National Party (South Africa)

2646: 2375: 2327:, which was vested with sweeping executive powers. Although portraying the new system as a power-sharing agreement, Botha ensured that the real power remained in White hands, and in practice, in the hands of the NP. Whites had large majorities in the electoral college which chose the State President, as well as on the President's Council, which settled disputes between the three chambers and decided which combination of them could consider any piece of legislation. However, Botha and the NP refused to budge on the central issue of granting meaningful political rights to Black South Africans, who remained unrepresented even after the reforms. Most Black political organisations remained banned, and prominent Black leaders, including 720: 487: 1501:) for ten different Black tribes. The ultimate goal of the NP was to move all Black South Africans into one of these homelands (although they might continue to work in South Africa as "guest workers"), leaving what was left of South Africa (about 87 per cent of the land area) with what would then be a White majority, at least on paper. As the apartheid government saw the homelands as embryonic independent nations, all Black South Africans were registered as citizens of the homelands, not of the nation as a whole, and were expected to exercise their political rights only in the homelands. Accordingly, the three token parliamentary seats reserved for White representatives of Black South Africans in the 1834:

meaning black workers relied on white farmers for work, fuelling his quest for a segregated nation. The United Party held a 100,000-vote lead. Consequently, the NP had to rely on the Afrikaner Party's support. It did not, therefore, have the groundswell of public support that it needed to win a referendum, and only when it had that majority on its side could a referendum be held on the republican matter. However, with a small seating majority and a total vote-tally minority, it was impossible for now for Malan and his ardently republican Nats to bring about a republic constitutionally. In the interim, the NP would have to consolidate itself and not antagonise the British.

2234: 2149:

decision was received with regret by the Prime Ministers of the UK, Australia and New Zealand but was met with obvious approval from South Africa's critics. Verwoerd said the next day that the move would not affect South Africa's relationship with the United Kingdom. On his homecoming, he was met with a rapturous reception. Afrikaner nationalists were not deterred by the relinquishment of Commonwealth membership, for they regarded the Commonwealth as little more than the British Empire in disguise. They believed that South Africa and the United Kingdom had absolutely nothing in common, and even UP leader

1930:, and he was eventually voted in as Prime Minister. Strijdom was a passionate and outspoken Afrikaner and republican who wholeheartedly supported apartheid. He was completely intolerant towards non-Afrikaners and liberal ideas, utterly determined to maintain White rule with zero compromise. Known as the "Lion of the North", Strijdom made few changes to his cabinet and pursued with vigour the policy of apartheid. By 1956, he successfully placed the Coloureds on a separate voters' roll, thus further weakening ties with the Commonwealth and gaining support for the NP. 2145:) attacked South Africa's racial policies and rebuffed Verwoerd's application; they would go to any lengths to expel South Africa from the Commonwealth. Numerous anti-apartheid movements also campaigned for South Africa's exclusion from the UK. Some member countries warned that they would pull out of the organisation unless South Africa were expelled. Verwoerd disregarded the censure, arguing that his Commonwealth cohorts had no right to question and criticise his country's domestic affairs. On this issue, he even had the support of his parliamentary opposition. 754:. After Hertzog began speaking out publicly against the Botha government's "one-stream" policy in 1912, Botha removed him from the cabinet. Hertzog and his followers in the Orange Free State province subsequently moved to establish the National Party to oppose the government by advocating a "two-stream" policy of equal rights for the English and Afrikaner communities. Afrikaner nationalists in the Transvaal and Cape provinces soon followed suit, so that three distinct provincial NP organisations were in existence in time for the 2769: 2531: 2570: 4898: 2441: 2607: 174: 2469:), the merger was aborted, and after a back and forth on whether to oppose or work with the ANC, the NNP and ANC finally formed an alliance in late-2001. After years of losing members and support to other parties, the NNP's collapse in its previous stronghold in the Western Cape at the 2004 general election proved to be the final straw; its federal council voted to dissolve the party on 9 April 2005, following a decision the previous year to merge with the ANC. 7624: 5545: 1432: 1846:, It roused much debate in South Africa between the pro-republican NP and the anti-republican UP (under Strauss). It meant that, even if South Africa did become a republic, it did not automatically have to sever all of its ties with the UK and the British Commonwealth. This gained the movement further support from the English-speaking populace, which was less worried about being isolated, and the republican ideal looked closer than ever to being fulfilled. 45: 3084: 3053: 3017: 2986: 2955: 2924: 2893: 2862: 850: 1780: 4294: 4286: 4245: 4209: 4168: 4132: 4099: 4091: 4050: 4022: 4014: 3941: 3933: 3894: 3850: 3811: 3767: 3728: 3689: 3645: 3606: 3562: 3518: 3487: 3479: 3440: 3409: 3401: 3357: 3314: 3279: 3271: 3240: 3232: 3201: 3193: 3162: 3154: 2728: 2687: 2433: 4253: 4217: 4176: 4140: 4058: 3902: 3858: 3819: 3775: 3736: 3697: 3653: 3614: 3570: 3526: 3448: 3365: 3322: 2425: 682:

affected by the apartheid system that had come under heavy domestic and international condemnation, such as removing the pass laws, granting Blacks full property rights that ended previous significant restrictions on Black land ownership, and the right to form trade unions. Following escalating economic sanctions over apartheid, negotiations between the NP-led government led by

2141:'s application for a renewal of its membership to the Commonwealth. The Commonwealth had earlier declined to predict how republican status would affect South Africa's membership; it did not want to be seen meddling in its members' domestic affairs. However, many of the Conference's affiliates (prominent among them the Afro-Asia group and Canadian Prime Minister 1858:

to qualify as South Africans; now, British immigrants were just like any other immigrant: they would have to register and remain in South Africa for five years to become citizens of the country. It was believed that this could well influence a republican referendum. The Act ensured that the British immigrant population would not reduce the Afrikaner majority.

2323:. Botha also amended the constitution to grant a measure of political representation to Coloureds and Indians by creating separate parliamentary chambers in which they had control of their "own affairs". The amendments also replaced the parliamentary system with a presidential one. The powers of the Prime Minister were essentially merged with those of the 2295:, which claimed to be the true upholder of pure Verwoerdian apartheid ideology and continues to exist today. While it never had much electoral success, it attracted sufficient numbers to erode support for the government at crucial points, although not to the extent that the Conservative Party would do. Meanwhile, the 2387:

until forced to negotiate on less favourable terms later. He persuaded the NP to enter into negotiations with representatives of the Black community. Late in 1989, the NP won the most bitterly contested election in decades, pledging to negotiate an end to the very apartheid system that it had established.

1857:

was passed in 1949. Before, South Africans were not citizens but rather subjects of the British Crown, regardless of whether they were permanent residents or had only recently migrated. The 1949 Act established South African citizenship. Before, British citizens needed a mere two years in the country

1833:

Unfortunately for its republicans, the NP was not in a strong parliamentary position. Although it held a majority (only five) of seats, many of these were in rural constituencies, which had far fewer voters than urban constituencies. Malan appealed to many rural voters due to his agricultural policy,

1829:

all worked very hard for the latter, implementing a battery of policies and changes in a bid to increase the country's autonomy. Divided loyalty, they felt, was holding South Africa back. They wanted to break the country's ties with the United Kingdom and establish a republic, and many South Africans

2121:

However, one question remained after the referendum: would South Africa become a republic outside the Commonwealth (the outcome favoured by the most Afrikaner nationalists)? Withdrawal from the Commonwealth would likely alienate English speakers and damage relations with many other countries. Former

1994:

To gain the support of the English-identified population of South Africa, Verwoerd appointed several English speakers to his cabinet. He also cited the radical political movements elsewhere in Africa as vindication of his belief that White and Black nationalism could not work within the same system.

1527:

in 1953. Instead of voting for the same representatives as White South Africans, they could now vote only for four White representatives to speak for them. Later, in 1968, the Coloureds were disenfranchised altogether. In the place of the four parliamentary seats, a partially elected body was set up

2386:

in this capacity. Although conservative by inclination, De Klerk had become the leader of an "enlightened" NP faction that realised the impracticality of maintaining apartheid forever. He decided that it would be better to negotiate while there was still time to reach a compromise, than to hold out

2189:

The NP won most parliamentary seats in all elections during the apartheid era. Its popular vote record was more mixed: While it won the popular vote with a comfortable margin in most general elections, the NP carried less than 50% of the electorate in 1948, 1953, 1961, and 1989. In 1977, the NP got

2113:

On 5 October 1960, 90.5% of the White electorate turned out to vote on the issue. 850,458 (52%) voted in favour of a republic, while 775,878 were against it. The Cape, Orange Free State and Transvaal were all in favour; Natal, a mainly English-speaking province, was not. It was a narrow victory for

2043:

The opposition accused Verwoerd of trying to break from the Commonwealth and the West, thus losing South Africa's trade preferences. The NP, however, launched a vigorously enthusiastic political campaign with widely advertised public meetings. The opposition found it very difficult to fight for the

1990:

The question of apartheid dominated the 1958 election, and the NP took 55% of the vote, thus winning a clear majority for the first time. When Strijdom died that same year, there was a tripartite succession contest between Swart, Dönges and Verwoerd. The latter, devoted to the cause of a republican

1562:

These reforms bolstered the NP politically, as they removed Black and Coloured influence – which was hostile to the NP – from the electoral process and incorporated the pro-nationalist Whites of South-West Africa. The NP increased its parliamentary majority in almost every election between 1948 and

2180:

Although White inhabitants were generally happy with the republic, united in their support of Verwoerd, the Blacks defiantly rejected the move. Nelson Mandela and his National Action Council demonstrated from 29 to 31 May 1961. The republican issue would strongly intensify resistance to apartheid.

1571:

in urban areas. Apartheid laws passed by the NP after 1948 included the 'Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act', the 'Immorality Act', the 'Population Registration Act', and the 'Group Areas Act', which prohibited non-white males from being in certain areas of the country (especially at night) unless

2302:

Perhaps a precursor to the split came around 1960 when Japie Basson, a moderate, was expelled for disagreements on racial questions and would form his own National Union Party, he would later join the United Party and Progressive Federal Party before rejoining the NP in the 1980s. Former Interior

664:

that were autonomous self-governing Black homelands (criticised for several of them being broken up into unconnected pieces and that they were still dominated by the White minority South African government), removing legal prohibitions on interracial marriage, and legalising certain non-White and

2156:

On 31 May 1961, South Africa became a republic. The date was a significant one in Afrikaner history, as it heralded the anniversary of several historical events, the 1902 Treaty of Vereeniging, which ended the Anglo-Boer War; South Africa's becoming a union in 1910; and the first hoisting of the

1975:

Anti-republican South Africans recognised the shift and distancing from Britain, and the UP grew increasingly anxious, doing all it could to persuade Parliament to retain Commonwealth links. Strijdom, however, declared that South Africa's participation (or otherwise) in the Commonwealth would be

697:

declared in February 1990 the decision to permit the release of Mandela from prison and ending South Africa's ban on the ANC and other anti-apartheid movements. In September 1990 the party opened up its membership to all racial groups and rebranded itself as no longer being an ethnic nationalist

2148:

Thus, on 15 March 1961, ostensibly to Britain an awkward decision and causing a split within the Commonwealth, but more likely to avoid further condemnation and embarrassment, Verwoerd withdrew his application and announced that South Africa would become a republic outside the Commonwealth. His

659:

During the 1970s and 1980s, the NP-led white apartheid government faced internal unrest in South Africa and international pressure for the accommodation of non-Whites in South Africa. It resulted in policies of granting concessions to the non-White population while still retaining the apartheid

4726:

The National Party (NP) regrouped and reregistered with the Independent Electoral Commission (IEC) as a political party on all levels of government. The National Party reregistered as National Party South Africa (NP) and resurfaces as a mainstream political contender in post 1994 South African

2453:

voted for the NP. It became the official opposition in most provinces and also won a majority in the Western Cape, winning much of the White and Coloured vote. Its Coloured support also earned it a strong second place in the Northern Cape. The party was wracked by internal wranglings whilst it

681:

in 1983 alongside the central legislature that represented Whites to provide them self-government while maintaining apartheid, but no such congress was supplied to the Black population as their self-government was to be provided through the Bantustans. The NP-led government began changing laws

2117:

English speakers who voted for a republic had done so on the condition that their cultural heritage be safeguarded. Many had associated a republic with the survival of the White South Africans. Macmillan's speech illustrated that the British government was no longer prepared to stand by South

1566:

Numerous segregation laws had been passed before the NP took power in 1948. Among the most significant were the 'Natives Land Act, No 27 of 1913', and the 'Natives (Urban Areas) Act of 1923'. The former made it illegal for Blacks to purchase or lease land from Whites except in reserves, which

1922:

Malan retired in 1954 at the age of eighty. The two succession contenders were J. G. Strijdom (Minister of Lands and Irrigation) and Havenga (Minister of Finance). Malan personally preferred the latter and, indeed, recommended him. Malan and Strijdom had clashed frequently over the years,

698:

party only representing Afrikaners, but would henceforth be a civic nationalist and conservative party representing all South Africans. However, there was significant opposition among hardliner supporters of apartheid that resulted in De Klerk's government responding to them by holding a

1478:, the NP began to implement a program of apartheid – the legal system of political, economic and social separation of the races intended to maintain and extend political and economic control of South Africa by the White minority. The party's actions made South Africa for the most part a 2160:

The significance of Commonwealth withdrawal turned out to be less than expected. It was not necessary for South Africa to amend its trading preferences, and Prime Minister Macmillan reciprocated Verwoerd's assurance that withdrawal would not alter trade between South Africa and the UK.

1891:

The title of the just-crowned Queen was modified in 1953 from "Elizabeth II, Queen of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas" to "Elizabeth II, Queen of South Africa". This was meant to indicate that the South African upper house had bequeathed the title upon

2130:. The State President would have relatively little political power, serving more as the ceremonial head of state. The political power was to lie with the Prime Minister (head of government). The Republic of South Africa would also have its monetary system, employing Rand and Cents. 1906: 4391:

Apartheid, the Afrikaans name given by the white-ruled South Africa's Nationalist Party in 1948 to the country's harsh, institutionalised system of racial segregation, came to an end in the early 1990s in a series of steps that led to the formation of a democratic government in

2252:

took over as party leader and Prime Minister. From the 1960s onwards, the NP and the Afrikaner population in general was increasingly divided over the application of apartheid (the legal opposition being similarly divided over its response), leading to the emergence of the

707:, it expanded its base to include many non-Whites, including significant support from Coloured and Indian South Africans. It participated in the Government of National Unity between 1994 and 1996. In an attempt to distance itself from its past, the party was renamed the 2190:

its best-ever result in the elections with the support of 64.8% of the White voters and 134 parliamentary seats out of 165. After this, the party's consent declined as a proliferation of right-wing parties siphoned off important segments of its traditional voter base.

1663:, Noodhulpliga (First-Aid League) and the Federasie van Afrikaanse Kultuurverenigings (Federation of Afrikaans Cultural Organisations) also came into being. There was a widespread outpouring of nationalist sentiment around the 1938 centenary of the Great Trek and the 2454:

participated in the Government of National Unity, and finally withdrew from the government to become the official opposition in 1996. Despite this, it remained uncertain about its future direction, and was continually outperformed in parliament by the much smaller

1655:, a secret organization founded in 1918 to support the interests of Afrikaners in South Africa, soon became a powerful force in the South African political scene. The Republican Bond was established in the 1930s, and other republican organisations such as the 2394:(ANC) was legalised, and Nelson Mandela was released after twenty-seven years of imprisonment. In the same year, the NP opened its membership to all racial groups and moves began to repeal the racial legislation which had been the foundations of apartheid. A 2125:

In January 1961, Verwoerd's government enacted legislation to transform the Union of South Africa into the Republic of South Africa. The constitution was finalised in April. It merged the authority of the British Crown and Governor-General into a new post,

1991:

South Africa, was the new Prime Minister. Verwoerd, a former Minister of Native Affairs, played a leading role in the institution of the apartheid system. Under his leadership, the NP solidified its control over South African apartheid-era politics.

2213:, who called for a return to the traditional policies of the NP. In the 1974 general elections for example 91% of Afrikaners voted for the NP; however, in the 1989 general elections, only 46% of Afrikaners cast their ballot for the National party. 2448:

The National Party won 20.39% of the vote and 82 seats in the National Assembly at the first multiracial election in 1994. This support extended well beyond the White community and into other minority groups. For instance, two-thirds of

702:

in 1992 for the White population alone that asked them if they supported the government's policy to end apartheid and establish elections open to all South Africans: a large majority voted in favour of the government's policy. In the

2164:

South Africa now had its first independent constitution. However, the only real constitutional change was that the State President, in charge for seven years, would assume the now-vacant position of the Queen as Head of State.

2108:

Countries did not generally change their form of government unless the present form was inefficient or unstable due to internal strife or hardship. Nothing like this had happened in (White) South Africa, where so many were so

1678:; indeed, it already had complete autonomy on specific issues. It was agreed in 1910 that the South African government would look after domestic matters but that the country's external affairs would remain British-controlled. 1896:

The 1953 ballot votes saw the NP fortify its position considerably, winning comfortably but still falling well short of the clear majority it sought: it had 94 seats in parliament to the UP's 57 and the Labour Party's five.

627:

and efforts made to encourage segregation, apartheid intensified the segregation with stern penalties for non-Whites entering into areas designated for Whites-only without having a pass to permit them to do so (known as the

1693:

equal rank and bestowing upon them their right of the direction of foreign issues. This resulted the following year in the institution of South Africa's first-ever Department of Foreign Affairs. 1931 saw a backtrack as the

1559:. The White minority of South West Africa, predominantly Germans and Afrikaners, considered its interests akin to those of the Afrikaners in South Africa and therefore supported the National Party in subsequent elections. 2276:

In addition to the question of apartheid, the two factions were divided over such issues as immigration, language, racially-mixed sporting teams, and engagement with Black African states. In 1969, members of the

690:

began in 1987 with Botha seeking to accommodate the ANC's demands and consider releasing Mandela and legalising the ANC on the condition that it would renounce the use of political violence to attain its aims.

1876:

Malan was a crucial player in the move to get the word "British" taken away from "British Commonwealth". This change was taken as an affirmation of the fact that all member countries were voluntary and equal

2645: 773:(South Africans of mixed White and non-White ancestry) by granting the right to vote to White women, thus doubling White political power. In 1934, Hertzog agreed to merge his National Party with the rival 1944:

MP, the flag of the Union of South Africa became the country's only flag; the Union Jack, alongside which the Union Flag had flown since 1928, was flown no longer, to be hoisted only on special occasions.

1841:

in London (with Malan in attendance), India requested that, despite its newly attained republican status, it remain a member of the British Commonwealth. When this was granted the following year by the

1998:

By the end of his term (caused by his assassination), Verwoerd had solidified the NP's domination of South African politics. In the 1966 elections the party won 126 out of the 170 seats in Parliament.

1849:

Although he could not make South Africa a republic, Malan could prepare the country for this eventuality. In his term of office, from 1948 to 1954, Malan took several steps to break ties with the UK:

805:

to stir up anti-British feelings amongst Afrikaners. This led to a reunification of the Purified Nationalists with the faction that had merged with the South African Party; together, they formed the

2334:

While Botha's reforms did not even begin to meet the opposition's demands, they sufficiently alarmed a segment of his own party to engender a second split. In 1982, hardline NP members including

2382:

In the midst of rising political instability, growing economic problems and diplomatic isolation, Botha resigned as NP leader, and subsequently as State President in 1989. He was replaced by

2366:(a similar breakaway group existed for a time in the 1970s). The loss of NP support to both the DP and CP reflected the divisions among White voters over continued maintenance of apartheid. 4499:"De Facto & De Jure Apartheid: A failure in international humanitarian law; A 20 year conversation on South Africa's racialized reconciliation | Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy" 2072:

South Africa could approach its internal problems more realistically since they would be strictly "South African" problems to be solved by South Africans rather than foreign intervention.

1958:

In 1957, the maritime base in Simonstown was reassigned from the command of the British Royal Navy to that of the South African government. The British had occupied Simonstown since 1806.

2465:

However, the NNP would quickly disappear from the political scene, faring poorly at both the 1999 and 2004 general elections. After initially aligning with the DP in 2000 (forming the

2114:

the republicans. However, a considerable number of Afrikaners did vote against the measure. The few Blacks, Indians and Coloureds allowed to vote were decidedly against the measure.

1705:

The extreme NP members of the 1930s were known collectively as the Republikeinse Bond. The following organisations, parties and events promoted the Republican ideal in the 1930s:

7433: 4405:"The prohibition of the African National Congress, the Pan-Africanist Congress, the South African Communist Party and a number of subsidiary organizations is being rescinded" 2118:

Africa's racist policies. Nevertheless, the referendum was a significant victory for Afrikaner nationalism as British political and cultural influence waned in South Africa.

2009:, former British colonies in Africa and Asia were gaining independence and publicising the ills of apartheid. Commonwealth members were determined to isolate South Africa. 5581: 2122:

British colonies such as India, Pakistan and Ghana were all republics within the Commonwealth, and Verwoerd announced that South Africa would follow suit "if possible".

1866: 2273:

took a somewhat more moderate stance towards racial issues, primarily from a pragmatic standpoint over fears of international scrutiny should reforms fail to be made.

4750: 4605: 2001:

By 1960, however, much of the South African electorate called for withdrawal from the Commonwealth and establishing South Africa as a republic. It was decided that a

6211: 4824: 2096:

A republic would solve none of South Africa's problems; it would only worsen them, especially the racial issue, to which the Commonwealth was increasingly opposed.

604:

in 1994, attempted to become a moderate conservative one. The party's reputation was damaged irreparably by perpetrating apartheid, and it rebranded itself as the

623:(the Afrikaans term for "separateness"). Although White-minority rule and racial segregation were already in existence in South Africa with non-Whites not having 5502: 4638: 1699: 1806:

When the NP came to power in 1948 (making it the first all-Afrikaner cabinet since 1910), there were two uppermost priorities that it was determined to fulfil:

1637:

Despite Britain's victory in the Second Boer War, Afrikaners resisted British control in southern Africa. In 1914, a group of anti-British Afrikaners led the

593: 7683: 7000: 2458:(DP), which provided a more forceful and principled opposition stance. In 1997, its voter base began to gradually shift to the DP. The NP renamed itself the 2319:, Prime Minister since 1978, the NP began to reform its policies. Botha legalised interracial marriages and multiracial political parties and relaxed the 5507: 4498: 7733: 6458: 6162: 7678: 7603: 7537: 2023:

Many Whites were unwilling to give up apartheid and realised that South Africa would have to go for it alone if it was to pursue its racial policies.

7610: 5145: 2134: 1838: 960: 917: 7105: 6378: 6169: 5574: 5040: 2484: 2402:

to negotiate with Mandela. Following the negotiations, a new interim constitution was drawn up, and non-racial democratic elections were held in

2063:

The Queen of South Africa, living abroad, inherited her title as the United Kingdom's monarch without the assistance or approval of South Africa.

1951:" (The Call of South Africa) became South Africa's only national anthem and was also translated into English to appease the relevant population. 17: 5876: 1799:, with Hertzog its leader, pushed the issue into the background. After Hertzog left the party, however, it became republican. In 1942 and 1944, 1649:; two years later, an NP congress called for South Africa to become a republic before changing its mind and deciding that it was too early. The 7673: 7419: 7398: 7259: 6176: 5084: 66: 2406:. These elections were won by the African National Congress. The NP remained in government, however, as a coalition partner to the ANC in the 7693: 7021: 6371: 5188: 4817: 2066:

In a republic, the Head of State would not be another country's ruler but rather the elected representative of the nation, a unifying symbol.

927: 4877: 1667:. It was seen to signify the perpetuation of white South African culture, and anti-British and pro-republican feelings grew more assertive. 6937: 6853: 6308: 6287: 5129: 4909: 2346:, committed to reversing Botha's reforms, which by 1987 became the largest parliamentary opposition party. The party later merged into the 2174: 912: 113: 7668: 7391: 6257: 6218: 2374: 2039:

The 1960 census revealed more Afrikaners in the country than English, thus almost guaranteeing the NP victory in a republican referendum.

562:, for which it is best known. It first became the governing party of the country in 1924. It merged with its rival, the SAP, during the 85: 7713: 7628: 7070: 6426: 6047: 5567: 4579: 2090:

With the entire world in a state of political unrest, bordering on turmoil, it was dangerous to change South Africa's political status.

1670:

It was obvious in political circles that the Union of South Africa was headed inevitably towards republicanism. Although it remained a

601: 2491:. The relaunched National Party of 2008 pushes for a non-racial democratic South Africa based on federal principles and the legacy of 7454: 7315: 7238: 6528: 5487: 4996: 862: 502: 7718: 7596: 7384: 7119: 6451: 5482: 5121: 4810: 4374: 3063: 3032: 2996: 2965: 2934: 2903: 2872: 2841: 1017: 699: 92: 4454: 7377: 7224: 7182: 6930: 6811: 6394: 5929: 5867: 5178: 5004: 1862: 1585: 1581: 1402: 766: 4765: 4264: 7703: 7648: 7475: 7440: 6958: 6155: 5300: 4951: 2436:

Share of National Party votes in 1994. The areas which voted for the National Party were largely Afrikaans- or English speaking

1318: 1067: 1052: 2102:

The ruling party already had twelve years to bring about national unity but had only driven the two White sects further apart.

644:

for its policies of apartheid, the NP-led government had South Africa leave the Commonwealth, abandon its monarchy led by the

7708: 7698: 7349: 6916: 6010: 5305: 2304: 1529: 438: 99: 4741: 7565: 7356: 7266: 6888: 5078: 1475: 1092: 872: 755: 704: 472: 2350:, which today represents Afrikaner nationalism. On the other hand, some reformist NP members also left the party, such as 7502: 7447: 7363: 7210: 6874: 6437: 6104: 6074: 5166: 3913: 3869: 3830: 3786: 3747: 3708: 3664: 3625: 3581: 3537: 3498: 3459: 3420: 3376: 3337: 3294: 3251: 3212: 3173: 3129: 2403: 1461: 972: 877: 612: 589: 579: 575: 2075:

It would clear the misconception amongst many Blacks in South Africa that foreigners had the final say in their affairs.

2005:

was to be held in October. International circumstances made the referendum a growing necessity. In the aftermath of the

81: 7653: 7461: 7426: 7370: 6895: 6860: 6549: 5998: 5987: 5416: 5101: 5046: 4228: 4187: 4151: 4110: 4069: 4033: 3992: 2466: 1435: 1002: 62: 7245: 7112: 7091: 7049: 6591: 6264: 5549: 5532: 5225: 5096: 4705: 4686: 2488: 2459: 2419: 2343: 2206: 1077: 1047: 708: 605: 289: 132: 7175: 7014: 6183: 6097: 6040: 5240: 5072: 2359: 1885: 1392: 1022: 1803:

introduced a motion in the House of Assembly in favour of the establishment of a republic, but this was defeated.

1702:

were passed, granting the South African Parliament even greater power than the British government over the Union.

1567:

restricted Black occupancy to less than eight percent of South Africa's land. The latter laid the foundations for

811:(Reunited National Party), which went on to defeat Smuts' United Party in 1948 in coalition with the much smaller 7688: 7658: 7405: 7168: 7084: 6965: 6951: 6923: 6190: 6134: 5517: 5090: 4941: 2455: 2363: 2324: 2170: 2127: 1995:

Verwoerd also presented the NP as the party best equipped to deal with the widely perceived threat of communism.

1487: 1382: 1007: 902: 653: 6343: 4852: 2483:

On 5 August 2008 a new party using the name of "National Party South Africa" was formed and registered with the

2012:

There were numerous internal factors which had paved the way for and may be viewed as influences on the result:

1923:

particularly on the question of whether a republican South Africa should be inside or outside the Commonwealth.

1634:, which resulted in the South African Republic and the Orange Free State being annexed into the Empire as well. 7723: 7154: 7063: 6818: 6577: 4971: 2026:

The assertion that economic growth and relaxation of racial tensions could be achieved only through a republic;

2002: 1072: 719: 645: 486: 70: 636:

and sexual relationships were illegal and punishable offences. Black people faced significant restrictions on

7308: 7294: 7217: 7056: 7035: 6909: 6472: 6118: 5840: 4882: 2395: 1854: 1698:

resolved that British Dominions could not have "total" control over their external concerns, but in 1934 the

1225: 1102: 1087: 6350: 7572: 7516: 7342: 7231: 7203: 7140: 6832: 6690: 5116: 5034: 4946: 4887: 4847: 4377:. Information released January 20, 2009 to present. United States Department of State. 2009. Archived from 2299:

began to gain some traction inside the party in response to growing international opposition to apartheid.

1682: 1367: 982: 314: 6357: 7728: 7509: 7412: 7287: 7196: 7042: 6401: 5522: 5492: 5409: 5330: 3329: 3286: 2478: 2105:

A majority of just one vote could establish a republic. This did not entail unity nor, indeed, democracy.

1962: 1837:

Many English speakers did not want to break their ties with the United Kingdom. However, in 1949, at the

1695: 1686: 1240: 1082: 1027: 937: 932: 782: 762: 278: 106: 31: 4425: 7663: 6979: 6500: 6408: 6364: 6141: 6019: 5918: 5462: 5295: 5235: 4986: 4966: 4956: 4473: 1556: 1510: 942: 723: 1270: 7523: 7161: 6993: 6986: 6944: 6658: 6605: 6493: 6444: 6225: 5883: 5527: 5452: 5183: 5161: 5151: 4936: 4301: 3948: 2407: 2391: 2291: 2197:, but other White people were courted by and increasingly voted for the NP after 1960. By the 1980s, 1795: 1552: 1494: 1190: 1037: 1032: 1012: 987: 967: 807: 666: 507: 4897: 7335: 6598: 6250: 5497: 5472: 5260: 5140: 5057: 4961: 4833: 2138: 1948: 1377: 997: 497: 1200: 786: 6972: 6867: 6734: 6584: 6465: 6197: 5980: 5890: 5512: 5342: 2017: 1717: 1656: 1568: 1483: 1454: 1407: 1175: 798: 649: 641: 391: 55: 4862: 6542: 6507: 5709: 5285: 5014: 4872: 2378:

F. W. de Klerk shaking hands with ANC leader Nelson Mandela at the World Economic Forum in 1992

2150: 1619: 1611: 1107: 711:

in 1997. The attempt was largely unsuccessful and the new party decided to merge with the ANC.

355: 327: 4360: 2137:

in London to discuss South Africa becoming a republic within the Commonwealth, presenting the

648:

and become an independent republic. The party's system of apartheid was officially labelled a

7077: 7007: 6902: 6797: 6651: 6301: 6081: 5994: 5789: 5609: 5457: 5442: 5250: 5156: 4931: 4305: 3952: 2450: 2339: 1664: 1651: 1642: 1533: 1372: 1362: 1057: 977: 922: 739: 735: 678: 674: 551: 428: 363: 347: 323: 4352: 6825: 6711: 6479: 6415: 6148: 5911: 5904: 5856: 5639: 5402: 4545: 2233: 2030: 1881: 1339: 1140: 1097: 947: 887: 669:(ANC), which the government still viewed as a terrorist organisation). Those identified as 633: 399: 8: 7280: 7252: 7126: 6644: 6637: 6570: 6535: 6486: 5966: 5773: 5395: 5275: 5220: 5198: 4926: 4867: 4378: 2266: 2020:" speech, in which he declared that independence for Black Africans was an inevitability; 1417: 774: 743: 567: 414: 395: 367: 268: 4549: 815:. In 1951, the two amalgamated to once again become known simply as the National Party. 5973: 5374: 5348: 4458: 4404: 2347: 2335: 2221: 2210: 1952: 1843: 1506: 1447: 882: 833: 616: 523: 421: 406: 161: 1125: 7558: 7544: 6881: 6697: 6521: 6111: 5701: 5631: 5447: 5367: 4682: 4613: 4561: 4353: 1615: 1540: 1328: 1042: 597: 383: 331: 5559: 4857: 615:, the party as the governing party of South Africa began implementing its policy of 7482: 6846: 6556: 6336: 6026: 5781: 5749: 5685: 5477: 5336: 5173: 5052: 4674: 4553: 4115: 3586: 3134: 2651: 2536: 2142: 1985: 1826: 1638: 1623: 1607: 1280: 1230: 1160: 751: 563: 212: 197: 1606:. Eventually, the migrating Boers founded three republics in southern Africa: the 6804: 6718: 6612: 6280: 6204: 6125: 5849: 5733: 5725: 5717: 5693: 5437: 5323: 5290: 5245: 5206: 5135: 4666: 2939: 2768: 2399: 2320: 1937:

In 1955, the South African parliament became recognised as the highest authority.

1933:

He also took several other steps to make South Africa less dependent on Britain:

1675: 1631: 1594:, a sentiment rooted in Boer history. Beginning in 1836, waves of Boers began to 1397: 1387: 897: 812: 801:). The Purified National Party used opposition to South African participation in 637: 559: 539: 452: 371: 4678: 2157:

Union flag in 1928. The Afrikaner republican dream had finally come to reality.

7551: 7273: 7147: 6790: 6704: 6387: 6329: 6322: 6315: 6033: 5959: 5805: 5765: 5255: 5062: 4976: 4580:"UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA (WITHDRAWAL FROM COMMONWEALTH) (Hansard, 22 March 1961)" 4533: 4323:(1921–2006) Hungarian-born Jewish holocaust survivor, and National Party member 4269: 4074: 3874: 3542: 3068: 3001: 2774: 2612: 2492: 2383: 2351: 2328: 2282: 2198: 1917: 1909: 1822: 1749: 1690: 1685:

was a definite (if failed) attempt to gain independence. In 1926, however, the

1627: 1603: 1514: 1260: 1250: 1220: 1205: 1185: 1180: 1170: 1145: 694: 687: 359: 227: 207: 4557: 2877: 1793:

There was some confusion about the republican ideal during the war years. The

7642: 7468: 7189: 6294: 6273: 6243: 6236: 5945: 5280: 5265: 5067: 5029: 4981: 4643: 4617: 4565: 2530: 2369: 1941: 1591: 1539:

In a move unrecognised by the rest of the world, the former German colony of

1524: 1502: 1412: 1285: 1235: 907: 892: 624: 339: 303: 5230: 2908: 2440: 7133: 6742: 6563: 6514: 5677: 5591: 5467: 4802: 4320: 4192: 3669: 2970: 2692: 2569: 2355: 2249: 2006: 1927: 1870: 1726: 1660: 1479: 1313: 1275: 1265: 1255: 1155: 802: 731: 574:

and returned to power. With the National Party governing South Africa from

571: 543: 335: 307: 217: 192: 173: 4713: 2054:

It would eliminate confusion about South Africa's constitutional position.

6726: 5669: 5388: 3997: 3791: 3381: 3037: 2846: 2733: 2575: 2316: 2286: 2237: 2202: 2166: 1968: 1818: 1800: 1788: 1711: 1646: 1599: 1548: 1215: 1210: 1195: 1130: 747: 683: 387: 222: 202: 2836:

State President elected by a joint sitting of both houses of Parliament

2606: 2410:

until 30 June 1996, when it withdrew to become the official opposition.

1971:, another staunch Afrikaner republican, became the new Governor-General. 1674:

after unification in 1910, the country was granted increased amounts of

7301: 6839: 5952: 5897: 5757: 5741: 2194: 1955:

would be sung only on occasions relating to the UK or the Commonwealth.

1595: 1498: 1323: 1290: 1165: 1150: 1135: 992: 790: 6760: 6751: 6682: 6088: 6065: 6054: 5381: 5270: 5024: 2462:

towards the end of 1997, to distance itself from the apartheid past.

1520: 1344: 1308: 1245: 841: 824: 778: 770: 670: 661: 629: 620: 555: 547: 375: 351: 299: 4779: 2057:

The monarchy was essentially British, with no roots in South Africa.

1555:, with seven members elected to represent its White citizens in the 44: 7530: 7028: 6673: 5797: 5654: 1671: 546:

from 1914 to 1997, which was responsible for the implementation of

2307:

in 1973 to attempt its own verligte solution to racial questions.

5938: 1779: 1544: 849: 769:. In 1930 the Hertzog government worked to undermine the vote of 584: 4522:

The same was subsequently applied to Pakistan, Ceylon and Ghana.

2727: 6665: 5821: 5600: 2686: 2169:, the State President-elect, took the first republican oath as 2099:

The NP had supposedly not given one good reason for the change.

2036:

The attempted assassination of Verwoerd; and, most importantly,

1497:

established so-called Homelands (sometimes pejoratively called

1334: 2487:. The new party had no formal connection with the now defunct 2432: 2269:

who opposed any deviation from the rigid apartheid structure.

2069:

A republic symbolised a sovereign free, and independent state.

1905: 596:. In 1990, it began to style itself as simply a South African 5813: 4355:

Starring Mandela and Cosby: Media and the End(s) of Apartheid

459: 2051:

It would link more closely the two European language groups.

4411:. CVET – Community Video Education Trust. 2 February 1990. 2424: 2193:

Throughout its reign, the party's support came mainly from

2087:

It could lead to a forced withdrawal from the Commonwealth.

466: 4534:"Science and society in the early career of H.F. Verwoerd" 2370:

National Party under de Klerk and final years of apartheid

665:

multiracial political parties (excluding the very popular

27:

1914–1997 political party known for implementing apartheid

1813:

Lead South Africa to independence and republican status.

1689:

was passed, affording every British dominion within the

1965:" was replaced by "Official" on all official documents. 2315:

Beginning in the early 1980s, under the leadership of

1551:, was effectively incorporated into South Africa as a 1482:

across the world. Apartheid was officially labelled a

785:. A hardline faction of Afrikaner nationalists led by 5589: 4700: 4698: 4639:"The legacy of Indian migration to European colonies" 2153:

praised Verwoerd for his handling of the situation.

558:

but later became a stalwart promoter and enactor of

1926:Strijdom, however, had the support of Verwoerd and 582:, the country for the bulk of this time was only a 73:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4740: 4695: 2060:South Africans desired a home-grown Head of State. 1783:D. F. Malan, leader of the NP from 1934 until 1953 1888:. This endorsed the idea of Afrikaner leadership. 1869:. The Appellate Division of the Supreme Court in 1622:in the 19th century led to the annexation of the 761:The NP first came to power in coalition with the 742:. Its founding was rooted in disagreements among 554:party, which initially promoted the interests of 7640: 5146:People Against Suffering, Oppression and Poverty 3027:State President elected by an electoral college 2244:faction, which opposed any reforms to apartheid. 1528:to advise the government in an amendment to the 6379:Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre 5041:Congress of Traditional Leaders of South Africa 2811: 1764: 1755: 1741: 1730: 153: 4671:How Welfare States Shape the Democratic Public 3095: 2047:There were numerous pro-republican arguments: 1532:. This made the electorate entirely White, as 789:refused to accept the merger and maintained a 608:in 1997 before eventually dissolving in 2005. 5575: 4818: 2310: 2135:1961 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference 1839:1949 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference 1830:grew confident that a republic was possible. 1455: 714: 7684:Christian democratic parties in South Africa 4832: 2205:, the majority of Afrikaners drifted to the 1861:In 1950, the right of appeal to the British 1575: 1517:had never allowed any Black representation. 686:and the outlawed ANC led by then-imprisoned 5085:South African Liberal Students' Association 2444:Flag of the National Party during the 1990s 2428:Logo of the National Party during the 1990s 1505:were scrapped. The other three provinces – 5582: 5568: 4825: 4811: 4474:"De Klerk Opens Ruling Party to All Races" 1462: 1448: 640:. After South Africa was condemned by the 485: 7734:White nationalist parties in South Africa 4532:Miller, Roberta Balstad (December 1993). 2248:Following the assassination of Verwoerd, 746:politicians, particularly Prime Minister 133:Learn how and when to remove this message 7679:Political parties disestablished in 1997 6452:Reconstruction and Development Programme 4452: 2439: 2431: 2423: 2373: 2232: 1904: 1778: 1774: 718: 6048:1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike 4603: 4359:. University of Chicago Press. p. 4350: 2216: 2093:It could lead to isolation from allies. 1976:determined only by its best interests. 1912:, leader of the NP from 1953 until 1958 1817:Between 1948 and 1961, Prime Ministers 1403:Music in the movement against apartheid 14: 7641: 6529:2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike 4531: 1810:Find a solution to the racial problem. 1547:), which South Africa had occupied in 7674:Political parties established in 1914 5563: 4806: 4763: 4738: 4606:"South Africa's Ruling House Divided" 4471: 2498: 2413: 2240:was a powerful member of the party's 1873:was now South Africa's highest court. 1530:Separate Representation of Voters Act 1523:were removed from the Common Roll of 439:Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa 7694:Conservative parties in South Africa 5079:People Against Gangsterism and Drugs 2806: 2133:In March 1961, Verwoerd visited the 818: 738:soon after the establishment of the 566:, and a splinter faction became the 71:adding citations to reliable sources 61:Relevant discussion may be found on 38: 6459:Truth and Reconciliation Commission 6105:Coloured-vote constitutional crisis 5167:Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign 4538:Journal of Southern African Studies 3961: 2472: 2079:There were also numerous arguments 1979: 1865:in London was terminated under the 1586:History of South Africa (1910–1948) 1582:History of South Africa (1815–1910) 878:Coloured vote constitutional crisis 750:and his first Minister of Justice, 24: 7669:Far-right politics in South Africa 5102:Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Front 5047:Congress of South African Students 4896: 4753:from the original on 18 June 2022. 4604:Ottoway, David B. (27 June 1977). 2303:Minister Theo Gerdener formed the 1536:had never had any representation. 730:The National Party was founded in 82:"National Party" South Africa 63:Talk:National Party (South Africa) 25: 7745: 7714:Political history of South Africa 7611:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania 7246:South African Party (Cape Colony) 4766:"NP is back, itching for a fight" 4472:Kraft, Scott (1 September 1990). 4426:"South African Election Speeches" 4314: 2420:New National Party (South Africa) 2083:the establishment of a republic: 1940:In 1957, following a motion from 7623: 7622: 5544: 5543: 5337:"Dubul' ibhunu" (Shoot the Boer) 5073:Lesbian and Gay Equality Project 4667:"Voting Behaviour and Elections" 4413:Organizations: Nationalist Party 4293: 4292: 4285: 4284: 4251: 4244: 4243: 4215: 4208: 4207: 4174: 4167: 4166: 4138: 4131: 4130: 4098: 4097: 4090: 4089: 4056: 4049: 4048: 4021: 4020: 4013: 4012: 3940: 3939: 3932: 3931: 3900: 3893: 3892: 3856: 3849: 3848: 3817: 3810: 3809: 3773: 3766: 3765: 3734: 3727: 3726: 3695: 3688: 3687: 3651: 3644: 3643: 3612: 3605: 3604: 3568: 3561: 3560: 3524: 3517: 3516: 3486: 3485: 3478: 3477: 3446: 3439: 3438: 3408: 3407: 3400: 3399: 3363: 3356: 3355: 3320: 3313: 3312: 3278: 3277: 3270: 3269: 3239: 3238: 3231: 3230: 3200: 3199: 3192: 3191: 3161: 3160: 3153: 3152: 3082: 3051: 3015: 2984: 2953: 2922: 2891: 2860: 2767: 2726: 2685: 2644: 2605: 2568: 2529: 2485:Independent Electoral Commission 1900: 1886:Governor-General of South Africa 1602:to live beyond the reach of the 1431: 1430: 1393:Internal resistance to apartheid 848: 700:national referendum on Apartheid 660:system, such as the creation of 611:Beginning in 1948 following the 172: 43: 7719:White supremacy in South Africa 7260:South African Party (1977–1980) 7253:South African Party (1911–1934) 7169:Progressive Party (Cape Colony) 6966:Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners 5091:South African Students Congress 4772: 4764:Smith, Janet (24 August 2008). 4757: 4742:"Return of the apartheid party" 4732: 4659: 4631: 4597: 4572: 2171:State President of South Africa 2128:State President of South Africa 2044:preservation of British links. 1604:British colonial administration 1488:United Nations General Assembly 903:Church Street, Pretoria bombing 654:United Nations General Assembly 54:needs additional citations for 18:President of the National Party 6578:2019 service delivery protests 6564:#FeesMustFall student protests 6309:1983 constitutional referendum 5005:South Africa political parties 4525: 4516: 4491: 4465: 4446: 4418: 4397: 4367: 4344: 4252: 4216: 4175: 4139: 4057: 3901: 3857: 3818: 3774: 3735: 3696: 3652: 3613: 3569: 3525: 3447: 3364: 3321: 2506: 592:onwards non-white people were 588:or partial democracy, as from 473:South African national colours 13: 1: 7704:Republicanism in South Africa 7649:National Party (South Africa) 7036:Johannesburg Reform Committee 6265:Israel–South Africa Agreement 5658: 5643: 5620: 5613: 5241:(Don't) touch me on my studio 5097:South African Wine Initiative 4739:Evans, Ian (29 August 2008). 4710:National Party Press Releases 4327: 2621: 2592: 2584: 2555: 2201:to the "verligte" reforms of 1855:South African Citizenship Act 1737:The 1938 Great Trek Centenary 7709:20th century in South Africa 7699:Protestant political parties 6691:Black Consciousness Movement 6445:Government of National Unity 5189:Unemployed Peoples' Movement 5035:Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging 2812:State Presidential elections 2408:Government of National Unity 2362:which later merged into the 2265:were members of the party's 1474:Upon taking power after the 1368:Apartheid in popular culture 552:Afrikaner ethnic nationalist 332:Afrikaner minority interests 7: 6402:Saint James Church massacre 6288:Weapons of mass destruction 5417:No Land! No House! No Vote! 5331:No Land! No House! No Vote! 4679:10.4337/9781782545491.00012 3096:House of Assembly elections 2479:National Party South Africa 1681:Hertzog's trip to the 1919 938:Saint James Church massacre 933:Assassination of Chris Hani 32:National Party South Africa 10: 7750: 6142:1957 Alexandra bus boycott 6020:South West Africa campaign 5919:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 5884:French Huguenot settlement 4453:sahoboss (30 March 2011). 2793:8 September 1997 2701:6 September 1966 2670:6 September 1966 2510: 2476: 2417: 2311:National Party under Botha 2184: 1983: 1915: 1786: 1590:The NP strongly advocated 1579: 1572:they were employed there. 1557:Parliament of South Africa 1511:Orange Free State Province 943:1994 Bophuthatswana crisis 822: 795:Gesuiwerde Nasionale Party 793:National Party called the 724:Flag of the National Party 715:Founding and early history 253:8 September 1997 29: 7654:Apartheid in South Africa 7620: 7597:African National Congress 7586: 7492: 7325: 7057:Liberal Party (1953–1968) 6780: 6771: 6629: 6425: 6395:1992 apartheid referendum 6064: 6009: 5928: 5866: 5839: 5832: 5598: 5541: 5430: 5357: 5315: 5214: 5197: 5184:Treatment Action Campaign 5162:Landless Peoples Movement 5130:South Africa trade unions 5115: 5012: 4995: 4919: 4908: 4894: 4840: 4782:. Florin.ms. 21 July 2007 4558:10.1080/03057079308708377 4191: 4114: 3996: 3873: 3864:Supermajority government 3825:Supermajority government 3790: 3781:Supermajority government 3742:Supermajority government 3703:Supermajority government 3668: 3659:Supermajority government 3620:Supermajority government 3585: 3380: 3133: 3026: 2835: 2520: 2392:African National Congress 2292:Herstigte Nasionale Party 1884:was assigned the post of 1867:Privy Council Appeals Act 1796:Herenigde Nasionale Party 1576:From Dominion to republic 1553:League of Nations mandate 1495:Bantu Self-Government Act 1191:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela 808:Herenigde Nasionale Party 765:in 1924, with Hertzog as 667:African National Congress 493: 484: 479: 444: 434: 405: 388:South African nationalism 313: 295: 285: 274: 264: 249: 234: 191: 183: 171: 147: 7050:Labour Party (1969–1994) 7043:Labour Party (1910–1958) 6599:2020 Phala Phala Robbery 6557:#RhodesMustFall protests 6156:1960 republic referendum 5503:Political assassinations 5179:Social Justice Coalition 5141:Mandela Park Backyarders 4834:Politics of South Africa 4259:Governing supermajority 4223:Governing supermajority 4182:Governing supermajority 4146:Governing supermajority 4105:Governing supermajority 2783:15 August 1989 2752:15 August 1989 2742:2 October 1978 2711:2 October 1978 2660:24 August 1958 2629:24 August 1958 2390:On 2 February 1990, the 2139:Republic of South Africa 1949:Die Stem van Suid-Afrika 1880:In 1951, pro-republican 1378:Cape Qualified Franchise 498:Politics of South Africa 30:Not to be confused with 7495:terrorist organisations 6585:2019 Johannesburg riots 6198:Constructive engagement 6163:International isolation 5981:Witwatersrand Gold Rush 5343:One Settler, One Bullet 2331:, remained imprisoned. 1718:Purified National Party 1657:Purified National Party 1569:residential segregation 1408:Nostalgia for apartheid 799:Purified National Party 407:Political position 392:Conservative liberalism 7689:Anti-communist parties 7659:Anti-British sentiment 6508:Attack on Kennedy Road 6119:Congress of the People 5710:South African Republic 5301:Anti-Chinese sentiment 5286:White monopoly capital 5152:Poor People's Alliance 4902: 4375:"The End of Apartheid" 2445: 2437: 2429: 2400:plenipotentiary powers 2398:in 1992 gave De Klerk 2379: 2245: 2151:Sir De Villiers Graaff 1913: 1784: 1765: 1756: 1742: 1731: 1696:Statute of Westminster 1683:Paris Peace Conference 1612:South African Republic 1484:crime against humanity 1383:Disinvestment campaign 1108:State Security Council 756:1915 general elections 736:Afrikaner nationalists 727: 650:crime against humanity 527: 356:Anti-British sentiment 328:Anti-British sentiment 154: 7724:Afrikaner nationalism 7078:Natal Indian Congress 6798:Afrikaner Broederbond 6652:Afrikaner nationalism 6438:1994 general election 6409:Bophuthatswana crisis 6302:Church Street bombing 6082:Apartheid legislation 6075:1948 general election 5995:South Africa Act 1909 5790:Union of South Africa 5610:Kingdom of Mapungubwe 5590:Political history of 5488:Legacies of apartheid 5349:"Each One, Teach One" 5306:Anti-Indian sentiment 5251:Proudly South African 5157:Abahlali baseMjondolo 4932:Afrikaner nationalism 4900: 4768:. Independent Online. 4455:"National Party (NP)" 4351:Krabill, Ron (2010). 3955:coalition government 3332:coalition government 3289:coalition government 2545:1 July 1914 2451:Indian South Africans 2443: 2435: 2427: 2418:Further information: 2377: 2340:Ferdinand Hartzenberg 2236: 2173:before Chief Justice 2003:republican referendum 1908: 1782: 1775:Daniël François Malan 1769:and the national flag 1700:Status and Seals Acts 1665:Battle of Blood River 1652:Afrikaner Broederbond 1643:Union of South Africa 1534:Indian South Africans 1490:on 16 December 1966. 1476:1948 general election 1373:Apartheid legislation 1363:Afrikaner nationalism 923:Cape Town peace march 913:Trojan Horse Incident 873:1948 general election 787:Daniel François Malan 740:Union of South Africa 722: 679:separate legislatures 675:Indian South Africans 656:on 16 December 1966. 600:party, and after the 534:), also known as the 364:National conservatism 348:Afrikaner nationalism 324:Afrikaner nationalism 238:1 July 1914 178:Official logo in 1981 6712:Greater South Africa 6550:2014 platinum strike 6416:Shell House massacre 6344:Transkei coup d'état 6149:Sharpeville massacre 5912:Battle of Blaauwberg 5905:Battle of Muizenberg 5857:Battle of Salt River 5640:Mthethwa Paramountcy 5508:Political repression 5403:Long Walk to Freedom 4901:Flag of South Africa 4706:"Return of the Nats" 4503:fordschool.umich.edu 4308:governing coalition 3908:Majority government 3576:Majority government 3532:Majority government 3493:Majority government 3371:Majority government 2281:" faction including 2222:Factional warfare: " 2217:Division and decline 2199:however, in reaction 2031:Sharpeville Massacre 2016:Harold Macmillan's " 1882:Ernest George Jansen 1271:Eugène Terre'Blanche 1141:Mangosuthu Buthelezi 948:Shell House massacre 918:Khotso House bombing 888:Sharpeville massacre 642:British Commonwealth 634:interracial marriage 400:Liberal conservatism 67:improve this article 7604:Democratic Alliance 6781:Civic and political 6645:Afrikaner Calvinism 6638:African nationalism 6487:African Renaissance 6177:UNSC Resolution 591 6098:Internal resistance 5999:National Convention 5967:Transvaal Civil War 5891:Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars 5774:Orange River Colony 5498:Phala Phala robbery 5396:I Write What I Like 5221:African Renaissance 4947:Black consciousness 4927:African nationalism 4610:The Washington Post 4550:1993JSAfS..19..634M 4441:Fellow Nationalists 4064:Governing minority 2517:(Birth–Death) 2467:Democratic Alliance 1687:Balfour Declaration 1626:by Britain and the 1418:Sullivan Principles 775:South African Party 744:South African Party 568:official opposition 550:. The party was an 396:Christian democracy 368:Social conservatism 269:South African Party 7729:Ethnic nationalism 6351:Ciskei coup d'état 6170:UN Resolution 1761 6135:Women's March 1956 5988:South African Wars 5974:Mineral Revolution 4903: 4716:on 1 December 2008 4647:. 2 September 2017 4381:on 5 February 2009 2499:List of presidents 2489:New National Party 2460:New National Party 2446: 2438: 2430: 2414:Post-apartheid era 2380: 2344:Conservative Party 2336:Andries Treurnicht 2246: 2211:Andries Treurnicht 2207:Conservative Party 1953:God Save the Queen 1914: 1844:London Declaration 1785: 1763:The adjustment to 1620:colonial expansion 1507:Transvaal Province 1003:Conservative Party 883:1956 Treason Trial 728: 709:New National Party 617:racial segregation 606:New National Party 594:barred from voting 290:New National Party 7664:Politics and race 7636: 7635: 7589:political parties 7582: 7581: 7559:Orde van die Dood 7176:Progressive Party 6882:Congress Alliance 6698:Cape Independence 6630:Political culture 6625: 6624: 6592:COVID-19 pandemic 6522:Marikana massacre 6358:Venda coup d'état 6112:Defiance Campaign 5702:Orange Free State 5632:Dutch Cape Colony 5557: 5556: 5448:Cape Independence 5426: 5425: 5368:African Communist 5324:Amandla Ngawethu! 5226:Alternative media 5215:Political culture 5207:South African law 5111: 5110: 4997:Political parties 4584:api.parliament.uk 4478:Los Angeles Times 4461:on 20 April 2017. 4312: 4311: 3959: 3958: 3093: 3092: 2807:Electoral history 2804: 2803: 2779:(1936–2021) 2738:(1916–2006) 2697:(1915–1983) 2656:(1901–1966) 2617:(1893–1958) 2580:(1874–1959) 2541:(1866–1942) 2360:Independent Party 2358:, who formed the 1616:Orange Free State 1541:South West Africa 1472: 1471: 1329:South-West Africa 819:Apartheid program 726:from 1936 to 1993 602:fall of apartheid 598:civic nationalist 536:Nationalist Party 516: 515: 503:Political parties 384:Civic nationalism 286:Succeeded by 143: 142: 135: 117: 16:(Redirected from 7741: 7626: 7625: 7613: 7606: 7599: 7575: 7568: 7561: 7554: 7547: 7540: 7533: 7526: 7519: 7512: 7505: 7493:Paramilitary and 7485: 7483:Umkosi Wezintaba 7478: 7471: 7464: 7457: 7450: 7443: 7436: 7429: 7422: 7415: 7408: 7401: 7394: 7387: 7380: 7373: 7366: 7359: 7352: 7345: 7338: 7328:social movements 7326:Trade unions and 7318: 7311: 7304: 7297: 7290: 7283: 7276: 7269: 7262: 7255: 7248: 7241: 7234: 7227: 7220: 7213: 7206: 7199: 7192: 7185: 7178: 7171: 7164: 7157: 7150: 7143: 7136: 7129: 7122: 7115: 7108: 7101: 7094: 7087: 7080: 7073: 7066: 7059: 7052: 7045: 7038: 7031: 7024: 7017: 7010: 7003: 6996: 6989: 6982: 6975: 6968: 6961: 6954: 6947: 6940: 6933: 6926: 6919: 6912: 6905: 6898: 6891: 6884: 6877: 6870: 6863: 6856: 6849: 6847:Boerestaat Party 6842: 6835: 6828: 6821: 6814: 6807: 6800: 6793: 6778: 6777: 6764: 6755: 6746: 6737: 6730: 6721: 6714: 6707: 6700: 6693: 6686: 6677: 6668: 6661: 6654: 6647: 6640: 6618: 6608: 6601: 6594: 6587: 6580: 6573: 6566: 6559: 6552: 6545: 6538: 6531: 6524: 6517: 6510: 6503: 6496: 6489: 6482: 6475: 6468: 6461: 6454: 6447: 6440: 6418: 6411: 6404: 6397: 6390: 6381: 6374: 6367: 6360: 6353: 6346: 6339: 6337:Dakar Conference 6332: 6325: 6318: 6311: 6304: 6297: 6290: 6283: 6276: 6267: 6260: 6258:Israeli alliance 6253: 6246: 6239: 6228: 6221: 6214: 6212:Sporting boycott 6207: 6200: 6193: 6186: 6184:Academic boycott 6179: 6172: 6165: 6158: 6151: 6144: 6137: 6128: 6121: 6114: 6107: 6100: 6091: 6084: 6077: 6057: 6050: 6043: 6041:Great Depression 6036: 6029: 6027:Maritz rebellion 6022: 6002: 5990: 5983: 5976: 5969: 5962: 5955: 5948: 5941: 5921: 5914: 5907: 5900: 5893: 5886: 5879: 5877:Dutch settlement 5859: 5852: 5850:Bantu migrations 5837: 5836: 5825: 5817: 5809: 5801: 5793: 5785: 5782:Transvaal Colony 5777: 5769: 5761: 5753: 5750:Nieuwe Republiek 5745: 5737: 5729: 5721: 5713: 5705: 5697: 5689: 5686:Natalia Republic 5681: 5673: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5655:Ndwandwe Kingdom 5650: 5648: 5645: 5635: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5618: 5615: 5584: 5577: 5570: 5561: 5560: 5547: 5546: 5483:Land occupations 5478:Labour brokering 5410:Molotov Cocktail 5313: 5312: 5174:Reclaim the City 5122:Social movements 5053:Earthlife Africa 4952:Environmentalism 4917: 4916: 4827: 4820: 4813: 4804: 4803: 4792: 4791: 4789: 4787: 4776: 4770: 4769: 4761: 4755: 4754: 4744: 4736: 4730: 4729: 4723: 4721: 4712:. Archived from 4702: 4693: 4692: 4663: 4657: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4635: 4629: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4601: 4595: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4576: 4570: 4569: 4529: 4523: 4520: 4514: 4513: 4511: 4509: 4495: 4489: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4469: 4463: 4462: 4457:. Archived from 4450: 4444: 4443: 4438: 4436: 4422: 4416: 4415: 4401: 4395: 4394: 4388: 4386: 4371: 4365: 4364: 4358: 4348: 4296: 4295: 4288: 4287: 4280: 4255: 4254: 4247: 4246: 4239: 4219: 4218: 4211: 4210: 4203: 4178: 4177: 4170: 4169: 4162: 4142: 4141: 4134: 4133: 4126: 4101: 4100: 4093: 4092: 4085: 4060: 4059: 4052: 4051: 4044: 4024: 4023: 4016: 4015: 4008: 3966: 3965: 3962:Senate elections 3943: 3942: 3935: 3934: 3927: 3904: 3903: 3896: 3895: 3888: 3860: 3859: 3852: 3851: 3844: 3821: 3820: 3813: 3812: 3805: 3777: 3776: 3769: 3768: 3761: 3738: 3737: 3730: 3729: 3722: 3699: 3698: 3691: 3690: 3683: 3655: 3654: 3647: 3646: 3639: 3616: 3615: 3608: 3607: 3600: 3572: 3571: 3564: 3563: 3556: 3528: 3527: 3520: 3519: 3512: 3489: 3488: 3481: 3480: 3473: 3450: 3449: 3442: 3441: 3434: 3411: 3410: 3403: 3402: 3395: 3367: 3366: 3359: 3358: 3351: 3324: 3323: 3316: 3315: 3308: 3281: 3280: 3273: 3272: 3265: 3242: 3241: 3234: 3233: 3226: 3203: 3202: 3195: 3194: 3187: 3164: 3163: 3156: 3155: 3148: 3135:J. B. M. Hertzog 3100: 3099: 3089: 3086: 3085: 3058: 3055: 3054: 3022: 3019: 3018: 2991: 2988: 2987: 2960: 2957: 2956: 2929: 2926: 2925: 2898: 2895: 2894: 2867: 2864: 2863: 2822:Party candidate 2816: 2815: 2800: 2798: 2790: 2788: 2780: 2771: 2759: 2757: 2749: 2747: 2739: 2730: 2718: 2716: 2708: 2706: 2698: 2689: 2677: 2675: 2667: 2665: 2657: 2648: 2636: 2634: 2626: 2623: 2618: 2609: 2597: 2594: 2589: 2586: 2581: 2572: 2560: 2557: 2552: 2550: 2542: 2537:J. B. M. Hertzog 2533: 2518: 2508: 2503: 2502: 2473:Re-establishment 2456:Democratic Party 2364:Democratic Party 2305:Democratic Party 2143:John Diefenbaker 1986:Hendrik Verwoerd 1980:Hendrik Verwoerd 1827:Hendrik Verwoerd 1768: 1759: 1745: 1743:Reddingsdaadbond 1734: 1639:Maritz rebellion 1632:Second Boer Wars 1624:Natalia Republic 1608:Natalia Republic 1464: 1457: 1450: 1434: 1433: 1231:Albertina Sisulu 1226:Benjamin Moloise 1161:Arthur Goldreich 852: 829: 828: 752:J. B. M. Hertzog 613:general election 564:Great Depression 489: 469: 465: 458: 451: 275:Merged into 260: 258: 245: 243: 198:J. B. M. Hertzog 176: 165: 157: 145: 144: 138: 131: 127: 124: 118: 116: 75: 47: 39: 21: 7749: 7748: 7744: 7743: 7742: 7740: 7739: 7738: 7639: 7638: 7637: 7632: 7616: 7609: 7602: 7595: 7588: 7578: 7571: 7564: 7557: 7550: 7543: 7536: 7529: 7522: 7515: 7508: 7501: 7494: 7488: 7481: 7474: 7467: 7460: 7453: 7446: 7439: 7432: 7425: 7418: 7411: 7404: 7397: 7390: 7383: 7376: 7369: 7362: 7355: 7348: 7341: 7334: 7327: 7321: 7314: 7307: 7300: 7293: 7286: 7279: 7272: 7265: 7258: 7251: 7244: 7237: 7230: 7223: 7216: 7209: 7202: 7195: 7188: 7181: 7174: 7167: 7160: 7153: 7146: 7139: 7132: 7125: 7118: 7111: 7104: 7097: 7090: 7083: 7076: 7069: 7062: 7055: 7048: 7041: 7034: 7027: 7020: 7013: 7006: 6999: 6994:HNP (Herstigte) 6992: 6987:HNP (Herenigde) 6985: 6978: 6971: 6964: 6957: 6950: 6943: 6936: 6929: 6922: 6915: 6908: 6901: 6894: 6887: 6880: 6873: 6866: 6859: 6852: 6845: 6838: 6831: 6824: 6817: 6810: 6805:Afrikaner Party 6803: 6796: 6789: 6782: 6773: 6767: 6758: 6749: 6740: 6733: 6724: 6719:Honorary whites 6717: 6710: 6703: 6696: 6689: 6680: 6671: 6664: 6657: 6650: 6643: 6636: 6621: 6611: 6604: 6597: 6590: 6583: 6576: 6569: 6562: 6555: 6548: 6541: 6534: 6527: 6520: 6513: 6506: 6499: 6492: 6485: 6480:Soweto bombings 6478: 6471: 6464: 6457: 6450: 6443: 6436: 6428: 6421: 6414: 6407: 6400: 6393: 6386: 6377: 6370: 6363: 6356: 6349: 6342: 6335: 6328: 6321: 6314: 6307: 6300: 6293: 6286: 6281:Soweto Uprising 6279: 6272: 6263: 6256: 6249: 6242: 6235: 6224: 6217: 6210: 6205:Tar Baby Option 6203: 6196: 6189: 6182: 6175: 6168: 6161: 6154: 6147: 6140: 6133: 6126:Freedom Charter 6124: 6117: 6110: 6103: 6096: 6087: 6080: 6073: 6060: 6053: 6046: 6039: 6032: 6025: 6018: 6005: 5993: 5986: 5979: 5972: 5965: 5958: 5951: 5944: 5937: 5924: 5917: 5910: 5903: 5896: 5889: 5882: 5875: 5862: 5855: 5848: 5828: 5820: 5812: 5804: 5796: 5788: 5780: 5772: 5764: 5756: 5748: 5740: 5732: 5726:Griqualand West 5724: 5718:Griqualand East 5716: 5708: 5700: 5692: 5684: 5676: 5668: 5661: 5653: 5646: 5638: 5630: 5623: 5616: 5608: 5594: 5588: 5558: 5553: 5537: 5518:Sexual violence 5438:Corrective rape 5422: 5359: 5353: 5311: 5291:Ungovernability 5246:Freedom Charter 5210: 5193: 5136:Equal Education 5120: 5107: 5016: 5008: 4991: 4911: 4904: 4892: 4836: 4831: 4796: 4795: 4785: 4783: 4778: 4777: 4773: 4762: 4758: 4747:The Independent 4737: 4733: 4719: 4717: 4704: 4703: 4696: 4689: 4673:: 91–92. 2014. 4665: 4664: 4660: 4650: 4648: 4637: 4636: 4632: 4622: 4620: 4602: 4598: 4588: 4586: 4578: 4577: 4573: 4530: 4526: 4521: 4517: 4507: 4505: 4497: 4496: 4492: 4482: 4480: 4470: 4466: 4451: 4447: 4434: 4432: 4424: 4423: 4419: 4403: 4402: 4398: 4384: 4382: 4373: 4372: 4368: 4349: 4345: 4330: 4317: 4281: 4278: 4240: 4237: 4204: 4201: 4163: 4160: 4127: 4124: 4086: 4083: 4045: 4042: 4009: 4006: 3964: 3928: 3925: 3889: 3886: 3845: 3842: 3806: 3803: 3762: 3759: 3723: 3720: 3684: 3681: 3640: 3637: 3601: 3598: 3557: 3554: 3513: 3510: 3474: 3471: 3435: 3432: 3396: 3393: 3352: 3349: 3309: 3306: 3266: 3263: 3227: 3224: 3188: 3185: 3149: 3146: 3098: 3087: 3083: 3056: 3052: 3020: 3016: 2989: 2985: 2958: 2954: 2940:Nico Diederichs 2927: 2923: 2896: 2892: 2865: 2861: 2814: 2809: 2796: 2794: 2786: 2784: 2778: 2777: 2755: 2753: 2745: 2743: 2737: 2736: 2714: 2712: 2704: 2702: 2696: 2695: 2673: 2671: 2663: 2661: 2655: 2654: 2632: 2630: 2624: 2616: 2615: 2595: 2587: 2579: 2578: 2558: 2548: 2546: 2540: 2539: 2521:Term of office 2516: 2515: 2501: 2481: 2475: 2422: 2416: 2372: 2325:State President 2321:Group Areas Act 2313: 2231: 2219: 2187: 2018:Winds of Change 1988: 1982: 1920: 1903: 1791: 1777: 1772: 1676:self-government 1588: 1578: 1468: 1423: 1422: 1398:Kairos Document 1388:Freedom Charter 1358: 1350: 1349: 1333: 1304: 1296: 1295: 1126:Vernon Berrangé 1121: 1113: 1112: 1073:Security Branch 963: 953: 952: 898:Soweto uprising 868: 867: 827: 821: 813:Afrikaner Party 717: 646:British monarch 638:property rights 560:white supremacy 540:political party 528:Nasionale Party 512: 470: 463: 456: 449: 448: 424: 417: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 372:White supremacy 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 343: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 265:Split from 256: 254: 241: 239: 226: 221: 216: 211: 206: 201: 179: 167: 166: 159: 155:Nasionale Party 151: 139: 128: 122: 119: 76: 74: 60: 48: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7747: 7737: 7736: 7731: 7726: 7721: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7651: 7634: 7633: 7621: 7618: 7617: 7615: 7614: 7607: 7600: 7592: 7590: 7584: 7583: 7580: 7579: 7577: 7576: 7569: 7562: 7555: 7552:Ossewabrandwag 7548: 7541: 7534: 7527: 7520: 7513: 7506: 7498: 7496: 7490: 7489: 7487: 7486: 7479: 7472: 7465: 7458: 7451: 7444: 7437: 7430: 7423: 7416: 7409: 7402: 7395: 7388: 7381: 7374: 7367: 7360: 7353: 7346: 7339: 7331: 7329: 7323: 7322: 7320: 7319: 7312: 7305: 7298: 7295:Unionist Party 7291: 7284: 7277: 7274:Torch Commando 7270: 7263: 7256: 7249: 7242: 7235: 7228: 7221: 7214: 7207: 7200: 7193: 7186: 7179: 7172: 7165: 7158: 7151: 7148:Orde Boerevolk 7144: 7137: 7130: 7123: 7116: 7109: 7102: 7095: 7088: 7081: 7074: 7067: 7060: 7053: 7046: 7039: 7032: 7025: 7018: 7011: 7004: 6997: 6990: 6983: 6976: 6969: 6962: 6955: 6948: 6941: 6934: 6927: 6924:DP (1989–2000) 6920: 6917:DP (1973–1977) 6913: 6910:Dominion Party 6906: 6899: 6892: 6885: 6878: 6871: 6864: 6857: 6850: 6843: 6836: 6829: 6822: 6815: 6808: 6801: 6794: 6791:Afrikaner Bond 6786: 6784: 6775: 6769: 6768: 6766: 6765: 6756: 6747: 6738: 6731: 6722: 6715: 6708: 6705:Day of the Vow 6701: 6694: 6687: 6678: 6669: 6662: 6655: 6648: 6641: 6633: 6631: 6627: 6626: 6623: 6622: 6620: 6619: 6609: 6602: 6595: 6588: 6581: 6574: 6567: 6560: 6553: 6546: 6539: 6532: 6525: 6518: 6511: 6504: 6497: 6490: 6483: 6476: 6473:Floor crossing 6469: 6462: 6455: 6448: 6441: 6433: 6431: 6423: 6422: 6420: 6419: 6412: 6405: 6398: 6391: 6388:Bisho massacre 6384: 6383: 6382: 6368: 6361: 6354: 6347: 6340: 6333: 6330:Operation Vula 6326: 6323:Rubicon speech 6319: 6316:Langa massacre 6312: 6305: 6298: 6291: 6284: 6277: 6270: 6269: 6268: 6254: 6247: 6240: 6233: 6232: 6231: 6230: 6229: 6222: 6208: 6201: 6194: 6187: 6180: 6173: 6159: 6152: 6145: 6138: 6131: 6130: 6129: 6115: 6108: 6101: 6094: 6093: 6092: 6078: 6070: 6068: 6062: 6061: 6059: 6058: 6051: 6044: 6037: 6034:Rand Rebellion 6030: 6023: 6015: 6013: 6007: 6006: 6004: 6003: 5991: 5984: 5977: 5970: 5963: 5960:Boer Republics 5956: 5949: 5942: 5934: 5932: 5926: 5925: 5923: 5922: 5915: 5908: 5901: 5894: 5887: 5880: 5872: 5870: 5864: 5863: 5861: 5860: 5853: 5845: 5843: 5834: 5830: 5829: 5827: 5826: 5818: 5810: 5806:Bophuthatswana 5802: 5794: 5786: 5778: 5770: 5766:Klein Vrystaat 5762: 5754: 5746: 5738: 5730: 5722: 5714: 5706: 5698: 5690: 5682: 5674: 5666: 5651: 5636: 5628: 5605: 5603: 5596: 5595: 5587: 5586: 5579: 5572: 5564: 5555: 5554: 5542: 5539: 5538: 5536: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5434: 5432: 5428: 5427: 5424: 5423: 5421: 5420: 5413: 5406: 5399: 5392: 5385: 5378: 5371: 5363: 5361: 5355: 5354: 5352: 5351: 5346: 5339: 5334: 5327: 5319: 5317: 5310: 5309: 5308: 5303: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5266:Tenderpreneurs 5263: 5258: 5256:Rainbow nation 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5216: 5212: 5211: 5203: 5201: 5195: 5194: 5192: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5170: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5149: 5143: 5138: 5126: 5124: 5113: 5112: 5109: 5108: 5106: 5105: 5099: 5094: 5088: 5082: 5076: 5070: 5065: 5063:Khanya College 5060: 5055: 5050: 5044: 5038: 5032: 5027: 5021: 5019: 5010: 5009: 5001: 4999: 4993: 4992: 4990: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4977:Pan-Africanism 4974: 4972:Libertarianism 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4923: 4921: 4914: 4906: 4905: 4895: 4893: 4891: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4844: 4842: 4838: 4837: 4830: 4829: 4822: 4815: 4807: 4794: 4793: 4771: 4756: 4731: 4694: 4687: 4658: 4630: 4596: 4571: 4544:(4): 634–661. 4524: 4515: 4490: 4464: 4445: 4417: 4396: 4366: 4342: 4341: 4329: 4326: 4325: 4324: 4316: 4315:Notable people 4313: 4310: 4309: 4298: 4290: 4282: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270:F. W. de Klerk 4267: 4261: 4260: 4257: 4249: 4241: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4225: 4224: 4221: 4213: 4205: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4190: 4184: 4183: 4180: 4172: 4164: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4148: 4147: 4144: 4136: 4128: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4116:H. F. Verwoerd 4113: 4107: 4106: 4103: 4095: 4087: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075:J. G. Strijdom 4072: 4066: 4065: 4062: 4054: 4046: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4030: 4029: 4026: 4018: 4010: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3995: 3989: 3988: 3985: 3982: 3979: 3976: 3973: 3970: 3963: 3960: 3957: 3956: 3945: 3937: 3929: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3916: 3910: 3909: 3906: 3898: 3890: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3877: 3875:F. W. de Klerk 3872: 3866: 3865: 3862: 3854: 3846: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3833: 3827: 3826: 3823: 3815: 3807: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3794: 3789: 3783: 3782: 3779: 3771: 3763: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3750: 3744: 3743: 3740: 3732: 3724: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3711: 3705: 3704: 3701: 3693: 3685: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3672: 3667: 3661: 3660: 3657: 3649: 3641: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3628: 3622: 3621: 3618: 3610: 3602: 3597: 3595: 3592: 3589: 3587:H. F. Verwoerd 3584: 3578: 3577: 3574: 3566: 3558: 3553: 3551: 3548: 3545: 3543:J. G. Strijdom 3540: 3534: 3533: 3530: 3522: 3514: 3509: 3507: 3504: 3501: 3495: 3494: 3491: 3483: 3475: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3462: 3456: 3455: 3452: 3444: 3436: 3431: 3429: 3426: 3423: 3417: 3416: 3413: 3405: 3397: 3392: 3390: 3387: 3384: 3379: 3373: 3372: 3369: 3361: 3353: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3340: 3334: 3333: 3326: 3318: 3310: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3297: 3291: 3290: 3283: 3275: 3267: 3262: 3260: 3257: 3254: 3248: 3247: 3244: 3236: 3228: 3223: 3221: 3218: 3215: 3209: 3208: 3205: 3197: 3189: 3184: 3182: 3179: 3176: 3170: 3169: 3166: 3158: 3150: 3145: 3143: 3140: 3137: 3132: 3126: 3125: 3122: 3119: 3116: 3113: 3110: 3107: 3104: 3097: 3094: 3091: 3090: 3077: 3074: 3071: 3069:F. W. de Klerk 3066: 3060: 3059: 3046: 3043: 3040: 3035: 3029: 3028: 3024: 3023: 3010: 3007: 3004: 3002:Marais Viljoen 2999: 2993: 2992: 2979: 2976: 2973: 2968: 2962: 2961: 2948: 2945: 2942: 2937: 2931: 2930: 2917: 2914: 2911: 2906: 2900: 2899: 2886: 2883: 2880: 2875: 2869: 2868: 2855: 2852: 2849: 2844: 2838: 2837: 2833: 2832: 2829: 2826: 2823: 2820: 2813: 2810: 2808: 2805: 2802: 2801: 2791: 2781: 2775:F. W. de Klerk 2772: 2765: 2761: 2760: 2750: 2740: 2731: 2724: 2720: 2719: 2709: 2699: 2690: 2683: 2679: 2678: 2668: 2658: 2652:H. F. Verwoerd 2649: 2642: 2638: 2637: 2627: 2619: 2613:J. G. Strijdom 2610: 2603: 2599: 2598: 2590: 2582: 2573: 2566: 2562: 2561: 2553: 2543: 2534: 2527: 2523: 2522: 2519: 2512: 2509: 2500: 2497: 2493:F. W. de Klerk 2477:Main article: 2474: 2471: 2415: 2412: 2384:F. W. de Klerk 2371: 2368: 2352:Dennis Worrall 2329:Nelson Mandela 2312: 2309: 2283:Albert Hertzog 2230: 2220: 2218: 2215: 2186: 2183: 2111: 2110: 2106: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2091: 2088: 2082: 2077: 2076: 2073: 2070: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2052: 2041: 2040: 2037: 2034: 2027: 2024: 2021: 1984:Main article: 1981: 1978: 1973: 1972: 1966: 1959: 1956: 1945: 1938: 1918:J. G. Strijdom 1916:Main article: 1910:J. G. Strijdom 1902: 1899: 1894: 1893: 1889: 1878: 1874: 1859: 1823:J. G. Strijdom 1815: 1814: 1811: 1787:Main article: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1770: 1761: 1752: 1750:Ossewabrandwag 1746: 1738: 1735: 1723: 1720: 1714: 1707: 1691:British Empire 1577: 1574: 1515:Natal Province 1470: 1469: 1467: 1466: 1459: 1452: 1444: 1441: 1440: 1439: 1438: 1425: 1424: 1421: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1359: 1357:Related topics 1356: 1355: 1352: 1351: 1348: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1331: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1305: 1302: 1301: 1298: 1297: 1294: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1281:H. F. Verwoerd 1278: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1261:Adelaide Tambo 1258: 1253: 1251:Robert Sobukwe 1248: 1243: 1241:J. G. Strijdom 1238: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1221:Raymond Mhlaba 1218: 1213: 1208: 1206:Nelson Mandela 1203: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1186:Albert Luthuli 1183: 1181:Ahmed Kathrada 1178: 1173: 1171:Bantu Holomisa 1168: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1146:F. W. de Klerk 1143: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1122: 1119: 1118: 1115: 1114: 1111: 1110: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1063:National Party 1060: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1005: 1000: 995: 990: 985: 980: 975: 970: 964: 959: 958: 955: 954: 951: 950: 945: 940: 935: 930: 925: 920: 915: 910: 905: 900: 895: 890: 885: 880: 875: 869: 866: 865: 859: 858: 857: 854: 853: 845: 844: 838: 837: 823:Main article: 820: 817: 767:Prime Minister 716: 713: 705:1994 elections 695:F. W. de Klerk 688:Nelson Mandela 548:apartheid rule 520:National Party 514: 513: 511: 510: 505: 500: 494: 491: 490: 482: 481: 477: 476: 446: 442: 441: 436: 432: 431: 409: 403: 402: 360:Anti-communism 317: 311: 310: 297: 293: 292: 287: 283: 282: 276: 272: 271: 266: 262: 261: 251: 247: 246: 236: 232: 231: 228:F. W. de Klerk 213:H. F. Verwoerd 208:J. G. Strijdom 195: 189: 188: 185: 181: 180: 177: 169: 168: 152: 150:National Party 149: 148: 141: 140: 123:September 2022 65:. Please help 51: 49: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7746: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7646: 7644: 7631: 7630: 7619: 7612: 7608: 7605: 7601: 7598: 7594: 7593: 7591: 7585: 7574: 7570: 7567: 7563: 7560: 7556: 7553: 7549: 7546: 7542: 7539: 7535: 7532: 7528: 7525: 7521: 7518: 7514: 7511: 7507: 7504: 7500: 7499: 7497: 7491: 7484: 7480: 7477: 7473: 7470: 7469:Die Spoorbund 7466: 7463: 7459: 7456: 7452: 7449: 7445: 7442: 7438: 7435: 7431: 7428: 7424: 7421: 7417: 7414: 7410: 7407: 7403: 7400: 7396: 7393: 7389: 7386: 7382: 7379: 7375: 7372: 7368: 7365: 7361: 7358: 7354: 7351: 7347: 7344: 7340: 7337: 7333: 7332: 7330: 7324: 7317: 7313: 7310: 7309:Workers Party 7306: 7303: 7299: 7296: 7292: 7289: 7285: 7282: 7278: 7275: 7271: 7268: 7264: 7261: 7257: 7254: 7250: 7247: 7243: 7240: 7236: 7233: 7229: 7226: 7222: 7219: 7215: 7212: 7208: 7205: 7201: 7198: 7194: 7191: 7190:Radio Freedom 7187: 7184: 7180: 7177: 7173: 7170: 7166: 7163: 7159: 7156: 7152: 7149: 7145: 7142: 7141:Oranjewerkers 7138: 7135: 7131: 7128: 7124: 7121: 7117: 7114: 7110: 7107: 7103: 7100: 7096: 7093: 7089: 7086: 7082: 7079: 7075: 7072: 7068: 7065: 7061: 7058: 7054: 7051: 7047: 7044: 7040: 7037: 7033: 7030: 7026: 7023: 7019: 7016: 7012: 7009: 7005: 7002: 6998: 6995: 6991: 6988: 6984: 6981: 6977: 6974: 6970: 6967: 6963: 6960: 6956: 6953: 6949: 6946: 6942: 6939: 6935: 6932: 6928: 6925: 6921: 6918: 6914: 6911: 6907: 6904: 6900: 6897: 6893: 6890: 6886: 6883: 6879: 6876: 6872: 6869: 6865: 6862: 6858: 6855: 6851: 6848: 6844: 6841: 6837: 6834: 6830: 6827: 6823: 6820: 6816: 6813: 6809: 6806: 6802: 6799: 6795: 6792: 6788: 6787: 6785: 6783:organisations 6779: 6776: 6774:organisations 6770: 6763: 6762: 6757: 6754: 6753: 6748: 6745: 6744: 6739: 6736: 6732: 6729: 6728: 6723: 6720: 6716: 6713: 6709: 6706: 6702: 6699: 6695: 6692: 6688: 6685: 6684: 6679: 6676: 6675: 6670: 6667: 6663: 6660: 6656: 6653: 6649: 6646: 6642: 6639: 6635: 6634: 6632: 6628: 6617: 6615: 6610: 6607: 6603: 6600: 6596: 6593: 6589: 6586: 6582: 6579: 6575: 6572: 6571:Tshwane riots 6568: 6565: 6561: 6558: 6554: 6551: 6547: 6544: 6540: 6537: 6533: 6530: 6526: 6523: 6519: 6516: 6512: 6509: 6505: 6502: 6498: 6495: 6491: 6488: 6484: 6481: 6477: 6474: 6470: 6467: 6463: 6460: 6456: 6453: 6449: 6446: 6442: 6439: 6435: 6434: 6432: 6430: 6424: 6417: 6413: 6410: 6406: 6403: 6399: 6396: 6392: 6389: 6385: 6380: 6376: 6375: 6373: 6369: 6366: 6362: 6359: 6355: 6352: 6348: 6345: 6341: 6338: 6334: 6331: 6327: 6324: 6320: 6317: 6313: 6310: 6306: 6303: 6299: 6296: 6295:Project Coast 6292: 6289: 6285: 6282: 6278: 6275: 6274:Mafeje affair 6271: 6266: 6262: 6261: 6259: 6255: 6252: 6248: 6245: 6244:Durban Moment 6241: 6238: 6237:Rivonia Trial 6234: 6227: 6223: 6220: 6216: 6215: 6213: 6209: 6206: 6202: 6199: 6195: 6192: 6191:Disinvestment 6188: 6185: 6181: 6178: 6174: 6171: 6167: 6166: 6164: 6160: 6157: 6153: 6150: 6146: 6143: 6139: 6136: 6132: 6127: 6123: 6122: 6120: 6116: 6113: 6109: 6106: 6102: 6099: 6095: 6090: 6086: 6085: 6083: 6079: 6076: 6072: 6071: 6069: 6067: 6063: 6056: 6052: 6049: 6045: 6042: 6038: 6035: 6031: 6028: 6024: 6021: 6017: 6016: 6014: 6012: 6008: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5989: 5985: 5982: 5978: 5975: 5971: 5968: 5964: 5961: 5957: 5954: 5950: 5947: 5946:1820 Settlers 5943: 5940: 5936: 5935: 5933: 5931: 5927: 5920: 5916: 5913: 5909: 5906: 5902: 5899: 5895: 5892: 5888: 5885: 5881: 5878: 5874: 5873: 5871: 5869: 5865: 5858: 5854: 5851: 5847: 5846: 5844: 5842: 5838: 5835: 5831: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5656: 5652: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5611: 5607: 5606: 5604: 5602: 5597: 5593: 5585: 5580: 5578: 5573: 5571: 5566: 5565: 5562: 5552: 5551: 5540: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5435: 5433: 5429: 5419: 5418: 5414: 5412: 5411: 5407: 5405: 5404: 5400: 5398: 5397: 5393: 5391: 5390: 5386: 5384: 5383: 5379: 5377: 5376: 5372: 5370: 5369: 5365: 5364: 5362: 5356: 5350: 5347: 5344: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5332: 5328: 5325: 5321: 5320: 5318: 5314: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5298: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5281:UnFreedom Day 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5208: 5202: 5200: 5196: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5154: 5153: 5150: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5133: 5132: 5131: 5125: 5123: 5118: 5114: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5092: 5089: 5086: 5083: 5080: 5077: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5068:Koeberg Alert 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5048: 5045: 5042: 5039: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5030:Afrikanerbond 5028: 5026: 5023: 5022: 5020: 5018: 5017:organisations 5011: 5007: 5006: 5000: 4998: 4994: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4982:Non-racialism 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4924: 4922: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4907: 4899: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4883:Northern Cape 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4863:KwaZulu-Natal 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4845: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4828: 4823: 4821: 4816: 4814: 4809: 4808: 4805: 4801: 4800: 4781: 4775: 4767: 4760: 4752: 4748: 4743: 4735: 4728: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4701: 4699: 4690: 4688:9781782545491 4684: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4662: 4646: 4645: 4644:The Economist 4640: 4634: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4600: 4585: 4581: 4575: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4528: 4519: 4504: 4500: 4494: 4479: 4475: 4468: 4460: 4456: 4449: 4442: 4431: 4427: 4421: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4400: 4393: 4380: 4376: 4370: 4362: 4357: 4356: 4347: 4343: 4340: 4339: 4335: 4334: 4322: 4319: 4318: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4291: 4283: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4262: 4258: 4250: 4242: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4226: 4222: 4214: 4206: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4193:B. J. Vorster 4189: 4186: 4185: 4181: 4173: 4165: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4149: 4145: 4137: 4129: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4112: 4109: 4108: 4104: 4096: 4088: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4067: 4063: 4055: 4047: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4031: 4027: 4019: 4011: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3994: 3991: 3990: 3986: 3983: 3980: 3977: 3974: 3972:Party leader 3971: 3968: 3967: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3938: 3930: 3923: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3911: 3907: 3899: 3891: 3884: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3871: 3868: 3867: 3863: 3855: 3847: 3840: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3828: 3824: 3816: 3808: 3801: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3788: 3785: 3784: 3780: 3772: 3764: 3757: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3745: 3741: 3733: 3725: 3718: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3706: 3702: 3694: 3686: 3679: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3670:B. J. Vorster 3666: 3663: 3662: 3658: 3650: 3642: 3635: 3632: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3623: 3619: 3611: 3603: 3596: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3583: 3580: 3579: 3575: 3567: 3559: 3552: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3535: 3531: 3523: 3515: 3508: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3497: 3496: 3492: 3484: 3476: 3469: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3458: 3457: 3453: 3445: 3437: 3430: 3427: 3424: 3422: 3419: 3418: 3414: 3406: 3398: 3391: 3388: 3385: 3383: 3378: 3375: 3374: 3370: 3362: 3354: 3347: 3344: 3341: 3339: 3336: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3319: 3311: 3304: 3301: 3298: 3296: 3293: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3276: 3268: 3261: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3249: 3245: 3237: 3229: 3222: 3219: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3210: 3206: 3198: 3190: 3183: 3180: 3177: 3175: 3172: 3171: 3167: 3159: 3151: 3144: 3141: 3138: 3136: 3131: 3128: 3127: 3123: 3120: 3117: 3114: 3111: 3108: 3106:Party leader 3105: 3102: 3101: 3081: 3078: 3075: 3072: 3070: 3067: 3065: 3062: 3061: 3050: 3047: 3044: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3034: 3031: 3030: 3025: 3014: 3011: 3008: 3005: 3003: 3000: 2998: 2995: 2994: 2983: 2980: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2969: 2967: 2964: 2963: 2952: 2949: 2946: 2943: 2941: 2938: 2936: 2933: 2932: 2921: 2918: 2915: 2912: 2910: 2907: 2905: 2902: 2901: 2890: 2887: 2884: 2881: 2879: 2876: 2874: 2871: 2870: 2859: 2856: 2853: 2850: 2848: 2845: 2843: 2840: 2839: 2834: 2830: 2827: 2824: 2821: 2818: 2817: 2792: 2782: 2776: 2773: 2770: 2766: 2763: 2762: 2751: 2741: 2735: 2732: 2729: 2725: 2722: 2721: 2710: 2700: 2694: 2693:B. J. Vorster 2691: 2688: 2684: 2681: 2680: 2669: 2659: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2643: 2640: 2639: 2628: 2620: 2614: 2611: 2608: 2604: 2601: 2600: 2591: 2583: 2577: 2574: 2571: 2567: 2564: 2563: 2554: 2544: 2538: 2535: 2532: 2528: 2525: 2524: 2513: 2505: 2504: 2496: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2480: 2470: 2468: 2463: 2461: 2457: 2452: 2442: 2434: 2426: 2421: 2411: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2388: 2385: 2376: 2367: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2348:Freedom Front 2345: 2341: 2337: 2332: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2308: 2306: 2300: 2298: 2294: 2293: 2289:, formed the 2288: 2284: 2280: 2274: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2251: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2229: 2225: 2214: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2191: 2182: 2178: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2152: 2146: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2131: 2129: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2107: 2104: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2089: 2086: 2085: 2084: 2080: 2074: 2071: 2068: 2065: 2062: 2059: 2056: 2053: 2050: 2049: 2048: 2045: 2038: 2035: 2032: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2019: 2015: 2014: 2013: 2010: 2008: 2004: 1999: 1996: 1992: 1987: 1977: 1970: 1967: 1964: 1960: 1957: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1943: 1942:Arthur Barlow 1939: 1936: 1935: 1934: 1931: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1911: 1907: 1901:Hans Strijdom 1898: 1890: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1863:Privy Council 1860: 1856: 1852: 1851: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1840: 1835: 1831: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1812: 1809: 1808: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1798: 1797: 1790: 1781: 1767: 1762: 1758: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1744: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1728: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1715: 1713: 1709: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1697: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1679: 1677: 1673: 1668: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1653: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1635: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1596:migrate north 1593: 1592:republicanism 1587: 1583: 1573: 1570: 1564: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1526: 1525:Cape Province 1522: 1518: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1503:Cape Province 1500: 1496: 1491: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1465: 1460: 1458: 1453: 1451: 1446: 1445: 1443: 1442: 1437: 1429: 1428: 1427: 1426: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1413:Project Coast 1411: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1360: 1354: 1353: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1319:Robben Island 1317: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1306: 1300: 1299: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1286:B. J. Vorster 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1236:Walter Sisulu 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1123: 1117: 1116: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1001: 999: 996: 994: 991: 989: 986: 984: 981: 979: 976: 974: 971: 969: 966: 965: 962: 961:Organisations 957: 956: 949: 946: 944: 941: 939: 936: 934: 931: 929: 926: 924: 921: 919: 916: 914: 911: 909: 908:Vaal uprising 906: 904: 901: 899: 896: 894: 893:Rivonia Trial 891: 889: 886: 884: 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 870: 864: 861: 860: 856: 855: 851: 847: 846: 843: 840: 839: 835: 831: 830: 826: 816: 814: 810: 809: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 759: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 725: 721: 712: 710: 706: 701: 696: 692: 689: 685: 680: 677:were granted 676: 672: 668: 663: 657: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 626: 625:voting rights 622: 618: 614: 609: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 586: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 509: 506: 504: 501: 499: 496: 495: 492: 488: 483: 478: 474: 468: 461: 454: 447: 443: 440: 437: 433: 430: 427: 423: 420: 416: 413: 410: 408: 404: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 340:Republicanism 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 318: 316: 312: 309: 305: 304:Cape Province 301: 298: 294: 291: 288: 284: 280: 277: 273: 270: 267: 263: 252: 248: 237: 233: 229: 224: 219: 218:B. J. Vorster 214: 209: 204: 199: 196: 194: 190: 186: 182: 175: 170: 163: 156: 146: 137: 134: 126: 115: 112: 108: 105: 101: 98: 94: 91: 87: 84: – 83: 79: 78:Find sources: 72: 68: 64: 58: 57: 52:This article 50: 46: 41: 40: 37: 33: 19: 7627: 7587:Histories of 7288:United Party 7197:Reform Party 7134:Orangia Unie 7098: 6759: 6750: 6743:Swart gevaar 6741: 6725: 6681: 6672: 6613: 6515:Blikkiesdorp 5841:Pre-colonial 5694:Natal Colony 5678:Zulu Kingdom 5592:South Africa 5548: 5468:Gupta family 5463:Farm attacks 5415: 5408: 5401: 5394: 5387: 5380: 5373: 5366: 5204: 5127: 5117:Trade unions 5043:(CONTRALESA) 5002: 4888:Western Cape 4848:Eastern Cape 4799:Bibliography 4798: 4797: 4784:. Retrieved 4774: 4759: 4746: 4734: 4725: 4718:. Retrieved 4714:the original 4709: 4670: 4661: 4649:. Retrieved 4642: 4633: 4621:. Retrieved 4609: 4599: 4587:. Retrieved 4583: 4574: 4541: 4537: 4527: 4518: 4506:. Retrieved 4502: 4493: 4481:. Retrieved 4477: 4467: 4459:the original 4448: 4440: 4433:. Retrieved 4429: 4420: 4412: 4408: 4399: 4390: 4383:. Retrieved 4379:the original 4369: 4354: 4346: 4337: 4336: 4332: 4331: 4321:Vera Reitzer 3079: 3048: 3012: 2981: 2971:John Vorster 2950: 2919: 2888: 2857: 2482: 2464: 2447: 2389: 2381: 2356:Wynand Malan 2333: 2314: 2301: 2296: 2290: 2278: 2275: 2270: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250:John Vorster 2247: 2241: 2227: 2224:Verkramptes" 2223: 2192: 2188: 2179: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2147: 2132: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2078: 2046: 2042: 2011: 2007:World War II 2000: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1974: 1932: 1928:Ben Schoeman 1925: 1921: 1895: 1871:Bloemfontein 1848: 1836: 1832: 1816: 1805: 1794: 1792: 1732:Noodhulpliga 1727:Voortrekkers 1704: 1680: 1669: 1661:Voortrekkers 1650: 1641:against the 1636: 1589: 1565: 1561: 1538: 1519: 1493:In 1959 the 1492: 1480:pariah state 1473: 1314:District Six 1276:Desmond Tutu 1266:Oliver Tambo 1256:Helen Suzman 1156:Bram Fischer 1062: 806: 803:World War II 794: 783:United Party 781:to form the 763:Labour Party 760: 732:Bloemfontein 729: 693: 658: 610: 583: 572:World War II 544:South Africa 535: 531: 519: 517: 429:Centre-right 425: 418: 411: 379: 342: 336:Conservatism 319: 308:South Africa 296:Headquarters 279:United Party 184:Abbreviation 129: 120: 110: 103: 96: 89: 77: 56:verification 53: 36: 6727:Rooi gevaar 6606:2021 unrest 6536:Nkandlagate 6365:Third Force 6226:Rugby union 5824:(1981–1994) 5816:(1979–1994) 5808:(1977–1994) 5800:(1976–1994) 5792:(1910–1961) 5784:(1902–1910) 5776:(1902–1910) 5768:(1886–1891) 5760:(1885–1887) 5752:(1884–1888) 5744:(1882–1885) 5736:(1882–1883) 5728:(1870–1873) 5720:(1861–1879) 5712:(1856–1902) 5704:(1854–1902) 5696:(1843–1910) 5688:(1839–1843) 5680:(1816–1897) 5672:(1795–1910) 5670:Cape Colony 5662: 1780 5647: 1780 5634:(1652–1806) 5624: 1220 5617: 1075 5533:Third Force 5523:Shack fires 5360:periodicals 4841:By province 4651:2 September 4483:12 November 4409:cvet.org.za 4028:Opposition 3998:D. F. Malan 3792:P. W. Botha 3454:Opposition 3415:Opposition 3382:D. F. Malan 3246:Opposition 3207:Opposition 3168:Opposition 3038:P. W. Botha 2878:Eben Dönges 2847:C. R. Swart 2734:P. W. Botha 2625: 1953 2596: 1953 2588: 1934 2576:D. F. Malan 2559: 1934 2342:formed the 2317:P. W. Botha 2287:Jaap Marais 2263:Verkramptes 2255:verkramptes 2238:Jaap Marais 2203:P. W. Botha 2167:C. R. Swart 1969:C. R. Swart 1947:Likewise, " 1819:D. F. Malan 1801:D. F. Malan 1789:D. F. Malan 1760:(New Order) 1712:Broederbond 1647:World War I 1600:Cape Colony 1549:World War I 1216:Thabo Mbeki 1211:Govan Mbeki 1201:D. F. Malan 1196:Mac Maharaj 1131:P. W. Botha 1058:Broederbond 748:Louis Botha 734:in 1914 by 684:P. W. Botha 619:, known as 576:4 June 1948 281:(1934–1939) 230:(1989–1997) 225:(1978–1989) 223:P. W. Botha 220:(1966–1978) 215:(1958–1966) 210:(1953–1958) 205:(1934–1953) 203:D. F. Malan 200:(1914–1934) 7643:Categories 7538:Greyshirts 7302:Volksparty 6840:Black Sash 6501:Xenophobia 6494:Travelgate 6251:Border War 6055:Bantustans 5953:Great Trek 5898:Xhosa Wars 5758:Upingtonia 5742:Stellaland 5296:Xenophobia 5236:Corruption 4987:Trotskyism 4967:Liberalism 4957:Federalism 4920:Ideologies 4878:North West 4873:Mpumalanga 4853:Free State 4786:7 December 4430:C-SPAN.org 4385:5 February 4328:References 3918:3,983,960 3879:1,039,704 3835:1,075,505 2944:Unanimous 2913:Unanimous 2909:Jim Fouché 2797:1997-09-08 2787:1989-08-15 2756:1989-08-15 2746:1978-10-02 2715:1978-10-02 2705:1966-09-06 2674:1966-09-06 2664:1958-08-24 2633:1958-08-24 2549:1914-07-01 2396:referendum 2279:verkrampte 2267:right-wing 2242:verkrampte 2228:Verligtes" 2195:Afrikaners 2175:L.C. Steyn 1961:In 1958, " 1618:. British 1580:See also: 1499:Bantustans 1324:Sophiatown 1291:Jacob Zuma 1176:Joel Joffe 1166:Chris Hani 1151:Ruth First 1136:Steve Biko 993:Black Sash 662:Bantustans 580:9 May 1994 556:Afrikaners 480:Party flag 426:1990–1997: 419:1948–1990: 415:Right-wing 412:1914–1948: 380:1990–1997: 344:1948–1990: 320:1914–1948: 257:1997-09-08 242:1914-07-01 93:newspapers 6761:Volkstaat 6752:Uitlander 6683:Boerehaat 6659:Anarchism 6466:Arms Deal 6429:apartheid 6089:Pass laws 6066:Apartheid 6011:1910–1948 5930:1815–1910 5868:1652–1815 5528:Terrorism 5458:e-tolling 5453:Elections 5382:ANC Today 5358:Books and 5271:Toyi-toyi 5058:Keep Left 5025:AfriForum 5015:political 4937:Anarchism 4912:movements 4910:Political 4780:"weblog1" 4727:politics. 4618:0190-8286 4566:0305-7070 4338:Citations 3984:Position 3969:Election 3843:123 / 166 3804:131 / 165 3760:134 / 165 3721:122 / 171 3682:118 / 166 3638:126 / 166 3599:105 / 156 3555:103 / 156 3121:Position 3103:Election 2819:Election 2511:Portrait 2297:verligtes 2271:Verligtes 2259:verligtes 1757:Nuwe Orde 1598:from the 1521:Coloureds 1345:Vlakplaas 1309:Bantustan 1246:Joe Slovo 842:Apartheid 825:Apartheid 779:Jan Smuts 771:Coloureds 671:Coloureds 630:pass laws 621:apartheid 538:, were a 524:Afrikaans 508:Elections 422:Far-right 376:Racialism 352:Apartheid 300:Cape Town 250:Dissolved 162:Afrikaans 7629:Category 7531:Boeremag 7029:Jeugkrag 6980:Het Volk 6674:Baasskap 6616:incident 6219:Olympics 5798:Transkei 5601:polities 5599:Defunct 5550:Category 5513:Protests 5473:HIV/AIDS 5261:Renaming 5148:(PASSOP) 4962:Feminism 4942:Anti-war 4751:Archived 4720:25 April 3926:82 / 400 3887:94 / 166 3796:778,371 3752:685,035 3713:638,424 3674:820,968 3630:759,331 3591:370,395 3547:642,006 3511:94 / 156 3503:598,718 3472:70 / 150 3464:401,834 3433:43 / 150 3425:321,601 3394:27 / 150 3386:259,543 3350:75 / 150 3342:101,159 3307:78 / 148 3299:141,579 3264:63 / 135 3256:111,483 3225:44 / 134 3217:105,039 3186:43 / 134 3147:27 / 130 2109:content. 1877:members. 1766:Die Stem 1754:Pirow's 1672:Dominion 1614:and the 1436:Category 1340:Sun City 834:a series 832:Part of 435:Religion 315:Ideology 7434:SAAPAWU 6772:Defunct 6735:Slavery 5939:Mfecane 5493:Lindela 5375:Amandla 5316:Slogans 5093:(SASCO) 5087:(SALSA) 5081:(PAGAD) 5049:(COSAS) 4868:Limpopo 4858:Gauteng 4623:18 July 4546:Bibcode 4279:17 / 90 4274:18.89% 4238:42 / 54 4233:77.78% 4202:41 / 54 4197:75.93% 4161:40 / 53 4156:75.47% 4125:38 / 54 4120:70.37% 4084:77 / 89 4079:86.52% 4043:11 / 44 4002:13.64% 3987:Result 3921:20.39% 3882:48.19% 3838:52.70% 3799:57.66% 3755:65.34% 3716:56.14% 3677:54.89% 3633:58.31% 3594:46.44% 3550:55.54% 3506:49.48% 3467:37.70% 3428:36.70% 3389:31.31% 3345:31.61% 3302:41.17% 3259:35.25% 3220:38.15% 3181:32.62% 3178:90,512 3142:29.41% 3139:75,623 3124:Result 3080:Elected 3049:Elected 3013:Elected 3009:79.49% 2982:Elected 2951:Elected 2920:Elected 2889:Elected 2885:75.81% 2858:Elected 2854:66.19% 2831:Result 2795: ( 2785: ( 2754: ( 2744: ( 2713: ( 2703: ( 2672: ( 2662: ( 2631: ( 2547: ( 2257:" and " 2185:Support 2177:(DRC). 2081:against 1722:The FAK 1645:during 1545:Namibia 1486:by the 652:by the 585:de jure 570:during 445:Colours 255: ( 240: ( 235:Founded 107:scholar 7385:FOSATU 7239:SAYRCO 7211:SADECO 7127:Occupy 6666:Azania 6614:Lady R 6543:Racism 6372:CODESA 5833:Events 5822:Ciskei 5734:Goshen 5664:–1819) 5649:–1817) 5276:Ubuntu 5231:Azania 5104:(ZACF) 5075:(LGEP) 5013:Other 4685: 4616: 4589:25 May 4564: 4508:27 May 4435:27 May 4007:6 / 44 3978:Seats 3330:Labour 3287:Labour 3115:Seats 3109:Votes 2978:84.8% 2825:Votes 1659:, the 1610:, the 1563:1977. 1513:, and 1509:, the 1335:Soweto 1303:Places 1120:People 1068:COSATU 1018:FOSATU 928:CODESA 863:Events 578:until 464: 457: 453:Orange 450: 193:Leader 158: 109: 102: 95: 88: 80: 7566:PAGAD 7462:SATUC 7455:SARHU 7441:SACTU 7420:NURHS 7378:FNETU 7364:CTSWU 7357:CNETU 7350:BLATU 7232:SAYCO 7120:NUSAS 7001:IDASA 6812:AITUP 6427:Post- 5814:Venda 5443:Crime 5431:Other 5037:(AWB) 4392:1994. 4333:Notes 3076:100% 3045:100% 2947:100% 2916:100% 2226:and " 1628:First 1543:(now 460:white 114:JSTOR 100:books 7573:SANF 7503:APLA 7448:SAIF 7427:PAWE 7413:NEUM 7406:MUSA 7371:FCWU 7316:WOSA 7267:TNIP 7225:SASO 7218:SAIC 7204:SABP 7155:PAVN 6889:COSG 6868:CTEG 6861:CNIP 5389:Biko 5205:see 5128:see 5003:see 4788:2013 4722:2011 4683:ISBN 4653:2017 4625:2021 4614:ISSN 4591:2022 4562:ISSN 4510:2023 4485:2021 4437:2018 4387:2009 4297:2nd 4265:1994 4256:1st 4229:1974 4220:1st 4188:1970 4179:1st 4152:1965 4143:1st 4111:1960 4102:1st 4070:1955 4061:2nd 4038:25% 4034:1948 4025:2nd 3993:1939 3981:+/– 3944:2nd 3914:1994 3905:1st 3870:1989 3861:1st 3831:1987 3822:1st 3787:1981 3778:1st 3748:1977 3739:1st 3709:1974 3700:1st 3665:1970 3656:1st 3626:1966 3617:1st 3582:1961 3573:1st 3538:1958 3529:1st 3499:1953 3490:1st 3460:1948 3451:2nd 3421:1943 3412:2nd 3377:1938 3368:1st 3338:1933 3325:1st 3295:1929 3282:1st 3252:1924 3243:2nd 3213:1921 3204:1st 3174:1920 3165:3rd 3130:1915 3118:+/– 3064:1989 3033:1984 3006:155 2997:1979 2975:173 2966:1978 2935:1975 2904:1968 2882:163 2873:1967 2851:139 2842:1961 2514:Name 2404:1994 2354:and 2338:and 2285:and 2029:The 1963:OHMS 1892:her. 1853:The 1825:and 1748:The 1740:The 1729:and 1725:The 1716:The 1710:The 1630:and 1584:and 1103:SACP 1093:SAMA 1088:SAIC 1083:SADF 1078:SACC 973:APLA 791:rump 673:and 590:1958 518:The 467:blue 462:and 86:news 7524:BBB 7517:AWB 7510:ARM 7476:UDF 7399:IWW 7392:ICU 7343:BCM 7336:APF 7281:UFP 7183:PRP 7162:PFP 7113:NRP 7106:NPP 7092:NNP 7085:NLP 7071:NCP 7022:ISL 6973:GNP 6945:ECC 6938:DSM 6931:DPP 6903:DLF 6875:COD 6854:CDA 6833:BPC 6826:AVF 6819:APO 5199:Law 5119:and 4675:doi 4554:doi 4306:IFP 4302:ANC 4300:NP– 4289:25 4135:39 4094:66 3953:IFP 3949:ANC 3947:NP– 3936:12 3897:29 3770:12 3648:21 3521:24 3482:27 3443:16 3404:48 3328:NP- 3317:15 3285:NP- 3274:19 3196:16 3157:27 3073:88 3042:88 2507:No. 2261:". 2209:of 1098:SAP 1053:UDF 1048:PAC 1038:HNP 1033:PFP 1013:ECC 998:CCB 988:BBB 983:AWB 978:IFP 968:ANC 777:of 632:), 542:in 69:by 7645:: 7545:MK 7099:NP 7064:NA 7015:IP 7008:ID 6959:FD 6952:FA 6896:CP 5659:c. 5644:c. 5621:c. 5614:c. 4749:. 4745:. 4724:. 4708:. 4697:^ 4681:. 4669:. 4641:. 4612:. 4608:. 4582:. 4560:. 4552:. 4542:19 4540:. 4536:. 4501:. 4476:. 4439:. 4428:. 4407:. 4389:. 4361:51 4248:1 4212:1 4171:2 4053:5 4017:4 3975:% 3853:8 3814:3 3731:4 3692:8 3609:2 3565:9 3360:3 3235:1 3112:% 2828:% 2764:7 2723:6 2682:5 2641:4 2622:c. 2602:3 2593:c. 2585:c. 2565:2 2556:c. 2526:1 2495:. 1821:, 1043:MK 1028:RP 1023:PP 1008:DP 836:on 758:. 532:NP 530:, 526:: 455:, 306:, 302:, 187:NP 6001:) 5997:( 5657:( 5642:( 5626:) 5619:– 5612:( 5583:e 5576:t 5569:v 5345:" 5341:" 5333:" 5329:" 5326:" 5322:" 4826:e 4819:t 4812:v 4790:. 4691:. 4677:: 4655:. 4627:. 4593:. 4568:. 4556:: 4548:: 4512:. 4487:. 4363:. 4304:– 3951:– 3088:Y 3057:Y 3021:Y 2990:Y 2959:Y 2928:Y 2897:Y 2866:Y 2799:) 2789:) 2758:) 2748:) 2717:) 2707:) 2676:) 2666:) 2635:) 2551:) 2277:" 2253:" 2033:; 1463:e 1456:t 1449:v 797:( 522:( 475:) 471:( 259:) 244:) 164:) 160:( 136:) 130:( 125:) 121:( 111:· 104:· 97:· 90:· 59:. 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

National Party (South Africa)

Index