property. As a result, privateering commissions became a matter of national discretion. By the passing of the

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to destroy Spanish trade, and capture Spanish Merchant vessels. The private armed vessels came largely from the United States. Seamen from Britain, the United States, and France often manned these ships.

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was another privateer who served the Dutch against the Spanish. While their and others' attacks brought home a great deal of money, they hardly dented the flow of gold and silver from Mexico to Spain.

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takings. Privateering thus offered otherwise working-class enterprises (merchant ships) with the chance at substantial wealth (prize money from captures). The opportunity mobilized local seamen as

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History of the American privateers, and letters-of-marque during our war with England in the years 1812, '13 and '14 interspersed with several naval battles between American and British ships of war

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soon became an important source of profit. Thus the company made an agreement with the merchant Maurice Thompson under which Thompson could use the island as a base in return for 20% of the booty.

957:, was to issue letters of marque to Bermudian vessels. In 1706, Spanish and French forces ousted the Bermudians but were driven out themselves three years later by the Bermudian privateer Captain 1170:

to assume the governorship of what was now viewed as a base for privateering. Depredations continued, leading to growing tension between England and Spain, which were still technically at peace.

86:, with the proceeds divided by percentage between the privateer's sponsors, shipowners, captains and crew. A percentage share usually went to the issuer of the commission (i.e. the sovereign). 843:(a spin-off of the Virginia Company which had overseen the colony since 1615). With a total area of 54 square kilometres (21 sq mi) and lacking any natural resources other than the 1597:, and some state governments (on their own initiative), issued privateering licenses, authorizing "legal piracy", to merchant captains in an effort to take prizes from the British Navy and 1338:

personnel, corsairs were considered legitimate combatants in France (and allied nations), provided the commanding officer of the vessel was in possession of a valid Letter of Marque (fr.

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History of the second war between the United States of America and Great Britain: declared by act of Congress, the 18th of June, 1812, and concluded by peace, the 15th of February, 1815

1135: 1769:, due to the construction there of a number of privateers. This was the greatest financial loss of the entire War of 1812 suffered by the Americans. However, the private fleet of 3269: 1622:

About 55,000 American seamen served aboard the privateers. They quickly sold their prizes, dividing their profits with the financier (persons or company) and the state (colony).

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was a common aspect of seaborne trade, until the early 19th century all merchant ships carried arms. A sovereign or delegated authority issued commissions, also referred to as

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issued letters of marque to anyone who would employ their ship to either attack Union shipping or bring badly needed supplies through the Union blockade into southern ports.

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to prey upon English and Portuguese shipping in 1485; the letters in due course were reissued to the son. Barton was killed following an encounter with the English in 1511.

520:(1558–1603), she "encouraged the development of this supplementary navy". Over the course of her rule, the increase of Spanish prosperity through their explorations in the 1196: 116:. It usually limited activity to one particular ship, and specified officers, for a specified period of time. Typically, the owners or captain would be required to post a 2886: 1729:

authorizing privateers. Overall some 200 of the ships took prizes. The cost of buying and fitting of a large privateer was about $ 40,000 and prizes could net $ 100,000.

883:), this conflict was devastating for the colony's merchant fleet. Fifteen privateers operated from Bermuda during the war, but losses exceeded captures; the 1775 to 1783 358:

in 1588. Privateers generally avoided encounters with warships, as such encounters would be at best unprofitable. Still, such encounters did occur. For instance, in 1815

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The War of 1812 saw an encore of Bermudian privateering, which had died out after the 1790s. The decline of Bermudian privateering was due partly to the buildup of the

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Despite strong sentiments in support of the rebels, especially in the early stages, Bermudian privateers turned as aggressively on American shipping during the

5444: 1044:, they discovered that virtually all of her crew were black slaves. Authorities in Boston offered these men their freedom, but all 70 elected to be treated as 1138:

and engineer Juan de Somovilla Texada to destroy the colony. The Spanish were repelled and forced to retreat "in haste and disorder". After the attack, King

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in what is regarded as the largest prize taken by any American privateer during the war. Retribution was likely part of Gov. Clinton's (NY) motivation for

3187: 739:, the governor of Jamaica. He took an enormous amount of booty, as well as landing his privateers ashore and attacking land fortifications, including the 446:, English privateers attacked the trade on which the United Provinces entirely depended, capturing over 1,000 Dutch merchant ships. During the subsequent 976:. The importance of privateering to the Bermudian economy had been increased not only by the loss of most of Bermuda's continental trade but also by the 1644: 681: 4043:

Wold, Atle L. (2020) "After the Closure of the Ports in 1799." in Privateering and Diplomacy, 1793–1807. (Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2020) pp. 213–228.

2667:"Cedar on the reef: archaeological and historical assessments of the Eighteenth-Century Bermuda Sloop, exemplified by the wreck of the Hunter Galley" 1773:, which sailed under the flag of the American government in 1812, was most likely a key factor in the naval campaign of the war. De Wolf's ship, the 1608: 958: 4036:

van Nieuwenhuize, Hielke. (2017) "Prize law, international diplomacy and the treatment of foreign prizes in the seventeenth century: a case study."

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reputation, the word "corsair" is also used generically as a more romantic or flamboyant way of referring to privateers, or even to pirates. The

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Ross, Nicholas (2011) "The Provision of Naval Defense in the Early American Republic: A Comparison of the U.S. Navy and Privateers, 1789–1815."

2787:"Tidewater Triumph: The Development and Worldwide Success of the Chesapeake Bay Pilot Schooner", by Geoffrey Footner. Schiffer Publishing. 1998. 4015:

Rommelse, Gijs. "Privateering as a language of international politics: English and French privateering against the Dutch Republic, 1655–1665."

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to grant letters of marque and reprisal. Between the end of the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812, less than 30 years, Britain, France,

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Colás, A. (2016). "Barbary Coast in the expansion of international society: Piracy, privateering, and corsairing as primary institutions."

814:), settled accidentally in 1609, was used as a base for English privateers from the time it officially became part of the territory of the 371:, herself a former American privateer, mistaking her for a merchantman until too late; in this instance, however, the privateer prevailed. 2328: 524:

and the discovery of gold contributed to the deterioration of Anglo-Spanish relations. Elizabeth's authorisation of sea-raiders (known as

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Espersen, Ryan. (2019) "Fifty Shades of Trade: Privateering, Piracy, and Illegal Slave Trading in St. Thomas, Early Nineteenth Century."

1601:(Loyalist) privateers. This was done due to the relatively small number of commissioned American naval vessels and the pressing need for 3279: 2629: 6411: 3693: 3351: 1887: 1863: 1273: 898:

The Bahamas, which had been depopulated of its indigenous inhabitants by the Spanish, had been settled by England, beginning with the

5794: 3251: 1713:, both the British and the American governments used privateers, and the established system was very similar. U.S. Congress declared 678:

of Queen Elizabeth I. Clifford became extremely wealthy through his buccaneering but lost most of his money gambling on horse races.

6421: 1748:. He captured over 50 British merchant ships during the war. One source estimated a total damage to the British merchant navy from 3297: 5910: 653: 390:, French privateers became a menace to British and American shipping in the western Atlantic and the Caribbean, resulting in the 2136:

Craze, Sarah (2016). "Prosecuting Privateers for Piracy: How Piracy Law Transitioned from Treason to a Crime against Property".

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led more attacks on Spanish shipping and settlements than any other English privateer. As a young man, Newport sailed with Sir

5996: 3903: 3858: 3831: 3784: 1924: 1671: 6322: 4362: 2351: 1670:. American privateers not only fought naval battles but also raided numerous communities in British colonies, such as the 5235: 4465: 4260: 3003: 740: 2897: 2208:. The International Library of Essays on Military History. Hants, England: Ashgate Publishing Limited. pp. 145–168. 1539: 1089: 5464: 5265: 3932:

Alberto, Edite Maria Conceição Martins. (2019) "A Pious Business: the ransoming of captives in Early Modern Portugal."

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Haggerty, Sheryllynne. (2018) "Risk, networks and privateering in Liverpool during the Seven Years' War, 1756–1763."

3441: 3197: 2956: 2847: 2264: 2230: 2117: 1558: 938: 888: 546: 3879: 1496: 6348: 6170: 5474: 4862: 4460: 4402: 1442:, to attack English and Dutch shipping. England lost roughly 4,000 merchant ships during the war. In the following 965:, attacked a Spanish and a French privateer holding a captive English vessel. Defeating the two enemy vessels, the 937:

Bermuda Gazette of 12 November 1796, calling for privateering against Spain and its allies during the 1796 to 1808

819: 394:, a brief conflict between France and the United States, fought largely at sea, and to the Royal Navy's procuring 194:

for a spare ship so the two could continue raiding Spanish cities under a guise of legitimacy. New York Governors

6452: 4424: 4407: 2037: 1518: 1297:, something unheard of due to his ethnic and social background. One of the most famous privateers from Spain was 3967:. (Research in maritime history, no. 11. St. John's, Nfld: International Maritime Economic History Association). 3680: 2653: 611:

in 1707. It was a way to gain for themselves some of the wealth the Spanish and Portuguese were taking from the

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of huge ransoms from large companies, hospitals and city governments with little or no chance of being caught.

1598: 1492: 1203: 868: 755: 482: 315: 5240: 2610:. Center for Digital Antiquity, a collaborative organization and university Center at Arizona State University 2603: 1269: 1260: 253: 206:, to whom Fletcher had granted commissions to sail against the French, but who ignored his commission to raid 6549: 6249: 5887: 5721: 5716: 5593: 5585: 5554: 5245: 4947: 1827: 1682: 1056: 627: 6135: 6016: 5210: 4386: 4349: 4150: 1659: 1525: 973: 918:, and it became a thorn in the side of British merchant trade through the area. In 1718, Britain appointed 884: 566: 442:

Privateers were a large part of the total military force at sea during the 17th and 18th centuries. In the

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for piracy. He had been unable to produce the papers of the prizes he had captured to prove his innocence.

17: 5609: 1118:

The Spanish did not hear of the Providence Island colony until 1635 when they captured some Englishmen in

6544: 5778: 5424: 5017: 2204:(2005). "A Frugal Prudential and Hopeful Trade': Privateering in Jamaica, 1644–89". In Glete, Jan (ed.). 2078: 2031: 1822:

authorized use of privateers. However, the US did offer to adopt the terms of the Declaration during the

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to the Providence Island Company on 21 December 1635 authorizing raids on the Spanish in retaliation for

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American privateers are thought to have seized up to 300 British ships during the war. The British ship

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Privateers of the Americas: Spanish American Privateering from the United States in the Early Republic.

1678: 1590: 1572: 1488: 1450: 1010: 751: 383: 28: 2553: 1507: 1209: 1177:

understands that there is lately brought in at the Isle of Wight by one, Captain James Reskinner [

977: 615:

before beginning their own trans-Atlantic settlement, and a way to assert naval power before a strong

6191: 5923: 5900: 5601: 5499: 5414: 5409: 4807: 4142: 2073: 1443: 1390:, although the practice had begun earlier. Corsairs sailed on privately owned ships on behalf of the 779: 666: 661: 623: 562: 4767: 2979:

The Prince of Privateers: Bridger Goodrich and His Family in America, Bermuda and Britain: 1775–1825

1298: 1245: 6447: 5895: 5803: 5784: 5734: 5648: 5230: 4372: 2063: 1663: 1612: 1477: 1350:. By acting on behalf of the French Crown, if captured by the enemy, they could claim treatment as 1217: 1083: 710: 608: 510: 447: 423: 191: 124: 5754: 3730: 6472: 6457: 6354: 5811: 5744: 5494: 5469: 5429: 5326: 5032: 4357: 3801: 3219: 2962: 2786: 1995: 1743: 1631: 1481: 1416: 1147: 1112: 923: 827: 714: 360: 74:

is a private person or vessel which engages in maritime warfare under a commission of war. Since

63: 4877: 4622: 3958: 3394: 1916: 6539: 6234: 6177: 5774: 5711: 5539: 5484: 5439: 5434: 5404: 5215: 3815: 2923: 2522: 2052: 1421: 1163: 899: 864: 538: 517: 411: 406: 365: 222: 3819: 1736:

was one of the famous and successful American privateers. He commanded the Baltimore schooner

1639:. In the months before the British raid on New London and Groton, a New London privateer took 830:

is named (the Warwick name had long been associated with commerce raiding, as exampled by the

6327: 6317: 6212: 5951: 5617: 5529: 5514: 5255: 5007: 4967: 4937: 4882: 4872: 4682: 4642: 4455: 4275: 4245: 4220: 4118: 3848: 2026: 1942: 1851: 1831: 1798: 1434:, approximately 36,000 Americans served aboard privateers at one time or another. During the 880: 856: 835: 671: 631: 466: 455: 443: 50: 3657:, Chapter 14, George Perkovich and Ariel E. Levite, Eds., Georgetown University Press, 2017. 3355: 2863: 705:

as a privateer for Queen Elizabeth I. He lost an arm whilst capturing a Spanish ship during

6205: 5864: 5656: 5625: 5572: 5479: 5399: 5298: 4782: 4612: 4607: 4445: 4292: 4203: 4198: 4155: 1866:

while privateering, in general, occurred in the interests of both the North and the South.

1815: 1779: 1737: 1594: 1431: 1286: 1249: 1139: 997: 872: 840: 558: 525: 486: 470: 432: 283: 238: 4892: 4762: 1394:

of the Order, and were authorized to attack Muslim ships, usually merchant ships from the

8: 6534: 6266: 6111: 6021: 5869: 5643: 5544: 5354: 4627: 4515: 4414: 4213: 3726:

Varias relaciones del Perú y Chile: y conquista de la isla de Santa Catalina, 1535 á 1658

3370: 2924:"A list of 130 prizes (ships) captured and brought into the port of Bermuda between 4..." 2259:. Lebanon, New Hampshire: ForeEdge from University Press of New England. pp. 44–46. 1906: 1627: 1387: 1192: 1131: 927: 915: 876: 860: 693: 675: 600: 494: 259: 4602: 4520: 4490: 3878:. Asociación para el Fomento de los Estudios Históricos en Centroamérica. Archived from 3724: 2696:

In the Eye of All Trade: Bermuda, Bermudians, and the Maritime Atlantic World, 1680–1783

1119: 6426: 6416: 6383: 6128: 6036: 5991: 5981: 5874: 5838: 5829: 5759: 5696: 5630: 5509: 5459: 5449: 4977: 4962: 4827: 4812: 4732: 4672: 4637: 3989:

Prize and Prejudice: Privateering and Naval Prize in Atlantic Canada in the War of 1812

3771: 3754:

Dyer, Brainerd (1934). "Confederate Naval and Privateering Activities in the Pacific".

3606: 3589:

Dyer, Brainerd (1934). "Confederate Naval and Privateering Activities in the Pacific".

2381: 2153: 2106: 1875: 1859: 1823: 1698: 1662:

and turned into an American privateer, only to be captured again by the British in the

1532: 1438:, the French adopted a policy of strongly encouraging privateers, including the famous 1213: 1127: 852: 847:, the colonists applied themselves fully to the maritime trades, developing the speedy 604: 596: 570:

establish the privateer's persona as heroic patriots. British privateers last appeared

554: 506: 341: 5047: 3965:

Prize and Prejudice Privateering and Naval Prize in Atlantic Canada in the War of 1812

3913:

Wagner, Scott D. (2018). "Why there was no privateering in the Spanish-American War".

2421: 1013:, and Bermudian shipbuilders influenced the development of American vessels, like the 953:

was seized by the Bahamians in 1701, the response of the Governor of Bermuda, Captain

6361: 6296: 6156: 6096: 6091: 5986: 5941: 5846: 5739: 5726: 5683: 5524: 5347: 5172: 5167: 5147: 4987: 4927: 4842: 4777: 4597: 4092: 4070: 3899: 3854: 3827: 3805: 3508: 3485: 3475: 3405: 3274: 2982: 2952: 2843: 2789: 2714: 2385: 2260: 2226: 2157: 2113: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1867: 1694: 1636: 1623: 1602: 1294: 1229: 1143: 1123: 1088:

Bermudians were also involved in privateering from the short-lived English colony on

1014: 993: 989: 933: 907: 775: 767: 747: 387: 199: 187: 1834:

to sea before putting their main effort in the more effective commissioned raiders.

630:, followed the example of his father, who had been issued with letters of marque by 458:

was a brilliantly successful Dutch privateer who captured a Spanish treasure fleet.

450:, Spanish and Flemish privateers in the service of the Spanish Crown, including the 6477: 6276: 6198: 6184: 6071: 6051: 5946: 5789: 5749: 5567: 5549: 5504: 5361: 5333: 5291: 5137: 5122: 5087: 5072: 5052: 5037: 4972: 4942: 4902: 4787: 4752: 4737: 4322: 4230: 4111: 3763: 3598: 2373: 2145: 2021: 1962: 1937: 1726: 1375: 1351: 1185: 1178: 789: 686: 375: 299: 166: 117: 79: 44: 1871:

ships attempting to supply the Confederacy, or aid the Union, as the case may be.

581: 6513: 6467: 6431: 6406: 6229: 6149: 6142: 6061: 6056: 6026: 6011: 5976: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5807: 5312: 5152: 5107: 5102: 5082: 4957: 4932: 4907: 4587: 4582: 4535: 4505: 4332: 4250: 4208: 4193: 2666: 2577: 2377: 2303: 2254: 2220: 2047: 1897:

Neither the United States nor Spain authorized privateers in their war in 1898.

1879: 1784: 1326: 1290: 1155: 1151: 1045: 823: 759: 736: 735:. Despite reproaches for some of his excesses, he was generally protected by Sir 575: 459: 145: 137: 56: 4847: 3192: 6046: 5635: 5260: 5142: 5067: 5042: 5002: 4717: 4677: 4632: 4577: 4572: 4255: 4175: 4170: 4165: 3667: 2201: 2011: 2001: 1891: 1794: 1690: 1435: 1395: 1363: 1359: 1096: 1067: 1063: 911: 815: 646: 642: 533: 436: 419: 355: 293: 287: 273: 131:. By the late 17th century, the prosecution of privateers loyal to the usurped 59: 6041: 3636:

Scott D. Wagner, "Why there was no privateering in the Spanish-American War."

3489: 3423: 3097: 3011: 1173:

On 11 July 1640, the Spanish Ambassador in London complained again, saying he

6528: 6502: 6286: 6006: 6001: 5961: 5270: 5225: 5205: 5177: 5062: 5012: 4992: 4912: 4757: 4712: 4667: 4562: 4485: 4450: 4302: 3409: 2149: 2083: 1770: 1759: 1722: 1630:(1775–1783), as most transports to and from New York went through the Sound. 1584: 1355: 1347: 1100: 1062:

Among the better known (native-born and immigrant) Bermudian privateers were

1033: 1005: 946: 919: 848: 844: 763: 719: 697: 638: 585: 529: 469:

proceeded, privateering became increasingly incompatible with modern states'

395: 325: 305: 234: 207: 195: 132: 41: 3996:

Sir Francis Drake: Privateering Sea Captain and Circumnavigator of the Globe

3512: 2949:

The Andrew and the Onions: The Story Of The Royal Navy In Bermuda, 1795–1975

2478:

The Making of the Elizabethan Navy, 1540–1590: From the Solent to the Armada

2463:

The Making of the Elizabethan Navy, 1540–1590: From the Solent to the Armada

2448:

The Making of the Elizabethan Navy, 1540–1590: From the Solent to the Armada

2404:

The Making of the Elizabethan Navy, 1540–1590: From the Solent to the Armada

2112:. New Jersey, United States: Princeton University Press. pp. 310/3153. 1346:), and the officers and crew conducted themselves according to contemporary 1028: 6366: 6291: 6081: 6031: 5971: 5966: 5956: 5562: 5489: 5368: 5319: 5305: 5220: 5182: 5157: 5112: 5097: 5077: 4997: 4897: 4887: 4837: 4832: 4822: 4802: 4792: 4707: 4567: 4475: 4367: 4282: 4235: 1790: 1733: 1420:, one of the most famous American privateers of the War of 1812, capturing 831: 785: 732: 727: 542: 439:

limited the ability of a nation to fund a professional navy via taxation.

263: 218: 5027: 4085:

Andrew Sherburne's Experiences on a Privateer During the Revolutionary War

3449: 1411: 1309: 6281: 6256: 6244: 6106: 5092: 5022: 4817: 4797: 4747: 4662: 4652: 4429: 2016: 1950: 1946: 1710: 1667: 1616: 1335: 981: 969:

then cleared out the thirty-man garrison left by the Spanish and French.

795: 771: 702: 478: 269: 202:

were removed from office in part for their dealings with pirates such as

183: 170: 83: 4084: 2256:

The Politics of Piracy: Crime and Civil Disobedience in Colonial America

249:

Privateers who were considered legitimate by their governments include:

6378: 6312: 6076: 5936: 5856: 5799: 5519: 5200: 5162: 5127: 4922: 4742: 4722: 4692: 4687: 4647: 4592: 4530: 4510: 4495: 4307: 4265: 3775: 3610: 3224:. Instituto Nacional de los Espacios Acuáticos e Insulares. p. 87. 2825:

Bermuda From Sail To Steam: The History Of The Island From 1784 to 1901

2718: 2364:

Rodger, N.A.M (2014). "The law and language of private naval warfare".

1954: 1216:, and sailed from Cartagena to Providence with seven large ships, four 1071: 892: 616: 451: 203: 182:

privateer's shift into piracy when a war ended. The French Governor of

37: 4066:

Privateering and Piracy in the Colonial Period: Illustrative Documents

3326: 2731:

Cooke, Bill (2002). "Foreign Interlopers at Bermuda's Turks Islands".

709:

in 1590, but despite this, he continued on privateering, successfully

645:

in 1588, though he was also partly responsible for the failure of the

178:

extent he exerted control over the sea-raiding of his coastal people.

127:, piracy, or raiding a ship without a valid commission, was an act of 6261: 5340: 4952: 4857: 4727: 4697: 4225: 4089: 4065: 3681:

What you need to know about ransomware and the future of cyberattacks

2042: 2006: 1966: 1842: 1783:, which once captured nine British prizes in swift succession in the 1439: 657: 612: 589: 521: 391: 331: 103: 3767: 3602: 2540:

Privateering, Piracy and British Policy in Spanish America 1810–1830

1466: 1446:, privateer attacks continued, Britain losing 3,250 merchant ships. 6239: 6086: 6066: 5931: 4917: 4867: 4772: 4657: 4240: 3876:"La cartografía colonial de Centroamérica y el topónimo 'mosquito'" 3371:"The Middle East and the Making of the United States, 1776 to 1815" 3221:

La defensa marítima en la Capitanía General de Venezuela, 1783–1813

2068: 903: 794:. The latter schooner captured over 50 American vessels during the 561:, who did not permit privateering. Desperate to fund the expensive 158: 90:

increased the risk of privateers turning to piracy when war ended.

3722: 3314:

The Sinews of Power: War, Money, and the English State, 1688–1783.

3103: 1256: 5375: 4982: 4317: 4297: 2058: 1958: 1382:) was an important aspect of Malta's economy when the island was 1354:, instead of being considered pirates. Because corsairs gained a 1281: 807: 490: 474: 415: 379: 319: 309: 226: 211: 154: 128: 3327:"Privateers or Merchant Mariners help win the Revolutionary War" 2654:"Cedar on the Reef", ScholarShip. East Carolina University (PDF) 6373: 6271: 5250: 5132: 4617: 4312: 4287: 4134: 3820:"A Puritan Colony in the Tropics: Providence Island, 1630–1641" 3442:"12 at Midnight; the Hibernia attempting to run the Comet down" 1767:

attacked Essex, Connecticut, and burned the ships in the harbor

1686: 603:

practiced privateering both separately and together after they

337: 174: 113: 107: 75: 5391: 1911: 1240: 6101: 5117: 5057: 4500: 4327: 3237:"The Maltese Corsairs and the Order of St. John of Jerusalem" 2212: 1208:

The Spanish acted decisively to avenge their defeat. General

941:, and with advertisements for crew for two privateer vessels. 656:, was a successful privateer against Spanish shipping in the 162: 3941:

British Privateering Voyages of the Early Eighteenth Century

3424:"Annals of Congress Home Page: U.S. Congressional Documents" 3085: 2951:. Mangrove Bay, Bermuda: The Bermuda Maritime Museum Press. 2397: 2395: 1923:

Warships were recruited by the insurgent governments during

34:

Person or ship engaging in maritime warfare under commission

4702: 3140: 3138: 3136: 2889:

Maritime Masters and Seafaring Slaves in Bermuda, 1680–1783

2754:. City of Hamilton, Pembroke Parish, Bermuda: The Bermudian 1755: 1626:

became a hornets' nest of privateering activity during the

1004:

An American naval captain, ordered to take his ship out of

3502: 1814:

The US was not one of the initial signatories of the 1856

4103: 3109: 2392: 2305:

History of the State of Rhode Island, Volume I: 1636–1700

1957:

are now the fastest-growing crimes in the United States.

1890:

specifically designed and built to outrun Union ships on

190:

blank privateering commissions, which Grogniet traded to

150: 97: 3850:

Buccaneers of the Caribbean: How Piracy Forged an Empire

3824:

Settlements in the Americas: Cross-Cultural Perspectives

3694:

Protect against the Fastest-Growing Crime: Cyber Attacks

3162: 3133: 3073: 3037: 1949:– possibly with the country's knowledge and approval. 3298:

Privateering and the Private Production of Naval Power

3185: 3150: 2733:

Maritimes: The Magazine of the Bermuda Maritime Museum

553:

Elizabeth was succeeded by the first Stuart monarchs,

3121: 3061: 3049: 2291:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 685:

An action between an English ship and vessels of the

481:, and tight controls on naval armaments led to fewer 112:

The commission was the proof the privateer was not a

4090:

Commerce Raiding: Historical Case Studies, 1755–2009

3668:

Ransomware: Should paying hacker ransoms be illegal?

1040:

When the Americans captured the Bermudian privateer

4099:

Privateers and Letters of Marque: With an Account …

3392: 2131: 2129: 980:, which forbade Bermudian vessels from fishing the 3469: 2864:"1777: The US Navy & The Battle Of Wreck Hill" 2746:Shorto, Lieutenant-Colonel A. Gavin (2018-04-05). 2698:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 2105: 1289:. Enríquez was knighted and received the title of 1099:, while on a privateering expedition with Captain 3025: 2524:A Nation of Pirates: English Piracy in its Heyday 834:, thought to have been taken from the Spanish by 6526: 4010:Captain Christopher Newport: Admiral of Virginia 3984:(Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press). 2015. 3655:Understanding Cyber Conflict: Fourteen Analogies 2126: 1742:and then later in the war the Baltimore clipper 588:' men search Spanish ladies for their jewels in 410:16th-century trade routes prey to privateering: 3955:New West Indian Guide/Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 1579:Naval battles of the American Revolutionary War 173:) held only a tenuous authority over the local 3404:. Vol. XI, no. 3. pp. 565–577. 3395:"The Rise, Fall, and Rise Again of Privateers" 1862:privateering took on several forms, including 1651:had carried many of his most cherished items. 217:Some privateers faced prosecution for piracy. 62:in October 1800, as depicted in a painting by 4119: 2689: 2687: 2138:The International Journal of Maritime History 1456: 1162:In March 1636 the Company dispatched Captain 6164:Jim Hawkins and the Curse of Treasure Island 3293: 3291: 3289: 3217: 2630:"1619: Unrecoverably lost in Castle Harbour" 2554:"The Legendary Captain Morgan Raids Panama!" 2289:Captain Kidd and the War against the Pirates 1809: 1148:a raid that had destroyed the English colony 3181: 3179: 3177: 2927:National Archives of the British Government 2805:Jarvis, Michael (June 2001). "The Exodus". 1495:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1248:was one of the most famous corsairs of the 1077: 4126: 4112: 4031:Battle for the Bay: The Naval War of 1812. 3723:"Conquista de la Isla de Santa Catalina". 3707:How Bitcoin Has Fueled Ransomware Attacks. 3651:Cybersecurity and the Age of Privateering. 2921: 2818: 2816: 2684: 2601: 1406: 1366:were sometimes called "Turkish corsairs". 818:in 1612, especially by ships belonging to 770:. Notable British colonial privateers in 5795:Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law 3972:International Journal of Maritime History 3814: 3800: 3286: 3168: 3091: 2946: 2510:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Pr3ess. 1915:"Corsario" (Privateer) by Mexican artist 1559:Learn how and when to remove this message 1313:Advertising for the auction of the prize 1235: 746:Other British privateers of note include 485:. Privateering continued until the 1856 6422:List of ships attacked by Somali pirates 3853:. Harvard University Press. p. 84. 3782: 3564: 3555: 3546: 3537: 3528: 3519: 3316:New York.: Alfred A. Knopf, 1989. p. 197 3267: 3174: 3156: 3115: 2852:– via The Bermuda Maritime Museum. 2771: 2709:Kennedy, Sister Jean de Chantal (1963), 2608:tDAR (the Digital Archaeological Record) 2604:"The Wreck of the Warwick, Bermuda 1619" 2537: 2527:. Newton Abbot, UK: David & Charles. 2495:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2200: 2190:. California: Stanford University Press. 2175:. Singapore: Singapore University Press. 1910: 1841: 1754: 1607: 1410: 1317:, brig captured by the French privateer 1308: 1255: 1239: 1048:. Sent as such to New York on the sloop 1027: 932: 680: 580: 405: 36: 4033:(Fredericton, NB: Goose Lane Editions). 3846: 3744: 3144: 3127: 3079: 3067: 3055: 3043: 2976: 2813: 2708: 2665:Southerly, James Christopher Welliver. 2508:Trade, Plunder and Settlement 1480-1630 2505: 2493:Trade, Plunder and Settlement 1480-1630 2490: 2415: 2413: 2286: 2252: 2225:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. 2103: 945:Bermuda was in de facto control of the 910:. Spanish and French attacks destroyed 654:George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland 237:lamented after the execution of pirate 14: 6527: 4003:Power, Law and the End of Privateering 3915:International Journal of Naval History 3912: 3789:. Harvard University Press. p. 46 3783:Hamshere, Cyril (1972). "Providence". 3638:International Journal of Naval History 3270:"A history of plundering on high seas" 3234: 3104:Conquista de la Isla de Santa Catalina 3004:"Bermuda in the Privateering Business" 2837: 2804: 2748:"Bermuda in the Privateering Business" 2745: 2693: 2627: 2520: 2475: 2460: 2445: 2406:. Woodbridge: Boydell. pp. 1, 53. 2401: 2363: 2326: 2308:. New York: Appleton. pp. 540–541 2301: 2246: 2218: 2185: 2170: 98:Legal framework and relation to piracy 5581:Capture of John "Calico Jack" Rackham 4107: 3873: 3729:. Impr. de M. Ginesta. 1879. p. 3428:American Memory - Library of Congress 3388: 3386: 3302:Gary M. Anderson and Adam Gifford Jr. 3186:Carmen Dolores Trelles (1991-01-09). 3031: 2842:. The Bermuda Maritime Museum Press. 2822: 2730: 2664: 2352:Bermuda Gazette and Weekly Advertiser 2295: 2135: 1925:Spanish American wars of independence 1837: 1818:which outlawed privateering, and the 1672:Raid on Lunenburg, Nova Scotia (1782) 1280:. Miguel Enríquez was a Puerto Rican 723:(Mother of God), valued at £500,000. 713:the following year. In 1592, Newport 6323:International Talk Like a Pirate Day 3753: 3588: 3368: 2419: 2410: 1797:in the defeat of the British in the 1793:and his privateers aided US General 1493:adding citations to reliable sources 1460: 1285:outperforming the efficiency of the 3747:Blockade Runners of the Confederacy 3625:Blockade Runners of the Confederacy 3503:Huntsberry, Thomas Vincent (1983). 3393:Tabarrok, Alexander (Winter 2007). 3268:Carabott, Sarah (2 February 2016). 3235:Cassar, Paul (January–March 1963). 2995: 2634:Warwick, 1619: Shipwreck Excavation 2480:. Woodbridge: Boydell. p. 113. 2465:. Woodbridge: Boydell. p. 121. 2108:Mercenaries, pirates and sovereigns 1931: 879:(known in the United States as the 244: 24: 5390: 4047: 3926: 3383: 3001: 2911:– via The Jefferson Library. 2884: 2827:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1130:, Governor and Captain-General of 500: 422:started in 1568 (white) and rival 401: 25: 6561: 6213:Silver: Return to Treasure Island 4078: 2450:. Woodbridge: Boydell. p. 3. 906:driven out of Bermuda during the 398:to combat the French privateers. 6509: 6508: 6496: 6349:A General History of the Pyrates 6171:Castaways of the Flying Dutchman 5692:Operation Enduring Freedom – HOA 3991:(Oxford University Press, 2017). 3826:. University of Delaware Press. 3505:Maryland privateers, War of 1812 3352:"US Navy Fleet List War of 1812" 2542:. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. 2188:Pirates of the South China Coast 1900: 1465: 1449:In the subsequent conflict, the 1401: 1136:Gregorio de Castellar y Mantilla 895:for returning captured vessels. 221:accepted a commission from King 4008:Nichols, A. Bryant Jr. (2007) 3948:Review of International Studies 3934:E-Journal of Portuguese History 3896:Jean Laffite: Prince of Pirates 3716: 3699: 3686: 3673: 3660: 3643: 3630: 3617: 3582: 3573: 3496: 3463: 3434: 3416: 3369:Oren, Michael B. (2005-11-03). 3362: 3344: 3319: 3306: 3261: 3228: 3211: 2970: 2940: 2915: 2878: 2856: 2831: 2798: 2780: 2765: 2739: 2724: 2702: 2658: 2647: 2621: 2595: 2570: 2546: 2531: 2514: 2499: 2484: 2469: 2454: 2439: 2357: 2345: 2327:Mather, Cotton (October 2007). 2320: 2253:Burgess, Douglas R Jr. (2014). 2038:Violent non-state actors at sea 5707:Operation Dawn 8: Gulf of Aden 5702:Operation Dawn of Gulf of Aden 5455:Anti-piracy in the West Indies 4074:ed. by Jameson, John Franklin. 3810:. Lippincott, Grambo & Co. 3749:. University of Alabama Press. 2776:. Rinehart & Company, Inc. 2772:Williams, Ronald John (1946). 2713:, Bermuda Historical Society, 2302:Arnold, Samuel Greene (1859). 2280: 2194: 2179: 2171:Warren, James Francis (1981). 2164: 2097: 1765:On April 8, 1814, the British 1704: 1204:Spanish capture of Providencia 869:War of the Austrian Succession 483:private-purchase naval weapons 225:to hunt pirates but was later 13: 1: 5563:Blockade of Charleston (Vane) 4017:Journal for Maritime Research 2711:Bermuda's Sailors of Fortune" 2090: 801: 628:Lord High Admiral of Scotland 547:Anglo-Spanish War (1585-1604) 374:The United States used mixed 6136:The Pilot: A Tale of the Sea 5386:Pirate battles and incidents 3987:Kert, Faye Margaret. (2017) 3786:The British in the Caribbean 3218:Bracho Palma, Jairo (2005). 3196:(in Spanish). Archived from 2506:Andrews, Kenneth R. (1984). 2491:Andrews, Kenneth R. (1984). 2378:10.1080/00253359.2014.866371 996:, in exchange for which the 974:American War of Independence 885:American War of Independence 660:. He is also famous for his 7: 5535:Battle of the Tiger's Mouth 5018:Rahmah ibn Jabir al-Jalhami 3893: 3627:(U of Alabama Press, 2005). 3470:Coggeshall, George (1861). 2735:. Vol. 15, no. 2. 2628:Inglis, Doug (2012-06-05). 2287:Ritchie, Robert C. (1986). 2079:William Walker (filibuster) 2032:Foreign Enlistment Act 1870 1972: 1362:of North Africa as well as 55:, a privateer commanded by 10: 6566: 6412:Pirate films and TV series 5852:African Slave Trade Patrol 5420:Action of 11 November 2008 4209:Barbary pirates (corsairs) 4133: 4053:Andrews, K.R. ed. (2017). 3874:Offen, Karl (March 2011). 3745:Cochran, Hamilton (2005). 3579:Ingersoll (1852) pp. 82–83 3250:(1): 26–41. Archived from 2838:Harris, Edward C. (1997). 2602:Bojakowski, Katie (2014). 2538:McCarthy, Matthew (2013). 2104:Thomson, Janice E (1994). 1904: 1679:United States Constitution 1591:American Revolutionary War 1582: 1576: 1573:American Revolutionary War 1570: 1457:American Revolutionary War 1451:War of Austrian Succession 1324: 1201: 1197:Antonio Maldonado y Tejada 1081: 1011:Charleston, South Carolina 741:sack of the city of Panama 384:American Revolutionary War 123:In British law, under the 101: 29:Privateer (disambiguation) 26: 6490: 6440: 6399: 6392: 6340: 6305: 6222: 6120: 5922: 5909: 5901:Trans-Saharan slave trade 5837: 5768: 5500:Battle off Minicoy Island 5475:Battle of Cape Fear River 5445:Anti-piracy in the Aegean 5415:Action of 28 October 2007 5410:Action of 9 November 1822 5385: 5283: 5191: 4555: 4548: 4474: 4438: 4395: 4348: 4341: 4186: 4141: 4038:Comparative legal history 3994:Krasner, Barbara. (2016) 3756:Pacific Historical Review 3591:Pacific Historical Review 2922:John Lenis (1783-04-04). 2521:Senior, Clive M. (1976). 2422:"Letters of Marque Today" 2074:State-sponsored terrorism 1810:1856 Declaration of Paris 1444:War of Spanish Succession 1304: 1212:was given orders by King 670:, the citadel protecting 667:Fort San Felipe del Morro 563:War of Spanish Succession 414:linking the Caribbean to 5896:Indian Ocean slave trade 5785:International piracy law 5722:Pirate attacks in Borneo 5594:Capture of the schooner 5586:Capture of the schooner 5520:Battle of Ocracoke Inlet 5246:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés 4029:Smith, Joshua M. (2011) 3894:Ramsay, Jack C. (1996). 3802:Ingersoll, Charles Jared 2694:Jarvis, Michael (2010). 2186:Murray, Dian H. (1987). 2150:10.1177/0843871416663987 2064:Private military company 1820:Confederate Constitution 1664:naval battle off Halifax 1613:Naval battle off Halifax 1369: 1095:Bermuda-based privateer 1084:Providence Island colony 1078:Providence Island colony 662:short-lived 1598 capture 609:Kingdom of Great Britain 424:Portuguese India Armadas 420:Manila-Acapulco galleons 348: 125:Offences at Sea Act 1536 6355:Captain Charles Johnson 5779:1717–1718 Acts of Grace 5490:Battle of Mandab Strait 5470:Battle of Boca Teacapan 5465:Balanguingui Expedition 5430:Action of 23 March 2010 4058:(Taylor & Francis). 3816:Kupperman, Karen Ordahl 3696:, CNBC (July 25, 2017). 2963:Bermuda Maritime Museum 2947:Strannack, Ian (1990). 2840:Bermuda Forts 1612–1957 2222:Pirates of the Americas 2206:Naval History 1500–1680 2173:The Sulu Zone 1768–1898 1632:New London, Connecticut 1407:British Colonial period 1210:Francisco Díaz Pimienta 1070:, Thomas Hewetson, and 1036:engaged as a privateer. 1015:Chesapeake Bay schooner 924:Governor of the Bahamas 887:; and the 1796 to 1808 717:the Portuguese carrack 711:blockading Western Cuba 649:against Spain in 1589. 412:Spanish treasure fleets 165:. The sultans of the 144:pirates. Mediterranean 64:Ambroise Louis Garneray 5712:Operation Ocean Shield 5540:Battle of Tonkin River 5485:Battle of Doro Passage 5440:Action of 5 April 2010 5435:Action of 1 April 2010 5425:Action of 9 April 2009 5405:1985 Lahad Datu ambush 5395: 5231:Jose Campuzano-Polanco 5216:Duarte Pacheco Pereira 4363:British Virgin Islands 4024:The Independent Review 4001:Lemnitzer, Jan (2014) 3957:93.1–2 (2019): 41–68. 3939:Beattie, Tim. (2015). 3402:The Independent Review 2981:. M.& M. Baldwin. 2977:Hartley, Nick (2012). 2807:The Bermudian magazine 2476:Loades, D. M. (2009). 2461:Loades, D. M. (2009). 2446:Loades, D. M. (2009). 2402:Loades, D. M. (2009). 2219:Marley, David (2010). 2053:Neutrality Act of 1794 1943:criminal organizations 1920: 1878:Confederate President 1855: 1762: 1720: 1619: 1427: 1379: 1322: 1274:José Campuzano-Polanco 1264: 1253: 1236:Spain and its colonies 1183: 1037: 992:, and as requested by 942: 916:stronghold for pirates 900:Eleutheran Adventurers 806:The English colony of 743:with only 1,400 crew. 689: 593: 427: 382:and privateers in the 223:William III of England 67: 6328:Pirates versus Ninjas 5755:Slave raid of Suðuroy 5717:Persian Gulf Campaign 5602:Capture of the sloop 5530:Battle of the Leotung 5515:Battle of New Orleans 5394: 5256:Richard Avery Hornsby 5008:Piet Pieterszoon Hein 4968:Moses Cohen Henriques 4938:Manuel Ribeiro Pardal 4683:Christina Anna Skytte 4221:Brethren of the Coast 4204:Baltic Slavic pirates 4151:Ancient Mediterranean 4019:17.2 (2015): 183–194. 3847:Latimer, Jon (2009). 3692:Abigail Summerville, 3570:Ramsay (1996), p. 82. 3561:Ramsay (1996), p. 77. 3552:Ramsay (1996), p. 71. 3543:Ramsay (1996), p. 70. 3534:Ramsay (1996), p. 69. 3525:Ramsay (1996), p. 62. 3188:"En busca de Cofresí" 2420:bean (6 March 2022). 2027:Filibuster (military) 1914: 1852:Confederate privateer 1845: 1799:Battle of New Orleans 1758: 1715: 1611: 1577:Further information: 1414: 1312: 1259: 1243: 1175: 1134:, dispatched Captain 1057:naval base in Bermuda 1031: 936: 881:French and Indian War 836:Warwick the Kingmaker 826:, for whom Bermuda's 684: 672:San Juan, Puerto Rico 632:James III of Scotland 584: 477:could easily outrace 467:Industrial Revolution 456:Piet Pieterszoon Hein 444:first Anglo-Dutch War 409: 40: 6550:Obsolete occupations 6250:skull and crossbones 6206:Mistress of the Seas 5888:Capture of the brig 5865:Atlantic slave trade 5626:Falklands Expedition 5480:Battle of Cape Lopez 5400:1582 Cagayan battles 5327:Queen Anne's Revenge 4878:José Joaquim Almeida 4863:John Newland Maffitt 4783:Hayreddin Barbarossa 4623:Bartolomeu Português 4613:Artemisia I of Caria 4608:Alexandre Exquemelin 4446:Baltic Slavic piracy 4199:Anglo-Turkish piracy 4040:5.1 (2017): 142–161. 3683:. Vox, Jun 16, 2021. 2366:The Mariner's Mirror 1996:Barrett's Privateers 1917:Mauricio García Vega 1816:Declaration of Paris 1780:Prince de Neufchatel 1595:Continental Congress 1489:improve this section 1287:Armada de Barlovento 1250:Golden Age of Piracy 1140:Charles I of England 1066:, Bridger Goodrich, 998:Continental Congress 914:in 1703, creating a 875:); the 1754 to 1763 859:); the 1702 to 1713 841:Somers Isles Company 516:During the reign of 487:Declaration of Paris 471:monopoly on violence 284:Hayreddin Barbarossa 27:For other uses, see 6267:No purchase, no pay 6235:Davy Jones's locker 6178:The Angel's Command 6022:Guybrush Threepwood 5870:Barbary slave trade 5847:African slave trade 5644:Jiajing wokou raids 5545:Battle of Ty-ho Bay 4768:François l'Olonnais 4628:Bartholomew Roberts 4516:Republic of Pirates 4026:16, no. 3 (Winter). 3980:Head, David (2015) 3974:30.1 (2018): 30–51 3709:NPR, June 10, 2021. 3358:on January 9, 2009. 3282:on 3 February 2016. 3257:on 3 February 2016. 3094:, pp. 242–243. 2885:Jarvis, Michael J. 1945:based in or near a 1907:Insurgent Privateer 1699:Second Barbary Wars 1628:American Revolution 1272:of Puerto Rico and 1193:Melchor de Aguilera 1090:Isla de Providencia 928:Governor of Bermuda 867:; the 1740 to 1748 865:War of Jenkins' Ear 863:; the 1739 to 1748 694:Christopher Newport 495:Franco-Prussian War 426:of 1498–1640 (blue) 260:Pieter van der Does 6545:Combat occupations 6427:Timeline of piracy 6384:Piracy kidnappings 6037:Jacquotte Delahaye 5992:Charlotte de Berry 5982:Captain Sabertooth 5875:Blockade of Africa 5830:Piracy Law of 1820 5760:Turkish Abductions 5697:Operation Atalanta 5631:Great Lakes Patrol 5510:Battle of Nam Quan 5460:Attack on Veracruz 5396: 4978:Nicholas van Hoorn 4963:Michel de Grammont 4828:Jacquotte Delahaye 4813:Hippolyte Bouchard 4733:Elise Eskilsdotter 4673:Charlotte de Berry 4638:Benjamin Hornigold 3963:Faye, Kert (1997) 3623:Hamilton Cochran, 2903:on 30 January 2012 2823:Wilkinson, Henry. 2578:"The Newport Ship" 1955:ransomware attacks 1921: 1860:American Civil War 1856: 1838:American Civil War 1824:American Civil War 1763: 1620: 1428: 1323: 1315:Chelmers of London 1265: 1254: 1214:Philip IV of Spain 1128:Francisco de Murga 1038: 943: 857:King William's War 690: 594: 428: 342:Vijayanagar Empire 76:robbery under arms 68: 6522: 6521: 6503:Piracy portal 6486: 6485: 6463:Fictional pirates 6362:Truce of Ratisbon 6336: 6335: 6297:Walking the plank 6157:On Stranger Tides 6097:Tony Tony Chopper 5987:Captain Stingaree 5924:Fictional pirates 5740:Sack of Baltimore 5735:Raid on Cartagena 5677:Moscow University 5556:Beluga Nomination 5525:Battle of Pianosa 5450:Antelope incident 5341:Marquis of Havana 5279: 5278: 4988:Olivier Levasseur 4928:Louis-Michel Aury 4893:Klaus Störtebeker 4843:Jeanne de Clisson 4763:François Le Clerc 4598:Anne Dieu-le-Veut 4544: 4543: 4461:South China Coast 4425:Strait of Malacca 4093:Naval War College 4071:Project Gutenberg 3905:978-1-57168-029-7 3860:978-0-674-03403-7 3833:978-0-87413-411-7 3649:Egloff, Florian. 3474:. G. Coggeshall. 3147:, pp. 90–91. 3118:, pp. 48–49. 3082:, pp. 89–90. 3046:, pp. 85–86. 1990:Auxiliary cruiser 1985:Louis-Michel Aury 1980:Armed merchantman 1868:Letters of marque 1727:letters of marque 1723:President Madison 1695:First Barbary War 1624:Long Island Sound 1603:prisoner exchange 1569: 1568: 1561: 1543: 1432:King George's War 1388:Order of St. John 1230:Order of Santiago 1154:earlier in 1635 ( 1144:letters of marque 1124:Isthmus of Panama 1107:(a rendering of " 994:George Washington 990:Benjamin Franklin 939:Anglo-Spanish War 908:English Civil War 889:Anglo-Spanish War 873:King George's War 776:Alexander Godfrey 768:Christopher Myngs 748:Fortunatus Wright 388:French Revolution 306:Sir Francis Drake 278:Hispanic Monarchy 200:Benjamin Fletcher 188:Francois Grogniet 169:(now present-day 80:letters of marque 16:(Redirected from 6557: 6512: 6511: 6501: 6500: 6499: 6397: 6396: 6199:Pirate Latitudes 6192:Long John Silver 6185:Voyage of Slaves 6052:Long John Silver 5947:Captain Birdseye 5920: 5919: 5790:Letter of marque 5750:Salvador Pirates 5745:Sack of Campeche 5568:Chepo Expedition 5550:Battle of Tysami 5505:Battle off Mukah 5495:Battle of Manila 5334:Quedagh Merchant 5292:Adventure Galley 5138:Victual Brothers 5123:Thomas Cavendish 5088:Sayyida al Hurra 5073:Samuel Hall Lord 5053:Roche Braziliano 5038:Robert Culliford 4973:Nathaniel Gordon 4943:Martin Frobisher 4903:Laurens de Graaf 4873:Jørgen Jørgensen 4808:Henry Strangways 4788:Hendrick Lucifer 4738:Eustace the Monk 4603:António de Faria 4553: 4552: 4521:Republic of Salé 4491:Île Sainte-Marie 4346: 4345: 4323:Victual Brothers 4231:Cilician pirates 4128: 4121: 4114: 4105: 4104: 4073: 4012:. (Sea Venture). 3950:, 42#5: 840–857. 3943:(Boydell. 2015). 3922: 3909: 3890: 3888: 3887: 3870: 3868: 3867: 3843: 3841: 3840: 3811: 3797: 3795: 3794: 3779: 3750: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3710: 3703: 3697: 3690: 3684: 3679:Morrison, Sara. 3677: 3671: 3670:BBC 20 May 2021. 3664: 3658: 3647: 3641: 3634: 3628: 3621: 3615: 3614: 3586: 3580: 3577: 3571: 3568: 3562: 3559: 3553: 3550: 3544: 3541: 3535: 3532: 3526: 3523: 3517: 3516: 3500: 3494: 3493: 3467: 3461: 3460: 3458: 3457: 3448:. Archived from 3438: 3432: 3431: 3420: 3414: 3413: 3399: 3390: 3381: 3380: 3378: 3377: 3366: 3360: 3359: 3354:. Archived from 3348: 3342: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3323: 3317: 3310: 3304: 3295: 3284: 3283: 3278:. Archived from 3265: 3259: 3258: 3256: 3241: 3232: 3226: 3225: 3215: 3209: 3208: 3206: 3205: 3183: 3172: 3166: 3160: 3154: 3148: 3142: 3131: 3125: 3119: 3113: 3107: 3101: 3095: 3089: 3083: 3077: 3071: 3065: 3059: 3053: 3047: 3041: 3035: 3029: 3023: 3022: 3020: 3019: 3010:. Archived from 2999: 2993: 2992: 2974: 2968: 2966: 2961:– via The 2944: 2938: 2937: 2935: 2934: 2919: 2913: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2902: 2896:. Archived from 2895: 2882: 2876: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2860: 2854: 2853: 2835: 2829: 2828: 2820: 2811: 2810: 2802: 2796: 2784: 2778: 2777: 2769: 2763: 2762: 2760: 2759: 2743: 2737: 2736: 2728: 2722: 2721: 2706: 2700: 2699: 2691: 2682: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2662: 2656: 2651: 2645: 2644: 2642: 2641: 2625: 2619: 2618: 2616: 2615: 2599: 2593: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2574: 2568: 2567: 2565: 2564: 2550: 2544: 2543: 2535: 2529: 2528: 2518: 2512: 2511: 2503: 2497: 2496: 2488: 2482: 2481: 2473: 2467: 2466: 2458: 2452: 2451: 2443: 2437: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2417: 2408: 2407: 2399: 2390: 2389: 2361: 2355: 2349: 2343: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2324: 2318: 2317: 2315: 2313: 2299: 2293: 2292: 2284: 2278: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2250: 2244: 2243: 2241: 2239: 2216: 2210: 2209: 2198: 2192: 2191: 2183: 2177: 2176: 2168: 2162: 2161: 2133: 2124: 2123: 2111: 2101: 2022:Commerce raiding 1963:cryptocurrencies 1938:computer hackers 1932:Computer hackers 1888:blockade runners 1864:blockade running 1564: 1557: 1553: 1550: 1544: 1542: 1501: 1469: 1461: 1352:prisoners of war 1344:Lettre de Course 1340:Lettre de Marque 1186:Nathaniel Butler 1179:James Reiskimmer 1046:prisoners of war 961:. His ship, the 955:Benjamin Bennett 877:Seven Years' War 861:Queen Anne's War 816:Virginia Company 791:Liverpool Packet 788:of the schooner 687:Barbary corsairs 509:, and later the 386:. Following the 328:(Basque Country) 316:Sir John Hawkins 300:Lars Gathenhielm 245:Noted privateers 210:shipping in the 167:Sulu archipelago 118:performance bond 49:(left) battling 21: 6565: 6564: 6560: 6559: 6558: 6556: 6555: 6554: 6525: 6524: 6523: 6518: 6497: 6495: 6482: 6448:Barbary pirates 6436: 6432:Women in piracy 6388: 6332: 6301: 6230:Buried treasure 6218: 6150:Facing the Flag 6143:Treasure Island 6116: 6062:Vaas Montenegro 6057:Monkey D. Luffy 6027:Hector Barbossa 6012:Elizabeth Swann 5977:Captain Pugwash 5914: 5912: 5905: 5882:Veloz Passagera 5880:Capture of the 5833: 5764: 5573:Capture of the 5381: 5313:Flying Dutchman 5275: 5241:Miguel Enríquez 5193: 5187: 5153:William Dampier 5108:Simon Mascarino 5103:Shirahama Kenki 5083:Samuel Pallache 5048:Roberto Cofresí 4958:Mary Wolverston 4933:Mansel Alcantra 4908:Lawrence Prince 4588:Albert W. Hicks 4540: 4478: 4470: 4434: 4391: 4337: 4333:Women in piracy 4298:Sindhi corsairs 4251:French corsairs 4241:Cossack pirates 4194:Albanian piracy 4187:Types of pirate 4182: 4137: 4132: 4081: 4063: 4050: 4048:Primary sources 3929: 3927:Further reading 3906: 3898:. Eakin Press. 3885: 3883: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3792: 3790: 3768:10.2307/3633146 3735: 3733: 3719: 3714: 3713: 3704: 3700: 3691: 3687: 3678: 3674: 3665: 3661: 3648: 3644: 3635: 3631: 3622: 3618: 3603:10.2307/3633146 3587: 3583: 3578: 3574: 3569: 3565: 3560: 3556: 3551: 3547: 3542: 3538: 3533: 3529: 3524: 3520: 3501: 3497: 3482: 3468: 3464: 3455: 3453: 3440: 3439: 3435: 3422: 3421: 3417: 3397: 3391: 3384: 3375: 3373: 3367: 3363: 3350: 3349: 3345: 3335: 3333: 3325: 3324: 3320: 3311: 3307: 3296: 3287: 3266: 3262: 3254: 3239: 3233: 3229: 3216: 3212: 3203: 3201: 3184: 3175: 3167: 3163: 3155: 3151: 3143: 3134: 3126: 3122: 3114: 3110: 3102: 3098: 3090: 3086: 3078: 3074: 3066: 3062: 3054: 3050: 3042: 3038: 3030: 3026: 3017: 3015: 3002:Shorto, Gavin. 3000: 2996: 2989: 2975: 2971: 2959: 2945: 2941: 2932: 2930: 2920: 2916: 2906: 2904: 2900: 2893: 2883: 2879: 2869: 2867: 2862: 2861: 2857: 2850: 2836: 2832: 2821: 2814: 2803: 2799: 2785: 2781: 2770: 2766: 2757: 2755: 2744: 2740: 2729: 2725: 2707: 2703: 2692: 2685: 2675: 2673: 2671:libres.uncg.edu 2663: 2659: 2652: 2648: 2639: 2637: 2626: 2622: 2613: 2611: 2600: 2596: 2586: 2584: 2576: 2575: 2571: 2562: 2560: 2552: 2551: 2547: 2536: 2532: 2519: 2515: 2504: 2500: 2489: 2485: 2474: 2470: 2459: 2455: 2444: 2440: 2430: 2428: 2418: 2411: 2400: 2393: 2362: 2358: 2354:August 15, 1795 2350: 2346: 2336: 2334: 2331:quotations] 2325: 2321: 2311: 2309: 2300: 2296: 2285: 2281: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2251: 2247: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2217: 2213: 2202:Zahedieh, Nuala 2199: 2195: 2184: 2180: 2169: 2165: 2134: 2127: 2120: 2102: 2098: 2093: 2088: 2048:Merchant raider 1975: 1965:facilitate the 1941:been blamed on 1934: 1909: 1903: 1880:Jefferson Davis 1840: 1812: 1785:English Channel 1707: 1681:authorized the 1587: 1581: 1575: 1565: 1554: 1548: 1545: 1502: 1500: 1486: 1470: 1459: 1409: 1404: 1372: 1360:Barbary pirates 1329: 1327:French corsairs 1307: 1270:Miguel Enríquez 1261:Miguel Enríquez 1238: 1206: 1086: 1080: 959:Lewis Middleton 853:Nine Years' War 824:Earl of Warwick 804: 760:Richard Hawkins 737:Thomas Modyford 576:Napoleonic Wars 539:treasure fleets 518:Queen Elizabeth 503: 501:England/Britain 460:Magnus Heinason 435:in an era when 404: 402:Overall history 351: 254:Miguel Enríquez 247: 186:gave buccaneer 138:Piracy Act 1717 110: 102:Main articles: 100: 35: 32: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6563: 6553: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6520: 6519: 6517: 6516: 6506: 6491: 6488: 6487: 6484: 6483: 6481: 6480: 6475: 6473:Piracy by year 6470: 6465: 6460: 6458:Female pirates 6455: 6453:By nationality 6450: 6444: 6442: 6438: 6437: 6435: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6403: 6401: 6394: 6390: 6389: 6387: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6370: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6358: 6357: 6344: 6342: 6338: 6337: 6334: 6333: 6331: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6309: 6307: 6303: 6302: 6300: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6253: 6252: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6226: 6224: 6220: 6219: 6217: 6216: 6209: 6202: 6195: 6188: 6181: 6174: 6167: 6160: 6153: 6146: 6139: 6132: 6124: 6122: 6118: 6117: 6115: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6047:Joshamee Gibbs 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5928: 5926: 5917: 5907: 5906: 5904: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5885: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5854: 5849: 5843: 5841: 5835: 5834: 5832: 5827: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5772: 5770: 5766: 5765: 5763: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5681: 5672: 5663: 5654: 5650:Maersk Alabama 5646: 5641: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5615: 5607: 5599: 5591: 5583: 5578: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5389: 5387: 5383: 5382: 5380: 5379: 5372: 5365: 5358: 5351: 5344: 5337: 5330: 5323: 5316: 5309: 5302: 5295: 5287: 5285: 5281: 5280: 5277: 5276: 5274: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5261:Robert Maynard 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5197: 5195: 5189: 5188: 5186: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5143:Vincenzo Gambi 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5068:Samuel Bellamy 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5043:Robert Surcouf 5040: 5035: 5033:Richard Glover 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5003:Pierre Lafitte 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4778:Grace O'Malley 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4718:Edward England 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4678:Cheung Po Tsai 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4633:Benito de Soto 4630: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4578:Abraham Samuel 4575: 4573:Adam Baldridge 4570: 4565: 4559: 4557: 4550: 4546: 4545: 4542: 4541: 4539: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4526:Saint Augustin 4523: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4482: 4480: 4472: 4471: 4469: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4442: 4440: 4436: 4435: 4433: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4411: 4410: 4403:Horn of Africa 4399: 4397: 4393: 4392: 4390: 4389: 4387:Gulf of Guinea 4384: 4383: 4382: 4377: 4376: 4375: 4373:Lake Nicaragua 4365: 4354: 4352: 4350:Atlantic World 4343: 4339: 4338: 4336: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4279: 4278: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4256:Jewish pirates 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4217: 4216: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4190: 4188: 4184: 4183: 4181: 4180: 4179: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4158: 4153: 4147: 4145: 4139: 4138: 4131: 4130: 4123: 4116: 4108: 4102: 4101: 4095: 4087: 4080: 4079:External links 4077: 4076: 4075: 4061: 4059: 4049: 4046: 4045: 4044: 4041: 4034: 4027: 4020: 4013: 4006: 3999: 3998:(Rosen, 2016). 3992: 3985: 3978: 3968: 3961: 3951: 3944: 3937: 3928: 3925: 3924: 3923: 3910: 3904: 3891: 3871: 3859: 3844: 3832: 3812: 3798: 3780: 3762:(4): 433–443. 3751: 3742: 3718: 3715: 3712: 3711: 3698: 3685: 3672: 3659: 3642: 3629: 3616: 3597:(4): 433–443. 3581: 3572: 3563: 3554: 3545: 3536: 3527: 3518: 3495: 3480: 3462: 3433: 3415: 3382: 3361: 3343: 3318: 3312:Brewer, John. 3305: 3285: 3260: 3227: 3210: 3173: 3171:, p. 250. 3169:Kupperman 1993 3161: 3149: 3132: 3120: 3108: 3096: 3092:Kupperman 1993 3084: 3072: 3060: 3048: 3036: 3024: 2994: 2988:978-0947712518 2987: 2969: 2957: 2939: 2914: 2877: 2866:. 8 April 2012 2855: 2848: 2830: 2812: 2797: 2794:978-0870335112 2779: 2764: 2738: 2723: 2701: 2683: 2657: 2646: 2620: 2594: 2569: 2545: 2530: 2513: 2498: 2483: 2468: 2453: 2438: 2409: 2391: 2356: 2344: 2319: 2294: 2279: 2265: 2245: 2231: 2211: 2193: 2178: 2163: 2144:(4): 654–670. 2125: 2118: 2095: 2094: 2092: 2089: 2087: 2086: 2081: 2076: 2071: 2066: 2061: 2056: 2050: 2045: 2040: 2035: 2029: 2024: 2019: 2014: 2012:Renato Beluche 2009: 2004: 2002:Samuel Bellamy 1999: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1933: 1930: 1905:Main article: 1902: 1899: 1839: 1836: 1811: 1808: 1795:Andrew Jackson 1706: 1703: 1691:Barbary States 1571:Main article: 1567: 1566: 1473: 1471: 1464: 1458: 1455: 1436:Nine Years War 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1396:Ottoman Empire 1371: 1368: 1325:Main article: 1306: 1303: 1237: 1234: 1202:Main article: 1113:Warwick Parish 1097:Daniel Elfrith 1082:Main article: 1079: 1076: 1068:Henry Jennings 1064:Hezekiah Frith 912:New Providence 828:Warwick Parish 803: 800: 758:, his son Sir 752:Edward Collier 647:English Armada 643:Spanish Armada 607:to create the 534:Walter Raleigh 511:United Kingdom 502: 499: 448:war with Spain 437:state capacity 403: 400: 396:Bermuda sloops 356:Spanish Armada 350: 347: 346: 345: 335: 329: 323: 313: 303: 297: 294:Robert Surcouf 291: 288:Ottoman Empire 281: 274:Spanish Empire 267: 257: 246: 243: 99: 96: 60:Robert Surcouf 57:French corsair 33: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6562: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6540:Naval warfare 6538: 6536: 6533: 6532: 6530: 6515: 6507: 6505: 6504: 6493: 6492: 6489: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6445: 6443: 6439: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6404: 6402: 6398: 6395: 6391: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6371: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6356: 6353: 6352: 6351: 6350: 6346: 6345: 6343: 6341:Miscellaneous 6339: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6310: 6308: 6306:Miscellaneous 6304: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6287:Pirate utopia 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6251: 6248: 6247: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6227: 6225: 6221: 6215: 6214: 6210: 6208: 6207: 6203: 6201: 6200: 6196: 6194: 6193: 6189: 6187: 6186: 6182: 6180: 6179: 6175: 6173: 6172: 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grace 5773: 5771: 5767: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5729: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5686: 5682: 5680: 5678: 5673: 5671: 5669: 5668:Orkim Harmony 5664: 5662: 5660: 5655: 5653: 5651: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5638: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5620: 5616: 5614: 5612: 5611:Carré d'As IV 5608: 5606: 5605: 5600: 5598: 5597: 5592: 5590: 5589: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5576: 5575:Ambrose Light 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5557: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5397: 5393: 5388: 5384: 5378: 5377: 5373: 5371: 5370: 5366: 5364: 5363: 5359: 5357: 5356: 5355:Royal Fortune 5352: 5350: 5349: 5345: 5343: 5342: 5338: 5336: 5335: 5331: 5329: 5328: 5324: 5322: 5321: 5317: 5315: 5314: 5310: 5308: 5307: 5303: 5301: 5300: 5299:Ambrose Light 5296: 5294: 5293: 5289: 5288: 5286: 5282: 5272: 5271:Woodes Rogers 5269: 5267: 5266:Thomas Warren 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5226:Julius Caesar 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5206:Chaloner Ogle 5204: 5202: 5199: 5198: 5196: 5190: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5178:Zheng Zhilong 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5063:Sadie Farrell 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5013:Princess Sela 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4993:Pedro Gilbert 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4913:Liang Daoming 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4758:Francis Drake 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4713:Dominique You 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4668:Charles Gibbs 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 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CO 37/39/14 2928: 2925: 2918: 2899: 2892: 2890: 2881: 2865: 2859: 2851: 2849:0-921560-11-7 2845: 2841: 2834: 2826: 2819: 2817: 2808: 2801: 2795: 2791: 2788: 2783: 2775: 2768: 2753: 2752:The Bermudian 2749: 2742: 2734: 2727: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2705: 2697: 2690: 2688: 2672: 2668: 2661: 2655: 2650: 2635: 2631: 2624: 2609: 2605: 2598: 2583: 2579: 2573: 2559: 2555: 2549: 2541: 2534: 2526: 2525: 2517: 2509: 2502: 2494: 2487: 2479: 2472: 2464: 2457: 2449: 2442: 2427: 2423: 2416: 2414: 2405: 2398: 2396: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2360: 2353: 2348: 2333: 2332: 2323: 2307: 2306: 2298: 2290: 2283: 2268: 2266:9781611685275 2262: 2258: 2257: 2249: 2234: 2232:9781598842012 2228: 2224: 2223: 2215: 2207: 2203: 2197: 2189: 2182: 2174: 2167: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2132: 2130: 2121: 2119:9780691086583 2115: 2110: 2109: 2100: 2096: 2085: 2084:Dominique You 2082: 2080: 2077: 2075: 2072: 2070: 2067: 2065: 2062: 2060: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2033: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2023: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2013: 2010: 2008: 2005: 2003: 2000: 1997: 1993: 1991: 1988: 1986: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1977: 1970: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1939: 1929: 1926: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1901:Latin America 1898: 1895: 1893: 1889: 1883: 1881: 1877: 1872: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1853: 1849: 1844: 1835: 1833: 1830:sent several 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1807: 1803: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1786: 1782: 1781: 1776: 1772: 1771:James De Wolf 1768: 1761: 1760:James De Wolf 1757: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1746: 1741: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1728: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1712: 1702: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1683:U.S. Congress 1680: 1675: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1652: 1650: 1646: 1645:Arnold's Raid 1642: 1638: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1586: 1585:Whaleboat War 1580: 1574: 1563: 1560: 1552: 1541: 1538: 1534: 1531: 1527: 1524: 1520: 1517: 1513: 1510: – 1509: 1505: 1504:Find sources: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1484: 1483: 1479: 1474:This section 1472: 1468: 1463: 1462: 1454: 1452: 1447: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1426: 1425: 1419: 1418: 1413: 1402:United States 1399: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1367: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1356:swashbuckling 1353: 1349: 1348:admiralty law 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1328: 1320: 1316: 1311: 1302: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1283: 1279: 1278:Santo Domingo 1275: 1271: 1262: 1258: 1251: 1247: 1242: 1233: 1231: 1227: 1226:John Humphrey 1221: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1205: 1200: 1198: 1194: 1191:In 1640, don 1189: 1187: 1182: 1180: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1165: 1160: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1116: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1101:Sussex Camock 1098: 1093: 1091: 1085: 1075: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1060: 1058: 1053: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1035: 1034:Bermuda sloop 1030: 1026: 1024: 1020: 1019:Fair American 1016: 1012: 1007: 1006:Boston Harbor 1002: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 970: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 947:Turks Islands 940: 935: 931: 929: 925: 921: 920:Woodes Rogers 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 896: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 849:Bermuda sloop 846: 845:Bermuda cedar 842: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 799: 797: 793: 792: 787: 783: 782: 777: 773: 769: 765: 764:Michael Geare 761: 757: 753: 749: 744: 742: 738: 734: 733:human shields 729: 724: 722: 721: 720:Madre de Deus 716: 712: 708: 707:an expedition 704: 699: 698:Francis Drake 695: 688: 683: 679: 677: 673: 669: 668: 663: 659: 655: 650: 648: 644: 640: 639:Francis Drake 635: 633: 629: 625: 624:Andrew Barton 620: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 591: 587: 586:Woodes Rogers 583: 579: 577: 573: 568: 564: 560: 556: 551: 548: 545:. During the 544: 540: 535: 531: 530:Francis Drake 527: 523: 519: 514: 512: 508: 498: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 463: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 440: 438: 434: 425: 421: 417: 413: 408: 399: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 372: 370: 369: 363: 362: 357: 343: 339: 336: 333: 330: 327: 326:Juana Larando 324: 321: 317: 314: 311: 307: 304: 301: 298: 295: 292: 289: 285: 282: 279: 275: 271: 268: 265: 261: 258: 256:(Puerto Rico) 255: 252: 251: 250: 242: 240: 236: 235:Cotton Mather 230: 228: 224: 220: 215: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 196:Jacob Leisler 193: 189: 185: 179: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 147: 141: 139: 134: 133:King James II 130: 126: 121: 119: 115: 109: 105: 95: 91: 87: 85: 81: 77: 73: 65: 61: 58: 54: 53: 48: 47: 43: 42:East Indiaman 39: 30: 19: 6494: 6367:Pirate Round 6347: 6318:Space pirate 6292:Treasure map 6211: 6204: 6197: 6190: 6183: 6176: 6169: 6162: 6155: 6148: 6141: 6134: 6127: 6082:Roronoa Zoro 6032:Jack Sparrow 5972:Captain Nemo 5967:Captain Hook 5889: 5881: 5857: 5727: 5684: 5676: 5667: 5658: 5649: 5636: 5619:Dai Hong Dan 5618: 5610: 5603: 5595: 5587: 5574: 5555: 5374: 5369:Whydah Gally 5367: 5360: 5353: 5346: 5339: 5332: 5325: 5320:Ganj-i-Sawai 5318: 5311: 5304: 5297: 5290: 5284:Pirate ships 5236:Luis Fajardo 5221:James Brooke 5211:David Porter 5183:Zheng Yi Sao 5158:William Kidd 5113:Stede Bonnet 5098:Shap-ng-tsai 5078:Samuel Mason 4998:Peter Easton 4948:Mary Lindsey 4898:Lai Choi San 4888:Joseph Barss 4883:Joseph Baker 4853:John Hawkins 4848:Johanna Hård 4838:Jean Lafitte 4833:Jan Janszoon 4823:Israel Hands 4803:Henry Morgan 4793:Henri Caesar 4708:Dirk Chivers 4643:Black Caesar 4568:Abshir Boyah 4439:Other waters 4420:Persian Gulf 4408:Somali Coast 4396:Indian Ocean 4368:Spanish Main 4283:River pirate 4270: 4261:Moro pirates 4236:Child pirate 4161:21st century 4064: 4054: 4037: 4030: 4023: 4016: 4009: 4002: 3995: 3988: 3981: 3971: 3964: 3954: 3947: 3940: 3936:17.2 (2019). 3933: 3918: 3914: 3895: 3884:. 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Modern 392:Quasi-War 376:squadrons 332:Jean Bart 214:instead. 104:Prize law 84:prize law 72:privateer 52:Confiance 6514:Category 6240:Eyepatch 6112:Zanzibar 6087:Sandokan 6067:Mr. Smee 5932:Askeladd 5860:Incident 5730:incident 5639:incident 5621:incident 5613:incident 5558:incident 5173:Zheng Yi 5168:Zheng Qi 5148:Wang Zhi 5028:Redbeard 4918:Limahong 4868:John Pro 4773:Gan Ning 4658:Cai Qian 4466:Sulu Sea 4293:Sea Dogs 3818:(1993). 3804:(1852). 3513:16870651 3244:Scientia 2069:Reprisal 1973:See also 1894:patrol. 1892:blockade 1848:Savannah 1750:Chasseur 1745:Chasseur 1732:Captain 1660:captured 1417:Chasseur 1364:Ottomans 1332:Corsairs 1321:in 1810. 1295:Philip V 1218:pinnaces 1168:Blessing 1021:and the 904:Puritans 810:(or the 774:include 715:captured 692:Captain 676:Champion 601:Scotland 572:en masse 526:Sea Dogs 475:warships 380:frigates 361:Chasseur 334:(France) 302:(Sweden) 296:(France) 159:Tangiers 146:corsairs 6478:Pirates 6407:Pirates 5915:culture 5913:popular 5858:Amistad 5659:Zafirah 5362:Saladin 5194:hunters 4983:Ng Akew 4583:Alfhild 4556:Pirates 4536:Tortuga 4318:Vikings 4214:Algiers 4143:Periods 3776:3633146 3611:3633146 2431:29 June 2059:Pindari 1959:Bitcoin 1533:scholar 1497:removed 1482:sources 1430:During 1386:by the 1376:Italian 1282:mulatto 1166:on the 1156:Tortuga 1152:Tortuga 1142:issued 1050:Duxbury 808:Bermuda 597:England 574:in the 555:James I 507:England 491:Prussia 465:As the 416:Seville 320:England 310:England 212:Red Sea 155:Algiers 129:treason 6468:Piracy 6374:Mutiny 6272:Pegleg 6223:Tropes 6121:Novels 6017:Franky 5687:affair 5251:Pompey 5192:Pirate 5133:Veborg 4618:Awilda 4506:Mamora 4313:Uskoks 4135:Piracy 4056:Wright 3976:online 3959:online 3902: 3857: 3830: 3774: 3609: 3511: 3488: 3478: 3408: 2985: 2955: 2846: 2792: 2717: 2384: 2263: 2229: 2156: 2116: 1775:Yankee 1689:, the 1687:Naples 1649:Hannah 1641:Hannah 1593:, the 1535: 1528: 1521: 1514: 1506: 1305:France 822:, the 754:, Sir 605:united 592:, 1709 338:Timoji 227:hanged 208:Mughal 175:Iranun 114:pirate 108:Piracy 6400:Lists 6102:Usopp 6092:Sanji 5728:Quest 5637:Irene 5596:Fancy 5588:Bravo 5306:Fancy 5118:Teuta 5058:Rusla 4501:Lundy 4342:Areas 4328:Wokou 3772:JSTOR 3607:JSTOR 3398:(PDF) 3255:(PDF) 3240:(PDF) 2901:(PDF) 2894:(PDF) 2382:S2CID 2154:S2CID 1739:Comet 1540:JSTOR 1526:books 1384:ruled 1380:corso 1370:Malta 1319:Junon 1293:from 781:Rover 349:Ships 163:Tunis 6393:Meta 6072:Nami 5824:1850 5820:1837 5816:1721 5812:1717 5808:1698 5804:1536 5604:Anne 5376:York 4703:Dido 4176:2024 4171:2023 4166:2022 3921:(1). 3900:ISBN 3855:ISBN 3828:ISBN 3738:2012 3653:In: 3509:OCLC 3486:OCLC 3476:ISBN 3406:ISSN 3338:2019 2983:ISBN 2953:ISBN 2909:2019 2872:2019 2844:ISBN 2790:ISBN 2715:ASIN 2678:2019 2589:2022 2433:2022 2339:2019 2314:2019 2274:2019 2261:ISBN 2240:2017 2227:ISBN 2114:ISBN 2055:(US) 2034:(UK) 1953:and 1850:, a 1846:CSS 1697:and 1677:The 1658:was 1656:Jack 1637:Lyme 1599:Tory 1512:news 1480:any 1478:cite 988:and 967:Rose 963:Rose 784:and 726:Sir 652:Sir 637:Sir 622:Sir 599:and 557:and 532:and 366:HMS 198:and 161:and 151:deys 106:and 46:Kent 5675:MV 5666:MT 5657:MT 4069:at 3764:doi 3731:331 3599:doi 2374:doi 2370:100 2146:doi 1491:by 1342:or 1291:Don 1276:of 1150:on 922:as 664:of 505:In 378:of 276:or 153:of 6531:: 5822:, 5818:, 5814:, 5810:, 5806:, 3919:14 3917:. 3822:. 3770:. 3758:. 3605:. 3593:. 3484:. 3444:. 3426:. 3400:. 3385:^ 3329:. 3300:, 3288:^ 3272:. 3248:29 3246:. 3242:. 3190:. 3176:^ 3135:^ 3006:. 2815:^ 2750:. 2686:^ 2669:. 2632:. 2606:. 2580:. 2556:. 2424:. 2412:^ 2394:^ 2380:. 2368:. 2152:. 2142:28 2140:. 2128:^ 1787:. 1701:. 1674:. 1666:, 1615:, 1378:: 1301:. 1232:. 1126:. 1074:. 1032:A 930:. 798:. 762:, 750:, 626:, 578:. 565:, 418:, 157:, 70:A 5826:) 5802:( 5781:) 5777:( 4127:e 4120:t 4113:v 4005:. 3908:. 3889:. 3869:. 3842:. 3796:. 3778:. 3766:: 3760:3 3740:. 3613:. 3601:: 3595:3 3515:. 3492:. 3459:. 3430:. 3412:. 3379:. 3340:. 3207:. 3106:. 3034:. 3021:. 2991:. 2967:. 2965:. 2936:. 2891:" 2887:" 2874:. 2809:. 2761:. 2680:. 2643:. 2617:. 2591:. 2566:. 2435:. 2388:. 2376:: 2341:. 2316:. 2276:. 2242:. 2160:. 2148:: 2122:. 1998:" 1994:" 1919:. 1854:. 1605:. 1562:) 1556:( 1551:) 1547:( 1537:· 1530:· 1523:· 1516:· 1499:. 1485:. 1263:. 1252:. 871:( 855:( 344:) 340:( 322:) 318:( 312:) 308:( 290:) 286:( 280:) 272:( 266:) 262:( 66:. 31:. 20:)

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