42:
556:. Section 48 of the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth) explicitly states, "A corporation shall not engage in the practise of resale price maintenance." A broader understanding of the statutory provision is in Section 96(3)of the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth), which broadly defines what can be resale price maintenance.
490:. That includes exchanging prices with the intent to fix prices or the exchange affecting the prices individual competitors set. Proof that competitors have shared prices can be used as part of the evidence of an illegal price fixing agreement. Experts generally advise that competitors avoid even the appearance of agreeing on price.
1078:
believe that price fixing is a voluntary and consensual activity between parties that should be free from government compulsion and government interference. At times price fixing ensures a stable market for both consumers and producers. Any short-term benefit of increased price competition will force
983:
announced rates for their coronavirus vaccines that would differ based on deals established with various governments. Executive orders were enacted in the United States to lower prescription drug costs which was claimed by Pfizer's CEO to cause "enormous destruction" to the pharmaceutical industry.
377:
products such as wheat basically do not differ too much, because such agricultural products have no characteristics and are essentially the same, and their price will only change slightly at the same time. If a natural disaster occurs, the price of all affected wheat will rise at the same time. And
320:
Price fixing requires a conspiracy between sellers or buyers. The purpose is to coordinate pricing for mutual benefit of the traders. For example, manufacturers and retailers may conspire to sell at a common "retail" price; set a common minimum sales price, where sellers agree not to discount the
1079:
some producers out of the market and cause product shortages and prices for consumers to rise. In the end price-fixing legislation forces producers out of a market because it can not compete with the biggest discounter and the market winds up a monopoly anyway.
2011:
472:
Private individuals or organizations may file lawsuits for triple damages for antitrust violations and, depending on the law, recover attorneys fees and costs expended on prosecution of a case. If the case at hand also violates the
603:
was a public agreement between UK booksellers from 1900 to 1991 to sell new books only at the recommended retail price to protect the revenues of smaller bookshops. The agreement collapsed in 1991, when the large book chain
493:
Since 1997, US courts have divided price fixing into two categories: vertical and horizontal maximum price fixing. Vertical price fixing includes a manufacturer's attempt to control the price of its product at retail. In
1013:
by rental companies across the United States to set rents, which critics worry has helped to raise rents by limiting competition. The US DOJ escalated its investigation into price-fixing in March of 2024, and filed an
1891:"JoaquĂn Almunia Vice President of the European Commission responsible for Competition Policy Press conference on LCD cartel, Visa and French chemists' association decisions Press conference Brussels, 8 December 2010"
615:
However, price-fixing is still legal in the magazine and newspaper distribution industry, and sometimes in the motion picture industry. Retailers who sell at below cover price are subject to withdrawal of supply. The
524:, agreed to pay a total sum of $ 585 million to settle their prosecutions for conspiring to fix prices of liquid crystal display panels. That was the second largest amount awarded under the Sherman Act in history.
396:
International price fixing by private entities can be prosecuted under the antitrust laws of many countries. Examples of prosecuted international cartels are those that controlled the prices and output of
1688:
2019:
317:
for all sellers but may also have the goal to fix, peg, discount, or stabilize prices. The defining characteristic of price fixing is any agreement regarding price, whether expressed or implied.
2041:
1977:
521:
702:
in the early 1990s. It is estimated customers were overcharged by nearly $ 500 million and up to $ 5 per album. A settlement in 2002 included the music publishers and distributors;
345:; discontinue a free service or fix the price of one component of an overall service; adhere uniformly to previously announced prices and terms of sale; establish uniform costs and
771:
In
October 2004, four executives from Infineon, a German chip maker, received reduced sentences of 4 to 6 months in federal prison and $ 250,000 in fines after agreeing to aid the
1067:
increased, it will have an impact on the entire supply chain. For example, it will cause the price of goods and services to increase, and it will also affect consumers' choices.
768:) chips. Samsung was the third company to be charged in connection with the international cartel and was fined $ 300 million, the second largest antitrust penalty in US history.
1435:
870:
has ever imposed. Chunghwa would pay $ 65 million for conspiring with LG Display and other unnamed companies and Sharp would pay $ 120 million, according to the department.
1047:
If the price of a new supplier drops significantly after bidding, the reason may be that some suppliers have been colluding and the new supplier has forced them to compete.
2106:
909:
came forward about their involvement in large price-fixing schemes for cargo and passenger surcharges in which 21 airlines were involved since 2000 (amongst which were
104:
1056:
When prices are determined between various companies, it may affect consumers' choices to a certain extent, and affect small businesses that rely on these suppliers.
465:. Further, where price fixing is used as an artifice to defraud a U.S. government agency into paying more than market value, the U.S. attorney may proceed under the
2179:
1808:
867:
1415:
1864:
373:
Not all similar prices or price changes at the same time are price fixing. These situations are often normal market phenomena. For example, the price of
943:
The
Commission noted that it might involve up to 60 airlines. In 2009 the Commission said overseas competition authorities were also investigating the
963:
in 2020. Christopher
Lischewski, the former CEO of Bumble Bee, was sentenced to 40 months in jail and fined $ 100,000 for his 2010–2013 involvement.
1034:
If the bid or quoted price is much higher than expected, the reason may be collusive to set the price or just overpriced, but it is legal in itself.
306:, service, or commodity only at a fixed price, or maintain the market conditions such that the price is maintained at a given level by controlling
1989:
1204:
2214:
553:
2308:
1698:
2370:
1587:
734:. In restitution for price fixing they agreed to pay a $ 67.4 million fine distribute $ 75.7 million in CDs to public and non-profit groups.
2352:
508:
violation of the
Sherman Act, but horizontal price fixing is still considered a breach of the Sherman Act. Also in 2008, the defendants of
936:. According to the Commission, the carriers "colluded to raise the price of by imposing fuel charges for more than seven years". In 2013
353:; purposefully reduce output or sales in order to charge higher prices; or purposefully share or pool markets, territories, or customers.
1238:
1384:
385:, price fixing is inefficient. The anti-competitive agreement by producers to fix prices above the market price transfers some of the
282:
1779:"LG, Sharp, Chunghwa Agree to Plead Guilty, Pay Total of $ 585 Million in Fines for Participating in LCD Price-fixing Conspiracies"
1447:
1616:
2337:
1288:
2271:
477:, in addition to the Sherman Act, private individuals may also bring a civil action in the name of the United States under the
2357:
581:
2160:
2342:
1327:
1658:
552:, with considerably similar prohibitions to the US and Canadian prohibitions. The Act is administered and enforced by the
2403:
1786:
993:
321:
sales price below the agreed-to minimum price; buy the product from a supplier at a specified maximum price; adhere to a
2362:
1819:
1624:
1569:
549:
251:
1356:
Tsui, Tat Chee (April 2011). "Interstate
Comparison – Use of Contribution Margin in Determination of Price Fixing".
378:
the increase in consumer demand may also cause the prices of products with limited supply to rise at the same time.
1520:
925:
fined the airlines a total of $ 1.7 billion, charged 19 executives with wrongdoing and four received prison terms.
1040:
If the price of a new supplier is lower than the usual corporate bidding price, the reason may be that there is a
2069:
588:
firms that co-operate with the antitrust authority see their prospective penalties either wiped out or reduced.
2393:
731:
398:
89:
2322:
1063:
as an example, many products are now transported by freight through various channels. If the freight price is
2281:
410:
275:
194:
1750:
1461:
2135:
1296:
890:
313:
The intent of price fixing may be to push the price of a product as high as possible, generally leading to
1037:
If all suppliers choose to increase prices at the same time, it is beyond the scope of input cost changes.
1267:
1015:
2398:
1778:
922:
882:
772:
438:
299:
123:
58:
1890:
787:
fined eight firms, mostly
Japanese companies, €254 million for operating an illegal price cartel for
727:
1921:
1212:
1164:
1159:
1149:
703:
687:
686:
Between 1995 and 2000 music companies were found to have used illegal marketing agreements such as
474:
442:
362:
342:
338:
268:
881:
price fixing scheme. Other companies were fined for a combined total of €648.9 million, including
1726:
1549:
1104:
855:, agreed to plead guilty and pay $ 585 million in criminal fines for conspiring to fix prices of
711:
382:
2107:"Pfizer CEO says Trump's executive orders overhauling U.S. drug pricing will upend the industry"
1834:
933:
856:
617:
564:
New
Zealand law prohibits price fixing, among most other anti-competitive behaviours under the
446:
168:
1369:
996:
from continuing to use software to share data on routes and prices before they became public.
2276:
1419:
1410:
1388:
719:
568:. The act covers practices similar to that of US and Canadian law, and it is enforced by the
496:
431:
256:
2068:
1586:
2347:
1561:
211:
206:
94:
1484:
8:
2348:
US Department of
Justice Website, Samsung Pleads Guilty to Price Fixing - October 5, 2005
2045:
2015:
1985:
1898:
1443:
929:
784:
761:
605:
569:
406:
2353:
US Department of
Justice Website, Infineon Pleads Guilty to Price Fixing - October 2004
2252:
2206:
2075:
1593:
1184:
815:
brands and three vendors for price collusion between 1997 and 2000. The brands include
707:
699:
600:
501:
314:
303:
230:
152:
2235:
Erickson, W. Bruce (March 1976). "Price Fixing
Conspiracies: Their Long-Term Impact".
1235:
Extraterritoriality of the Sherman Act and Deterrence of Private International Cartels
540:
is considered a form of price fixing and is illegal in Canada (s.47 Competition Act).
2080:
1633:
1565:
1422:
1365:
1300:
1075:
972:
832:
808:
743:
565:
346:
307:
216:
201:
84:
72:
2012:"Air New Zealand final airline to settle with Commerce Commission in air cargo case"
1721:
2244:
1557:
1169:
1124:
1119:
956:
792:
653:
466:
458:
386:
334:
225:
179:
175:
77:
2332:
2327:
1926:
1693:
1553:
1154:
937:
910:
906:
681:
533:
427:
390:
357:
184:
163:
109:
33:
1331:
2292:
1869:
1813:
1541:
1259:
1179:
1139:
918:
848:
585:
487:
132:
114:
24:
2378:
2387:
2084:
1637:
1144:
1064:
664:
486:
Under American law, exchanging prices among competitors can also violate the
302:
agreement between participants on the same side in a market to buy or sell a
221:
189:
2272:"What's Wrong with Price Fixing: Responding to the New Critics of Antitrust"
1234:
816:
659:
International airline tickets have their prices fixed by agreement with the
2309:
Sticker Shock, Guilty Pleas Show High Cost of Price-Fixing in Auto Industry
1489:
886:
691:
235:
99:
2317:
1512:
2371:"LVMH, L'Oreal, PPR fined for perfume price collusion; LVMH plans appeal"
1978:"Commerce Commission procedure in accordance with standard best practice"
1865:"LCD-Panel Makers Fined $ 649 Million by European Union for Price Fixing"
1260:"15 U.S. Code § 1 - Trusts, etc., in restraint of trade illegal; penalty"
1174:
1114:
1094:
852:
609:
537:
402:
374:
330:
158:
20:
955:
An attempt to fix the price of tuna resulted in a $ 25 million fine for
532:
In Canada, it is an indictable criminal offence under Section 45 of the
2256:
1005:
914:
863:
788:
636:
or is entered by sovereign nations as opposed to individual firms, the
462:
326:
322:
16:
Agreement over prices between participants on the same side in a market
1949:
1134:
1099:
1089:
1041:
947:
market, including the US and Australia where fines had been imposed.
944:
902:
723:
649:
641:
450:
137:
67:
41:
2248:
632:
When the agreement to control price is sanctioned by a multilateral
596:
British competition law prohibits almost any attempt to fix prices.
522:
United States District Court for the Northern District of California
2070:"Former Bumble Bee C.E.O. Is Sentenced in Tuna Price-Fixing Scheme"
1953:
1129:
1010:
960:
866:
would pay $ 400 million, the second-highest criminal fine that the
757:
695:
454:
426:
In the United States, price fixing can be prosecuted as a criminal
63:
2180:"DOJ Files Antitrust Suit Against Maker of Rent-Setting Algorithm"
2328:
Identifying Horizontal Price Fixing in the Electronic Marketplace
1839:
1689:"EU fines Japanese firms over price-fixing cartel for capacitors"
1060:
1027:
980:
828:
812:
796:
753:
479:
1021:
1809:"LCD Makers Will Plead Guilty in Price-Fixing Scheme (Update2)"
976:
820:
637:
633:
143:
1722:"France Fines Perfume Makers And Vendors in Price-Fixing Case"
1835:"UPDATE 2-LG Display, Sharp, Chunghwa say guilty in LCD case"
756:
pleaded guilty to conspiring with other companies, including
749:
1588:"THE MEDIA BUSINESS; British Book Shops in Price Skirmishes"
2110:
1330:. Art Publishers Association. February 2000. Archived from
824:
765:
660:
652:
cartel, has not been prosecuted or successfully sued under
645:
445:
also has jurisdiction for civil antitrust violations. Many
2333:
SONY Accused of Price Fixing in the UK - November 15, 2005
2134:
Vogell, Heather; Coryne, Haru; Little, Ryan (2022-10-15).
504:
held that vertical price fixing is no longer considered a
2312:
1755:
1109:
1026:
It is more common to have price fixing trends during the
878:
715:
350:
663:, a practice for which there is a specific exemption in
874:
1972:
1970:
1009:
in 2022 investigated the use of algorithms created by
893:
LG Display said it is considering appealing the fine.
737:
2136:"Rent Going Up? One Company's Algorithm Could Be Why"
2161:"DOJ escalates price-fixing probe on housing market"
775:
with their ongoing investigation of the conspiracy.
764:, to fix the price of dynamic random access memory (
1967:
932:filed legal proceedings against 13 airlines in the
2323:US Department of Justice Antitrust Resource Manual
2133:
1863:
1818:
1546:The Organisation of Knowledge in Victorian Britain
877:fined LG Display €215 million for its part in the
694:in order to end price wars by discounters such as
2042:"International air cargo cartel to be prosecuted"
2385:
2358:Antitrust settlement in Nevada price-fixing case
2215:Australian Competition & Consumer Commission
1464:. Parliamentary Counsel Office. October 5, 2022
554:Australian Competition & Consumer Commission
1682:
1680:
548:Price fixing is illegal in Australia under the
1358:Pace International Law Review Online Companion
1617:"Price-Fixing in the Motion Picture Industry"
1485:"Heineken and Grolsch fined for price-fixing"
1022:Signs of possible price fixing during bidding
437:Criminal prosecutions must be handled by the
276:
2104:
1677:
1513:"Avoid and report anti-competitive activity"
1322:
1320:
1318:
640:may be protected from lawsuits and criminal
1719:
1239:American Agricultural Economics Association
1070:
992:Airlines in the 1990's were blocked by the
940:was the final airline of the 13 to settle.
608:began discounting books, followed by rival
2318:Avoid and report anti-competitive activity
2280:. Vol. 12, no. 2 (Summer 1988).
1950:"21 airlines fined in price-fixing scheme"
1659:"Australia: IATA enters price fixing saga"
1436:"Commission warns GP's about price fixing"
842:
453:cases and have antitrust offices, such as
283:
269:
2034:
1720:Passariello, Christina (March 15, 2006).
1315:
1051:
389:to those producers and also results in a
337:terms offered to purchasers; use uniform
244:Enforcement authorities and organizations
2234:
2105:Lovelace Jr., Berkeley (July 28, 2020).
1947:
868:US Justice Department antitrust division
358:permitted in some markets but not others
1748:
1614:
1584:
1540:
514:United States v. Chunghwa Picture Tubes
2386:
2177:
2066:
1351:
1349:
1232:
966:
799:Chemical which was fined €18 million.
360:; where allowed, it is often known as
2269:
2201:
2199:
2158:
2129:
2127:
1948:Caldwell, Alicia A. (March 5, 2011).
1922:"2 LCD giants face contrasting fates"
1861:
1806:
1751:"$ 585 million LCD price-fixing fine"
959:in 2017 and a $ 100 million fine for
1749:Frieden, Terry (November 12, 2008).
1686:
1585:Cassidy, Suzanne (October 7, 1991).
1562:10.5871/bacad/9780197263266.001.0001
1355:
1160:Trade Practices Act 1974 (Australia)
1044:of bidding among existing companies.
2237:The Journal of Industrial Economics
2067:Garcia, Sandra E. (June 16, 2020).
1919:
1787:United States Department of Justice
1482:
1346:
1226:
896:
889:, Chunghwa Picture Tubes Ltd., and
738:Dynamic random access memory (DRAM)
483:provision of The False Claims Act.
13:
2196:
2124:
1920:Kim, Yoo-chul (December 9, 2010).
1625:Northwestern University Law Review
690:to artificially inflate prices of
582:EU commission's leniency programme
518:United States v. Sharp Corporation
40:
14:
2415:
2302:
1862:White, Aoife (December 8, 2010).
1807:Bliss, Jeff (November 12, 2008).
1615:Stevens, John Paul (April 2020).
1382:
1328:"Be Careful About Antitrust Law!"
999:
987:
591:
575:
550:Competition and Consumer Act 2010
252:International Competition Network
1988:. March 20, 2009. Archived from
1663:Competition Policy International
1521:Government of the United Kingdom
795:which was fined €98 million and
675:
421:
2343:Be Careful About Antitrust Law!
2263:
2228:
2171:
2152:
2098:
2060:
2018:. June 13, 2013. Archived from
2004:
1941:
1913:
1883:
1855:
1827:
1800:
1771:
1742:
1713:
1651:
1608:
1578:
1534:
1505:
1476:
1454:
1297:New York State Attorney General
930:New Zealand Commerce Commission
791:. The two largest players were
416:
2178:Vogell, Heather (2024-08-23).
2159:Sisco, Josh (March 20, 2024).
1446:. May 18, 2005. Archived from
1428:
1403:
1376:
1281:
1252:
1233:Connor, John M. (April 2004).
1197:
620:has given its approval to the
559:
510:United States v LG Display Co.
329:; engage in cooperative price
257:List of competition regulators
1:
2379:Concepto de Fixing en Español
2282:American Enterprise Institute
1483:Gow, David (April 18, 2007).
1191:
851:, Chunghwa Picture Tubes and
778:
627:
543:
7:
1268:Legal Information Institute
1082:
1018:lawsuit in August of 2024.
670:
10:
2420:
2404:Anti-competitive practices
2364:In Defense of Price Fixing
2270:DeBow, Michael E. (1988).
1697:. Brussels. Archived from
923:U.S. Department of Justice
802:
773:U.S. Department of Justice
741:
688:minimum advertised pricing
679:
439:U.S. Department of Justice
124:Anti-competitive practices
90:Herfindahl–Hirschman index
59:History of competition law
18:
901:In late 2005/early 2006,
728:Trans World Entertainment
644:prosecution. That is why
527:
1289:"About Antitrust Bureau"
1213:Federal Trade Commission
1165:US Department of Justice
1150:Resale price maintenance
1071:Criticism on legislation
994:US Department of Justice
475:False Claims Act of 1863
443:Federal Trade Commission
368:retail price maintenance
363:resale price maintenance
19:Not to be confused with
1727:The Wall Street Journal
1687:JiJi (March 22, 2018).
1550:Oxford University Press
1385:"VERTICAL PRICE FIXING"
1105:George Howard Earle Jr.
950:
843:Liquid crystal displays
712:Bertelsmann Music Group
447:state attorneys general
430:under Section 1 of the
383:neo-classical economics
1052:Impact of price fixing
934:New Zealand High Court
928:In December 2008, the
891:HannStar Display Corp.
857:liquid crystal display
618:Office of Fair Trading
169:Occupational licensing
45:
2394:Pricing controversies
2338:Antitrust Enforcement
1411:State Oil Co. v. Khan
1334:on September 27, 2007
1303:on September 29, 2008
748:In October 2005, the
722:as well as retailers
497:State Oil Co. v. Khan
432:Sherman Antitrust Act
44:
1992:on September 6, 2009
1823:on October 23, 2012.
1785:. Washington, D.C.:
975:, companies such as
831:(€9.4 million), and
809:government of France
212:Occupational closure
207:Dividing territories
195:Essential facilities
95:Market concentration
2048:. December 15, 2008
2046:Commerce Commission
2016:Commerce Commission
1986:Commerce Commission
1899:European Commission
1843:. November 12, 2023
1462:"Commerce Act 1986"
1444:Commerce Commission
967:Coronavirus vaccine
847:In 2008 in the US,
785:European Commission
783:In March 2018, the
762:Hynix Semiconductor
570:Commerce Commission
407:graphite electrodes
349:; impose mandatory
339:trade-in allowances
2076:The New York Times
2022:on October 3, 2014
1901:. December 8, 2010
1594:The New York Times
1450:on April 16, 2009.
1383:Sauer, Raymond D.
1185:Price fixing cases
1030:process, such as:
862:South Korea–based
601:Net Book Agreement
502:U.S. Supreme Court
231:Regulatory capture
46:
2399:Commercial crimes
2044:(Press release).
2014:(Press release).
1984:(Press release).
1897:(Press release).
1759:. Washington, D.C
1701:on March 22, 2018
1665:. October 7, 2012
1442:(Press release).
1076:Economic liberals
973:COVID-19 pandemic
839:(€12.8 million).
833:Hutchison Whampoa
744:DRAM price fixing
566:Commerce Act 1986
308:supply and demand
293:
292:
222:Misuse of patents
217:Predatory pricing
202:Exclusive dealing
85:Barriers to entry
73:Coercive monopoly
2411:
2297:
2296:
2290:
2288:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2203:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2131:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2072:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1974:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1867:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1817:. Archived from
1804:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1684:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1632:(7): 1787–1804.
1621:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1590:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1432:
1426:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1387:. Archived from
1380:
1374:
1373:
1353:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1324:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1299:. Archived from
1285:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1201:
1170:Variable pricing
1125:London Gold Pool
1120:Herfindahl index
957:Bumble Bee Foods
897:Air cargo market
823:(€3.0 million),
819:(€4.1 million),
793:Nippon Chemi-Con
654:US antitrust law
467:False Claims Act
387:consumer surplus
356:Price fixing is
335:financial credit
285:
278:
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176:Product bundling
78:Natural monopoly
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1556:. p. 275.
1554:British Academy
1542:Daunton, Martin
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1391:on July 8, 2013
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1293:oag.state.ny.us
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1189:
1155:Tacit collusion
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1024:
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990:
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938:Air New Zealand
911:British Airways
907:Virgin Atlantic
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720:Universal Music
684:
682:CD price fixing
678:
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534:Competition Act
530:
520:, heard in the
428:federal offense
424:
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391:deadweight loss
300:anticompetitive
289:
185:Refusal to deal
164:Tacit collusion
110:Relevant market
34:Competition law
28:
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2303:External links
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2293:Cato Institute
2262:
2243:(3): 189–202.
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1982:Release no 113
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1814:Bloomberg News
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1577:
1571:978-0197263266
1570:
1544:, ed. (2005).
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1440:Release No 133
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1205:"Price Fixing"
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1000:Rent algorithm
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988:1990s airlines
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919:Air France-KLM
898:
895:
883:Chimei Innolux
849:LG Display Co.
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742:Main article:
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680:Main article:
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592:United Kingdom
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586:whistleblowing
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488:antitrust laws
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807:In 2006, the
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2366:by Sean Gabb
2363:
2291:– via
2285:. Retrieved
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2218:. Retrieved
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2020:the original
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1994:. Retrieved
1990:the original
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1957:. Retrieved
1943:
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1857:
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1838:
1829:
1820:the original
1812:
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1782:
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1761:. Retrieved
1754:
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1725:
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1699:the original
1692:
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1592:
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1524:. Retrieved
1516:
1507:
1495:. Retrieved
1490:The Guardian
1488:
1478:
1466:. Retrieved
1456:
1448:the original
1439:
1430:
1425: (1997).
1409:
1405:
1393:. Retrieved
1389:the original
1378:
1361:
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1336:. Retrieved
1332:the original
1305:. Retrieved
1301:the original
1292:
1283:
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1263:
1254:
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1228:
1216:. Retrieved
1208:
1199:
1074:
1065:artificially
1058:
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1003:
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970:
954:
942:
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900:
887:AU Optronics
872:
861:
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747:
708:Warner Music
685:
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425:
417:Legal status
395:
380:
375:agricultural
372:
367:
361:
355:
319:
312:
296:Price fixing
295:
294:
236:Rent-seeking
149:Price fixing
148:
100:Market power
2287:January 20,
2220:January 20,
2211:accc.gov.au
2116:January 20,
2090:January 20,
1959:January 20,
1933:January 20,
1905:January 20,
1875:January 20,
1847:January 20,
1792:January 20,
1783:justice.gov
1763:January 20,
1734:January 20,
1669:January 20,
1643:January 20,
1600:January 20,
1526:January 20,
1497:January 20,
1468:January 20,
1273:January 20,
1218:January 20,
1175:Fixed price
1115:Gold fixing
1095:Bid rigging
971:During the
853:Sharp Corp.
610:Waterstones
560:New Zealand
538:Bid rigging
449:also bring
409:, and bulk
403:citric acid
331:advertising
159:Bid rigging
21:fixed price
2388:Categories
2277:Regulation
2189:2024-08-24
2184:ProPublica
2145:2024-08-21
2140:ProPublica
1493:. Brussels
1237:(Report).
1192:References
1016:anti-trust
1006:ProPublica
915:Korean Air
864:LG Display
837:Marionnaud
789:capacitors
779:Capacitors
704:Sony Music
628:Exemptions
622:status quo
580:Under the
463:California
441:, but the
351:surcharges
327:list price
323:price book
226:copyrights
105:SSNIP test
2207:"Cartels"
2085:0362-4331
1895:europa.eu
1638:0029-3571
1135:Oligopoly
1100:Collusion
1090:Antitrust
1042:collusion
945:air cargo
903:Lufthansa
811:fined 13
724:Musicland
716:EMI Music
650:petroleum
642:antitrust
544:Australia
451:antitrust
343:discounts
138:Collusion
68:oligopoly
2165:Politico
2052:June 23,
2026:June 23,
1996:June 23,
1954:NBC News
1705:22 March
1338:June 15,
1307:June 15,
1130:Monopoly
1083:See also
1011:RealPage
961:StarKist
859:panels.
758:Infineon
752:company
696:Best Buy
671:Examples
459:New York
455:Virginia
411:vitamins
341:; limit
64:Monopoly
2257:2098269
1840:Reuters
1730:. Paris
1395:July 9,
1370:1839223
1209:ftc.gov
1061:freight
1059:Taking
1028:bidding
981:Moderna
829:Sephora
817:L'Oréal
813:perfume
803:Perfume
797:Hitachi
754:Samsung
606:Dillons
480:Qui Tam
347:markups
315:profits
304:product
144:cartels
2374:Forbes
2255:
2083:
1636:
1568:
1517:gov.uk
1414:,
1368:
977:Pfizer
917:, and
821:Chanel
750:Korean
700:Target
638:cartel
634:treaty
528:Canada
516:, and
506:per se
500:, the
461:, and
399:lysine
298:is an
2253:JSTOR
1620:(PDF)
1418:
180:tying
153:cases
2289:2023
2222:2023
2118:2023
2111:CNBC
2092:2023
2081:ISSN
2054:2014
2028:2014
1998:2014
1961:2023
1935:2023
1907:2023
1877:2023
1849:2023
1794:2023
1765:2023
1736:2023
1707:2018
1671:2023
1645:2023
1634:ISSN
1602:2023
1566:ISBN
1528:2023
1499:2023
1470:2023
1420:U.S.
1397:2013
1366:SSRN
1340:2016
1309:2016
1275:2023
1246:2014
1220:2023
979:and
951:Tuna
905:and
825:LVMH
766:DRAM
760:and
730:and
698:and
661:IATA
646:OPEC
599:The
224:and
178:and
66:and
2313:FBI
2245:doi
1756:CNN
1630:114
1558:doi
1416:522
1110:FBI
921:).
879:LCD
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381:In
366:or
325:or
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2000:.
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1909:.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
