Franklin Pierce - Knowledge

2442:, Pierce expected a plurality, if not the required two-thirds majority. On the first ballot, he received only 122 votes, many of them from the South, to Buchanan's 135, with Douglas and Cass receiving the rest. By the following morning fourteen ballots had been completed, but none of the three main candidates were able to get two-thirds of the vote. Pierce, whose support had been slowly declining as the ballots passed, directed his supporters to break for Douglas, withdrawing his name in a last-ditch effort to defeat Buchanan. Douglas, only 43 years of age, believed that he could be nominated in 1860 if he let the older Buchanan win this time, and received assurances from Buchanan's managers that this would be the case. After two more deadlocked ballots, Douglas's managers withdrew his name, leaving Buchanan as the clear winner. To soften the blow to Pierce, the convention issued a resolution of "unqualified approbation" in praise of his administration and selected his ally, former Kentucky Representative 2277: 2880:

but his attempts to satisfy all factions failed and made him many enemies. In carrying out his principles of strict construction he was most in accord with Southerners, who generally had the letter of the law on their side. He failed utterly to realize the depth and the sincerity of Northern feeling against the South and was bewildered at the general flouting of the law and the Constitution, as he described it, by the people of his own New England. At no time did he catch the popular imagination. His inability to cope with the difficult problems that arose early in his administration caused him to lose the respect of great numbers, especially in the North, and his few successes failed to restore public confidence. He was an inexperienced man, suddenly called to assume a tremendous responsibility, who honestly tried to do his best without adequate training or temperamental fitness.

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on southern states' rights, even though he was morally opposed to slavery itself. He was also frustrated with the "religious bigotry" of abolitionists, who cast their political opponents as sinners. "I consider slavery a social and political evil," Pierce said, "and most sincerely wish that it had no existence upon the face of the earth." Still, he wrote in December 1835, "One thing must be perfectly apparent to every intelligent man. This abolition movement must be crushed or there is an end to the Union." After the Civil War, Pierce believed that if the North had not aggressively agitated against Southern slavery, the South would have eventually ended slavery on its own and that the conflict had been "brought upon the nation by fanatics on both sides".

51: 1788: 1012:. Pierce's father was elected again as governor, retiring after that term. The younger Pierce was appointed as chairman of the House Education Committee in 1829 and the Committee on Towns the following year. By 1831 the Democrats held a legislative majority, and Pierce was elected Speaker of the House. The young Speaker used his platform to oppose the expansion of banking, protect the state militia, and offer support to the national Democrats and Jackson's reelection effort. At 27, he was a star of the New Hampshire Democratic Party. Though attaining early political and professional success, in his personal letters he continued to lament his bachelorhood and yearned for a life beyond Hillsborough. 2829: 1390:, an issue which caused a dramatic split between Pierce and his former ally Hale, now a U.S. Representative. Hale was so impassioned against adding a new slave state that he wrote a public letter to his constituents outlining his opposition to the measure. Pierce responded by reassembling the state Democratic convention to revoke Hale's nomination for another term in Congress. The political firestorm led to Pierce severing ties with his longtime friend, and with his law partner Fowler, who was a Hale supporter. Hale refused to withdraw, and as a majority vote was needed for election in New Hampshire, the party split led to deadlock and a vacant House seat. Eventually, the Whigs and Hale's 2316:, and from Texas north to what is now the Canada–United States border, was a crucial part of Douglas's plans for western expansion. He wanted a transcontinental railroad with a link from Chicago to California, through the vast western territory. Organizing the territory was necessary for settlement as the land would not be surveyed nor put up for sale until a territorial government was authorized. Those from slave states had never been content with western limits on slavery, and felt it should be able to expand into territories procured with blood and treasure that had come, in part, from the South. Douglas and his allies planned to organize the territory and let local settlers 1768:

law, had done. He was the first president to deliver his inaugural address from memory. In it, he hailed an era of peace and prosperity at home and urged a vigorous assertion of U.S. interests in its foreign relations, including the "eminently important" acquisition of new territories. "The policy of my Administration", he said, "will not be deterred by any timid forebodings of evil from expansion." Avoiding the word "slavery", he emphasized his desire to put the "important subject" to rest and maintain a peaceful union. He alluded to his own personal tragedy, telling the crowd, "You have summoned me in my weakness, you must sustain me by your strength."

1107: 5769:, pp. xi–xii: "History has accorded to the Pierce administration a share of the blame for policies that incited the slavery issue, hastened the collapse of the second party system, and brought on the Civil War. ... It is both an inaccurate and unfair judgment. Pierce was always a nationalist attempting to find a middle ground to keep the Union together. ... The alternative to attempting to steer a moderate course was the breakup of the Union, the Civil War and the deaths of more than six hundred thousand Americans. Pierce should not be blamed for attempting throughout his political career to avoid this fate." 10719: 6829: 3344:

daily drills on the grounds in front of the President's house. The Reverend William Allen, the college's president, objected to the noise and ordered a halt to the activity. When Pierce refused to comply with Allen's order, animosity grew between the students and the college authorities resulting in the junior class going on strike. Pierce was accused of leading the rebellion, but the college records do not acknowledge the event. Pierce's father took note of his son's role, however, and in a rare letter, admonished him about his behavior. In later years, classmates fondly recalled the strike and Pierce's key role.

1235: 1586:(who had succeeded Taylor after the president's death earlier in 1850). Pierce strongly supported the compromise, giving a well-received speech in December 1850 pledging himself to "The Union! Eternal Union!" The same month, the Democratic nominee for governor, John Atwood, issued a letter opposing the Compromise, and Pierce helped to recall the state convention and remove Atwood from the ticket. The fiasco compromised the election for the Democrats, who lost several races; still, Pierce's party retained its control over the state, and was well positioned for the upcoming presidential election. 1760:. Both Franklin and Jane Pierce survived, but their only remaining son, 11-year-old Benjamin, was crushed to death in the wreckage, his body nearly decapitated. Pierce was not able to hide the gruesome sight from his wife. They both suffered severe depression afterward, which likely affected Pierce's performance as president. Jane Pierce wondered whether the accident was divine punishment for her husband's pursuit and acceptance of high office. She wrote a lengthy letter of apology to "Benny" for her failings as a mother. She avoided social functions for much of her first two years as 2922:

North. He was able to negotiate a reciprocal trade treaty with Canada, to begin the opening of Japan to western trade, to add land to the Southwest, and to sign legislation for the creation of an overseas empire . His Cuba and Kansas policies led only to deeper sectional strife. His support for the Kansas–Nebraska Act and his determination to enforce the Fugitive Slave Act helped polarize the sections. Pierce was hard-working and his administration largely untainted by graft, yet the legacy from those four turbulent years contributed to the tragedy of secession and civil war.

1824: 10447: 1484:. The battle was disastrous for Pierce: his horse was suddenly startled during a charge, knocking him groin-first against his saddle. The horse then tripped into a crevice and fell, pinning Pierce underneath and debilitating his knee. The incident made it look like he had fainted, causing one soldier to call for someone else to take command, saying, "General Pierce is a damned coward." Pierce returned for the following day's action, but injured his knee again, forcing him to hobble after his men; by the time he caught up, the battle was mostly won. 2820: 1355:" wing of his party represented farmers and other rural voters, who sought an expansion of social programs and labor regulations and a restriction on corporate privilege. The state's political culture grew less tolerant of banks and corporations after the Panic of 1837, and Hill was voted out of office. Pierce was closer to the radicals philosophically, and reluctantly agreed to represent Hill's adversary in a legal dispute regarding ownership of a newspaper—Hill lost, and founded his own paper, of which Pierce was a frequent target. 520: 1884: 1605: 2540:, Northern Democrats, including Douglas, endorsed Lincoln's plan to bring the Southern states back into the fold by force. Pierce wanted to avoid war at all costs, and wrote to Van Buren, proposing an assembly of former U.S. presidents to resolve the issue, but this suggestion was not acted on. "I will never justify, sustain or in any way or to any extent uphold this cruel, heartless, aimless, unnecessary war," Pierce wrote to his wife. Pierce publicly opposed President Lincoln's order suspending the writ of 1308:

Democrats insisted that their state's U. S. senators be limited to one six-year term, so he had little likelihood of reelection. Also, he was frustrated at being a member of the legislative minority and wished to devote his time to his family and law practice. His last actions in the Senate in February 1842 were to oppose a bill distributing federal funds to the states—believing that the money should go to the military instead—and to challenge the Whigs to reveal the results of their investigation of the

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recuperate. His condition deteriorated, and Congress passed a special law allowing him to be sworn in before the American consul in Havana on March 24. Wanting to die at home, he returned to his plantation in Alabama on April 17 and died the next day. The office of vice president remained vacant for the remainder of Pierce's term, as the Constitution then had no provision for filling the vacancy. This extended vacancy meant that for nearly the entirety of Pierce's presidency the

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desire to see one of their own elected, he knew his future influence depended on his availability to run. Thus, he quietly allowed his supporters to lobby for him, with the understanding that his name would not be entered at the convention unless it was clear that none of the front-runners could win. To broaden his potential base of southern support as the convention approached, he wrote letters reiterating his support for the Compromise of 1850, including the controversial

4054:, p. 249: "John P. Hale, who had been nominated for re-election to Congress by the Democratic party, was at this election dropped from the ticket, and John Woodbury substituted, in consequence of Mr. Hale's refusal to go with the party in voting for the annexation of Texas. A portion of the party, consisting of those who approved of his opposition to the extension of slavery, voted for him, and succeeded in defeating his opponent, leaving a vacancy in the delegation". 1280:, a proposal which split the Democratic Party. Debate over slavery continued in Congress, and abolitionists proposed its end in the District of Columbia, where Congress had jurisdiction. Pierce supported a resolution by Calhoun against this proposal, which Pierce considered a dangerous stepping stone to nationwide emancipation. Meanwhile, the Whigs were growing in congressional strength, which would leave Pierce's party with only a small majority by the end of the decade. 804: 11470: 1407: 11458: 2415: 7861: 7002: 1749: 1516: 1326: 7871: 1656:

still no votes for Pierce. Buchanan's team then had its delegates vote for minor candidates, including Pierce, to demonstrate Buchanan's inevitability and unite the convention behind him. This novel tactic backfired after several ballots as Virginia, New Hampshire, and Maine switched to Pierce; the remaining Buchanan forces began to break for Marcy, and Pierce was soon in third place. After the 48th ballot, North Carolina Congressman

2605:. Pierce's reputation in the North was further damaged the following month when the Mississippi plantation of the Confederate president, Jefferson Davis, was seized by Union soldiers. Pierce's correspondence with Davis, all pre-war, revealing his deep friendship with Davis and predicting that civil war would result in insurrection in the North, was sent to the press. Pierce's words hardened abolitionist sentiment against him. 2400:

Congress, though only a few northern Whigs gained election. In Pierce's New Hampshire, hitherto loyal to the Democratic Party, the Know-Nothings elected the governor, all three representatives, dominated the legislature, and returned John P. Hale to the Senate. Anti-immigrant fervor brought the Know-Nothings their highest numbers to that point, and some northerners were elected under the auspices of the new Republican Party.

6631: 1905:, which was inefficiently managed and had many unsettled accounts. Guthrie increased oversight of Treasury employees and tariff collectors, many of whom were withholding money from the government. Despite laws requiring funds to be held in the Treasury, large deposits remained in private banks under the Whig administrations. Guthrie reclaimed these funds and sought to prosecute corrupt officials, with mixed success. 1507:, who had the opportunity to observe Pierce firsthand during the war, countered the allegations of cowardice in his memoirs, written several years after Pierce's death: "Whatever General Pierce's qualifications may have been for the Presidency, he was a gentleman and a man of courage. I was not a supporter of him politically, but I knew him more intimately than I did any other of the volunteer generals." 5781:, pp. 180–184: "Those who play the presidential ratings game have always assigned to Franklin Pierce a below-average score. ... In light of subsequent events, the Pierce administration can be seen only as a disaster for the nation. Its failure was as much a failure of the system as a failure of Pierce himself, whom Roy Franklin Nichols has skillfully portrayed as a complex and tragic figure." 11434: 1687:. The Whigs could not unify their factions as the Democrats had, and the convention adopted a platform almost indistinguishable from the Democrats', including support of the Compromise of 1850. This incited the Free Soilers to field their own candidate, Senator Hale, at the Whigs' expense. The lack of political differences reduced the campaign to a bitter personality contest and helped to dampen 1628:, as a compromise candidate, but Woodbury's death in September 1851 opened up an opportunity for Pierce's allies to present him as a potential dark horse in the mold of Polk. New Hampshire Democrats felt that, as the state in which their party had most consistently gained Democratic majorities, they should supply the presidential candidate. Other possible standard-bearers included Douglas, Cass, 2471:

the final days of the Pierce administration, Congress passed bills to increase the pay of army officers and to build new naval vessels, also expanding the number of seamen enlisted. It also passed a tariff reduction bill he had long sought. Pierce and his cabinet left office on March 4, 1857, the only time in U.S. history that the original cabinet members all remained for a full four-year term.

960:. He was admitted to the New Hampshire bar in late 1827 and began to practice in Hillsborough. He lost his first case, but soon proved capable as a lawyer. Despite never being a legal scholar, his memory for names and faces served him well, as did his personal charm and deep voice. In Hillsborough, his law partner was Albert Baker, who had studied law under Pierce and was the brother of 1428:, husband of Pierce's older half-sister Elizabeth. As a legislator, he was a passionate advocate for volunteer militias. As a militia officer himself, he had experience mustering and drilling bodies of troops. When Congress declared war against Mexico in May 1846, Pierce immediately volunteered to join, although no New England regiment yet existed. His hope to fight in the 1098:, boosting Pierce's political career. Pierce's term began in March 1833, but he would not be sworn in until Congress met in December, and his attention was elsewhere. He had recently become engaged and bought his first house in Hillsborough. Franklin and Benjamin Pierce were among the prominent citizens who welcomed President Jackson to the state on his visit in mid-1833. 2897:, who served at a time when America had the military might to make her desires stick. "American foreign and commercial policy beginning in the 1890s, which eventually supplanted European colonialism by the middle of the twentieth century, owed much to the paternalism of Jacksonian Democracy cultivated in the international arena by the Presidency of Franklin Pierce." 2340:, who rallied public sentiment in the North against the bill. Northerners had been suspicious of the Gadsden Purchase, moves towards Cuba annexation, and the influence of slaveholding Cabinet members such as Davis, and saw the Nebraska bill as part of a pattern of southern aggression. The result was a political firestorm that did great damage to Pierce's presidency. 11422: 2679:, which he signed January 22, 1868, Pierce left a large number of specific bequests such as paintings, swords, horses, and other items to friends, family, and neighbors. Much of his $ 72,000 estate (equal to $ 1,650,000 today) went to his brother Henry's family, and to Hawthorne's children and Pierce's landlady. Henry's son Frank Pierce received the largest share. 2204:, which reduced the need for British coastline enforcement. Buchanan was sent as minister to London to pressure the British government, which was slow to support a new treaty. A favorable reciprocity treaty was ratified in August 1854, which Pierce saw as a first step toward American annexation of Canada. While the administration negotiated with Britain over the 1363:, and Pierce took a leading role in helping the state legislature settle their differences. His priorities were "order, moderation, compromise, and party unity", which he tried to place ahead of his personal views on political issues. As he would as president, Pierce valued Democratic Party unity highly, and saw the opposition to slavery as a threat to that. 992:. The work of the New Hampshire Democratic Party came to fruition in March 1827, when their pro-Jackson nominee, Benjamin Pierce, won the support of the pro-Adams faction and was elected governor of New Hampshire essentially unopposed. While the younger Pierce had set out to build a career as an attorney, he was fully drawn into the realm of politics as the 2585:

true. Pierce denied them, and Seward hastily backtracked. Later, Republican newspapers printed the Hopkins letter in spite of his admission that it was a hoax, and Pierce decided that he needed to clear his name publicly. When Seward refused to make their correspondence public, Pierce publicized his outrage by having a Senate ally, California's

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because of this, he saw the actions of abolitionists, and the more moderate Free Soilers, as divisive and as a threat to the constitutionally-guaranteed rights of southerners. Although he criticized those who sought to limit or end slavery, he rarely rebuked southern politicians who took extreme positions or opposed northern interests.

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none of them. Partisans found themselves unable to secure positions for their friends, which put the Democratic Party on edge and fueled bitterness between factions. Before long, northern newspapers accused Pierce of filling his government with pro-slavery secessionists, while southern newspapers accused him of abolitionism.

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the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty. According to Buchanan, the British were impressed by the message and were rethinking their policy. Nevertheless, Buchanan was unable to get them to abandon their Central American possessions. The Canadian treaty was ratified by Congress, the British parliament, and Canada's colonial legislatures.

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find a middle ground to keep the Union together. ... The alternative to attempting to steer a moderate course was the breakup of the Union, the Civil War and the deaths of more than six hundred thousand Americans. Pierce should not be blamed for attempting throughout his political career to avoid this fate.

2384:, Pierce called their work an act of rebellion. The president continued to recognize the pro-slavery legislature, which was dominated by Democrats, even after a Congressional investigative committee found its election to have been illegitimate. He dispatched federal troops to break up a meeting of the 3070:

Four other presidents—John Tyler, Millard Fillmore, Andrew Johnson, and Chester Arthur—failed to be nominated for re-election by their respective parties; however, each of those four presidents had been elected vice president and had assumed the presidency after their respective predecessors had died

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He was president at a time that called for almost superhuman skills, yet he lacked such skills and never grew into the job to which he had been elected. His view of the Constitution and the Union was from the Jacksonian past. He never fully understood the nature or depth of Free Soil sentiment in the

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Despite a reputation as an able politician and a likable man, during his presidency Pierce served only as a moderator among the increasingly bitter factions that were driving the nation towards civil war. To Pierce, who saw slavery as a question of property rather than morality, the Union was sacred;

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As a national political leader Pierce was an accident. He was honest and tenacious of his views but, as he made up his mind with difficulty and often reversed himself before making a final decision, he gave a general impression of instability. Kind, courteous, generous, he attracted many individuals,

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As the Democratic Convention of 1860 approached, some asked Pierce to run as a compromise candidate that could unite the fractured party, but Pierce refused. As Douglas struggled to attract southern support, Pierce backed Cushing and then Breckinridge as potential alternatives, but his priority was a

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Pierce did not temper his rhetoric after losing the nomination. In his final message to Congress, delivered in December 1856, he vigorously attacked Republicans and abolitionists. He took the opportunity to defend his record on fiscal policy, and on achieving peaceful relations with other nations. In

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Factionalism between pro- and anti-administration Democrats ramped up quickly, especially within the New York Democratic Party. The more conservative Hardshell Democrats or "Hards" of New York were deeply skeptical of the Pierce administration, which was associated with Marcy (who became Secretary of

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to fill the rest of Hill's term. In December 1836, Pierce was elected to the full term, to commence in March 1837, and at age 32, was at the time one of the youngest members in Senate history. The election came at a difficult time for Pierce, as his father, sister, and brother were all seriously ill,

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enrolled at Bowdoin in Pierce's junior year; he became a political ally of Pierce's and then his rival. Pierce organized and led an unofficial militia company called the Bowdoin Cadets during his junior year, which included Cilley and Hawthorne. The unit performed drill on campus near the president's

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Franklin and Jane Pierce seemingly had little in common, and the marriage would sometimes be a troubled one. The bride's family were staunch Whigs, a party largely formed to oppose Andrew Jackson, whom Pierce revered. Socially, Jane Pierce was reserved and shy, the polar opposite of her new husband.

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Jane Pierce died of tuberculosis in Andover, Massachusetts in December 1863; she was buried at Old North Cemetery in Concord, New Hampshire. Pierce was further grieved by the death of his close friend Nathaniel Hawthorne in May 1864; he was with Hawthorne when the author died unexpectedly. Hawthorne

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Pierce never lost sight of politics during his travels, commenting regularly on the nation's growing sectional conflict. He insisted that northern abolitionists stand down to avoid a southern secession, writing that the bloodshed of a civil war would "not be along Mason and Dixon's line merely", but

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Pierce had wanted to organize the Nebraska Territory without explicitly addressing the matter of slavery, but Douglas could not get enough Southern votes to accomplish this. Pierce was skeptical of the bill, knowing it would result in bitter opposition from the North. Douglas and Davis convinced him

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Pierce favored expansion and a substantial reorganization of the military. Secretary of War Davis and Navy Secretary James C. Dobbin found the Army and Navy in poor condition, with insufficient forces, a reluctance to adopt new technology, and inefficient management. Under the Pierce administration,

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approached, Scott ordered Pierce to the rear to convalesce. He responded, "For God's sake, General, this is the last great battle, and I must lead my brigade." Scott yielded, and Pierce entered the fight tied to his saddle, but the pain in his leg became so great that he passed out on the field. The

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of reinforcements for General Scott's army, with Ransom succeeding to command of the regiment. Needing time to assemble his brigade, Pierce reached the already seized port of Vera Cruz in late June, where he prepared a march of 2,500 men accompanying supplies for Scott. The three-week journey inland

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Despite his resignation from the Senate, Pierce had no intention of leaving public life. The move to Concord had given him more opportunities for cases, and allowed Jane Pierce a more robust community life. Jane had remained in Concord with her young son Frank and her newborn Benjamin for the latter

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grew more vocal in the mid-1830s, Congress was inundated with petitions from anti-slavery groups seeking legislation to restrict slavery in the United States. From the beginning, Pierce found the abolitionists' "agitation" to be an annoyance, and saw federal action against slavery as an infringement

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in 1854, in violation of neutrality laws, and Pierce eventually expelled Crampton and three consuls. To Pierce's surprise, the British did not expel Buchanan in retaliation. In his December 1855 State of the Union message to Congress, Pierce had set forth the American case that Britain had violated

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When Franklin Pierce departed New Hampshire for the inauguration, Jane chose not to accompany him. Pierce, then the youngest man to be elected president, chose to affirm his oath of office on a law book rather than on a Bible, as all his predecessors except John Quincy Adams, who swore on a book of

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Pierce kept quiet so as not to upset his party's delicate unity, and allowed his allies to run the campaign. It was the custom at the time for candidates to not appear to seek the office, and he did no personal campaigning. Pierce's opponents caricatured him as an anti-Catholic coward and alcoholic

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The convention assembled on June 1 in Baltimore, and deadlock occurred as expected. On the first ballot of the 288 delegates, held on June 3, Cass claimed 116, Buchanan 93, and the rest were scattered, with no votes for Pierce. The next 34 ballots passed with no candidate even close to victory, and

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Despite home-state support, Pierce faced obstacles to his nomination, since he had been out of office for a decade, and lacked the front-runners' national reputation. He publicly declared that such a nomination would be "utterly repugnant to my tastes and wishes", but given New Hampshire Democrats'

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succeeded him. Pierce and the Democrats were quick to challenge the new administration, questioning the removal of federal officeholders, and opposing Whig plans for a national bank. In December 1841 Pierce decided to resign from Congress, something he had been planning for some time. New Hampshire

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When was the last time, if ever, that a sitting president was not nominated by his party for a second term? It only happened once to an elected president. That was Franklin Pierce... Four other presidents were denied the nomination of their party, but none of these were elected in their own right.

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Wallner writes: "It is doubtful if any former president was as reviled in later life as Franklin Pierce was, and his reputation has hardly improved in the century and a half since his death. If anything, he has been forgotten and relegated to a footnote in history books—as an amiable nonentity who

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in the Senate chamber) as election slogans. The Buchanan/Breckinridge ticket was elected, but the Democratic percentage of the popular vote in the North fell from 49.8 percent in 1852 to 41.4 in 1856 as Buchanan won only five of sixteen free states (Pierce had won fourteen), and in three of those,

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Pierce was finally allowed to return to Concord in late December 1847. He was given a hero's welcome in his home state, and submitted his resignation from the Army, which was approved on March 20, 1848. His military exploits elevated his popularity in New Hampshire, but his injuries and subsequent

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Pierce remained involved in the state Democratic Party, which was split by several issues. Governor Hill, who represented the commercial, urban wing of the party, advocated the use of government charters to support corporations, granting them privileges such as limited liability and eminent domain

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at age 12. Not fond of schooling, Pierce grew homesick and walked 12 miles (19 km) back to his home one Sunday. His father fed him dinner and drove him part of the distance back to school before ordering him to walk the rest of the way in a thunderstorm. Pierce later cited this moment as "the

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of land from Mexico and led a failed attempt to acquire Cuba from Spain. He signed trade treaties with Britain and Japan and his Cabinet reformed its departments and improved accountability, but political strife during his presidency overshadowed these successes. His popularity declined sharply in

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He also thought - and he sincerely believed this - that if the North hadn't attacked the South so much for being for this moral sin of slavery, that the South eventually over time would have ended slavery on its own, that he felt that the Civil War was unnecessary. And he always said that, and he

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History has accorded to the Pierce administration a share of the blame for policies that incited the slavery issue, hastened the collapse of the second party system, and brought on the Civil War. ... It is both an inaccurate and unfair judgment. Pierce was always a nationalist attempting to

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surveys (2000 and 2009). Part of his failure was in allowing a divided Congress to take the initiative, most disastrously with the Kansas–Nebraska Act. Although he did not lead that fight—Senator Douglas did—Pierce paid the cost in damage to his reputation. The failure of Pierce, as president, to

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faith at St. Paul's Church in Concord. He found this church to be less political than his former Congregational denomination, which had alienated Democrats with anti-slavery rhetoric. He took up the life of an "old farmer", as he called himself, buying up property, drinking less, farming the land

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editors forwarded the Hopkins letter to government officials. Seward then ordered the arrest of possible "traitors" in Michigan, which included Hopkins. Hopkins confessed authorship of the letter and admitted the hoax, but despite this, Seward wrote to Pierce demanding to know if the charges were

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The Senate unanimously and immediately confirmed all of Pierce's Cabinet nominations. Pierce spent the first few weeks of his term sorting through hundreds of lower-level federal positions to be filled. This was a chore, as he sought to represent all factions of the party, and could fully satisfy

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appointments, Pierce sought to unite a party that was squabbling over the fruits of victory. Most in the party had not originally supported him for the nomination, and some had allied with the Free Soil party to gain victory in local elections. Pierce decided to allow each of the party's factions

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in mid-September, although his brigade was held in reserve for much of the battle. For much of the Mexico City battle, he was in the sick tent, plagued by acute diarrhea. Pierce remained in command of his brigade during the three-month occupation of the city; while frustrated by the stalled peace

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Within the student body, Pierce's influence was widespread. Besides heading the Athenian Society, he also formed the only military company in the history of the college. "Captain" Pierce, in an attempt to provide recreation and instruction for his fellow students, led the Bowdoin Cadets in their

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David Potter concludes that the Ostend Manifesto and the Kansas–Nebraska Act were "the two great calamities of the Franklin Pierce administration ... Both brought down an avalanche of public criticism." More important, says Potter, they permanently discredited Manifest Destiny and "popular

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further incensed Pierce, who gave an address to New Hampshire Democrats in July 1863 vilifying Lincoln. "Who, I ask, has clothed the President with power to dictate to any one of us when we must or when we may speak, or be silent upon any subject, and especially in relation to the conduct of any

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them in 1844." This proved true, as Scott won only Kentucky, Tennessee, Massachusetts, and Vermont, finishing with 42 electoral votes to Pierce's 254. With 3.2 million votes cast, Pierce won the popular vote, 50.9% to 44.1%. A sizable block of Free Soilers broke for Pierce's in-state rival,

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of the liver, knowing he would not recover. A caretaker was hired; none of his family members were present in his final days. He died at 4:35 am on Friday, October 8, 1869, at the age of 64. President Grant, who later defended Pierce's service in the Mexican-American War, declared a day of

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in April 1865, a mob gathered outside Pierce's home in Concord, demanding to know why he had not raised a flag as a public mourning gesture. Pierce grew angry, expressing sadness over Lincoln's death but denying any need for a public gesture. He told them that his history of military and public

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The midterm congressional elections of 1854 and 1855 were devastating to the Democrats (as well as to the Whig Party, which was on its last legs). The Democrats lost almost every state outside the South. The administration's opponents in the North worked together to return opposition members to

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The resignation in May 1836 of Senator Isaac Hill, who had been elected governor of New Hampshire, left a short-term opening to be filled by the state legislature, and with Hill's term as senator due to expire in March 1837, the legislature also had to fill the six-year term to follow. Pierce's

2495:. Buchanan altered course from the Pierce administration, replacing all his appointees. The Pierces eventually moved to Portsmouth, New Hampshire, where Pierce had begun to speculate in property. Seeking warmer weather, he and Jane spent the next three years traveling, beginning with a stay in 2434:

Pierce fully expected to be renominated by the Democrats. In reality, his chances of winning the nomination (let alone the general election) were slim. The administration was widely disliked in the North for its position on the Kansas–Nebraska Act, and Democratic leaders were aware of Pierce's

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Pierce and his administration used threats and promises to keep most Democrats on board in favor of the bill. The Whigs split along sectional lines; the conflict destroyed them as a national party. The Kansas–Nebraska Act was passed in May 1854 and ultimately defined the Pierce presidency. The

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and part of southern New Mexico; the price was cut from $ 15 million to $ 10 million. Congress also included a protection clause for a private citizen, Albert G. Sloo, whose interests were threatened by the purchase. Pierce opposed the use of the federal government to prop up private

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for the presidency by the Republican candidate, Lincoln. In the months between Lincoln's election, and his inauguration on March 4, 1861, Pierce looked on as several southern states began plans to secede. He was asked by Justice Campbell to travel to Alabama and address that state's secession

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with federal money. He saw both the bank and infrastructure spending as unconstitutional, with internal improvements the responsibility of the states. Pierce's first term was fairly uneventful from a legislative standpoint, and he was easily reelected in March 1835. When not in Washington, he

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during congressional recesses. Pierce returned to Concord in early 1842, and his reputation as a lawyer continued to flourish. Known for his gracious personality, eloquence, and excellent memory, Pierce attracted large audiences in court. He would often represent poor people for little or no

1835:

Buchanan had urged Pierce to consult Vice President-elect King in selecting the Cabinet, but Pierce did not do so—Pierce and King had not communicated since they had been selected as candidates in June 1852. By the start of 1853, King was severely ill with tuberculosis, and went to Cuba to

1225:

read the article on the Senate floor as "proof" that New Hampshire was a hotbed of abolitionism. Calhoun apologized after Pierce replied to him in a speech which stated that most signatories were women and children, who could not vote, which therefore cast doubt on the one-in-33 figure.

1918:

of possible transcontinental railroad routes throughout the country. The Democratic Party had long rejected federal appropriations for internal improvements, but Davis felt that such a project could be justified as a Constitutional national security objective. Davis also deployed the

1501:

troubles in battle led to accusations of cowardice that would long shadow him. He had demonstrated competence as a general, especially in the initial march from Vera Cruz, but his short tenure and his injury left little for historians to judge his ability as a military commander by.

1527:, the insular sect threatened with legal action over accusations of abuse. But his role as a party leader continued to take up most of his attention. He continued to wrangle with Hale, who was anti-slavery and had opposed the war, stances that Pierce regarded as needless agitation. 2435:

electoral vulnerability. Nevertheless, his supporters began to plan for an alliance with Douglas to deny James Buchanan the nomination. Buchanan had solid political connections and had been safely overseas through most of Pierce's term, leaving him untainted by the Kansas debacle.

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Pierce's administration aroused sectional apprehensions when three U.S. diplomats in Europe drafted a proposal to the president to purchase Cuba from Spain for $ 120 million (USD), and justify the "wresting" of it from Spain if the offer were refused. The publication of the

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Attractive, polished, and outgoing, he was remembered by classmates more for his social skills than his scholarship... he married Jane Means Appleton, the daughter of Bowdoin College's president... Jane was a frail, somewhat sickly, and erratic woman who suffered from bouts of

1720:("the hero of many a well-fought bottle"). Scott, meanwhile, drew weak support from the Whigs, who were torn by their pro-Compromise platform and found him to be an abysmal, gaffe-prone public speaker. The Democrats were confident: a popular slogan was that the Democrats "will 1271:

had begun. He considered the depression a result of the banking system's rapid growth, amidst "the extravagance of overtrading and the wilderness of speculation". So that federal money would not support speculative bank loans, he supported newly elected Democratic president

1943:

movement, with Marcy leading the charge as secretary of state. Marcy sought to present to the world a distinctively American, republican image. He issued a circular recommending that U.S. diplomats wear "the simple dress of an American citizen" instead of the elaborate

2507:"within our own borders in our own streets". He also criticized New England Protestant ministers, who largely supported abolition and Republican candidates, for their "heresy and treason". The rise of the Republican Party forced the Democrats to defend Pierce; during 1863:, systematizing its operations, expanding the use of paper records, and going after fraud. Another of Pierce's reforms was to expand the role of the U.S. attorney general in appointing federal judges and attorneys, an important step in the eventual development of the 2367:

Even as the act was being debated, settlers on both sides of the slavery issue poured into the territories so as to secure the outcome they wanted in the voting. The passage of the act resulted in so much violence between groups that the territory became known as

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In June 1842 Pierce was named chairman of the State Democratic Committee, and in the following year's state election he helped the radical wing take over the state legislature. The party remained divided on several issues, including railroad development and the

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to Hillsborough after the war, purchasing 50 acres (20 ha) of land. Pierce was the fifth of eight children born to Benjamin and his second wife Anna Kendrick; his first wife Elizabeth Andrews died in childbirth, leaving a daughter. Benjamin was a prominent

1668:

When word reached New Hampshire of the result, Pierce found it difficult to believe, and his wife fainted. Their son Benjamin wrote to his mother hoping that Franklin's candidacy would not be successful, as he knew she would not like to live in Washington.

2626:

Pierce's drinking impaired his health in his last years, and he grew increasingly spiritual. He had a brief relationship with an unknown woman in mid-1865. During this time, he used his influence to improve the treatment of Davis, now a prisoner at

996:

between Adams and Jackson approached. In the state elections held in March 1828, the Adams faction withdrew their support of Benjamin Pierce, voting him out of office, but Franklin Pierce won his first election, a one-year term as Hillsborough's

2228:, which had been drawn up at Secretary of State Marcy's insistence, provoked the scorn of northerners, who viewed it as an attempt to annex a slave-holding possession to bolster Southern interests. It helped discredit the expansionist policy of 2851:

After his death, Pierce mostly passed from the American consciousness, except as one of a series of presidents whose disastrous tenures led to civil war. Pierce's presidency is widely regarded as a failure; he is often described as one of the

2243:(a venture originally planned under Fillmore) in an effort to expand trade to the East. Perry wanted to encroach on Asia by force, but Pierce and Dobbin pushed him to remain diplomatic. Perry signed a modest trade treaty with the Japanese 746:

As president, Pierce attempted to enforce neutral standards for civil service while also satisfying the Democratic Party's diverse elements with patronage, an effort that largely failed and turned many in his party against him. He was a

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as territorial governor, who drew the ire of pro-slavery legislators. Geary was able to restore order in Kansas, though the electoral damage had already been done—Republicans used "Bleeding Kansas" and "Bleeding Sumner" (the brutal

1220:

article added up the number of signatures on petitions from that state, divided by the number of residents according to the 1830 census, and suggested the actual number was one-in-33. Pierce was outraged when South Carolina Senator

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national mourning. Newspapers across the country carried lengthy front-page stories examining Pierce's colorful and controversial career. Pierce was interred next to his wife and two of his sons in the Minot enclosure at Concord's

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in Boston. Northerners rallied in support of Burns, but Pierce was determined to follow the Fugitive Slave Act to the letter, and dispatched federal troops to enforce Burns's return to his Virginia owner despite furious crowds.

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from being rechartered. The Democrats, including Pierce, defeated proposals supported by the newly formed Whig Party, and the bank's charter expired. Pierce broke from his party on occasion, opposing Democratic bills to fund

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secure sectional conciliation helped bring an end to the dominance of the Democratic Party that had started with Jackson, and led to a period of over seventy years when the Republicans mostly controlled national politics.

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One topic of particular importance to Pierce was the military. He took an interest in military pensions, seeing abundant fraud within the system, and was named chairman of the Senate Committee on Military Pensions in the

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Williamson, Richard Joseph. "Friendship, politics, and the literary imagination: The impact of Franklin Pierce on Hawthorne's work" (PhD dissertation, University of North Texas, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1996.

2320:. This would repeal the Missouri Compromise of 1820, as most of it was north of the 36°30′ N line the Missouri Compromise deemed "free". The territory would be split into a northern part, Nebraska, and a southern part, 1660:

delivered an unexpected and passionate endorsement of Pierce, sparking a wave of support for him. On the 49th ballot, Pierce received all but six of the votes, gaining the nomination. Delegates selected Alabama Senator

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led a successful effort to split it into separate measures so that each legislator could vote against the parts his state opposed without endangering the overall package. The bills passed, and were signed by President

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house, until the noise caused him to demand that it halt. The students rebelled and went on strike, an event that Pierce was suspected of leading. During his final year at Bowdoin, he spent several months teaching at

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of South Carolina looked to prevent anti-slavery petitions from reaching the House floor, however, Pierce sided with the abolitionists' right to petition. Nevertheless, Pierce supported what came to be known as the

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In September 1861, Pierce traveled to Michigan, visiting his former Interior Secretary, McClelland, former senator Cass, and others. A Detroit bookseller, J. A. Roys, sent a letter to Lincoln's Secretary of State,

1695:; according to biographer Peter A. Wallner, it was "one of the least exciting campaigns in presidential history". Scott was harmed by the lack of enthusiasm of anti-slavery northern Whigs for him and the platform; 10220: 10215: 2446:, as the vice-presidential nominee. This loss marked the only time in U.S. history that an elected president who was an active candidate for reelection was not nominated by his political party for a second term. 2558:, accusing the former president of meeting with disloyal people, and saying he had heard there was a plot to overthrow the government and establish Pierce as president. Later that month, the pro-administration 2524:

convention. Due to illness he declined, but sent a letter appealing to the people of Alabama to remain in the Union, and give the North time to repeal laws against southern interests and to find common ground.

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sovereignty" as political doctrines. Historian Kenneth Nivison, writing in 2010, takes a more favorable view of Pierce's foreign policy, stating that his expansionism prefaced those of later presidents

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came across from Missouri to vote in the territorial elections although they were not resident in Kansas, giving that element the victory. Pierce supported the outcome despite the irregularities. When

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Pierce began his presidency in mourning. Weeks after his election, on January 6, 1853, he and his family were traveling from Boston by train when their car derailed and rolled down an embankment near

1067:, Norwich faculty members and militia officers, to increase recruiting efforts and improve training and readiness. Pierce served as a Norwich University trustee from 1841 to 1859, and received the 916:, with whom he formed lasting friendships. He was the last in his class after two years, but he worked hard to improve his grades and graduated in fifth place in 1824 in a graduating class of 14. 11645: 1562:, a Louisianan, whose views on most political issues were unknown. Despite his past support for Van Buren, Pierce supported Cass, turning down the quiet offer of second place on the Free Soil 1288:(1839–1841). In that capacity, he urged the modernization and expansion of the Army, with a focus on militias and mobility rather than on coastal fortifications, which he considered outdated. 1145:. They had three sons, all of whom died in childhood. Franklin Jr. (February 2–5, 1836) died in infancy, while Frank Robert (August 27, 1839 – November 14, 1843) died at the age of four from 1383: 792: 704: 11530: 1248:

while his wife also continued to suffer from chronic poor health. As senator, he was able to help his old friend Nathaniel Hawthorne, who often struggled financially, procuring for him a

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convened its regular session on December 2. Jackson's second term was under way, and the House of Representatives had a strong Democratic majority, whose primary focus was to prevent the

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politicians, the Compromise of 1850 had already annulled the Missouri Compromise by admitting the state of California, including territory south of the compromise line, as a free state.

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Pierce's health began to decline again in mid-1869; he resumed heavy drinking despite his deteriorating physical condition. He returned to Concord that September, suffering from severe

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Above all, she was a committed devotee of the temperance movement. She detested Washington and usually refused to live there, even after Franklin Pierce became a U.S. Senator in 1837.

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Pierce endorsed Buchanan, though the two remained distant; he hoped to resolve the Kansas situation by November to improve the Democrats' chances in the general election. He installed

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Americans won the battle and Pierce helped negotiate an armistice. He then returned to command and led his brigade throughout the rest of the campaign, eventually taking part in the

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public servant?", he demanded. Pierce's comments were ill-received in much of the North, especially as his criticism of Lincoln's aims coincided with the twin Union victories at

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would deadlock, with no candidate able to win the necessary two-thirds majority. New Hampshire Democrats, including Pierce, supported his old teacher, Levi Woodbury, by then an

1216:", which had the dual meaning of "craven-spirited man" and "northerner with southern sympathies". Pierce had stated that not one in 500 New Hampshirites were abolitionists; the 1948:

worn in European courts, and that they hire only American citizens to work in consulates. Marcy received international praise for his 73-page letter defending Austrian refugee

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of 1850 had failed to keep Britain from expanding its influence in the region. Gaining the advantage over Britain in the region was a key part of Pierce's expansionist goals.

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says, "His administration turned out to be one of the most disastrous in American history. It witnessed the collapse of the party system inherited from the Age of Jackson".

1004:

Pierce actively campaigned in his district on behalf of Jackson, who carried both the district and the nation by large margins in the November 1828 election, even though he

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never took that back, even at the height of the war itself. He always believed the Civil War was unnecessary, and it was brought upon the nation by fanatics on both sides.

2572:

a letter purporting to be from a member of the Knights of the Golden Circle, indicating that "President P." was part of a plot against the Union. Hopkins intended for the

772:, but they abandoned him and his bid failed. His reputation in the North suffered further during the American Civil War as he became a vocal critic of President Lincoln. 8986: 8933: 8929: 7973: 7140: 1796: 1625: 865:

state legislator, farmer, and tavern-keeper. During Pierce's childhood, his father was deeply involved in state politics, while two of his older brothers fought in the

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and psychological ailments. She abhorred politics and especially disliked Washington, DC, creating a tension that would continue throughout Pierce's political ascent.

11650: 5800: 1005: 787:. As a result of his support of the South, as well as failing to hold the Union together in time of strife, historians and scholars generally rank Pierce as one of 779:, suffered from illness and depression for much of her life. Their last surviving son was killed in a train accident while the family was traveling, shortly before 10210: 10205: 7051: 6765: 2971: 2965: 1867:. There was a vacancy on the Supreme Court—Fillmore, having failed to get Senate confirmation for his nominees, had offered it to newly elected Louisiana Senator 10251: 2959: 1130:

and Elizabeth Means. The Appletons were prominent Whigs, in contrast with the Pierces' Democratic affiliation. Jane Pierce was shy, devoutly religious, and pro-

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was founded in 1973 as the Franklin Pierce Law Center. When the school was renamed in 2010, a Franklin Pierce Center for Intellectual Property was established.

2953: 1665:, a Buchanan supporter, as Pierce's running mate, and adopted a platform that rejected further "agitation" over slavery and supported the Compromise of 1850. 1342:

part of Pierce's Senate term, and this separation had taken a toll on the family. Pierce, meanwhile, had begun a demanding but lucrative law partnership with

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and driving overland to Mexico City. Congress passed a bill authorizing the creation of ten regiments, and Pierce was appointed commander and colonel of the

1379: 248: 9880: 6604: 1577:. These would give victories to North and South, and gained the support of his fellow Whig, Webster. With the bill stalled in the Senate, Illinois Senator 1208:, which allowed for petitions to be received, but not read or considered. This passed the House in 1836. He was attacked by the New Hampshire anti-slavery 3171: 1420:

Active military service was a long-held dream for Pierce, who had admired his father's and brothers' service in his youth, particularly his older brother

6850: 1777: 1008:. The outcome further strengthened the Democratic Party, and Pierce won his first legislative seat the following year, representing Hillsborough in the 10244: 7056: 6769: 2901: 204: 2546:, arguing that even in a time of war, the country should not abandon its protection of civil liberties. This stand won him admirers with the emerging 11128: 10850: 10267: 7094: 6757: 2276: 1963:, which required the U.S. to prevent Native American raids into Mexico from New Mexico Territory. Gadsden negotiated a treaty with Mexican President 1837: 1243:

candidacy for the Senate was championed by state Representative John P. Hale, a fellow Athenian at Bowdoin. After much debate, the legislature chose

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Taylor, Michael J. C. (2001). "Governing the Devil in Hell: 'Bleeding Kansas' and the Destruction of the Franklin Pierce Presidency (1854–1856)".

11520: 10185: 9970: 9825: 7982: 7929: 7786: 7495: 5006: 2349: 719:. Democrats saw him as a compromise candidate uniting Northern and Southern interests, and nominated him for president on the 49th ballot at the 649: 7475: 11580: 10005: 9052: 7900: 7751: 2503:. In Rome, he visited Nathaniel Hawthorne; the two men spent much time together and the author found the retired president as buoyant as ever. 5817: 7746: 1043:. Interested in revitalizing and reforming the state militias, which had become increasingly dormant during the years of peace following the 1094:. New Hampshire had been a marginal state politically, but from 1832 through the mid-1850s became the most reliably Democratic state in the 11510: 11393: 11109: 8856: 8836: 8816: 8796: 8776: 8756: 8736: 8716: 8696: 8676: 8656: 8636: 8616: 8596: 8571: 8551: 8531: 8511: 8491: 8471: 8451: 8431: 8411: 8391: 8371: 8351: 8331: 8311: 8291: 7821: 7796: 7761: 7736: 1847:

Pierce sought to run a more efficient and accountable government than his predecessors. His Cabinet members implemented an early system of

1855:

passed three decades later, which mandated that most U.S. government positions be awarded on the basis of merit, not patronage. Secretary

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over the expansion of slavery in the American West. Pierce's administration was further damaged when several of his diplomats issued the

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They were: John Tyler, Whig, 1844... Millard Fillmore, Whig, 1852... Andrew Johnson, Democrat, 1868... Chester Arthur, Republican, 1884.

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political turmoil that followed the passage saw the short-term rise of the nativist and anti-Catholic American Party, often called the

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Crockett, David A. (December 2012). "The Historical Presidency: The Perils of Restoration Politics: Nineteenth-Century Antecedents".

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calling for the annexation of Cuba, a document that was roundly criticized. He fully expected the Democrats to renominate him in the

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had controversially dedicated his final book to Pierce. Some Democrats tried again to put Pierce's name up for consideration as the

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After leaving the White House, the Pierces remained in Washington for more than two months, staying with former Secretary of State

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while both served in Congress. Pierce had campaigned heavily for Polk during the election, and in turn Polk appointed him as

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on the coast, sometimes visiting Jane's relatives in Massachusetts. Still interested in politics, he expressed support for

1984:

industry and did not endorse the final version of the treaty, but it was ratified nonetheless. The acquisition brought the

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of land divided the U.S. politically, with many in the North insisting that slavery not be allowed there (and offering the

1244: 1185: 176: 5937: 1871:, who had declined. Pierce also offered the seat to Benjamin, but he persisted in his refusal, whereupon Pierce nominated 11565: 11251: 11176: 10898: 10803: 10792: 10735: 9870: 8843: 8823: 8803: 8783: 8763: 8743: 8723: 8703: 8683: 8663: 8643: 8623: 8603: 8578: 8558: 8538: 8518: 8498: 8478: 8458: 8438: 8418: 8398: 8378: 8358: 8338: 8318: 8298: 8278: 8265: 8252: 8239: 8226: 8213: 8200: 8187: 8174: 8161: 8148: 8135: 8122: 8083: 8070: 8057: 8044: 8031: 8018: 8005: 7575: 6885: 6813: 6681: 6210: 2409: 2157: 2143: 2086: 2031: 1898: 1864: 1848: 1681: 1621: 1595: 1547: 1285: 1171: 720: 95: 703:, where he served from 1837 until his resignation in 1842. His private law practice was a success, and he was appointed 11495: 7595: 6469: 3058: 2541: 2359:

Northerners resented Pierce's attempted expansion of slavery through Kansas–Nebraska and Cuba. In this 1856 cartoon, a

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Senator Henry Clay, a Whig, hoped to put the slavery question to rest with a set of proposals that became known as the

1480:

was perilous, and the men fought off several attacks before joining with Scott's army in early August, in time for the

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Pierce voted the party line on most issues and was an able senator, but not an eminent one; he was overshadowed by the

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to prepare for college. By this time, he had built a reputation as a charming student, sometimes prone to misbehavior.

2706:

In addition to his LL.D. from Norwich University, Pierce received honorary doctorates from Bowdoin College (1853) and

1975:

into Mexico, and so a clause was included charging the U.S. with combating future such attempts. Congress reduced the

1952:, who had been captured abroad in mid-1853 by the Austrian government despite his intention to become a U.S. citizen. 11545: 9945: 7525: 7445: 6356: 3335: 1472: 1309: 1192: 1032: 1016: 712: 653: 582: 519: 2733:, his Concord home from 1842 to 1848, is open seasonally and maintained by a volunteer group, "The Pierce Brigade". 2564:

printed an item calling Pierce "a prowling traitor spy", and intimating that he was a member of the pro-Confederate

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is held down by Pierce, Buchanan, and Cass while Douglas shoves "Slavery" (depicted as a black man) down his throat.

1523:

Returning to Concord, Pierce resumed his law practice; in one notable case he defended the religious liberty of the

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in 1967, a vacancy in the office of vice president was not filled until the next ensuing election and inauguration.

2746: 2636: 2589:, read the letters between Seward and Pierce into the Congressional record, to the administration's embarrassment. 2355: 2138: 2062: 1915: 1799: 1692: 1175: 393: 31: 17: 4042:, p. 249: "Jan.7.-Hon. John P. Hale's letter to his constituents against the annexation of Texas, published". 3502: 3008:

cites the log cabin as the more likely birthplace, and historian Peter A. Wallner asserts this is conclusively so.

1959:

to Mexico to buy land for a potential railroad. Gadsden was also charged with renegotiating the provisions of the

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The two-story school building burned some years later, and Hancock Academy was founded in 1836 to fill its place.

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negotiations, he also tried to distance himself from the constant conflict between Scott and the other generals.

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Pierce's father placed Pierce in a school at Hillsborough Center in childhood and sent him to the town school in

780: 10446: 2635:, as well as to his own nephews. On the second anniversary of Jane's death, Pierce was baptized into his wife's 1620:

who had left the party with Van Buren to form the Free Soil Party had returned. It was widely expected that the

775:

Pierce was popular and outgoing, but his family life was difficult; his three children died young and his wife,

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in Concord, where Pierce died, was destroyed by fire in 1981, but is nevertheless listed on the register. The

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The life of Gen. Frank. Pierce, of New Hampshire, the Democratic candidate for president of the United States

2842: 2653: 2324:, and the expectation was that Kansas would allow slavery and Nebraska would not. In the view of pro-slavery 1738: 1617: 1154: 677: 3081:

had no business being president and who reached that lofty position purely by the accident of circumstance."

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The greatest challenge to the country's equilibrium during the Pierce administration was the passage of the

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In late 1832, the Democratic Party convention nominated Pierce for one of New Hampshire's five seats in the

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Historian Larry Gara, who authored a book on Pierce's presidency, wrote in the former president's entry in

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summed up the attitude of many when he said of the Whig platform, "we defy it, execrate it, spit upon it".

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as measurer of coal and salt at the Boston Customs House that allowed the author time to continue writing.

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had not yet begun to attract a large following. Democratic strength in New Hampshire was also bolstered by

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in December 1853, purchasing a large swath of land in the southwest. Negotiations were nearly derailed by

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Nivison, Kenneth (March 2010). "Purposes Just and Pacific: Franklin Pierce and the American Empire".

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Presidents from Taylor Through Grant, 1849–1877: Debating the Issues in Pro and Con Primary Documents

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unfolded, but he kept his distance; Lincoln won a second term by a large margin. When news spread of

2209: 1787: 1312:, where the Whigs had probed for Democratic corruption for nearly a year but had issued no findings. 998: 985: 945: 857: 808: 5580: 1546:. Both proposals were anathema to many Southerners, and the controversy split the Democrats. At the 1141:

Jane Pierce disliked Hillsborough as well, and in 1838, the Pierces relocated to the state capital,

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This article is about the president of the United States. For other people with the same name, see

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himself, and hosting visiting relatives. He spent most of his time in Concord and his cottage at

2508: 2297: 2281: 2267: 1872: 1295:. The incumbent carried New Hampshire but lost the election to the Whig candidate, military hero 1028: 878: 657: 576: 6322: 1234: 1015:

Like all white males in New Hampshire between the ages of 18 and 45, Pierce was a member of the

908:, one of 19 freshmen. He joined the Athenian Society, a progressive literary society, alongside 656:

was a fundamental threat to the nation's unity, he alienated anti-slavery groups by signing the

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to support the bill regardless. It was tenaciously opposed by northerners such as Ohio Senator

1940: 1923:

to supervise construction projects in the District of Columbia, including the expansion of the

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An advocate of a southern transcontinental route, Davis persuaded Pierce to send rail magnate

1134:, encouraging Pierce to abstain from alcohol. She was somewhat gaunt, and constantly ill from 1086:

for the young Democrat, as the National Republicans had faded as a political force, while the

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Buchanan won because of a split between the Republican candidate, former California senator

1831:

died a little more than one month into his term, leaving a vacancy that could not be filled.

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to make the charges public, at which point Hopkins would admit authorship, thus making the

2443: 2377: 2325: 2248: 1488: 1391: 1277: 1267:, who dominated the Senate. Pierce entered the Senate at a time of economic crisis, as the 700: 609: 148: 8: 10561: 10526: 10496: 10386: 10376: 10371: 10341: 10148: 9441: 9431: 9265: 9170: 9158: 9128: 9122: 8195: 8169: 8130: 8126: 8104: 7944: 7934: 7521: 7441: 6880: 6797: 6465: 2381: 2301: 2200:. Marcy completed a trade reciprocity agreement with the British minister to Washington, 1928: 1729:

Hale, who won 4.9% of the popular vote. The Democrats took large majorities in Congress.

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Pierce campaigned vigorously throughout his home state for Van Buren's reelection in the

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Relations with Great Britain needed resolution, as American fishermen were upset at the

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The Whig nominee was General Scott, Pierce's commander in Mexico; his running mate was

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By 1824, New Hampshire was a hotbed of partisanship, with figures such as Woodbury and

716: 681: 661: 543: 11269: 7199: 5807:(2007): "His fervor for expanding the borders helped set the stage for the Civil War." 3567:

Norwich University, 1819–1911; Her History, Her Graduates, Her Roll of Honor, Volume 2

3538:

Norwich University, 1819–1911; Her History, Her Graduates, Her Roll of Honor, Volume 1

3252: 2799:, the second most populous county in the state, is named in honor of President Pierce. 2592:

The institution of the draft and the arrest of outspoken anti-administration Democrat

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Several institutions and places have been named after Pierce, many in New Hampshire:

2707: 2555: 1868: 1563: 1337:. The house was restored in the 1970s and is now maintained as a historic attraction. 1256: 989: 241: 6612: 6247: 3129:

and deep depression... the two enjoyed a successful, if at time difficult, marriage.

2487:. Pierce, seen here in 1858, remained a vocal political figure after his presidency. 1823: 756:

the Northern states after he supported the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which nullified the

11571:

Jacksonian members of the United States House of Representatives from New Hampshire

11426: 11342: 11082: 11035: 10956: 10707: 10596: 10531: 10391: 10286: 10138: 9995: 9611: 9591: 9581: 9571: 9551: 9367: 9355: 9331: 9319: 9295: 9277: 9146: 9098: 9010: 8466: 8426: 8346: 8217: 8208: 8204: 8191: 8165: 8052: 8035: 8022: 8013: 7501: 7491: 7471: 7431: 7381: 7331: 7281: 7168: 6984: 6865: 6860: 6640: 6051: 6001: 5871: 4171: 3377: 2890: 2657: 2632: 2492: 2439: 2321: 2285: 2240: 2237: 2229: 2225: 2067: 1976: 1875:, an advocate of states' rights; this was Pierce's only Supreme Court appointment. 1820:

State) and the more moderate New York faction, the Softshell Democrats or "Softs".

1697: 1583: 1504: 1273: 1184:

attended to his law practice, and in December 1835 returned to the capital for the

1060: 981: 905: 845: 765: 752: 482: 129: 7212: 6503: 5597: 5499: 2568:. No such conspiracy existed, but a Pierce supporter, Guy S. Hopkins, sent to the 11462: 11299: 11056: 10924: 10811: 10754: 10601: 10586: 10396: 10356: 10306: 10296: 9668: 9536: 9531: 9466: 9451: 9343: 9224: 9086: 8807: 8667: 8590: 8586: 8582: 8562: 8546: 8522: 8462: 8446: 8256: 8139: 8078: 8000: 7601: 7581: 7551: 7411: 6875: 6667: 6550: 6242: 5804: 4557: 4175: 3369: 2819: 2560: 2512: 2373: 2369: 2360: 2333: 2313: 2271: 2162: 2105: 2036: 1911: 1828: 1662: 1657: 1555: 1531: 1464: 1425: 1222: 1146: 1068: 1048: 1024: 961: 909: 901: 869:; public affairs and the military were thus a major influence in his early life. 761: 724: 669: 478: 105: 929:, where he earned his first salary and his students included future Congressman 760:, while many Southern whites continued to support him. The act's passage led to 11438: 11194: 11041: 10995: 10941: 10621: 10611: 10581: 10571: 10551: 10521: 10491: 10486: 10471: 10436: 10431: 10406: 10401: 10381: 10366: 9693: 9616: 9586: 9521: 9516: 9486: 9481: 9476: 9461: 9446: 9379: 9361: 9313: 9289: 9194: 9140: 8647: 8631: 8611: 8506: 8302: 8282: 8260: 8156: 8152: 8087: 8009: 7996: 7681: 7561: 7531: 7421: 7401: 7371: 7321: 7185: 7153: 7115: 7043: 6991: 6546: 6118:

The Expatriation of Franklin Pierce: The Story of a President and the Civil War

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Jane Pierce and "Benny", whose death cast a shadow over Pierce's term in office

1702: 1633: 1604: 1559: 1535: 1519:

By the 1850s, Pierce had become a leader of the New Hampshire Democratic Party.

1441: 1437: 1264: 1127: 1064: 977: 922: 732: 229: 188: 141: 11150: 10872: 6055: 956:, followed by a period of study in 1826 and 1827 under Judge Edmund Parker in 840:. He was a sixth-generation descendant of Thomas Pierce, who had moved to the 11484: 10773: 10641: 10626: 10616: 10606: 10591: 10536: 10501: 10481: 10321: 10316: 10291: 10281: 10200: 9645: 9631: 9409: 9271: 9212: 9022: 8847: 8831: 8731: 8671: 8566: 8486: 8342: 8234: 8048: 7651: 7621: 7361: 7291: 7107: 7103: 4535: 3781:"Interview with Peter Wallner: Franklin Pierce: New Hampshire's Favorite Son" 2991:

Vice President King died in office. As this was prior to the adoption of the

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in 1858, Douglas called the former president "a man of integrity and honor".

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some appointments, even those that had not supported the Compromise of 1850.

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Partisan violence spilled into Congress in May 1856 when Free Soil Senator

2345: 1672: 1334: 1135: 1072: 1020: 917: 56: 6538: 6197:. The American Presidents (Kindle ed.). Henry Holt and Company, LLC. 6147: 2550:, but others saw the stand as further evidence of Pierce's southern bias. 11304: 9673: 9636: 9397: 9385: 9188: 9176: 9134: 9040: 8112: 7631: 6957: 2628: 2537: 2216: 1637: 1406: 1119: 1111: 1044: 1027:

in 1831. He remained in the militia until 1847, and attained the rank of

866: 776: 405: 11457: 3934: 3031:. Modern writers prefer this term to distinguish it from the modern-day 1616:

approached, the Democrats were divided over slavery, though most of the

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Democratic Party members of the New Hampshire House of Representatives

6694:

Exterior Statues and Memorials – N.H. Division of Historical Resources

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laying the groundwork for a party of Democrats in support of General

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service proved his patriotism, which was enough to quiet the crowd.

2414: 1676:

This anti-Pierce political cartoon depicts him as weak and cowardly.

9164: 8851: 8362: 7885: 6625: 3325:"Franklin Pierce and Bowdoin College Associates Hawthorne and Hale" 2309: 2258:, was one of Pierce's "most personally satisfying" days in office. 1570:, was held in New Hampshire to his lowest percentage in any state. 1249: 937: 803: 6703: 2805:, established in 1857, is also named in honor of President Pierce. 2208:, U.S. interests were also an issue in Central America, where the 1988:

to its present-day boundaries, excepting later minor adjustments.

1398:

as governor, and sent Hale to the Senate, much to Pierce's anger.

644:(November 23, 1804 – October 8, 1869) was the 14th 8727: 8711: 8691: 5893:. Vol. 1. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 413. 2500: 2496: 1980: 1524: 1476: 1459: 1170:

Pierce departed in November 1833 for Washington, D.C., where the

1056: 6660: 5565:“Franklin Pierce statue was criticized even before its creation” 11646:

American lawyers admitted to the practice of law by reading law

6676: 6367: 6142:. American Crisis Biographies. George W. Jacobs & Company. 5821: 5671: 3785: 3146: 2857: 2631:

in Virginia. He also offered financial help to Hawthorne's son

2391:

Passage of the act coincided with the seizure of escaped slave

2215:

British consuls in the U.S. sought to enlist Americans for the

1538:

to ensure it), while others wanted slavery barred north of the

1515: 1333:

house where Pierce lived from 1842 to 1848 is now known as the

783:. A heavy drinker for much of his life, Pierce died in 1869 of 3004:

Some local accounts suggest he was born in the Homestead. The

1558:, backing former president Van Buren. The Whigs chose General 1325: 877:

turning-point in my life". Later that year, he transferred to

10266: 3476:

The New-Hampshire Annual Register, and United States Calendar

1878: 1303:. Harrison died after a month in office, and Vice President 3489:

Triumphant Mourner: The Tragic Dimension of Franklin Pierce

2717:

specifically because of their association with Pierce. The

11641:

Candidates in the 1856 United States presidential election

11636:

Candidates in the 1852 United States presidential election

11561:

Democratic Party United States senators from New Hampshire

6070: 5184:"When Has A President Been Denied His Party's Nomination?" 2519:

united Democratic Party. The split Democrats were soundly

1378:

was welcome news to Pierce, who had befriended the former

11631:

United States Attorneys for the District of New Hampshire

6597: 5187: 2856:. The public placed him third-to-last among his peers in 6500:

Ordeal of the Union: Vol. 2: A House Dividing, 1852–1857

5587:

Published January 18th, 2023. Accessed March 20th, 2023.

4781: 4779: 2749:

commemorate Pierce and his family around New Hampshire.

2580:

editors seem overly partisan and gullible. Instead, the

1939:

The Pierce administration aligned with the expansionist

1554:

for president, while a minority broke off to become the

203: 11531:

American military personnel of the Mexican–American War

7204: 6157:

Bleeding Kansas: Contested Liberty in the Civil War Era

5942:. Nashville, Tennessee: Cumberland House. p. 404. 2793:, was founded in the 1850s and honors President Pierce. 2656:; he later expressed optimism for Johnson's successor, 2247:

that was successfully ratified. The 1856 launch of the

11616:

Speakers of the New Hampshire House of Representatives

11556:

Democratic Party (United States) presidential nominees

3334:. New Hampshire Historical Society: 24. Archived from 2652:

policy and supported the president's acquittal in his

1771: 11410: 6309:

Notable Events in the History of Dover, New Hampshire

5571:

Published June 16th, 2020. Accessed March 20th, 2023.

5162: 5160: 5147: 5145: 4776: 1467:

in the Mexican–American War boosted his public image.

249:

Speaker of the New Hampshire House of Representatives

6605:

Biographical Directory of the United States Congress

2930: 2713:

Two places in New Hampshire have been listed on the

2438:

When balloting began on June 5 at the convention in

1432:

was one reason he refused an offer to become Polk's

832:

Franklin Pierce was born on November 23, 1804, in a

7242: 6851:

List of federal judges appointed by Franklin Pierce

6531:

Franklin Pierce, Young Hickory of the Granite Hills

5132: 5130: 3376:. 87–88 (10). New England Publishing Company: 265. 1778:

List of federal judges appointed by Franklin Pierce

1122:(March 12, 1806 – December 2, 1863), a daughter of 1001:, a position to which he was reelected five times. 892:, a lifelong friend of Pierce, wrote the biography 664:. Conflict between North and South continued after 7095:United States Senator (Class 3) from New Hampshire 6552:A Companion to the Antebellum Presidents 1837–1861 6384: 6246: 5157: 5142: 3726: 3724: 2741:, dedicated in 1914, stands on the grounds of the 1440:'s advance slowed in northern Mexico, and General 967: 896:in support of Pierce's 1852 presidential campaign. 291:New Hampshire House of Representatives 5722:. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing. p. 9. 5497: 4228: 4226: 2467:and the Know Nothing, former president Fillmore. 1844:of Missouri, was next in line to the presidency. 1550:, the majority nominated former Michigan senator 11651:Democratic Party presidents of the United States 11482: 5127: 5057: 5055: 4098: 4096: 3779:Lamb, Brian; Wallner, Peter (October 25, 2004). 3659:American President: An Online Reference Resource 1165: 27:President of the United States from 1853 to 1857 7057:New Hampshire's at-large congressional district 5964:Research Guide to American Historical Biography 5585:New Hampshire Division of Historical Resources. 5008:The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government 4392: 4390: 4388: 4180:. Vol. 1. C. L. Webster. pp. 146–147. 3721: 2682: 1934: 5644:. Mount Washington Observatory. Archived from 5391: 5389: 5042: 5040: 4634: 4632: 4223: 2474: 1394:took control of the legislature, elected Whig 1149:. Benjamin (April 13, 1841 – January 6, 1853) 11136: 10858: 10668: 10252: 7901: 7228: 6719: 6362:Franklin Pierce: New Hampshire`s Favorite Son 6270:Franklin Pierce: New Hampshire's Favorite Son 5990:Franklin Pierce: New Hampshire's Favorite Son 5052: 4595: 4593: 4189: 4187: 4093: 3655:"Franklin Pierce: Life Before the Presidency" 3257:. Philadelphia: J.W. Lewis & Co. p. 3254:History of Hillsborough County, New Hampshire 1743: 11516:19th-century presidents of the United States 7022: 6646:Essays on Franklin Pierce and his presidency 6424: 5857: 5855: 5376: 5374: 5298: 5296: 5294: 5292: 4988: 4986: 4984: 4971: 4969: 4967: 4385: 2380:set up a shadow government, and drafted the 1566:, and was so effective that Taylor, who was 1299:. The Whigs took a majority of seats in the 10118:National Democratic Redistricting Committee 10093:Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee 5421: 5419: 5386: 5037: 4629: 4279: 4277: 4154: 4152: 3778: 3166: 3164: 1452:in February 1847, with Truman B. Ransom as 1410:Pierce in his brigadier general's uniform, 940:briefly with former New Hampshire Governor 11143: 11129: 10865: 10851: 10675: 10661: 10259: 10245: 7908: 7894: 7870: 7235: 7221: 6726: 6712: 6025: 6023: 5581:”New Hampshire Highway Historical Markers” 5406: 5404: 5349: 5347: 5177: 5175: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4590: 4414: 4184: 3591: 3589: 3507:. McWhiney Foundation Press. p. 155. 3270: 3268: 2232:the Democratic Party had often supported. 1914:, at Pierce's request, led surveys by the 1802:-engraved portrait of Pierce as president 1608:Campaign poster for the Pierce/King ticket 1510: 827: 309:January 7, 1829 – January 2, 1833 261:January 5, 1831 – January 2, 1833 166:March 4, 1837 – February 28, 1842 49: 10268:United States senators from New Hampshire 10103:Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee 6464: 6320: 5852: 5784: 5772: 5692: 5371: 5289: 5205: 4981: 4964: 3025:at the time; it soon became known as the 2769:University of New Hampshire School of Law 1879:Economic policy and internal improvements 1732: 1471:On March 3, 1847, Pierce was promoted to 421: 198:U.S. House of Representatives 11157:1856 United States presidential election 10879:1852 United States presidential election 10113:National Conference of Democratic Mayors 10108:Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee 10088:Democratic Attorneys General Association 6808:1852 United States presidential election 6443: 6305: 6227:. Somerset Publishers. pp. 262–69. 6154: 5915:. Somerset Publishers. pp. 268–69. 5861: 5416: 5031: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4274: 4149: 4051: 4039: 3925: 3923: 3850: 3848: 3648: 3646: 3633: 3631: 3367: 3161: 2686: 2621: 2499:and followed by tours of Europe and the 2478: 2413: 2354: 2275: 1882: 1822: 1747: 1707: 1671: 1603: 1600:1852 United States presidential election 1514: 1458: 1405: 1384:United States Attorney for New Hampshire 1324: 1320: 1233: 1114:was her husband's opposite in many ways. 1105: 1101: 1092:Jackson's landslide reelection that year 883: 802: 798: 648:, serving from 1853 to 1857. A northern 425: 11601:People from Hillsborough, New Hampshire 11526:Alcohol-related deaths in New Hampshire 11065: 10144:National Federation of Democratic Women 6528: 6508: 6405: 6286: 6267: 6115: 6076: 6041: 6020: 5766: 5760: 5754: 5693:Rochester, Junius (November 10, 1998). 5553:. Associated Press. September 18, 1981. 5485: 5473: 5467: 5461: 5449: 5437: 5425: 5410: 5401: 5395: 5380: 5365: 5353: 5344: 5338: 5326: 5314: 5302: 5283: 5271: 5247: 5211: 5172: 5136: 5097: 5073: 5046: 4958: 4947: 4941: 4917: 4905: 4881: 4845: 4821: 4797: 4770: 4746: 4722: 4710: 4698: 4686: 4662: 4650: 4638: 4623: 4611: 4599: 4572: 4509: 4485: 4444: 4432: 4420: 4379: 4343: 4307: 4283: 4256: 4244: 4193: 4158: 4139: 4137: 4135: 4126: 4102: 4087: 4063: 4027: 4003: 3991: 3979: 3967: 3955: 3914: 3890: 3878: 3866: 3854: 3839: 3827: 3803: 3766: 3754: 3742: 3730: 3715: 3703: 3691: 3622: 3618: 3616: 3595: 3586: 3462: 3450: 3438: 3414: 3355: 3322: 3298: 3274: 3265: 3238: 3226: 2972:New Hampshire historical marker no. 216 2966:New Hampshire historical marker no. 125 1401: 1160: 14: 11521:19th-century New Hampshire politicians 11483: 6570: 6545: 6241: 6220: 6134: 6029: 5939:History Buff's Guide to the Presidents 5935: 5908: 5532:. National Register of Historic Places 4674: 4521: 3500: 3474:John Farmer, G. Parker Lyon, editors, 3368:Waterman, Charles E. (March 7, 1918). 2960:New Hampshire historical marker no. 80 2954:New Hampshire historical marker no. 65 2721:in Hillsborough is a state park and a 2196:'s increasing enforcement of Canadian 1979:to the region now comprising southern 1626:Associate Justice of the Supreme Court 1386:. Polk's most prominent cause was the 1010:New Hampshire House of Representatives 219:March 4, 1833 – March 3, 1837 89:March 4, 1853 – March 4, 1857 11581:Military personnel from New Hampshire 11124: 10846: 10656: 10240: 10221:2018 House Caucus leadership election 10216:2006 House Caucus leadership election 7889: 7216: 7203: 7021: 6707: 6699:2018 article on the 14th US President 6447:Presidents: A Biographical Dictionary 6382: 6312:. Dover, NH: G. H. Wadleigh. p. 6289:Franklin Pierce: Martyr for the Union 5891:Give Me Liberty!: An American History 5888: 5736: 5642:"Mountains of the Presidential Range" 5181: 5004: 4559:History of Presidential Inaugurations 4555: 4474: 4170: 3920: 3845: 3643: 3628: 3563: 3534: 3142:"Presidential Historians Survey 2021" 3101: 1351:for building railroads. The radical " 1118:On November 19, 1834, Pierce married 988:), who were led by sitting President 823:as the homestead was being completed. 7915: 6689:Franklin Pierce Personal Manuscripts 6533:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 6387:Jefferson Davis, Unconquerable Heart 6192: 6173: 6088: 5987: 5975: 5846: 5778: 5742: 5715: 5670:. Pierceton, Indiana. Archived from 5259: 5235: 5223: 5166: 5151: 5121: 5109: 5085: 5061: 4992: 4975: 4929: 4893: 4869: 4857: 4833: 4809: 4785: 4758: 4734: 4584: 4497: 4468: 4456: 4408: 4396: 4367: 4355: 4331: 4319: 4295: 4268: 4232: 4217: 4205: 4143: 4132: 4114: 4075: 4015: 3902: 3815: 3637: 3613: 3607: 3504:West Point: Two Centuries and Beyond 3426: 3402: 3310: 3286: 3250: 3206:National Register of Historic Places 3057:was then elected annually; see also 3006:National Register of Historic Places 2854:worst presidents in American history 2715:National Register of Historic Places 848:, England in about 1634. His father 699:from 1833 until his election to the 11511:19th-century American Episcopalians 7205:Articles related to Franklin Pierce 7143:for President of the United States 6886:1856 Democratic National Convention 6814:1852 Democratic National Convention 6733: 6682:American Presidents: Life Portraits 6215:Nichols, Roy F. "Franklin Pierce," 5903:Roy F. Nichols, "Franklin Pierce", 2786:, renamed from Mt. Clinton in 1913. 2410:1856 Democratic National Convention 1772:Administration and political strife 1622:1852 Democratic National Convention 1596:1852 Democratic National Convention 1589: 1548:1848 Democratic National Convention 1172:Twenty-third United States Congress 721:1852 Democratic National Convention 24: 11536:American people of English descent 6673:"Life Portrait of Franklin Pierce" 6375: 6095:American National Biography Online 3202:"Nomination Form: Franklin Pierce" 3059:List of governors of New Hampshire 2915:American National Biography Online 2837:Pierce's image has been used on a 2261: 1851:examinations, a forerunner to the 25: 11662: 11576:Members of the Aztec Club of 1847 6655:Franklin Pierce: A Resource Guide 6637:Works by or about Franklin Pierce 6589: 6514:The Democratic Machine, 1850–1854 6176:The Presidency of Franklin Pierce 5797:Worst Presidents: Franklin Pierce 4522:Liptak, Adam (January 17, 2009). 3652: 3323:Wallner, Peter A. (Spring 2005). 3134: 2511:with Republican Senate candidate 2458:by South Carolina Representative 815:, where Pierce grew up, is now a 707:in 1845. Pierce took part in the 11468: 11456: 11444: 11432: 11420: 10717: 10445: 10166:High School Democrats of America 10098:Democratic Governors Association 10055:Congressional Progressive Caucus 8824:2020 (Milwaukee/other locations) 7869: 7860: 7859: 7001: 7000: 6827: 6629: 6391:. University of Missouri Press. 6360:interview with Peter Wallner on 6351: 6217:Dictionary of American Biography 6082: 6035: 5981: 5969: 5956: 5929: 5905:Dictionary of American Biography 5897: 5882: 5876:10.1111/j.1741-5705.2012.04023.x 5840: 5810: 5748: 5709: 5686: 5660: 5634: 5612: 5590: 5574: 5557: 5522: 5517:Franklin Pierce LL.D. dartmouth. 5491: 5479: 5455: 5443: 5431: 5359: 5332: 5320: 5308: 5277: 5265: 5253: 5241: 5229: 5217: 5115: 5103: 5091: 5079: 5067: 5025: 4998: 4935: 4923: 4911: 4899: 4887: 4875: 4863: 4851: 4839: 4827: 4824:, pp. 27–30, 63–66, 125–126 4815: 4803: 4791: 4764: 4752: 4740: 4728: 4716: 4704: 4692: 4680: 4668: 4656: 4644: 4617: 4605: 4578: 4566: 4562:. New York Democrat. p. 49. 4549: 3074: 3064: 2933: 2827: 2818: 2747:New Hampshire historical markers 2403: 2254:, one of six newly commissioned 1916:Corps of Topographical Engineers 1786: 1176:Second Bank of the United States 912:(later elected to Congress) and 518: 32:Franklin Pierce (disambiguation) 11611:Presidents of the United States 10033:Steering and Outreach Committee 7244:Presidents of the United States 6846:Inauguration of Franklin Pierce 6650:Miller Center of Public Affairs 6600:"Franklin Pierce (id: P000333)" 6425:Brinkley, A.; Dyer, D. (2004). 6249:The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861 5988:Gara, Larry (September 2005). " 5620:"Franklin Pierce Center for IP" 4515: 4503: 4491: 4462: 4450: 4438: 4426: 4402: 4373: 4361: 4349: 4337: 4325: 4313: 4301: 4289: 4262: 4250: 4238: 4211: 4199: 4177:Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant 4164: 4120: 4108: 4081: 4069: 4057: 4045: 4033: 4021: 4009: 3997: 3985: 3973: 3961: 3949: 3908: 3896: 3884: 3872: 3860: 3833: 3821: 3809: 3797: 3772: 3760: 3748: 3736: 3709: 3697: 3685: 3601: 3570:. Capital City Press. pp. 3557: 3541:. Capital City Press. pp. 3528: 3494: 3481: 3468: 3456: 3444: 3432: 3420: 3408: 3396: 3370:"The Red Schoolhouse in Action" 3361: 3349: 3316: 3304: 3292: 3280: 3244: 3047: 3038: 2318:decide whether to allow slavery 1444:proposed capturing the port of 1315: 980:. They opposed the established 968:Hillsborough and State politics 793:least memorable U.S. presidents 417: 11606:Phillips Exeter Academy alumni 7176:President of the United States 6750:President of the United States 6529:Nichols, Roy Franklin (1931). 6178:. University Press of Kansas. 6159:. University Press of Kansas. 6108: 5864:Presidential Studies Quarterly 5011:. Hachette Books. p. 25. 3232: 3220: 3194: 3095: 3011: 2998: 2985: 2949:List of deaths through alcohol 1724:their enemies in 1852 as they 1229: 948:. He then spent a semester at 646:president of the United States 77:President of the United States 13: 1: 11596:Northampton Law School alumni 7035:U.S. House of Representatives 6516:. Columbia University Press. 6224:Encyclopedia of New Hampshire 6089:Gara, Larry (February 2000). 5912:Encyclopedia of New Hampshire 5622:. University of New Hampshire 5504:. Dartmouth College. p. 3172:"Pierce, Franklin, Homestead" 3088: 3023:Jeffersonian Republican Party 2532:After efforts to prevent the 2424:assaulted with a walking cane 1739:Presidency of Franklin Pierce 1411: 1166:U.S. House of Representatives 1080:U.S. House of Representatives 900:In fall 1820, Pierce entered 705:New Hampshire's U.S. Attorney 60: 10134:College Democrats of America 6661:Franklin Pierce Bicentennial 6657:from the Library of Congress 6474:. Ticknor, Reed and Fields. 6429:. Houghton Mifflin Company. 5792:U.S. News & World Report 5600:. Franklin Pierce University 5545:"Franklin Pierce Home Burns" 5182:Rudin, Ken (July 22, 2009). 3564:Ellis, William Arba (1911). 3535:Ellis, William Arba (1911). 2683:Sites, memorials, and honors 2566:Knights of the Golden Circle 2527: 2485:George Peter Alexander Healy 1935:Foreign and military affairs 1838:Senate President pro tempore 751:expansionist who signed the 691:, the son of state governor 7: 11626:United States Army generals 8097:1860 (Charleston/Baltimore) 6628:(public domain audiobooks) 6471:The Life of Franklin Pierce 5994:Journal of American History 3028:Democratic-Republican Party 2962:: Franklin Pierce 1804–1869 2926: 2475:Post-presidency (1857–1869) 2372:. Thousands of pro-slavery 2206:Canada–United States border 1965:Antonio López de Santa Anna 1961:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 984:(and their successors, the 894:The Life of Franklin Pierce 838:Hillsborough, New Hampshire 813:Hillsborough, New Hampshire 384:Old North Cemetery, Concord 356:Hillsborough, New Hampshire 10: 11667: 11566:1850s in the United States 10211:2017 chairmanship election 10206:2005 chairmanship election 10161:Young Democrats of America 6917:Franklin Pierce University 6758:Senator from New Hampshire 6287:Wallner, Peter A. (2007). 6268:Wallner, Peter A. (2004). 6044:Diplomacy & Statecraft 5936:Flagel, Thomas R. (2012). 5716:Guss, John Walter (2001). 5695:"King County, Founding of" 5498:Dartmouth College (1900). 4961:, pp. 90–102, 119–122 3382:10.1177/002205741808701007 3251:Hurd, D. Hamilton (1885). 3102:Coker, Jeffrey W. (2002). 2758:Franklin Pierce University 2725:, open to the public. The 2723:National Historic Landmark 2611:1864 presidential election 2407: 2348:, and the founding of the 2336:and Massachusetts Senator 2265: 1775: 1744:Transition and train crash 1736: 1714:1852 presidential election 1691:to its lowest level since 1614:1852 presidential election 1593: 1376:1844 presidential election 1293:1840 presidential election 1276:and his plan to create an 994:1828 presidential election 954:Northampton, Massachusetts 854:American Revolutionary War 819:. He was born in a nearby 817:National Historic Landmark 770:1856 presidential election 741:1852 presidential election 29: 11496:Family of Franklin Pierce 11380: 11360: 11333: 11322: 11287: 11260: 11243: 11212: 11185: 11168: 11096: 11054: 11013: 10986: 10969: 10934: 10907: 10890: 10823:Secretary of the Interior 10821: 10802: 10783: 10764: 10745: 10728:Secretary of the Treasury 10726: 10715: 10698: 10454: 10443: 10274: 10226:Weekly Democratic Address 10178: 10154:Stonewall Young Democrats 10126: 10080: 10015: 10004: 9702: 9419: 9234: 8985: 8867: 7965: 7925: 7855: 7727: 7250: 7210: 7182: 7173: 7165: 7160: 7150: 7135: 7127: 7122: 7112: 7092: 7084: 7077: 7067: 7048: 7040: 7033: 7028: 6979: 6950: 6942:Statue of Franklin Pierce 6932:Pierce County, Washington 6902:Franklin Pierce Homestead 6894: 6836: 6825: 6780: 6741: 6350: 6345: 6324:Presidential Confidential 6306:Wadleigh, George (1913). 6193:Holt, Michael F. (2010). 6155:Etchison, Nicole (2004). 6056:10.1080/09592290903577668 5962:Robert Muccigrosso, ed., 5005:Davis, Jefferson (1881). 3055:governor of New Hampshire 2900:Historian and biographer 2809: 2797:Pierce County, Washington 2743:New Hampshire State House 2719:Franklin Pierce Homestead 2696:New Hampshire State House 2692:Statue of Franklin Pierce 2536:ended with the firing on 2177:Secretary of the Interior 2171: 2152: 2133: 2114: 2095: 2082:Secretary of the Treasury 2076: 2057: 2030: 2026: 2009: 1993: 1463:Pierce's brief term as a 946:Portsmouth, New Hampshire 858:Chelmsford, Massachusetts 809:Franklin Pierce Homestead 674:elected president in 1860 635: 592: 569: 552: 531: 526: 514: 497: 471: 460: 443: 435: 399: 389: 379: 362: 342: 337: 333: 323: 313: 302: 287: 275: 265: 254: 247: 235: 223: 212: 194: 182: 170: 159: 147: 135: 123: 93: 82: 74: 70: 48: 41: 11546:Burials in New Hampshire 9981:Northern Mariana Islands 7123:Party political offices 7052:House of Representatives 7023:Offices and distinctions 6970:Benjamin Kendrick Pierce 6622:Works by Franklin Pierce 6613:Works by Franklin Pierce 6598:United States Congress. 6383:Allen, Felicity (1999). 6321:Boertlein, John (2010). 5803:October 2, 2013, at the 3625:, pp. 31–32, 77–78. 3374:The Journal of Education 3332:Historical New Hampshire 2978: 2843:Presidential Dollar Coin 2764:, was chartered in 1962. 2548:Northern Peace Democrats 2456:caning of Charles Sumner 1986:contiguous United States 1475:, and took command of a 1055:, a military college in 852:was a lieutenant in the 842:Massachusetts Bay Colony 697:House of Representatives 615:Battle of Molino del Rey 465:Benjamin Kendrick Pierce 11586:New Hampshire Democrats 10191:Presidential candidates 6444:Hamilton, Neil (2010). 6427:The American Presidency 6406:Barlett, D. W. (1852). 6116:Boulard, Garry (2006). 6100:(subscription required) 5530:"Franklin Pierce House" 2615:Lincoln's assassination 2308:, which stretched from 1973:unauthorized expedition 1921:Army Corps of Engineers 1873:John Archibald Campbell 1511:Return to New Hampshire 1456:and second-in-command. 1424:'s, as well as that of 1301:Twenty-seventh Congress 879:Phillips Exeter Academy 828:Childhood and education 678:Southern states seceded 11541:Bowdoin College alumni 10070:Problem Solvers Caucus 10065:New Democrat Coalition 8919:(1885–1889; 1893–1897) 7342:William Henry Harrison 6937:Pierce County, Georgia 6856:Young America movement 6666:June 18, 2022, at the 6412:. Derby & Miller. 6221:Capace, Nancy (2001). 5909:Capace, Nancy (2001). 5824:. 2009. Archived from 5719:Pierce County, Georgia 3663:University of Virginia 3501:Betros, Lance (2004). 3487:Brian Matthew Jordan, 2993:Twenty-fifth Amendment 2924: 2911: 2882: 2803:Pierce County, Georgia 2703: 2488: 2431: 2430:in the Senate chamber. 2364: 2304:the largely unsettled 2293: 1891: 1832: 1758:Andover, Massachusetts 1753: 1733:Presidency (1853–1857) 1716: 1677: 1609: 1520: 1494:capture of Mexico City 1468: 1417: 1338: 1331:Concord, New Hampshire 1310:New York Customs House 1297:William Henry Harrison 1239: 1186:Twenty-fourth Congress 1143:Concord, New Hampshire 1115: 1096:Northern United States 1084:tantamount to election 1075:from Norwich in 1853. 999:town meeting moderator 958:Amherst, New Hampshire 950:Northampton Law School 897: 824: 723:. He and running mate 652:who believed that the 625:Battle for Mexico City 489:Northampton Law School 373:Concord, New Hampshire 11591:New Hampshire lawyers 11551:Deaths from cirrhosis 10804:Secretary of the Navy 7572:Franklin D. Roosevelt 6907:Franklin Pierce House 6793:9th Infantry Regiment 6510:Nichols, Roy Franklin 3176:National Park Service 2919: 2906: 2877: 2762:Rindge, New Hampshire 2727:Franklin Pierce House 2690: 2622:Final years and death 2482: 2417: 2358: 2279: 2210:Clayton–Bulwer Treaty 2158:Secretary of the Navy 1925:United States Capitol 1886: 1826: 1751: 1712:Electoral map of the 1711: 1682:Secretary of the Navy 1675: 1607: 1518: 1462: 1450:9th Infantry Regiment 1409: 1392:Independent Democrats 1328: 1321:Lawyer and politician 1286:Twenty-sixth Congress 1237: 1181:internal improvements 1151:died at the age of 11 1109: 1102:Marriage and children 1047:, Pierce worked with 944:, a family friend in 887: 863:Democratic-Republican 806: 799:Early life and family 781:Pierce's inauguration 654:abolitionist movement 620:Battle of Chapultepec 553:Years of service 539:New Hampshire Militia 202:from New Hampshire's 149:United States Senator 11385:Other 1856 elections 11203:John C. Breckinridge 11101:Other 1852 elections 9971:District of Columbia 8644:1984 (San Francisco) 8539:1964 (Atlantic City) 8319:1920 (San Francisco) 7592:Dwight D. Eisenhower 6803:Battle of Churubusco 6466:Hawthorne, Nathaniel 6253:. Harper & Row. 6174:Gara, Larry (1991). 5889:Foner, Eric (2006). 4713:, pp. 40–41, 52 4556:Hurja, Emil (1933). 3842:, pp. 68, 91–92 3669:on December 17, 2010 3341:on August 17, 2015. 3017:This was called the 2941:New Hampshire portal 2594:Clement Vallandigham 2444:John C. Breckinridge 1927:and building of the 1489:Battle of Churubusco 1430:Mexican–American War 1402:Mexican–American War 1380:Speaker of the House 1278:independent treasury 1161:Congressional career 1110:Pious and reserved, 1041:Mexican–American War 1019:, and was appointed 986:National Republicans 727:easily defeated the 709:Mexican–American War 610:Battle of Churubusco 600:Mexican–American War 424:; died 10149:Stonewall Democrats 8804:2016 (Philadelphia) 8459:1948 (Philadelphia) 8399:1936 (Philadelphia) 7945:Fourth Party System 7935:Second Party System 7522:William Howard Taft 7442:Rutherford B. Hayes 6881:Topeka Constitution 6871:Kansas–Nebraska Act 6798:Battle of Contreras 6766:U.S. Representative 6573:White House Studies 6364:, November 28, 2004 5648:on November 5, 2013 2782:of New Hampshire's 2426:by Democratic Rep. 2382:Topeka Constitution 2298:Kansas–Nebraska Act 2282:Kansas–Nebraska Act 2268:Kansas–Nebraska Act 1946:diplomatic uniforms 1929:Washington Monument 1901:with reforming the 1861:Interior Department 1540:Missouri Compromise 1482:Battle of Contreras 1388:annexation of Texas 1361:temperance movement 1201:James Henry Hammond 1120:Jane Means Appleton 914:Nathaniel Hawthorne 890:Nathaniel Hawthorne 758:Missouri Compromise 695:. He served in the 687:Pierce was born in 680:, resulting in the 666:Pierce's presidency 658:Kansas–Nebraska Act 605:Battle of Contreras 559:1831–1847 (Militia) 282:Charles G. Atherton 11351:Andrew J. Donelson 11310:Robert F. Stockton 11295:Nathaniel P. Banks 11225:Stephen A. Douglas 11031:John J. Crittenden 10952:Stephen A. Douglas 10785:Postmaster General 10700:Secretary of State 10050:Blue Dog Coalition 8724:2000 (Los Angeles) 8579:1972 (Miami Beach) 8519:1960 (Los Angeles) 8299:1916 (Saint Louis) 8253:1904 (Saint Louis) 8240:1900 (Kansas City) 8201:1888 (Saint Louis) 8162:1876 (Saint Louis) 7955:Sixth Party System 7950:Fifth Party System 7940:Third Party System 7512:Theodore Roosevelt 7161:Political offices 7101:Served alongside: 6985:← Millard Fillmore 6927:Pierceton, Indiana 6819:Old North Cemetery 6211:online book review 6120:. iUniverse, Inc. 6091:"Pierce, Franklin" 6079:, pp. xi–xii. 5757:, pp. 377–379 5550:The New York Times 5476:, pp. 369–373 5464:, pp. 366–371 5452:, pp. 363–366 5440:, pp. 357–362 5428:, pp. 109–123 5413:, pp. 343–357 5383:, pp. 341–343 5368:, pp. 337–343 5356:, pp. 327–338 5305:, pp. 309–327 5274:, pp. 303–304 5262:, pp. 177–179 5250:, pp. 292–296 5214:, pp. 272–280 5154:, pp. 157–167 5139:, pp. 266–270 5124:, pp. 120–121 5112:, pp. 107–109 5100:, pp. 122–125 5088:, pp. 111–120 5076:, pp. 195–209 5049:, pp. 158–167 4932:, pp. 134–135 4896:, pp. 149–155 4884:, pp. 131–157 4860:, pp. 139–140 4800:, pp. 106–108 4788:, pp. 129–133 4761:, pp. 128–129 4677:, pp. 118–119 4575:, pp. 249–255 4528:The New York Times 4488:, pp. 241–249 4447:, pp. 229–230 4346:, pp. 210–213 4310:, pp. 197–202 4247:, pp. 173–180 4208:, pp. 549–565 4196:, pp. 157–161 4161:, pp. 147–154 4129:, pp. 144–147 4105:, pp. 154–157 4090:, pp. 131–135 4066:, pp. 111–122 4030:, pp. 131–132 4006:, pp. 103–110 3937:on August 16, 2010 3931:"The Pierce Manse" 3706:, pp. 241–244 2968:: The Pierce Manse 2956:: Pierce Homestead 2895:Theodore Roosevelt 2839:U.S. postage stamp 2791:Pierceton, Indiana 2789:The small town of 2780:Presidential Range 2735:A statue of Pierce 2704: 2670:Old North Cemetery 2642:Little Boar's Head 2489: 2432: 2365: 2306:Nebraska Territory 2294: 2290:Nebraska Territory 2198:territorial waters 2194:British Royal Navy 2139:Postmaster General 2063:Secretary of State 1994:The Pierce cabinet 1896:Treasury Secretary 1892: 1888:Indian Peace Medal 1865:Justice Department 1833: 1754: 1717: 1678: 1650:Fugitive Slave Act 1642:Thomas Hart Benton 1610: 1579:Stephen A. Douglas 1575:Compromise of 1850 1521: 1469: 1454:lieutenant colonel 1418: 1339: 1240: 1116: 1053:Norwich University 1031:before becoming a 1006:lost New Hampshire 898: 825: 717:United States Army 682:American Civil War 662:Fugitive Slave Act 660:and enforcing the 544:United States Army 109:(March–April 1853) 11408: 11407: 11402: 11401: 11376: 11375: 11318: 11317: 11278:William L. Dayton 11239: 11238: 11118: 11117: 11092: 11091: 11050: 11049: 11004:William A. Graham 10965: 10964: 10840: 10839: 10831:Robert McClelland 10650: 10649: 10234: 10233: 10174: 10173: 10060:Justice Democrats 9684:Wasserman Schultz 8175:1880 (Cincinnati) 8084:1856 (Cincinnati) 7883: 7882: 7662:George H. W. Bush 7612:Lyndon B. Johnson 7542:Warren G. Harding 7482:Benjamin Harrison 7462:Chester A. Arthur 7452:James A. Garfield 7312:John Quincy Adams 7262:George Washington 7197: 7196: 7192: 7191: 7183:Succeeded by 7151:Succeeded by 7113:Succeeded by 7099:1837–1842 7071:Jared W. Williams 7068:Succeeded by 7015: 7014: 6617:Project Gutenberg 6562:978-1-118-60929-3 6457:978-1-4381-2751-4 6436:978-0-618-38273-6 6398:978-0-8262-1219-1 6373: 6372: 6334:978-1-57860-362-6 6327:. Clerisy Press. 6298:978-0-9790784-2-2 6279:978-0-9755216-1-8 6260:978-0-06-013403-7 6234:978-0-403-09601-5 6204:978-0-8050-8719-2 6185:978-0-7006-0494-4 6166:978-0-7006-1287-1 6140:Judah P. Benjamin 6127:978-0-595-40367-7 5949:978-1-4022-7142-7 5922:978-0-403-09601-5 5729:978-0-7385-1387-4 5697:. HistoryLink.org 5501:General Catalogue 5398:, pp. 85–100 5064:, pp. 99–100 5018:978-0-306-80418-2 4978:, pp. 88–100 4286:, pp. 184–97 4259:, pp. 181–84 4172:Grant, Ulysses S. 3982:, pp. 98–101 3640:, pp. 31–32. 3514:978-1-893114-47-0 3208:. 1976. p. 8 3119:978-0-3133-1551-0 2708:Dartmouth College 2654:impeachment trial 2556:William H. Seward 2190: 2189: 2182:Robert McClelland 1869:Judah P. Benjamin 1857:Robert McClelland 1685:William A. Graham 1636:of Pennsylvania, 1568:elected president 1473:brigadier general 1257:Great Triumvirate 1218:Herald of Freedom 1210:Herald of Freedom 1033:brigadier general 990:John Quincy Adams 737:William A. Graham 713:brigadier general 639: 638: 583:Brigadier general 353:November 23, 1804 271:Samuel C. Webster 242:Jared W. Williams 16:(Redirected from 11658: 11473: 11472: 11461: 11460: 11449: 11448: 11447: 11437: 11436: 11435: 11425: 11424: 11423: 11416: 11361:Other candidates 11349:Vice President: 11343:Millard Fillmore 11331: 11330: 11288:Other candidates 11276:Vice President: 11258: 11257: 11246:Republican Party 11213:Other candidates 11201:Vice President: 11183: 11182: 11171:Democratic Party 11145: 11138: 11131: 11122: 11121: 11083:George W. Julian 11081:Vice President: 11063: 11062: 11036:Millard Fillmore 11014:Other candidates 11002:Vice President: 10984: 10983: 10957:William L. Marcy 10935:Other candidates 10923:Vice President: 10905: 10904: 10893:Democratic Party 10867: 10860: 10853: 10844: 10843: 10766:Attorney General 10747:Secretary of War 10721: 10720: 10708:William L. Marcy 10677: 10670: 10663: 10654: 10653: 10449: 10261: 10254: 10247: 10238: 10237: 10139:Democrats Abroad 10028:Policy Committee 10013: 10012: 9996:Democrats Abroad 8784:2012 (Charlotte) 8279:1912 (Baltimore) 8149:1872 (Baltimore) 8071:1852 (Baltimore) 8058:1848 (Baltimore) 8045:1844 (Baltimore) 8032:1840 (Baltimore) 8019:1835 (Baltimore) 8006:1832 (Baltimore) 7919: 7918:Democratic Party 7910: 7903: 7896: 7887: 7886: 7873: 7872: 7863: 7862: 7502:William McKinley 7492:Grover Cleveland 7472:Grover Cleveland 7432:Ulysses S. Grant 7382:Millard Fillmore 7332:Martin Van Buren 7282:Thomas Jefferson 7237: 7230: 7223: 7214: 7213: 7201: 7200: 7169:Millard Fillmore 7166:Preceded by 7128:Preceded by 7085:Preceded by 7062: 7041:Preceded by 7031: 7030: 7019: 7018: 7004: 7003: 6992:James Buchanan → 6866:Ostend Manifesto 6861:Gadsden Purchase 6831: 6773: 6761: 6753: 6728: 6721: 6714: 6705: 6704: 6641:Internet Archive 6633: 6632: 6609: 6580: 6566: 6542: 6525: 6495: 6493: 6491: 6486:on April 9, 2017 6482:. Archived from 6461: 6440: 6421: 6402: 6390: 6355: 6354: 6343: 6342: 6338: 6317: 6302: 6283: 6264: 6252: 6243:Potter, David M. 6238: 6208: 6189: 6170: 6151: 6131: 6102: 6101: 6098: 6086: 6080: 6074: 6068: 6067: 6039: 6033: 6027: 6018: 6017: 5985: 5979: 5973: 5967: 5960: 5954: 5953: 5933: 5927: 5926: 5901: 5895: 5894: 5886: 5880: 5879: 5859: 5850: 5844: 5838: 5837: 5835: 5833: 5828:on July 22, 2014 5814: 5808: 5788: 5782: 5776: 5770: 5764: 5758: 5752: 5746: 5740: 5734: 5733: 5713: 5707: 5706: 5704: 5702: 5690: 5684: 5683: 5681: 5679: 5674:on July 14, 2014 5664: 5658: 5657: 5655: 5653: 5638: 5632: 5631: 5629: 5627: 5616: 5610: 5609: 5607: 5605: 5594: 5588: 5578: 5572: 5569:Concord Monitor. 5561: 5555: 5554: 5541: 5539: 5537: 5526: 5520: 5519: 5514: 5512: 5495: 5489: 5483: 5477: 5471: 5465: 5459: 5453: 5447: 5441: 5435: 5429: 5423: 5414: 5408: 5399: 5393: 5384: 5378: 5369: 5363: 5357: 5351: 5342: 5341:, pp. 65–66 5336: 5330: 5329:, pp. 55–56 5324: 5318: 5312: 5306: 5300: 5287: 5281: 5275: 5269: 5263: 5257: 5251: 5245: 5239: 5233: 5227: 5221: 5215: 5209: 5203: 5202: 5196: 5194: 5179: 5170: 5164: 5155: 5149: 5140: 5134: 5125: 5119: 5113: 5107: 5101: 5095: 5089: 5083: 5077: 5071: 5065: 5059: 5050: 5044: 5035: 5029: 5023: 5022: 5002: 4996: 4990: 4979: 4973: 4962: 4956: 4945: 4939: 4933: 4927: 4921: 4915: 4909: 4908:, pp. 40–43 4903: 4897: 4891: 4885: 4879: 4873: 4867: 4861: 4855: 4849: 4848:, pp. 26–27 4843: 4837: 4831: 4825: 4819: 4813: 4807: 4801: 4795: 4789: 4783: 4774: 4773:, pp. 75–81 4768: 4762: 4756: 4750: 4749:, pp. 61–63 4744: 4738: 4732: 4726: 4725:, pp. 25–32 4720: 4714: 4708: 4702: 4701:, pp. 32–36 4696: 4690: 4684: 4678: 4672: 4666: 4665:, pp. 36–39 4660: 4654: 4653:, pp. 35–36 4648: 4642: 4636: 4627: 4626:, pp. 21–22 4621: 4615: 4614:, pp. 15–18 4609: 4603: 4597: 4588: 4582: 4576: 4570: 4564: 4563: 4553: 4547: 4546: 4544: 4542: 4519: 4513: 4507: 4501: 4500:, pp. 43–44 4495: 4489: 4483: 4472: 4466: 4460: 4454: 4448: 4442: 4436: 4430: 4424: 4418: 4412: 4406: 4400: 4394: 4383: 4377: 4371: 4365: 4359: 4358:, pp. 36–38 4353: 4347: 4341: 4335: 4329: 4323: 4322:, pp. 33–34 4317: 4311: 4305: 4299: 4298:, pp. 32–33 4293: 4287: 4281: 4272: 4271:, pp. 23–29 4266: 4260: 4254: 4248: 4242: 4236: 4230: 4221: 4220:, pp. 21–22 4215: 4209: 4203: 4197: 4191: 4182: 4181: 4168: 4162: 4156: 4147: 4141: 4130: 4124: 4118: 4112: 4106: 4100: 4091: 4085: 4079: 4073: 4067: 4061: 4055: 4049: 4043: 4037: 4031: 4025: 4019: 4013: 4007: 4001: 3995: 3994:, pp. 93–95 3989: 3983: 3977: 3971: 3965: 3959: 3953: 3947: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3933:. 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Marcy 2440:Cincinnati, Ohio 2350:Republican Party 2238:Matthew C. Perry 2230:Manifest Destiny 2226:Ostend Manifesto 2120:Attorney General 2101:Secretary of War 2068:William L. Marcy 1991: 1990: 1977:Gadsden Purchase 1909:Secretary of War 1890:depicting Pierce 1790: 1698:New-York Tribune 1590:Election of 1852 1584:Millard Fillmore 1505:Ulysses S. Grant 1434:Attorney General 1416: 1413: 1274:Martin Van Buren 1061:Truman B. Ransom 906:Brunswick, Maine 846:Norwich, Norfolk 766:Ostend Manifesto 762:violent conflict 753:Gadsden Purchase 562:1847–1848 (Army) 527:Military service 522: 429: 427: 423: 419: 369: 352: 350: 338:Personal details 326: 316: 307: 293: 278: 268: 259: 238: 226: 217: 207: 200: 185: 173: 164: 138: 130:Millard Fillmore 126: 98: 87: 65: 62: 53: 39: 38: 21: 18:President Pierce 11666: 11665: 11661: 11660: 11659: 11657: 11656: 11655: 11491:Franklin Pierce 11481: 11480: 11479: 11467: 11455: 11445: 11443: 11433: 11431: 11421: 11419: 11411: 11409: 11404: 11403: 11398: 11372: 11356: 11314: 11300:Abraham Lincoln 11283: 11270:John C. Frémont 11249: 11235: 11230:Franklin Pierce 11208: 11174: 11164: 11149: 11119: 11114: 11088: 11057:Free Soil Party 11046: 11009: 10975: 10961: 10930: 10925:William R. King 10917:Franklin Pierce 10896: 10886: 10871: 10841: 10836: 10817: 10812:James C. Dobbin 10798: 10779: 10760: 10755:Jefferson Davis 10741: 10722: 10718: 10713: 10694: 10691:Franklin Pierce 10681: 10651: 10646: 10450: 10441: 10270: 10265: 10235: 10230: 10170: 10122: 10076: 10007: 10000: 9707: 9705: 9698: 9421: 9415: 9308:C. A. Culberson 9254:J. W. Stevenson 9245: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9230: 9117:D. B. Culberson 9002: 8999: 8997: 8992: 8988: 8981: 8873:administrations 8871: 8863: 8684:1992 (New York) 8624:1980 (New York) 8604:1976 (New York) 8339:1924 (New York) 8136:1868 (New York) 7984: 7981: 7979: 7975: 7972: 7968: 7961: 7921: 7917: 7914: 7884: 7879: 7851: 7777:F. D. Roosevelt 7729: 7723: 7722: 7721: 7602:John F. Kennedy 7582:Harry S. Truman 7552:Calvin Coolidge 7412:Abraham Lincoln 7392:Franklin Pierce 7252: 7246: 7241: 7206: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7179: 7171: 7156: 7145: 7133: 7118: 7100: 7098: 7090: 7073: 7064: 7060: 7059: 7054: 7046: 7024: 7016: 7011: 6975: 6964:Benjamin Pierce 6946: 6890: 6876:Bleeding Kansas 6832: 6823: 6776: 6764: 6756: 6745: 6737: 6735:Franklin Pierce 6732: 6685:, June 14, 1999 6668:Wayback Machine 6630: 6592: 6587: 6563: 6547:Silbey, Joel H. 6498:Nevins, Allan. 6489: 6487: 6458: 6437: 6399: 6378: 6376:Further reading 6352: 6346:External videos 6341: 6335: 6299: 6280: 6261: 6235: 6205: 6195:Franklin Pierce 6186: 6167: 6128: 6111: 6106: 6105: 6099: 6087: 6083: 6075: 6071: 6040: 6036: 6028: 6021: 6006:10.2307/3659320 5986: 5982: 5974: 5970: 5961: 5957: 5950: 5934: 5930: 5923: 5902: 5898: 5887: 5883: 5860: 5853: 5845: 5841: 5831: 5829: 5818:"C-SPAN Survey" 5816: 5815: 5811: 5805:Wayback Machine 5789: 5785: 5777: 5773: 5765: 5761: 5753: 5749: 5741: 5737: 5730: 5714: 5710: 5700: 5698: 5691: 5687: 5677: 5675: 5666: 5665: 5661: 5651: 5649: 5640: 5639: 5635: 5625: 5623: 5618: 5617: 5613: 5603: 5601: 5596: 5595: 5591: 5579: 5575: 5562: 5558: 5543: 5542: 5535: 5533: 5528: 5527: 5523: 5510: 5508: 5496: 5492: 5484: 5480: 5472: 5468: 5460: 5456: 5448: 5444: 5436: 5432: 5424: 5417: 5409: 5402: 5394: 5387: 5379: 5372: 5364: 5360: 5352: 5345: 5337: 5333: 5325: 5321: 5313: 5309: 5301: 5290: 5282: 5278: 5270: 5266: 5258: 5254: 5246: 5242: 5234: 5230: 5222: 5218: 5210: 5206: 5192: 5190: 5180: 5173: 5165: 5158: 5150: 5143: 5135: 5128: 5120: 5116: 5108: 5104: 5096: 5092: 5084: 5080: 5072: 5068: 5060: 5053: 5045: 5038: 5030: 5026: 5019: 5003: 4999: 4991: 4982: 4974: 4965: 4957: 4948: 4940: 4936: 4928: 4924: 4916: 4912: 4904: 4900: 4892: 4888: 4880: 4876: 4868: 4864: 4856: 4852: 4844: 4840: 4832: 4828: 4820: 4816: 4808: 4804: 4796: 4792: 4784: 4777: 4769: 4765: 4757: 4753: 4745: 4741: 4733: 4729: 4721: 4717: 4709: 4705: 4697: 4693: 4685: 4681: 4673: 4669: 4661: 4657: 4649: 4645: 4637: 4630: 4622: 4618: 4610: 4606: 4602:, pp. 5–24 4598: 4591: 4583: 4579: 4571: 4567: 4554: 4550: 4540: 4538: 4520: 4516: 4508: 4504: 4496: 4492: 4484: 4475: 4467: 4463: 4455: 4451: 4443: 4439: 4431: 4427: 4419: 4415: 4407: 4403: 4395: 4386: 4378: 4374: 4366: 4362: 4354: 4350: 4342: 4338: 4330: 4326: 4318: 4314: 4306: 4302: 4294: 4290: 4282: 4275: 4267: 4263: 4255: 4251: 4243: 4239: 4231: 4224: 4216: 4212: 4204: 4200: 4192: 4185: 4169: 4165: 4157: 4150: 4142: 4133: 4125: 4121: 4113: 4109: 4101: 4094: 4086: 4082: 4074: 4070: 4062: 4058: 4050: 4046: 4038: 4034: 4026: 4022: 4014: 4010: 4002: 3998: 3990: 3986: 3978: 3974: 3966: 3962: 3954: 3950: 3940: 3938: 3929: 3928: 3921: 3913: 3909: 3901: 3897: 3889: 3885: 3877: 3873: 3865: 3861: 3853: 3846: 3838: 3834: 3826: 3822: 3814: 3810: 3802: 3798: 3777: 3773: 3765: 3761: 3753: 3749: 3741: 3737: 3729: 3722: 3714: 3710: 3702: 3698: 3690: 3686: 3672: 3670: 3653:Baker, Jean H. 3651: 3644: 3636: 3629: 3621: 3614: 3606: 3602: 3594: 3587: 3577: 3575: 3562: 3558: 3548: 3546: 3533: 3529: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3499: 3495: 3486: 3482: 3473: 3469: 3461: 3457: 3449: 3445: 3437: 3433: 3425: 3421: 3413: 3409: 3401: 3397: 3366: 3362: 3354: 3350: 3338: 3327: 3321: 3317: 3309: 3305: 3297: 3293: 3285: 3281: 3273: 3266: 3249: 3245: 3237: 3233: 3225: 3221: 3211: 3209: 3200: 3199: 3195: 3185: 3183: 3170: 3169: 3162: 3152: 3150: 3140: 3139: 3135: 3120: 3100: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3085: 3079: 3075: 3069: 3065: 3052: 3048: 3043: 3039: 3016: 3012: 3003: 2999: 2990: 2986: 2981: 2939: 2934: 2932: 2929: 2849: 2848: 2847: 2846: 2834: 2833: 2832: 2824: 2823: 2812: 2784:White Mountains 2685: 2624: 2561:Detroit Tribune 2530: 2513:Abraham Lincoln 2477: 2465:John C. Frémont 2412: 2406: 2374:Border Ruffians 2370:Bleeding Kansas 2334:Salmon P. Chase 2314:Rocky Mountains 2274: 2272:Bleeding Kansas 2266:Main articles: 2264: 2262:Bleeding Kansas 2186:1853–1857 2167:1853–1857 2163:James C. Dobbin 2148:1853–1857 2129:1853–1857 2110:1853–1857 2106:Jefferson Davis 2091:1853–1857 2072:1853–1857 2053:1853–1857 2037:William R. King 2022:1853–1857 2019:Franklin Pierce 1937: 1912:Jefferson Davis 1894:Pierce charged 1881: 1829:William R. King 1827:Vice President 1805: 1804: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1792: 1791: 1780: 1774: 1746: 1741: 1735: 1663:William R. King 1658:James C. Dobbin 1602: 1594:Main articles: 1592: 1556:Free Soil Party 1532:Mexican Cession 1513: 1426:John McNeil Jr. 1414: 1404: 1374:victory in the 1323: 1318: 1232: 1223:John C. Calhoun 1168: 1163: 1147:epidemic typhus 1104: 1069:honorary degree 1051:, president of 1049:Alden Partridge 1025:Samuel Dinsmoor 970: 962:Mary Baker Eddy 910:Jonathan Cilley 902:Bowdoin College 856:who moved from 830: 801: 725:William R. King 693:Benjamin Pierce 670:Abraham Lincoln 642:Franklin Pierce 631: 588: 565: 548: 510: 493: 479:Bowdoin College 456: 451:Benjamin Pierce 431: 415: 411: 408: 390:Political party 371: 367: 366:October 8, 1869 354: 348: 346: 324: 314: 308: 303: 294: 289: 276: 266: 260: 255: 236: 224: 218: 213: 201: 196: 183: 171: 165: 160: 151: 136: 124: 119: 110: 108: 106:William R. King 94: 88: 83: 66: 63: 44: 43:Franklin Pierce 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11664: 11654: 11653: 11648: 11643: 11638: 11633: 11628: 11623: 11618: 11613: 11608: 11603: 11598: 11593: 11588: 11583: 11578: 11573: 11568: 11563: 11558: 11553: 11548: 11543: 11538: 11533: 11528: 11523: 11518: 11513: 11508: 11503: 11498: 11493: 11478: 11477: 11465: 11453: 11441: 11429: 11406: 11405: 11400: 11399: 11397: 11396: 11391: 11381: 11378: 11377: 11374: 11373: 11371: 11370: 11364: 11362: 11358: 11357: 11355: 11354: 11346: 11337: 11335: 11328: 11325:American Party 11320: 11319: 11316: 11315: 11313: 11312: 11307: 11302: 11297: 11291: 11289: 11285: 11284: 11282: 11281: 11273: 11264: 11262: 11255: 11241: 11240: 11237: 11236: 11234: 11233: 11227: 11222: 11216: 11214: 11210: 11209: 11207: 11206: 11198: 11195:James Buchanan 11189: 11187: 11180: 11166: 11165: 11148: 11147: 11140: 11133: 11125: 11116: 11115: 11113: 11112: 11107: 11097: 11094: 11093: 11090: 11089: 11087: 11086: 11078: 11069: 11067: 11060: 11052: 11051: 11048: 11047: 11045: 11044: 11042:Daniel Webster 11039: 11033: 11028: 11023: 11017: 11015: 11011: 11010: 11008: 11007: 10999: 10996:Winfield Scott 10990: 10988: 10981: 10967: 10966: 10963: 10962: 10960: 10959: 10954: 10949: 10944: 10942:James Buchanan 10938: 10936: 10932: 10931: 10929: 10928: 10920: 10911: 10909: 10902: 10888: 10887: 10870: 10869: 10862: 10855: 10847: 10838: 10837: 10835: 10834: 10827: 10825: 10819: 10818: 10816: 10815: 10808: 10806: 10800: 10799: 10797: 10796: 10793:James Campbell 10789: 10787: 10781: 10780: 10778: 10777: 10770: 10768: 10762: 10761: 10759: 10758: 10751: 10749: 10743: 10742: 10740: 10739: 10732: 10730: 10724: 10723: 10716: 10714: 10712: 10711: 10704: 10702: 10696: 10695: 10680: 10679: 10672: 10665: 10657: 10648: 10647: 10645: 10644: 10639: 10634: 10629: 10624: 10619: 10614: 10609: 10604: 10599: 10594: 10589: 10584: 10579: 10574: 10569: 10564: 10559: 10554: 10549: 10544: 10539: 10534: 10529: 10524: 10519: 10514: 10509: 10504: 10499: 10494: 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9893: 9888: 9883: 9878: 9876:North Carolina 9873: 9868: 9863: 9858: 9853: 9848: 9843: 9838: 9833: 9828: 9823: 9818: 9813: 9808: 9803: 9798: 9793: 9788: 9783: 9778: 9773: 9768: 9763: 9758: 9753: 9748: 9743: 9738: 9733: 9728: 9723: 9718: 9712: 9710: 9700: 9699: 9697: 9696: 9691: 9686: 9681: 9676: 9671: 9666: 9657: 9648: 9639: 9634: 9629: 9624: 9619: 9614: 9609: 9604: 9599: 9594: 9589: 9584: 9579: 9574: 9569: 9564: 9559: 9554: 9549: 9544: 9539: 9534: 9529: 9524: 9519: 9514: 9509: 9504: 9499: 9494: 9489: 9484: 9479: 9474: 9469: 9464: 9459: 9454: 9449: 9444: 9439: 9434: 9428: 9426: 9417: 9416: 9414: 9413: 9407: 9401: 9395: 9389: 9383: 9377: 9371: 9365: 9359: 9353: 9347: 9341: 9335: 9329: 9323: 9317: 9311: 9305: 9299: 9293: 9287: 9281: 9275: 9269: 9263: 9257: 9250: 9248: 9232: 9231: 9229: 9228: 9222: 9216: 9210: 9204: 9198: 9192: 9186: 9180: 9174: 9168: 9162: 9156: 9150: 9144: 9138: 9132: 9126: 9120: 9114: 9108: 9102: 9096: 9090: 9084: 9078: 9068: 9062: 9056: 9050: 9044: 9038: 9032: 9026: 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8172: 8159: 8146: 8133: 8123:1864 (Chicago) 8120: 8094: 8081: 8068: 8055: 8042: 8029: 8016: 8003: 7989: 7987: 7963: 7962: 7960: 7959: 7958: 7957: 7952: 7947: 7942: 7937: 7926: 7923: 7922: 7913: 7912: 7905: 7898: 7890: 7881: 7880: 7878: 7877: 7867: 7856: 7853: 7852: 7850: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7733: 7731: 7725: 7724: 7720: 7719: 7709: 7699: 7689: 7682:George W. Bush 7679: 7669: 7659: 7649: 7639: 7629: 7619: 7609: 7599: 7589: 7579: 7569: 7562:Herbert Hoover 7559: 7549: 7539: 7532:Woodrow Wilson 7529: 7519: 7509: 7499: 7489: 7479: 7469: 7459: 7449: 7439: 7429: 7422:Andrew Johnson 7419: 7409: 7402:James Buchanan 7399: 7389: 7379: 7372:Zachary Taylor 7369: 7359: 7349: 7339: 7329: 7322:Andrew Jackson 7319: 7309: 7299: 7289: 7279: 7269: 7258: 7257: 7256: 7254: 7251:Presidents and 7248: 7247: 7240: 7239: 7232: 7225: 7217: 7211: 7208: 7207: 7195: 7194: 7190: 7189: 7186:James Buchanan 7184: 7181: 7172: 7167: 7163: 7162: 7158: 7157: 7154:James Buchanan 7152: 7149: 7134: 7129: 7125: 7124: 7120: 7119: 7116:Leonard Wilcox 7114: 7111: 7091: 7086: 7082: 7081: 7075: 7074: 7069: 7066: 7050:Member of the 7047: 7044:Joseph Hammons 7042: 7038: 7037: 7029: 7026: 7025: 7013: 7012: 7010: 7009: 6996: 6995: 6988: 6980: 6977: 6976: 6974: 6973: 6967: 6961: 6954: 6952: 6948: 6947: 6945: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6898: 6896: 6892: 6891: 6889: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6842: 6840: 6834: 6833: 6826: 6824: 6822: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6784: 6782: 6778: 6777: 6775: 6774: 6762: 6754: 6742: 6739: 6738: 6731: 6730: 6723: 6716: 6708: 6702: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6670: 6658: 6652: 6643: 6634: 6619: 6610: 6595: 6591: 6590:External links 6588: 6586: 6585: 6581: 6568: 6567:pp 345–96 6561: 6543: 6526: 6506: 6496: 6462: 6456: 6441: 6435: 6422: 6403: 6397: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6371: 6370: 6348: 6347: 6340: 6339: 6333: 6318: 6303: 6297: 6291:. Plaidswede. 6284: 6278: 6272:. Plaidswede. 6265: 6259: 6239: 6233: 6213: 6203: 6190: 6184: 6171: 6165: 6152: 6136:Butler, Pierce 6132: 6126: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6104: 6103: 6081: 6069: 6034: 6019: 5980: 5968: 5955: 5948: 5928: 5921: 5896: 5881: 5870:(4): 881–902. 5851: 5839: 5809: 5783: 5771: 5759: 5747: 5735: 5728: 5708: 5685: 5659: 5633: 5611: 5589: 5573: 5556: 5521: 5490: 5478: 5466: 5454: 5442: 5430: 5415: 5400: 5385: 5370: 5358: 5343: 5331: 5319: 5307: 5288: 5276: 5264: 5252: 5240: 5228: 5216: 5204: 5171: 5156: 5141: 5126: 5114: 5102: 5090: 5078: 5066: 5051: 5036: 5024: 5017: 4997: 4980: 4963: 4946: 4934: 4922: 4910: 4898: 4886: 4874: 4862: 4850: 4838: 4826: 4814: 4802: 4790: 4775: 4763: 4751: 4739: 4727: 4715: 4703: 4691: 4679: 4667: 4655: 4643: 4628: 4616: 4604: 4589: 4577: 4565: 4548: 4514: 4502: 4490: 4473: 4461: 4449: 4437: 4425: 4413: 4401: 4384: 4372: 4360: 4348: 4336: 4324: 4312: 4300: 4288: 4273: 4261: 4249: 4237: 4222: 4210: 4198: 4183: 4163: 4148: 4131: 4119: 4107: 4092: 4080: 4068: 4056: 4044: 4032: 4020: 4008: 3996: 3984: 3972: 3960: 3948: 3919: 3907: 3895: 3883: 3871: 3859: 3844: 3832: 3820: 3808: 3796: 3771: 3759: 3747: 3735: 3720: 3708: 3696: 3684: 3642: 3627: 3612: 3600: 3585: 3556: 3527: 3513: 3493: 3491:, 2003, p. 31. 3480: 3478:, 1832, p. 53. 3467: 3455: 3443: 3431: 3419: 3407: 3395: 3360: 3348: 3315: 3303: 3291: 3279: 3264: 3243: 3241:, pp. 1–8 3231: 3219: 3193: 3160: 3133: 3118: 3112:. p. 54. 3093: 3092: 3090: 3087: 3084: 3083: 3073: 3063: 3046: 3037: 3010: 2997: 2983: 2982: 2980: 2977: 2976: 2975: 2974:: Pierce Shops 2969: 2963: 2957: 2951: 2945: 2944: 2928: 2925: 2873:Roy F. Nichols 2836: 2835: 2826: 2825: 2817: 2816: 2815: 2814: 2813: 2811: 2808: 2807: 2806: 2800: 2794: 2787: 2772: 2765: 2684: 2681: 2650:Reconstruction 2646:Andrew Johnson 2623: 2620: 2529: 2526: 2476: 2473: 2460:Preston Brooks 2428:Preston Brooks 2420:Charles Sumner 2408:Main article: 2405: 2402: 2338:Charles Sumner 2288:(in pink) and 2263: 2260: 2256:steam frigates 2188: 2187: 2184: 2179: 2173: 2172: 2169: 2168: 2165: 2160: 2154: 2153: 2150: 2149: 2146: 2144:James Campbell 2141: 2135: 2134: 2131: 2130: 2127: 2122: 2116: 2115: 2112: 2111: 2108: 2103: 2097: 2096: 2093: 2092: 2089: 2084: 2078: 2077: 2074: 2073: 2070: 2065: 2059: 2058: 2055: 2054: 2051: 2045: 2043: 2042: 2039: 2034: 2032:Vice President 2028: 2027: 2024: 2023: 2020: 2017: 2011: 2010: 2007: 2006: 2003: 2000: 1996: 1995: 1969:William Walker 1936: 1933: 1880: 1877: 1842:David Atchison 1795: 1794: 1785: 1784: 1783: 1782: 1781: 1773: 1770: 1745: 1742: 1737:Main article: 1734: 1731: 1703:Horace Greeley 1640:of Texas, and 1634:James Buchanan 1591: 1588: 1560:Zachary Taylor 1536:Wilmot Proviso 1512: 1509: 1442:Winfield Scott 1438:Zachary Taylor 1403: 1400: 1347:compensation. 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1265:Daniel Webster 1238:Pierce in 1852 1231: 1228: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1155:train accident 1128:Jesse Appleton 1124:Congregational 1103: 1100: 1065:Alonzo Jackman 978:Andrew Jackson 969: 966: 923:Hebron Academy 829: 826: 800: 797: 733:Winfield Scott 637: 636: 633: 632: 630: 629: 628: 627: 622: 617: 612: 607: 596: 594: 590: 589: 587: 586: 580: 573: 571: 567: 566: 564: 563: 560: 556: 554: 550: 549: 547: 546: 541: 535: 533: 532:Branch/service 529: 528: 524: 523: 516: 512: 511: 509: 508: 505: 501: 499: 495: 494: 492: 491: 486: 475: 473: 469: 468: 462: 458: 457: 455: 454: 447: 445: 441: 440: 437: 433: 432: 413: 409: 404: 403: 401: 397: 396: 391: 387: 386: 381: 377: 376: 370:(aged 64) 364: 360: 359: 344: 340: 339: 335: 334: 331: 330: 327: 321: 320: 317: 311: 310: 300: 299: 288:Member of the 285: 284: 279: 273: 272: 269: 263: 262: 252: 251: 245: 244: 239: 233: 232: 230:Joseph Hammons 227: 221: 220: 210: 209: 195:Member of the 192: 191: 189:Leonard Wilcox 186: 180: 179: 174: 168: 167: 157: 156: 145: 144: 142:James Buchanan 139: 133: 132: 127: 121: 120: 118: 117: 111: 104: 101: 99: 96:Vice President 91: 90: 80: 79: 72: 71: 68: 67: 64: 1855–65 54: 46: 45: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11663: 11652: 11649: 11647: 11644: 11642: 11639: 11637: 11634: 11632: 11629: 11627: 11624: 11622: 11619: 11617: 11614: 11612: 11609: 11607: 11604: 11602: 11599: 11597: 11594: 11592: 11589: 11587: 11584: 11582: 11579: 11577: 11574: 11572: 11569: 11567: 11564: 11562: 11559: 11557: 11554: 11552: 11549: 11547: 11544: 11542: 11539: 11537: 11534: 11532: 11529: 11527: 11524: 11522: 11519: 11517: 11514: 11512: 11509: 11507: 11504: 11502: 11499: 11497: 11494: 11492: 11489: 11488: 11486: 11476: 11471: 11466: 11464: 11459: 11454: 11452: 11451:United States 11442: 11440: 11430: 11428: 11418: 11417: 11414: 11395: 11392: 11390: 11386: 11383: 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10089: 10086: 10085: 10083: 10079: 10071: 10068: 10066: 10063: 10061: 10058: 10056: 10053: 10051: 10048: 10047: 10046: 10043: 10041: 10038: 10034: 10031: 10029: 10026: 10025: 10024: 10023:Senate Caucus 10021: 10020: 10018: 10014: 10011: 10009: 10003: 9997: 9994: 9992: 9989: 9987: 9984: 9982: 9979: 9977: 9974: 9972: 9969: 9967: 9964: 9962: 9959: 9957: 9954: 9952: 9951:West Virginia 9949: 9947: 9944: 9942: 9939: 9937: 9934: 9932: 9929: 9927: 9924: 9922: 9919: 9917: 9914: 9912: 9909: 9907: 9904: 9902: 9899: 9897: 9894: 9892: 9889: 9887: 9884: 9882: 9879: 9877: 9874: 9872: 9869: 9867: 9864: 9862: 9859: 9857: 9856:New Hampshire 9854: 9852: 9849: 9847: 9844: 9842: 9839: 9837: 9834: 9832: 9829: 9827: 9824: 9822: 9819: 9817: 9816:Massachusetts 9814: 9812: 9809: 9807: 9804: 9802: 9799: 9797: 9794: 9792: 9789: 9787: 9784: 9782: 9779: 9777: 9774: 9772: 9769: 9767: 9764: 9762: 9759: 9757: 9754: 9752: 9749: 9747: 9744: 9742: 9739: 9737: 9734: 9732: 9729: 9727: 9724: 9722: 9719: 9717: 9714: 9713: 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B. Johnson 8950: 8947: 8944: 8941: 8938: 8935: 8931: 8927: 8924: 8921: 8918: 8915: 8912: 8909: 8906: 8903: 8900: 8897: 8894: 8891: 8888: 8885: 8882: 8879: 8878: 8876: 8874: 8870: 8866: 8858: 8855: 8854: 8853: 8849: 8845: 8842: 8838: 8835: 8834: 8833: 8829: 8825: 8822: 8818: 8815: 8814: 8813: 8809: 8805: 8802: 8798: 8795: 8794: 8793: 8789: 8785: 8782: 8778: 8775: 8774: 8773: 8769: 8765: 8764:2008 (Denver) 8762: 8758: 8755: 8754: 8753: 8749: 8745: 8744:2004 (Boston) 8742: 8738: 8735: 8734: 8733: 8729: 8725: 8722: 8718: 8715: 8714: 8713: 8709: 8705: 8702: 8698: 8695: 8694: 8693: 8689: 8685: 8682: 8678: 8675: 8674: 8673: 8669: 8665: 8662: 8658: 8655: 8654: 8653: 8649: 8645: 8642: 8638: 8635: 8634: 8633: 8629: 8625: 8622: 8618: 8615: 8614: 8613: 8609: 8605: 8602: 8598: 8595: 8594: 8592: 8588: 8584: 8580: 8577: 8573: 8570: 8569: 8568: 8564: 8560: 8557: 8553: 8550: 8549: 8548: 8544: 8540: 8537: 8533: 8530: 8529: 8528: 8524: 8520: 8517: 8513: 8510: 8509: 8508: 8504: 8500: 8497: 8493: 8490: 8489: 8488: 8484: 8480: 8477: 8473: 8470: 8469: 8468: 8464: 8460: 8457: 8453: 8450: 8449: 8448: 8444: 8440: 8437: 8433: 8430: 8429: 8428: 8424: 8420: 8417: 8413: 8410: 8409: 8408: 8404: 8400: 8397: 8393: 8390: 8389: 8388: 8384: 8380: 8377: 8373: 8370: 8369: 8368: 8364: 8360: 8357: 8353: 8350: 8349: 8348: 8344: 8340: 8337: 8333: 8330: 8329: 8328: 8324: 8320: 8317: 8313: 8310: 8309: 8308: 8304: 8300: 8297: 8293: 8290: 8289: 8288: 8284: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8271: 8267: 8266:1908 (Denver) 8264: 8262: 8258: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8245: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8232: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8219: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8206: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8193: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8180: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8167: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8154: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8141: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8128: 8124: 8121: 8118: 8114: 8110: 8106: 8102: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8089: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8076: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8063: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8050: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8037: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8024: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8011: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7998: 7994: 7991: 7990: 7988: 7986: 7977: 7970: 7964: 7956: 7953: 7951: 7948: 7946: 7943: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7933: 7932: 7931: 7928: 7927: 7924: 7920: 7911: 7906: 7904: 7899: 7897: 7892: 7891: 7888: 7876: 7868: 7866: 7858: 7857: 7854: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7822:G. H. W. Bush 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7797:L. B. Johnson 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7734: 7732: 7726: 7717: 7713: 7710: 7707: 7703: 7700: 7697: 7693: 7690: 7687: 7683: 7680: 7677: 7673: 7670: 7667: 7663: 7660: 7657: 7653: 7652:Ronald Reagan 7650: 7647: 7643: 7640: 7637: 7633: 7630: 7627: 7623: 7622:Richard Nixon 7620: 7617: 7613: 7610: 7607: 7603: 7600: 7597: 7593: 7590: 7587: 7583: 7580: 7577: 7573: 7570: 7567: 7563: 7560: 7557: 7553: 7550: 7547: 7543: 7540: 7537: 7533: 7530: 7527: 7523: 7520: 7517: 7513: 7510: 7507: 7503: 7500: 7497: 7493: 7490: 7487: 7483: 7480: 7477: 7473: 7470: 7467: 7463: 7460: 7457: 7453: 7450: 7447: 7443: 7440: 7437: 7433: 7430: 7427: 7423: 7420: 7417: 7413: 7410: 7407: 7403: 7400: 7397: 7393: 7390: 7387: 7383: 7380: 7377: 7373: 7370: 7367: 7363: 7362:James K. Polk 7360: 7357: 7353: 7350: 7347: 7343: 7340: 7337: 7333: 7330: 7327: 7323: 7320: 7317: 7313: 7310: 7307: 7303: 7300: 7297: 7293: 7292:James Madison 7290: 7287: 7283: 7280: 7277: 7273: 7270: 7267: 7263: 7260: 7259: 7255: 7249: 7245: 7238: 7233: 7231: 7226: 7224: 7219: 7218: 7215: 7209: 7202: 7187: 7178: 7177: 7170: 7164: 7159: 7155: 7148: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7132: 7126: 7121: 7117: 7110: 7109: 7108:Levi Woodbury 7105: 7104:Henry Hubbard 7097: 7096: 7089: 7083: 7080: 7076: 7072: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7045: 7039: 7036: 7032: 7027: 7020: 7008: 7007: 6998: 6997: 6994: 6993: 6989: 6987: 6986: 6982: 6981: 6978: 6971: 6968: 6965: 6962: 6959: 6956: 6955: 6953: 6949: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6899: 6897: 6893: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6843: 6841: 6839: 6835: 6830: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 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6096: 6092: 6085: 6078: 6073: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6038: 6032:, p. 192 6031: 6026: 6024: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5984: 5978:, p. 181 5977: 5972: 5966:(1988) 3:1237 5965: 5959: 5951: 5945: 5941: 5940: 5932: 5924: 5918: 5914: 5913: 5906: 5900: 5892: 5885: 5877: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5858: 5856: 5849:, p. 182 5848: 5843: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5813: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5793: 5787: 5780: 5775: 5768: 5763: 5756: 5751: 5745:, p. 180 5744: 5739: 5731: 5725: 5721: 5720: 5712: 5696: 5689: 5673: 5669: 5663: 5647: 5643: 5637: 5621: 5615: 5599: 5593: 5586: 5582: 5577: 5570: 5566: 5563:Pride, Mike. 5560: 5552: 5551: 5546: 5531: 5525: 5518: 5507: 5503: 5502: 5494: 5488:, p. 374 5487: 5482: 5475: 5470: 5463: 5458: 5451: 5446: 5439: 5434: 5427: 5422: 5420: 5412: 5407: 5405: 5397: 5392: 5390: 5382: 5377: 5375: 5367: 5362: 5355: 5350: 5348: 5340: 5335: 5328: 5323: 5316: 5311: 5304: 5299: 5297: 5295: 5293: 5286:, p. 305 5285: 5280: 5273: 5268: 5261: 5256: 5249: 5244: 5237: 5232: 5225: 5220: 5213: 5208: 5201: 5189: 5185: 5178: 5176: 5168: 5163: 5161: 5153: 5148: 5146: 5138: 5133: 5131: 5123: 5118: 5111: 5106: 5099: 5094: 5087: 5082: 5075: 5070: 5063: 5058: 5056: 5048: 5043: 5041: 5033: 5032:Etchison 2004 5028: 5020: 5014: 5010: 5009: 5001: 4994: 4989: 4987: 4985: 4977: 4972: 4970: 4968: 4960: 4955: 4953: 4951: 4944:, p. 256 4943: 4938: 4931: 4926: 4920:, p. 172 4919: 4914: 4907: 4902: 4895: 4890: 4883: 4878: 4871: 4866: 4859: 4854: 4847: 4842: 4836:, p. 133 4835: 4830: 4823: 4818: 4811: 4806: 4799: 4794: 4787: 4782: 4780: 4772: 4767: 4760: 4755: 4748: 4743: 4737:, p. 128 4736: 4731: 4724: 4719: 4712: 4707: 4700: 4695: 4688: 4683: 4676: 4671: 4664: 4659: 4652: 4647: 4640: 4635: 4633: 4625: 4620: 4613: 4608: 4601: 4596: 4594: 4586: 4581: 4574: 4569: 4561: 4560: 4552: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4518: 4511: 4506: 4499: 4494: 4487: 4482: 4480: 4478: 4470: 4465: 4458: 4453: 4446: 4441: 4435:, p. 203 4434: 4429: 4423:, p. 206 4422: 4417: 4410: 4405: 4398: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4382:, p. 231 4381: 4376: 4369: 4364: 4357: 4352: 4345: 4340: 4333: 4328: 4321: 4316: 4309: 4304: 4297: 4292: 4285: 4280: 4278: 4270: 4265: 4258: 4253: 4246: 4241: 4234: 4229: 4227: 4219: 4214: 4207: 4202: 4195: 4190: 4188: 4179: 4178: 4173: 4167: 4160: 4155: 4153: 4145: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4128: 4123: 4116: 4111: 4104: 4099: 4097: 4089: 4084: 4077: 4072: 4065: 4060: 4053: 4052:Wadleigh 1913 4048: 4041: 4040:Wadleigh 1913 4036: 4029: 4024: 4017: 4012: 4005: 4000: 3993: 3988: 3981: 3976: 3969: 3964: 3957: 3952: 3936: 3932: 3926: 3924: 3916: 3911: 3904: 3899: 3892: 3887: 3880: 3875: 3868: 3863: 3856: 3851: 3849: 3841: 3836: 3829: 3824: 3817: 3812: 3805: 3800: 3793: 3788: 3787: 3782: 3775: 3768: 3763: 3756: 3751: 3744: 3739: 3732: 3727: 3725: 3717: 3712: 3705: 3700: 3693: 3688: 3681: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3649: 3647: 3639: 3634: 3632: 3624: 3619: 3617: 3609: 3604: 3597: 3592: 3590: 3573: 3569: 3568: 3560: 3544: 3540: 3539: 3531: 3516: 3510: 3506: 3505: 3497: 3490: 3484: 3477: 3471: 3464: 3459: 3452: 3447: 3440: 3435: 3428: 3423: 3416: 3411: 3404: 3399: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3364: 3357: 3352: 3345: 3337: 3333: 3326: 3319: 3312: 3307: 3300: 3295: 3288: 3283: 3276: 3271: 3269: 3260: 3256: 3255: 3247: 3240: 3235: 3228: 3223: 3207: 3203: 3197: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3167: 3165: 3149: 3148: 3143: 3137: 3130: 3128: 3121: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3106: 3098: 3094: 3077: 3067: 3060: 3056: 3050: 3041: 3034: 3030: 3029: 3024: 3020: 3014: 3007: 3001: 2994: 2988: 2984: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2964: 2961: 2958: 2955: 2952: 2950: 2947: 2946: 2942: 2931: 2923: 2918: 2916: 2910: 2905: 2903: 2898: 2896: 2892: 2886: 2881: 2876: 2874: 2869: 2867: 2862: 2859: 2855: 2844: 2841:(1938) and a 2840: 2830: 2821: 2804: 2801: 2798: 2795: 2792: 2788: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2770: 2766: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2754: 2753: 2750: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2711: 2709: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2680: 2678: 2673: 2671: 2666: 2661: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2619: 2616: 2612: 2606: 2604: 2600: 2595: 2590: 2588: 2587:Milton Latham 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2562: 2557: 2551: 2549: 2545: 2544: 2543:habeas corpus 2539: 2535: 2525: 2522: 2516: 2514: 2510: 2504: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2486: 2481: 2472: 2468: 2466: 2461: 2457: 2452: 2451:John W. Geary 2447: 2445: 2441: 2436: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2416: 2411: 2404:1856 election 2401: 2397: 2394: 2393:Anthony Burns 2389: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2362: 2357: 2353: 2351: 2347: 2346:Know Nothings 2341: 2339: 2335: 2329: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2278: 2273: 2269: 2259: 2257: 2253: 2252: 2246: 2242: 2241:visited Japan 2239: 2233: 2231: 2227: 2221: 2218: 2213: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2202:John Crampton 2199: 2195: 2185: 2183: 2180: 2178: 2175: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2145: 2142: 2140: 2137: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2126: 2125:Caleb Cushing 2123: 2121: 2118: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2107: 2104: 2102: 2099: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2088: 2087:James Guthrie 2085: 2083: 2080: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2069: 2066: 2064: 2061: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2050: 2047: 2046: 2044: 2040: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2018: 2016: 2013: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2001: 1998: 1997: 1992: 1989: 1987: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1957:James Gadsden 1953: 1951: 1950:Martin Koszta 1947: 1942: 1941:Young America 1932: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1917: 1913: 1910: 1906: 1904: 1900: 1899:James Guthrie 1897: 1889: 1885: 1876: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1859:reformed the 1858: 1854: 1853:Pendleton Act 1850: 1849:civil service 1845: 1843: 1839: 1830: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1810: 1801: 1797: 1789: 1779: 1769: 1765: 1763: 1759: 1750: 1740: 1730: 1727: 1723: 1715: 1710: 1706: 1704: 1700: 1699: 1694: 1690: 1689:voter turnout 1686: 1683: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1664: 1659: 1653: 1651: 1645: 1644:of Missouri. 1643: 1639: 1635: 1632:of New York, 1631: 1630:William Marcy 1627: 1623: 1619: 1618:"Barnburners" 1615: 1606: 1601: 1597: 1587: 1585: 1580: 1576: 1571: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1528: 1526: 1517: 1508: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1483: 1478: 1474: 1466: 1461: 1457: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1408: 1399: 1397: 1396:Anthony Colby 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1368:James K. Polk 1364: 1362: 1356: 1354: 1348: 1345: 1336: 1332: 1327: 1313: 1311: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1289: 1287: 1281: 1279: 1275: 1270: 1269:Panic of 1837 1266: 1262: 1258: 1253: 1251: 1246: 1236: 1227: 1224: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1194: 1189: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1173: 1158: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1139: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1113: 1108: 1099: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1076: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1017:state militia 1013: 1011: 1007: 1002: 1000: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 965: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 942:Levi Woodbury 939: 934: 932: 931:John J. Perry 928: 927:Hebron, Maine 924: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 895: 891: 886: 882: 880: 875: 870: 868: 864: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 822: 818: 814: 810: 805: 796: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 773: 771: 767: 763: 759: 754: 750: 749:Young America 744: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 689:New Hampshire 685: 683: 679: 675: 671: 668:, and, after 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 634: 626: 623: 621: 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 602: 601: 598: 597: 595: 591: 584: 581: 578: 575: 574: 572: 568: 561: 558: 557: 555: 551: 545: 542: 540: 537: 536: 534: 530: 525: 521: 517: 513: 506: 503: 502: 500: 496: 490: 487: 484: 480: 477: 476: 474: 470: 466: 463: 459: 452: 449: 448: 446: 442: 438: 434: 407: 406:Jane Appleton 402: 398: 395: 392: 388: 385: 382: 380:Resting place 378: 374: 365: 361: 357: 345: 341: 336: 332: 328: 322: 319:Thomas Wilson 318: 312: 306: 301: 298: 292: 286: 283: 280: 274: 270: 264: 258: 253: 250: 246: 243: 240: 234: 231: 228: 222: 216: 211: 206: 199: 193: 190: 187: 181: 178: 175: 169: 163: 158: 155: 154:New Hampshire 150: 146: 143: 140: 134: 131: 128: 122: 115: 112: 107: 103: 102: 100: 97: 92: 86: 81: 78: 73: 69: 58: 52: 47: 40: 37: 33: 19: 11384: 11348: 11340: 11323: 11275: 11267: 11244: 11229: 11200: 11192: 11169: 11161:1860 → 11153:← 1852 11100: 11080: 11075:John P. Hale 11072: 11055: 11026:Rufus Choate 11021:Edward Bates 11001: 10993: 10970: 10922: 10916: 10914: 10891: 10883:1856 → 10875:← 1848 10690: 10516: 10040:House Caucus 9916:South Dakota 9906:Rhode Island 9901:Pennsylvania 9881:North Dakota 9011:A. Stevenson 8869:Presidential 8503:Stevenson II 8483:Stevenson II 8109:Breckinridge 8092:Breckinridge 8074: 8039: 7983:presidential 7974:presidential 7747:T. Roosevelt 7716:2021–present 7702:Donald Trump 7692:Barack Obama 7672:Bill Clinton 7642:Jimmy Carter 7391: 7302:James Monroe 7253:presidencies 7174: 7136: 7102: 7093: 7049: 6999: 6990: 6983: 6922:Mount Pierce 6912:Pierce Manse 6895:Public image 6734: 6680: 6603: 6576: 6572: 6551: 6530: 6513: 6499: 6490:September 2, 6488:. Retrieved 6484:the original 6470: 6450:. Infobase. 6446: 6426: 6408: 6386: 6361: 6357: 6323: 6308: 6288: 6269: 6248: 6223: 6216: 6194: 6175: 6156: 6139: 6117: 6094: 6084: 6077:Wallner 2007 6072: 6047: 6043: 6037: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5983: 5971: 5963: 5958: 5938: 5931: 5911: 5904: 5899: 5890: 5884: 5867: 5863: 5842: 5830:. Retrieved 5826:the original 5812: 5790: 5786: 5774: 5767:Wallner 2007 5762: 5755:Wallner 2007 5750: 5738: 5718: 5711: 5699:. Retrieved 5688: 5676:. Retrieved 5672:the original 5662: 5650:. Retrieved 5646:the original 5636: 5624:. Retrieved 5614: 5602:. Retrieved 5592: 5584: 5576: 5568: 5559: 5548: 5534:. Retrieved 5524: 5516: 5509:. 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Retrieved 3180:the original 3151:. Retrieved 3145: 3136: 3127:tuberculosis 3123: 3104: 3097: 3076: 3066: 3049: 3040: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3013: 3000: 2987: 2920: 2914: 2912: 2907: 2904:notes that: 2899: 2887: 2883: 2878: 2870: 2863: 2850: 2751: 2731:Pierce Manse 2712: 2705: 2675:In his last 2674: 2662: 2625: 2607: 2591: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2559: 2552: 2542: 2531: 2517: 2505: 2490: 2483:Portrait by 2469: 2448: 2437: 2433: 2398: 2390: 2388:government. 2378:Free-Staters 2366: 2342: 2330: 2295: 2250: 2234: 2222: 2214: 2191: 2048: 1954: 1938: 1907: 1893: 1846: 1840:, initially 1834: 1818: 1814: 1806: 1766: 1755: 1725: 1721: 1718: 1696: 1679: 1667: 1654: 1646: 1611: 1572: 1529: 1522: 1503: 1499: 1486: 1470: 1419: 1365: 1357: 1349: 1340: 1335:Pierce Manse 1316:Party leader 1290: 1282: 1259:of Calhoun, 1254: 1241: 1217: 1209: 1198: 1193:abolitionism 1190: 1169: 1140: 1136:tuberculosis 1117: 1077: 1023:to Governor 1021:aide de camp 1014: 1003: 971: 935: 918:John P. Hale 899: 893: 871: 831: 774: 745: 686: 641: 640: 593:Battles/wars 368:(1869-10-08) 329:Hiram Monroe 325:Succeeded by 304: 297:Hillsborough 277:Succeeded by 256: 237:Succeeded by 214: 184:Succeeded by 161: 137:Succeeded by 113: 84: 57:Mathew Brady 55:Portrait by 36: 11506:1869 deaths 11501:1804 births 11341:President: 11305:John McLean 11268:President: 11232:(incumbent) 11193:President: 11073:President: 11038:(incumbent) 10994:President: 10915:President: 10833:(1853–1857) 10814:(1853–1857) 10795:(1853–1857) 10776:(1853–1857) 10757:(1853–1857) 10738:(1853–1857) 10710:(1853–1857) 10693:(1853–1857) 10081:Fundraising 9986:Puerto Rico 9831:Mississippi 9746:Connecticut 9706:territorial 9406:(2005–2017) 9400:(1995–2005) 9394:(1989–1995) 9388:(1977–1989) 9382:(1961–1977) 9376:(1953–1961) 9370:(1951–1953) 9364:(1949–1951) 9358:(1937–1949) 9352:(1923–1937) 9346:(1920–1923) 9340:(1919–1920) 9334:(1917–1919) 9328:(1913–1917) 9322:(1911–1913) 9316:(1909–1911) 9310:(1907–1909) 9304:(1906–1907) 9298:(1903–1906) 9292:(1899–1903) 9290:J. K. Jones 9286:(1898–1899) 9280:(1890–1898) 9274:(1885–1890) 9268:(1881–1885) 9262:(1877–1881) 9256:(1873–1877) 9236:U.S. Senate 9221:(2003–2023) 9215:(1995–2003) 9209:(1989–1995) 9203:(1987–1989) 9197:(1977–1987) 9191:(1971–1977) 9185:(1962–1971) 9179:(1940–1961) 9173:(1936–1940) 9167:(1935–1936) 9161:(1933–1934) 9155:(1929–1933) 9149:(1923–1929) 9143:(1921–1923) 9137:(1909–1921) 9131:(1903–1909) 9125:(1897–1903) 9119:(1895–1897) 9113:(1891–1895) 9107:(1889–1891) 9101:(1883–1889) 9095:(1876–1881) 9089:(1875–1876) 9083:(1873–1875) 9077:(1869–1871) 9067:(1859–1861) 9061:(1857–1859) 9055:(1855–1857) 9053:G. W. Jones 9049:(1851–1855) 9043:(1849–1851) 9037:(1845–1847) 9031:(1843–1845) 9029:J. W. Jones 9025:(1835–1839) 9019:(1834–1835) 9013:(1827–1834) 8972:(2009–2017) 8966:(1993–2001) 8960:(1977–1981) 8954:(1963–1969) 8948:(1961–1963) 8942:(1945–1953) 8928:Roosevelt ( 8925:(1913–1921) 8913:(1868–1869) 8907:(1857–1861) 8901:(1853–1857) 8895:(1845–1849) 8889:(1837–1841) 8883:(1829–1837) 8248:Stevenson I 8222:Stevenson I 7993:1828 (None) 7969:conventions 7632:Gerald Ford 7079:U.S. Senate 6958:Jane Pierce 6772:(1833–1837) 6770:NH at-large 6760:(1837–1842) 6752:(1853–1857) 6648:, from the 6209:; also see 6109:Works cited 6030:Potter 1976 5701:January 31, 5169:, 1515–1558 4995:, 1097–1240 4675:Butler 1908 3673:January 16, 3229:, p. 3 2871:Biographer 2774:There is a 2629:Fort Monroe 2538:Fort Sumter 2509:his debates 2361:Free Soiler 2217:Crimean War 1638:Sam Houston 1415: 1852 1366:Democratic 1230:U.S. Senate 1112:Jane Pierce 1082:. This was 1045:War of 1812 1039:during the 982:Federalists 867:War of 1812 777:Jane Pierce 315:Preceded by 267:Preceded by 225:Preceded by 172:Preceded by 125:Preceded by 116:(1853–1857) 11485:Categories 11368:George Law 11252:Convention 11220:Lewis Cass 11177:Convention 10978:Convention 10972:Whig Party 10947:Lewis Cass 10899:Convention 10006:Affiliated 9946:Washington 9866:New Mexico 9861:New Jersey 9736:California 9123:Richardson 8987:U.S. House 8911:A. Johnson 8808:H. Clinton 8708:B. Clinton 8688:B. Clinton 8543:L. Johnson 8527:L. Johnson 8105:H. Johnson 8027:R. Johnson 7832:G. W. Bush 7787:Eisenhower 7737:Washington 7728:Presidency 7352:John Tyler 7272:John Adams 7180:1853–1857 7138:Democratic 7131:Lewis Cass 7065:1833–1837 6838:Presidency 6579:: 185–205. 6000:(2): 612. 5511:August 30, 4541:January 1, 4524:"The Oath" 3578:August 30, 3549:August 30, 3520:August 30, 3089:References 3071:in office. 3019:Republican 2866:Eric Foner 2864:Historian 2776:Mt. Pierce 2745:. Several 2599:Gettysburg 2302:Organizing 2284:organized 2236:Commodore 1776:See also: 1762:First Lady 1552:Lewis Cass 1530:The large 1436:. General 1372:dark horse 1344:Asa Fowler 1305:John Tyler 1261:Henry Clay 1199:When Rep. 1132:temperance 974:Isaac Hill 731:ticket of 729:Whig Party 504:Politician 498:Occupation 394:Democratic 349:1804-11-23 11427:Biography 10688:President 10577:Gallinger 10557:Patterson 10287:Livermore 10186:Primaries 10127:Sectional 9956:Wisconsin 9921:Tennessee 9826:Minnesota 9801:Louisiana 9704:State and 9669:McAuliffe 9497:McCormick 9420:Chairs of 9380:Mansfield 9368:McFarland 9344:Underwood 9338:Hitchcock 9302:Blackburn 9266:Pendleton 9183:McCormack 8934:1941–1945 8930:1933–1941 8917:Cleveland 8887:Van Buren 8857:primaries 8837:primaries 8817:primaries 8797:primaries 8777:primaries 8757:primaries 8737:primaries 8732:Lieberman 8717:primaries 8697:primaries 8677:primaries 8657:primaries 8637:primaries 8617:primaries 8597:primaries 8572:primaries 8552:primaries 8532:primaries 8512:primaries 8492:primaries 8472:primaries 8452:primaries 8443:Roosevelt 8432:primaries 8423:Roosevelt 8412:primaries 8403:Roosevelt 8392:primaries 8383:Roosevelt 8372:primaries 8352:primaries 8332:primaries 8327:Roosevelt 8312:primaries 8292:primaries 8218:Cleveland 8205:Cleveland 8196:Hendricks 8192:Cleveland 8170:Hendricks 8131:Pendleton 8127:McClellan 8036:Van Buren 8023:Van Buren 8014:Van Buren 7985:primaries 7730:timelines 7712:Joe Biden 7706:2017–2021 7696:2009–2017 7686:2001–2009 7676:1993–2001 7666:1989–1993 7656:1981–1989 7646:1977–1981 7636:1974–1977 7626:1969–1974 7616:1963–1969 7606:1961–1963 7596:1953–1961 7586:1945–1953 7576:1933–1945 7566:1929–1933 7556:1923–1929 7546:1921–1923 7536:1913–1921 7526:1909–1913 7516:1901–1909 7506:1897–1901 7496:1893–1897 7486:1889–1893 7476:1885–1889 7466:1881–1885 7446:1877–1881 7436:1869–1877 7426:1865–1869 7416:1861–1865 7406:1857–1861 7396:1853–1857 7386:1850–1853 7376:1849–1850 7366:1845–1849 7356:1841–1845 7336:1837–1841 7326:1829–1837 7316:1825–1829 7306:1817–1825 7296:1809–1817 7286:1801–1809 7276:1797–1801 7266:1789–1797 7088:John Page 6972:(brother) 6788:Doughface 6584:9638512). 6555:. Wiley. 6358:Booknotes 6064:154406060 6050:(1): 17. 5976:Gara 1991 5847:Gara 1991 5779:Gara 1991 5743:Gara 1991 5668:"History" 5598:"History" 5260:Gara 1991 5238:, 1610–24 5236:Holt 2010 5224:Holt 2010 5167:Holt 2010 5152:Gara 1991 5122:Gara 1991 5110:Gara 1991 5086:Gara 1991 5062:Gara 1991 4993:Holt 2010 4976:Gara 1991 4930:Gara 1991 4894:Gara 1991 4872:, 902–917 4870:Holt 2010 4858:Gara 1991 4834:Gara 1991 4810:Holt 2010 4786:Gara 1991 4759:Gara 1991 4735:Gara 1991 4585:Holt 2010 4536:0362-4331 4498:Gara 1991 4469:Holt 2010 4457:Gara 1991 4409:Holt 2010 4397:Gara 1991 4368:Holt 2010 4356:Gara 1991 4332:Gara 1991 4320:Gara 1991 4296:Gara 1991 4269:Gara 1991 4233:Holt 2010 4218:Gara 1991 4206:Holt 2010 4174:(1892) . 4144:Holt 2010 4115:Holt 2010 4076:Holt 2010 4016:Holt 2010 3903:Holt 2010 3818:, 362–375 3816:Holt 2010 3638:Gara 1991 3608:Holt 2010 3427:Holt 2010 3403:Holt 2010 3390:188507307 3311:Holt 2010 3287:Gara 1991 3110:Greenwood 2665:cirrhosis 2637:Episcopal 2603:Vicksburg 2534:Civil War 2528:Civil War 2292:(yellow). 2245:shogunate 2015:President 1446:Vera Cruz 1245:John Page 1214:doughface 1126:minister 925:in rural 888:Novelist 834:log cabin 821:log cabin 789:the worst 785:cirrhosis 579:(Militia) 515:Signature 472:Education 467:(brother) 461:Relatives 305:In office 257:In office 215:In office 177:John Page 162:In office 85:In office 75:14th 11463:Politics 11334:Nominees 11261:Nominees 11186:Nominees 11066:Nominees 10987:Nominees 10908:Nominees 10562:Wadleigh 10527:Atherton 10502:Woodbury 10422:Humphrey 10417:McIntyre 10387:Chandler 10377:Chandler 10347:Williams 10342:Atherton 10322:Woodbury 10302:Thompson 10045:Factions 10016:Congress 9941:Virginia 9891:Oklahoma 9871:New York 9846:Nebraska 9836:Missouri 9821:Michigan 9811:Maryland 9796:Kentucky 9776:Illinois 9751:Delaware 9741:Colorado 9731:Arkansas 9694:Harrison 9655:Grossman 9597:Westwood 9562:Mitchell 9557:McKinney 9542:Hannegan 9502:Cummings 9392:Mitchell 9350:Robinson 9225:Jeffries 9213:Gephardt 9171:Bankhead 9129:Williams 9099:Carlisle 8994:Speakers 8905:Buchanan 8587:Eagleton 8583:McGovern 8563:Humphrey 8547:Humphrey 8507:Kefauver 8487:Sparkman 8367:Robinson 8347:C. Bryan 8343:J. Davis 8307:Marshall 8287:Marshall 8270:W. Bryan 8261:H. Davis 8244:W. Bryan 8231:W. Bryan 8088:Buchanan 7967:National 7865:Category 7767:Coolidge 7742:McKinley 7006:Category 6966:(father) 6664:Archived 6626:LibriVox 6549:(2014). 6512:(1923). 6480:60713500 6468:(1852). 6245:(1976). 6138:(1908). 5832:June 30, 5801:Archived 5678:June 29, 5652:June 29, 5626:June 29, 5604:June 29, 5536:June 29, 3941:June 29, 3212:June 29, 3186:June 29, 3153:March 7, 2927:See also 2875:argues: 2710:(1860). 2521:defeated 2326:Southern 2310:Missouri 2251:Merrimac 1903:Treasury 1544:36°30′ N 1542:line of 1422:Benjamin 1353:locofoco 1250:sinecure 1206:gag rule 938:read law 850:Benjamin 650:Democrat 453:(father) 436:Children 208:district 205:at-large 11439:History 11413:Portals 10684:Cabinet 10567:C. Bell 10542:J. Bell 10497:Parrott 10462:Langdon 10455:Class 3 10437:Shaheen 10407:Bridges 10392:Burnham 10382:Marston 10362:Rollins 10327:Jenness 10317:Hubbard 10312:S. Bell 10282:Wingate 10275:Class 2 10196:Debates 10179:Related 9961:Wyoming 9936:Vermont 9841:Montana 9781:Indiana 9761:Georgia 9756:Florida 9726:Arizona 9716:Alabama 9708:parties 9660:Rendell 9632:Wilhelm 9602:Strauss 9592:O'Brien 9582:O'Brien 9572:Jackson 9547:McGrath 9492:McCombs 9482:Taggart 9472:Harrity 9447:Belmont 9442:Smalley 9432:Hallett 9412:(2017–) 9410:Schumer 9398:Daschle 9374:Johnson 9356:Barkley 9260:Wallace 9238:leaders 9227:(2023–) 9195:O'Neill 9177:Rayburn 9147:Garrett 9141:Kitchin 9093:Randall 9081:Niblack 9075:Randall 9071:Niblack 9065:Houston 8989:leaders 8978:(2021–) 8964:Clinton 8946:Kennedy 8881:Jackson 8752:Edwards 8672:Bentsen 8668:Dukakis 8652:Ferraro 8648:Mondale 8632:Mondale 8612:Mondale 8591:Shriver 8523:Kennedy 8467:Barkley 8427:Wallace 8209:Thurman 8183:English 8179:Hancock 8153:Greeley 8140:Seymour 8101:Douglas 8010:Jackson 8001:Calhoun 7997:Jackson 7976:tickets 7930:History 7827:Clinton 7792:Kennedy 7762:Harding 7141:nominee 6675:, from 6639:at the 6522:2512393 6502:(1947) 6418:1742614 6219:(1934) 6014:3659320 5907:(1934) 2845:(2010). 2778:in the 2700:Concord 2694:at the 2582:Tribune 2578:Tribune 2574:Tribune 2570:Tribune 2501:Bahamas 2497:Madeira 2312:to the 1981:Arizona 1809:Cabinet 1807:In his 1701:editor 1612:As the 1525:Shakers 1487:As the 1477:brigade 1465:general 1057:Vermont 1035:in the 1029:colonel 936:Pierce 874:Hancock 739:in the 715:in the 577:Colonel 430: 414: 410: 11394:Senate 11110:Senate 10642:Hassan 10637:Ayotte 10627:Rudman 10622:Durkin 10617:Cotton 10607:Cotton 10532:Norris 10522:Wilcox 10517:Pierce 10492:Storer 10477:Parker 10472:Plumer 10467:Sheafe 10432:Sununu 10412:Murphy 10397:Hollis 10372:Cheney 10357:Cragin 10332:Cilley 10307:Morril 10297:Gilman 10292:Olcott 10008:groups 9896:Oregon 9851:Nevada 9791:Kansas 9766:Hawaii 9721:Alaska 9664:Andrew 9646:Fowler 9617:Manatt 9607:Curtis 9587:Harris 9577:Bailey 9567:Butler 9537:Walker 9527:Farley 9522:Raskob 9517:Shaver 9462:Barnum 9457:Hewitt 9452:Schell 9437:McLane 9332:Martin 9320:Martin 9296:Gorman 9284:Turpie 9278:Gorman 9246:chairs 9244:Caucus 9219:Pelosi 9201:Wright 9189:Albert 9159:Rainey 9153:Garner 9105:Holman 9003:chairs 9001:Caucus 8958:Carter 8940:Truman 8923:Wilson 8899:Pierce 8848:Harris 8832:Harris 8628:Carter 8608:Carter 8567:Muskie 8463:Truman 8447:Truman 8407:Garner 8387:Garner 8303:Wilson 8283:Wilson 8257:Parker 8235:Sewall 8166:Tilden 8075:Pierce 8066:Butler 8053:Dallas 7817:Reagan 7812:Carter 7782:Truman 7772:Hoover 7757:Wilson 7061:Seat 3 6960:(wife) 6951:Family 6677:C-SPAN 6559: 6539:426247 6537: 6520: 6504:online 6478: 6454: 6433: 6416: 6395: 6368:C-SPAN 6331: 6295: 6276: 6257: 6231: 6201: 6182: 6163: 6148:664335 6146: 6124: 6062: 6012: 5946: 5919: 5822:C-SPAN 5726: 5226:, 1610 5015: 4534: 3786:C-SPAN 3511: 3388: 3147:C-SPAN 3116: 2858:C-SPAN 2810:Legacy 2633:Julian 2386:Topeka 2322:Kansas 2286:Kansas 1999:Office 1722:pierce 1564:ticket 1263:, and 1212:as a " 1059:, and 701:Senate 676:, the 585:(Army) 507:lawyer 444:Parent 420: 400:Spouse 375:, U.S. 358:, U.S. 11389:House 11105:House 10632:Gregg 10612:Wyman 10602:Upton 10597:Tobey 10592:Brown 10587:Moses 10572:Blair 10547:Clark 10537:Wells 10487:Mason 10482:Cutts 10427:Smith 10402:Keyes 9926:Texas 9806:Maine 9771:Idaho 9689:Perez 9679:Kaine 9651:Romer 9637:DeLee 9627:Brown 9612:White 9552:Boyle 9532:Flynn 9507:White 9477:Jones 9467:Brice 9362:Lucas 9314:Money 9207:Foley 9165:Byrns 9135:Clark 9111:Crisp 9035:Davis 8976:Biden 8970:Obama 8828:Biden 8812:Kaine 8792:Biden 8788:Obama 8772:Biden 8768:Obama 8748:Kerry 8363:Smith 8157:Brown 8144:Blair 7847:Biden 7842:Trump 7837:Obama 7802:Nixon 7055:from 6060:S2CID 6010:JSTOR 4812:, 872 4587:, 767 4471:, 740 4411:, 725 4370:, 724 4235:, 608 4146:, 505 4117:, 490 4078:, 447 4018:, 431 3905:, 419 3429:, 258 3405:, 230 3386:S2CID 3339:(PDF) 3328:(PDF) 3313:, 229 2979:Notes 1726:poked 1153:in a 1088:Whigs 1073:LL.D. 844:from 711:as a 428:) 416:( 412: 295:from 152:from 11155:) 10877:) 10582:Drew 10552:Fogg 10512:Page 10507:Hill 10367:Pike 10352:Hale 10337:Hale 9976:Guam 9931:Utah 9886:Ohio 9786:Iowa 9674:Dean 9642:Dodd 9622:Kirk 9512:Hull 9487:Mack 9422:the 9404:Reid 9386:Byrd 9326:Kern 9272:Beck 9087:Kerr 9047:Boyd 9041:Cobb 9023:Polk 9017:Bell 8893:Polk 8852:Walz 8728:Gore 8712:Gore 8692:Gore 8274:Kern 8113:Lane 8079:King 8062:Cass 8049:Polk 8040:None 7875:List 7807:Ford 7752:Taft 7456:1881 7346:1841 7147:1852 6781:Life 6768:for 6747:14th 6557:ISBN 6535:OCLC 6518:OCLC 6492:2002 6476:OCLC 6452:ISBN 6431:ISBN 6414:OCLC 6393:ISBN 6329:ISBN 6293:ISBN 6274:ISBN 6255:ISBN 6229:ISBN 6199:ISBN 6180:ISBN 6161:ISBN 6144:OCLC 6122:ISBN 5944:ISBN 5917:ISBN 5834:2014 5724:ISBN 5703:2017 5680:2014 5654:2014 5628:2014 5606:2014 5538:2014 5513:2014 5195:2017 5013:ISBN 4543:2022 4532:ISSN 3943:2014 3675:2019 3580:2014 3551:2014 3545:, 99 3522:2014 3509:ISBN 3214:2014 3188:2014 3155:2023 3114:ISBN 3053:The 2893:and 2767:The 2756:The 2677:will 2601:and 2422:was 2280:The 2270:and 2249:USS 2049:None 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