Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising

3036:"Autonomy for Macedonia and the vilayet of Adrianople (southern Thrace) became the key demand for a generation of Slavic activists. In October 1893, a group of them founded the Bulgarian Macedono-Adrianopolitan Revolutionary Committee in Salonica...It engaged in creating a network of secretive committees and armed guerrillas in the two regions as well as in Bulgaria, where an ever-growing and politically influential Macedonian and Thracian diaspora resided. Heavily influenced by the ideas of early socialism and anarchism, the IMARO activists saw the future autonomous Macedonia as a multinational polity, and did not pursue the self-determination of Macedonian Slavs as a separate ethnicity. Therefore, Macedonian (and also Adrianopolitan) was an umbrella term covering Bulgarians, Turks, Greeks, Vlachs, Albanians, Serbs, Jews, and so on. While this message was taken aboard by many Vlachs as well as some Patriarchist Slavs, it failed to impress other groups for whom the IMARO remained 2275: 4293:

more numerous and active, the Macedonian activists imposed mainly the name "Ilinden" on the Bulgarian public. Since the 1960s, the members of the Bulgarian historical community have been trying to popularize the name "Ilinden-Preobrazhenie" uprising. Their logic is that at the beginning of the 20th century the organization was one: "Macedonian-Adrianopolitan", and its goal was a common uprising. Some Bulgarian historians insist that to the name of the uprising must be added the "Day of the Cross" (Krastovden), because then was the beginning of the rebellion in the Serres Revolutionary District. Before the Second World War the historians in Yugoslavia emphasized the Bulgarian provenance of the rebellion, but after the War they insisted that these were two separate uprisings that were not related, one being Bulgarian and the other Macedonian, as this thesis has been maintained to this day in North Macedonia for political reasons.

2094: 769:, had already been arrested or killed by the Ottomans. The rebellion was supported by armed detachments which had infiltrated its area from the territory of the Principality of Bulgaria. When the rising began there were attempts to force the Bulgarian government to send the army against the Ottomans. The rebels appealed to Sofia for help too, but the government was pressured by the Great Powers to refrain from military intervention. The revolutionaries managed to maintain a guerrilla campaign against the Turks for the next few months, but the rising was crushed. This was followed by a mass wave of refugees from the areas of Macedonia and Southern Thrace, mostly to Bulgaria, but also to the US and Canada. Its greater effect was that it persuaded the European powers to attempt to convince the Ottoman sultan that he must take a 1177: 2042:

outlaw the Macedonian rebel groups prior to the uprisings and sought the arrest of its leaders. This was a condition of diplomacy with Russia. The waning Ottoman Empire dealt with the instability by taking vengeance on local populations that had supported the rebels. Casualties during the military campaigns themselves were comparatively small, but afterward, thousands were killed, executed or made homeless. Historian Barbara Jelavich estimates that about nine thousand homes were destroyed, and thousands of refugees were produced. According to Georgi Khadzhiev, 201 villages and 12,400 houses were burned, 4,694 people killed, with some 30,000 refugees fleeing to Bulgaria.

2495:. Since its early name emphasized the Bulgarian nature of the organization by linking the inhabitants of Thrace and Macedonia to Bulgaria, these facts are still difficult to be explained from the Macedonian historiography. They suggest that IMRO revolutionaries in the Ottoman period did not differentiate between 'Macedonians' and 'Bulgarians'. Moreover, as their own writings attest, they often saw themselves and their compatriots as 'Bulgarians' and wrote in Bulgarian standard language. It has also to be noted that some attempts from Bulgarian officials for joint actions and celebration of the Ilinden uprising were rejected from Macedonian side as unacceptable. 2034: 3819:"The immediate effect of the partition was the anti-Bulgarian campaign in areas under Serbian and Greek rule. The Serbians expelled Exarchist churchmen and teachers and closed Bulgarian schools and churches (affecting the standing of as many as 641 schools and 761 churches). Thousands of Macedonian Slavs left for Bulgaria, joining a still larger stream from devastated Aegean Macedonia, where the Greeks burned Kukush, the center of Bulgarian politics and culture, as well as much of Serres and Drama. Bulgarian (including the Macedonian Slavic dialects) was prohibited, and its surreptitious use, whenever detected, was ridiculed or punished.", Ivo Banac, in 1963: 186: 901: 50: 3248:

emphasized the Bulgarian nature of the organization by linking the inhabitants of Thrace and Macedonia to Bulgaria, these facts are still difficult to be explained from the Macedonian historiography. They suggest that IMRO revolutionaries in the Ottoman period did not differentiate between ‘Macedonians’ and ‘Bulgarians’. Moreover, as their own writings attest, they often saw themselves and their compatriots as ‘Bulgarians’. All of them wrote in standard Bulgarian language. For more see: Brunnbauer, Ulf (2004) "Historiography, Myths and the Nation in the Republic of Macedonia". In: Brunnbauer, Ulf, (ed.)

2065:, which he had just received and which informed him of those countries' support for Turkey, in case Bulgaria intervened to support the rebels. At a meeting in early October, the general staff of the rebel forces decided to cease all revolutionary activities, and declared the forces, excepting regular militias, to be disbanded. After the uprising, IMARO became more strongly associated with the Supremacists, and with the goal of hegemony by Bulgaria. The savagery of the insurrections and the reprisals did finally provoke a reaction from the outside world. In October, 2349:

insurrections to the modern state, but Macedonian sources tend to emphasize the early goals of political autonomy when IMARO was established. The Supremacist faction pushed for the insurrections to take place in the summer of 1903, while the left wing argued for more time and more planning. Historians from Bulgaria emphasize the undoubted Bulgarian character of the rebels, but tends to downplay the moves for political autonomy that were a part of the IMARO organization prior to the insurrections. Western historians generally refer simply to the

2511:" of Bulgaria and Macedonia and envisages both countries will celebrate together events from their shared history. According to Bulgarian officials, this commission has made little progress in its work for a period of two years. Moreover in an interview on August 4, 2018 Zaev said that “the Ilinden uprising is Macedonian” and “if any citizen of Bulgaria wants to celebrate it, let them celebrate it.” As result in 2020, Bulgaria blocked the candidature of North Macedonia to the European Union over an 'ongoing nation-building process' based on 3981:Академик Иван Катарџиев, "Верувам во националниот имунитет на македонецот", интервју, "Форум": "ФОРУМ - Дали навистина Делчев се изјаснувал како Бугарин и зошто? КАТАРЏИЕВ - Ваквите прашања стојат. Сите наши луѓе се именувале како "Бугари"..."; also (in Macedonian; in English: "Academician Ivan Katardzhiev. I believe in Macedonian national immunity", interview, "Forum" magazine: "FORUM - Whether Gotse Delchev really defined himself as Bulgarian and why? KATARDZHIEV - Such questions exist. All our people named themselves as "Bulgarians"...") 3109:

movement began to develop immediately after 1878, in close cooperation with the national liberation movement in Macedonia, and acquired an organized character after the creation of the Internal Macedonian-Adrianopolitan Revolutionary Organization (IMARO) in 1893. It relied mainly on the refugees from the Adrianople region who were living in Bulgaria, but there was also an "internal" organization. Its actions culminated in the Preobrazhenie (Transfiguration) Uprising, which broke out two weeks after the Ilinden Uprising, on 6/19 August 1903.

166: 897:

Turks. Each of the neighbouring states based claims to Macedonia and Thrace on various historical and demographic grounds. The population, however, was highly mixed, and the competing historical claims were based on various empires in the distant past. The competition for control took place largely via of propaganda campaigns, aimed at winning over the local population, and conducted largely through churches and schools. Various groups of mercenaries were also supported by the local population and the three competing governments.

2215:(ITRO) grew into an open rebellion. The organisation eventually gained full control of some districts along the Bulgarian border. In the summer of 1923, the majority of the Bulgarians had already been resettled to Bulgaria. Although detachments of the ITRO continued to infiltrate Western Thrace sporadically, the main focus of the activity of the organisation now shifted to the protection of the refugees into Bulgaria. IMRO's and ITRO's constant killings and assassinations abroad provoked some within Bulgarian military after the 1558: 2102: 4271: 2081:, which provided for foreign policing of the Macedonia region, financial compensation for victims, and establishment of ethnic boundaries in the region. The reforms achieved little practical result apart from giving more visibility to the crisis. The question of competing aspirations of Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, and local advocates for political autonomy were not addressed, and the notion of ethnic boundaries was impossible to implement effectively. In any case, these concerns were soon overshadowed by the 981: 3768:

running the risk of perishing and being obliterated without a trace by violence, hunger and by approaching poverty, the General Staff considers it its duty to draw the attention of the Esteemed Bulgarian Government to the fatal consequences for the Bulgarian nation, if it fails to discharge its duty to its own brothers here in an impressive and energetic manner, made imperative by force of circumstances and by the danger threatening the common Bulgarian homeland at the present moment ..."

3503:Революционното братство е създадено в противовес на вътрешната организация от еволюционистите. Уставът му носи дата март 1897 г. и е подписан с псевдонимите на 12 членове – основатели. Братството създава свои организации на някои места в Македония и Одринско и влиза в остър конфликт с вътрешната организация, но през 1899–1900 г. се постига помирение и то се присъединява към нея – Христо Караманджуков, "Родопа през Илинденско-Преображенското въстание" (Изд. на Отечествения Фронт, София, 1986). 1749: 2971:"The last of the significant leaders of the Uprising – Dame Gruev, died one 23 December 1906 in a fight with Turkish soldiers. The Turkish Press described him as the biggest leader of the Bulgarian Revolutionary Committee. French, Austrian, Russian, American and British consuls and ambassadors reported to their governments the preparation and the crushing of the Ilinden Uprising and described it as a Bulgarian event. The Turks themselves described the uprising as a Bulgarian conspiracy." 3317:

the insurrection has been the subject of many works of fiction, films, and TV series produced in both countries. The ‘‘ownership’’ of Ilinden is, therefore, still a divisive issue. Calls for joint celebrations such as the one issued in 2006 by Macedonian prime minister Vlado Buckovski and his Bulgarian counterpart Sergej Stanisev, whose father was born near Strumica, did little to change this state of affairs. Bulgaria continued to demand that the upspring should be celebrated jointly.

2228: 1492: 3858:Известно е че през 1918 г. в разгара на Първата световна война и в навечерието на контраофанзивата на войските на Антантата на Македонския фронт, страната ни отбелязва 15-годишнината от Илинденско-Преображенското въстание. Но малко известен е фактът, че с тази задача се залавя водачът на ВМОРО Тодор Александров, подпомогнат от ректора на Софийския университет „Св. Климент Охридски“ проф. Георги Шишков и тогавашния кмет на Крушево Наум Томалевски. 175: 147: 2296: 840: 1053: 2256: 2240: 1811: 1791: 157: 2053:"The General staff considers its duty to turn the attention of the respectable Bulgarian government to the disastrous consequences for the Bulgarian nation, if it does not carry out its duty towards its birth brothers here, in an impressive and active manner, as imposed by the power of the circumstances and the danger, which threatens the all-Bulgarian fatherland – through war." 3040:... However, with the Slavs, the IMARO propagandists, many of whom were Exarchist schoolteachers or even came from "old Bulgaria", instilled a very strong Macedonian regionalist identity that existed in symbiosis with Bulgarian national sentiments", Historical Dictionary of Republic of Macedonia, Historical Dictionaries of Europe, Dimitar Bechev, Scarecrow Press, 2009, 2996:, their demand for autonomy was motivated not by an attachment to Macedonian national identity but out of concern that an explicit agenda of unification with Bulgaria would provoke other small Balkan nations and the Great Powers to action. Macedonian autonomy, in other words, can be seen as a tactical diversion, or as "Plan B" of Bulgarian unification. 3785:, Sofia, State printing house, 1918. On-line publication of the phototype reprint of the first edition of the book in Bulgarian (in Bulgarian "Разорението на тракийските българи през 1913 година", Българска академия на науките, София, Държавна печатница, 1918 г.; II фототипно издание, Културно-просветен клуб "Тракия" - София, 1989 г., София). 3605: 4153: 3017:

Revolutionary Committees") shows, it had a Bulgarian national character: the revolutionary leaders were quite often teachers from the Bulgarian schools in Macedonia. This was the case of founders of the organization... Their organization was popularly seen in the local context as "the Bulgarian committee(s)

3316:

The Ilinden Uprising is celebrated in both the North Macedonia and Bulgaria as the culmination of the respective nations’ struggle against Ottoman rule. There are multiple references to Ilinden and its leaders in Macedonia’s national anthem Denes nad Makedonija (Today over Macedonia). Over the years,

3305:

Bulgarian teachers in Macedonia constituted the backbone of the Internal organization while, according to their social profile, its leaders were quite often themselves former Exarchist teachers. For more see: Perry, Duncan. The Politics of Terror. The Macedonian Liberation Movements 1893–1903. Durham

2991:

The modern Macedonian historiographic equation of IMRO demands for autonomy with a separate and distinct national identity does not necessarily jibe with the historical record. A rather obvious problem is the very title of the organization, which included Thrace in addition to Macedonia. Thrace whose

2932:

However, contrary to the impression of researchers who believe that the Internal organization espoused a "Macedonian national consciousness," the local revolutionaries declared their conviction that the "majority" of the Christian population of Macedonia is "Bulgarian." They clearly rejected possible

2898:

On September 14 (the Holy Cross Day – the Elevation of the Holy Cross), the Bulgarians in almost the entire Serres Revolutionary District (the town of Serres being its centre) also rebelled. Even though they did not proclaim a liberated territory in the region, historians describe their operations as

2041:

The reaction of the Ottoman Turks to the uprisings was one of overwhelming force. The only hope for the insurgents was outside intervention, and that was never politically feasible. Indeed, although Bulgarian interests were favoured by the actions, the Bulgarian government itself had been required to

2952:

The political and military leaders of the Slavs of Macedonia at the turn of the century seem not to have heard the call for a separate Macedonian national identity; they continued to identify themselves in a national sense as Bulgarians rather than Macedonians. (They) never seem to have doubted "the

2458:

There have been long-going disputes between parties in Bulgaria and North Macedonia about the ethnic affiliation of the insurgents. The opinion of most Macedonian historians and politicians is that Preobrazhenie uprising was a Bulgarian uprising, not related with the Ilinden one, which was organized

3189:

The revolutionary committee dedicated itself to fight for "full political autonomy for Macedonia and Adrianople." Since they sought autonomy only for those areas inhabited by Bulgarians, they denied other nationalities membership in IMRO. According to Article 3 of the statutes, "any Bulgarian could

3019:. Tchavdar Marinov, Famous Macedonia, the Land of Alexander: Macedonian identity at the crossroads of Greek, Bulgarian and Serbian nationalism in Entangled Histories of the Balkans – Volume One: National Ideologies and Language Policies with Roumen Daskalov and Tchavdar Marinov as ed., Brill, 2013, 3869:

Ilinden left a durable trace in popular memories. It was commemorated by the diaspora in Bulgaria and all factions within the IMARO. A veteran organization was established in 1921...In the late 1930s, communists in Vardar Macedonia organized commemorations, defying the ban by the Serb authorities.

4292:

The names of the 1903 uprising were given by the historians, not by the rebels. The names "Ilinden" and "Preobrazhenie" uprising gained popularity after the First World War in Bulgaria. Then the combined before the Balkan Wars Macedonian-Thracian liberation movement split in two organizations. As

3762:

Letter No. 534 from the General Staff of the Second Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Region to the Bulgarian Government on the position of the insurgent Bulgarian population, requesting military intervention from Bulgaria, September 9, 1903, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of History,

3247:

Initially the membership in the IMRO was restricted only for Bulgarians. Its first name was "Bulgarian Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Committees", which was later changed several times. IMRO was active not only in Macedonia but also in Thrace (the Vilayet of Adrianople). Since its early name

3767:

following the devastations and cruelties perpetrated by the Turkish troops and bashibazouks, in view of the fact that these devastations and cruelties continue systematically, and that one cannot foresee how far they will reach; in view, furthermore, of the fact that here everything Bulgarian is

3657:

The long-awaited revolt began at dusk on Sunday, 2 August 1903, Saint Elijah's Day – or Ilinden. The insurrection was confined to Bitola Vilayet because, according to one source, it was farthest from Bulgaria, a factor designed to show the Great Powers that the revolt was purely a

3016:

The "Adrianopolitan" part of the organization's name indicates that its agenda concerned not only Macedonia but also Thrace – a region whose Bulgarian population is by no means claimed by Macedonian nationalists today. In fact, as the organization's initial name ("Bulgarian Macedonian-Adrianople

896:

was crumbling, and the lands they had held in Eastern Europe for over 500 years were passing to new rulers. Macedonia and Thrace were regions of indefinite boundaries, adjacent to the recently independent Greek, Bulgarian and Serbian states, but themselves still under the control of the Ottoman

3108:

The Adrianople region became one of the Bulgarians' most coveted irredentas, second only to Macedonia. By the end of the 19th century, the total population in the Adrianople region amounted to almost one million people, nearly one-third of whom were Bulgarians...A Bulgarian national liberation

995:

The two groups had different strategies. IMARO as originally conceived sought to prepare a carefully planned uprising in the future, but the Supremacists preferred immediate raids and guerilla operations to foster disorder and a precipitate interventions. On the other hand, a smaller group of

2348:

Portrayals of the insurrections by later historians often reflect ongoing national aspirations. Historians from North Macedonia see them as a part of the move for an independent state as finally achieved by their own new nation. There is, in fact, very little historical continuity from the

2436:. The ASNOM event is now referred as the 'Second Ilinden' in North Macedonia, though there is no direct link to the events of 1903. In Bulgaria Ilinden and Preobrazhenie days as anniversaries of the uprising are publicly celebrated on a local level, primarily in the Pirin Macedonia and 784:

The uprising is celebrated today in both Bulgaria and North Macedonia as the peak of their nations’ struggle against the Ottoman rule and thus it is still a divisive issue. While in Bulgaria it is considered as a general rebellion prepared by the joint revolutionary organization of the

1970:

According to Khadzhiev, the main goal of the uprising in Thrace was to give support to the uprisings further west, by engaging Turkish troops and preventing them from moving into Macedonia. Many of the operations were diversionary, though several villages were taken, and a region in

2486:

predominated in all regions of the uprisings and that Macedonian ethnicity did still not exist. More, the first name of the IMRO was "Bulgarian Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Committees". Initially its membership was restricted only for Bulgarians. It was active not only in

3609: 2506:

placed wreaths at the grave of Gotse Delchev on the occasion of the 114th anniversary of the Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising, after the previous day, both have signed a treaty for friendship and cooperation between the neighboring states. The treaty also calls for a committee to

2879:

Victor. Roudometof, The Macedonian Question From Conflict to Cooperation? in Constantine Panos Danopoulos, Dhirendra K. Vajpeyi, Amir Bar-Or as ed., Civil-military Relations, Nation Building, and National Identity: Comparative Perspectives, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004,

825:

significant participation is represented there as an alien element, while the fact the Uprising's leaders were Bulgarian schoolmasters, is neglected. Recent calls for common celebrations, especially from the Bulgarian side, did little to change this state of affairs.

3795: 2357:, giving equal status to the activities commenced at Preobrazhenie near to the Bulgarian coast of the Black Sea and limiting an undue focus on the Macedonian region. Some sources recognize these as two related but distinct insurrections, and name them the 3726:"The Uprising in 1903 had involved mainly Slav-speaking Christians with the assistance of the Vlah population. Albanian villagers had largely found themselves either under threat from VMRO četas or recruited into the Ottoman effort to crush the Uprising." 1834:. On 28 July, the message was sent out to the revolutionary movements, though the secret was kept until the last moment. The uprising began on the night of August 2, and involved large regions in and around Bitola, around the south-west of what is now 1928:

the idea to keep distance from Bulgaria, was because any suspicion of its interference could harm both sides: Bulgaria and the organisation. In fact the uprising soon spread to the adjacent vilayets of Kosovo, Thessaloniki and Adrianople (in Thrace).

2153:

population exchange between Greece and Bulgaria saw 92,000 Bulgarians exchanged with 46,000 Greeks from Bulgaria. Bulgarian (including the Macedonian dialects) was prohibited, and its surreptitious use, whenever detected, was ridiculed or punished.

3278:

Pero Korobar, Orde Ivanoski, The Historical Truth: The Progressive Social Circles in Bulgaria and Pirin Macedonia on the Macedonian National Question: Documents, Studies, Resolutions, Appeals and Published Articles, 1896–1956. Kultura, 1983, p.

2935:" Tschavdar Marinov, We the Macedonians, The Paths of Macedonian Supra-Nationalism (1878–1912), in "We, the People: Politics of National Peculiarity in Southeastern Europe" with Mishkova Diana as ed., Central European University Press, 2009, 3763:

Bulgarian Language Institute, "Macedonia. Documents and materials", Sofia, 1978, part III, No.92: "To the Esteemed Government of the Principality of Bulgaria. In view of the critical and terrible situation of the Bulgarian population of the

955:

practice whereby the powers maintained the fiction of Ottoman control over effectively independent states under the guise of autonomous status within the Ottoman state; (Serbia, 1829–1878; Romania, 1829–1878; Bulgaria, 1878–1908).

1100:'s Bulgarian government supported IMARO's position that the rebellion was entirely internal. As well as Petrov's personal warning to Gotse Delchev in January 1903 to delay or even cancel the rebellion, the government sent out a 5022: 972:

could expect to obtain the whole of Macedonia and, unlike Bulgaria, they both looked forward to and urged partition. Autonomy, then, was the best prophylactic against partition, that would preserve the Bulgarian character of

1904:

region, operations were much more limited and without much local involvement, due in part to disagreements between the factions of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO). There was also no uprising in the

3888:

Appealing to this positive historical inheritance, the Regional Committee of the KPJ in Macedonia organised Ilinden demonstrations in the towns before the war, in 1939 and 1940, as the most effective way of activating

793:, in North Macedonia it is assumed that there were in fact two separate uprisings. Despite being organized by a single body, they were carried out by two different peoples with diverse goals, and practically the 3870:

Celebrations were institutionalized following the region's annexation by Bulgaria in April 1941. For more see: Dimitar Bechev, (2009) Historical dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia, Scarecrow Press, p. 96,

1012:, were to exert a significant influence on the organization. They were to push for the Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising and later became the core of IMRO right-wing faction. One of the founding leaders of IMARO, 2992:

population was never claimed by modern Macedonian nationalism...There is, moreover, the not less complicated issue of what autonomy meant to the people who espoused it in their writings. According to

1975:

was held for around twenty days. This is sometimes called the Strandzha Republic or Strandzha Commune, but according to Khadzhiev "there was never a question of state power in the Thrace region."

2953:

predominantly Bulgarian character of the population of Macedonia". "The Macedonian conflict: ethnic nationalism in a transnational world", Princeton University Press, Danforth, Loring M. 1997,

4103: 699:

Uprising), because on September 14 the revolutionaries there also rebelled. The revolt lasted from the beginning of August to the end of October and covered a vast territory from the western

3162:

Akhund, Nadine (2009). "Muslim Representation in the Three Ottoman vilayets of Macedonia: Administration and Military Power (1878–1908)". Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs. 29 (4): 443–454.

2368:

The Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising was celebrated by the Macedonian and Thracian diaspora in Bulgaria and by all factions within the IMARO. It was commemorated officially in Macedonia under

2933:

allegations of what they call "national separatism" vis-a-vis the Bulgarians, and even consider it "immoral." Though they declared an equal attitude towards all the "Macedonian populations.

2057:

Still, Bulgaria was unable to send troops to the rescue of the rebelling fellow Bulgarians in Macedonia and Adrianople, Thrace. When IMARO representatives met the Bulgarian Prime-Minister

1016:, was a strong advocate for proceeding slowly, but the Supremacists pressed for a major uprising to take place in the summer of 1903. Delchev himself was killed by the Turks in May 1903. 1954:

In areas encompassing the uprising of 1903, Albanian villagers were in a situation of being either under threat from IMRO četas or recruited by Ottoman authorities to end the uprising.

1885:, a force of 3,500 Ottoman soldiers recaptured and burned Kruševo. It had been held by the insurgents for just ten days. Kleisoura was finally recaptured by the Ottomans on August 27. 4087: 801:. Although the ideas of a separate Macedonian nation were supported then only by a handful of intellectuals abroad, and to the eve of the 20th century the membership of the IMARO was 2899:

an uprising in the full sense of the word, calling it the Holy Cross Day Uprising. On the eve of the insurrection, a voivodi’s council was summoned, during which the old opponents

2097:

Letter from the General Staff of the Monastir (Bitola) Revolutionary Region to the Bulgarian Government, requesting military intervention for the salvation of the local Bulgarians.

336: 2913:

For more see: Peter Kardjilov (2020) The Cinematographic Activities of Charles Rider Noble and John Mackenzie in the Balkans (Volume One) Cambridge Scholars Publishing, p. 19,

6098: 4165: 1629: 1950:(Krastovden in Bulgarian, September 27) and did not involve the local population as much as in other regions, and were well to the east of Monastir and to the west of Thrace. 3192:

For more see: Laura Beth Sherman, Fires on the mountain: the Macedonian revolutionary movement and the kidnapping of Ellen Stone, Volume 62, East European Monographs, 1980,

777:

subjects in Europe. Through bilateral agreement, signed in 1904, Bulgaria committed not to support the revolutionary movement, while the Ottomans undertook to implement the

2192:

full control of Bulgarian Pirin Macedonia (the Petrich District of the time) and acted as a "state within a state", which it used as a base for hit and run attacks against

2137:. Most of the local Bulgarian political and cultural figures were persecuted or expelled from Serbian and Greek parts of Macedonia and Thrace, where all structures of the 1823: 1803: 977:

population despite the separation from Bulgaria proper. The idea of Macedonian autonomy was strictly political and did not imply a secession from Bulgarian ethnicity.

5007: 2158: 660: 505: 2463:. Nevertheless, some of the Macedonian historical scholarship and political élite have reluctantly acknowledged the Bulgarian ethnic character of the insurgents. 6659: 3957:"Кој со кого ќе се помирува? Лидерот на ВМРО-ДПМНЕ и Премиер на Република Македонија, Љубчо Георгиевски одговара и полемизира на темата за национално помирување" 3753:

The Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising of 1903, Dedicated to the 105th. anniversary from the events, Professor Dimitar Gotsev – Macedonian Scientific Institute.

4043:"The Ilinden - Preobrazhenie Uprising of 1903". Authors: Hristo Hristov, Dimiter Kossev, Lyubomir Panayotov; Publisher: Sofia Press - 1983; in English language. 3581: 2428:, which considers it the date of its first statehood in modern times. It is also the date on which, in 1944, a People's Republic of Macedonia was proclaimed at 2973:

Chris Kostov, Contested Ethnic Identity: The Case of Macedonian Immigrants in Toronto, 1900–1996, Volume 7 of Nationalisms across the globe, Peter Lang, 2010,

3513:

The Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising of 1903, Dedicated to the 105th. anniversary from the events, Professor Dimitar Gotsev – Macedonian Scientific Institute.

2274: 2467:, regarded nowadays in North Macedonia as one of the most prominent proponents of Macedonian nationalism of the early 20th century, states in his brochure 1777: 329: 2313: 857: 4107: 3669:Тодор Петров, Цочо Билярски, Вътрешната македоно-одринска революционна организация през погледа на нейните основатели; Военно издателство; София, 2002, 4141: 3744:

Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of History, Bulgarian Language Institute, "Macedonia. Documents and materials", Sofia, 1978, part III, No. 92.

2365:. Bulgarian sources tend to emphasize the moves within IMARO for hegemony with Bulgaria, as advocated by the Supremacist and the right wing factions. 1071:. The day chosen for the uprising was August 2 (July 20 in the old Julian calendar), the feast day of St. Elias (Elijah). This holy day was known as 4307: 6155: 5862: 5567: 4387: 2585: 920:

in 1893. The group had a number of name changes prior to and subsequent to the uprising. It was predominantly Bulgarian and supported an idea for

6600: 2093: 322: 6739: 6669: 5017: 4584: 2998:İpek Yosmaoğlu, Blood Ties: Religion, Violence and the Politics of Nationhood in Ottoman Macedonia, 1878–1908, Cornell University Press, 2013, 2704: 2182: 1473: 1024: 961: 913: 534: 517: 151: 2907:(SMAC) were reconciled, shaking hands and embracing each other. The result of the truce was that “supremist” cheti, which were led by Colonel 3209:

Denis Š. Ljuljanović (2023) Imagining Macedonia in the Age of Empire. State Policies, Networks and Violence (1878–1912), LIT Verlag Münster;

1520: 921: 790: 498: 4084: 3891:. For more see: Stefano Bianchini and Marco Dogo as ed., The Balkans: National Identities in a Historical Perspective, Longo, 1998, p. 125, 6674: 6296: 6066: 5032: 2425: 2417: 2232: 2212: 2178: 2113:

of 1912 and 1913 subsequently split up Macedonia and Thrace. Serbia took a portion of Macedonia in the north, which roughly corresponds to

1659: 1605: 1842:

was attacked and captured by 800 rebels. Concurrently, after three days of fighting followed by a siege starting on August 5, the town of

6664: 6319: 2850: 1067:

IMARO made a decision about military revolt. Garvanov, himself, did not participate in the uprising, because of his arrest and exile in

758:. This lasted about twenty days before being put down by the Turks. The insurrection also affected the vilayets of Kosovo and Salonika. 6180: 6160: 1737: 1001: 5929: 4166:"Foreign Minister Zaharieva: Bulgaria Cannot Approve EU Negotiating Framework with North Macedonia - Novinite.com - Sofia News Agency" 1881:

had been set up. That same day and the next, Turkish troops made unsuccessful attempts to retake Kruševo. On August 12, following the

6590: 6414: 5332: 5012: 4965: 4531: 4467: 3515: 3319:

Dimitar Bechev (2019) Historical Dictionary of North Macedonia, Historical Dictionaries of Europe, Rowman & Littlefield, p. 143,

2197: 1695: 1139:. In his memoir, Sarafov states that the main source of funds for the purchase of the weapons from the Bulgarian army came from the 5998: 5796: 5615: 4899: 4005:(in Macedonian; in English: "We are still in servitude to the old divisions", interview with Ph. D. Zoran Todorovski, published on 2748: 2433: 1830:

An account of the dates and details of the uprising were recorded by the anarchist author Georgi Khadzhiev which was translated by

1770: 1572: 491: 2227: 6226: 4312: 3956: 664: 521: 160: 4129: 3171:

Dimitar Bechev, Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia, Historical Dictionaries of Europe, No. 68, Scarecrow Press,

6470: 6329: 4955: 3288:

Keith Brown (2003) The Past in Question: Modern Macedonia and the Uncertainties of Nation, Princeton University Press, p. 175,

2416:("Today over Macedonia"). There are towns named after the leaders in both Bulgaria and North Macedonia. Today, 2 August is the 1690: 1447: 17: 6424: 6108: 5574: 4608: 4508: 4425: 4346: 4199: 3875: 1946:

and an insurgent detachment of the Supreme Committee, held down a large Turkish force. These actions began on the day of the

1634: 3909: 6342: 6241: 5855: 5648: 5435: 924:

within the Ottoman state with a motto of "Macedonia for the Macedonians". It rapidly began to be infiltrated by members of

6709: 6580: 6448: 4930: 4705: 2471:(1903) that the uprising was supported and carried out primarily by that part of Macedonia's Slavic population which had 2033: 1763: 1685: 1538: 1391: 822: 115:

Direct involvement of Russian and the Austro-Hungarian Empires to resolve the Macedonian issue and implementation of the

4002: 3833: 2216: 2133:

by the Ottoman Empire. The rest of Thrace was divided between Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey following World War I and the

6734: 6585: 6575: 6088: 5946: 5643: 5157: 4894: 4791: 4052:

Brunnbauer, Ulf (2004) "Historiography, Myths and the Nation in the Republic of Macedonia". In: Brunnbauer, Ulf, (ed.)

1721: 1669: 1619: 960:

Moreover, from the Macedonian perspective, the goal of independence by autonomy had another advantage. More important,

408: 5889: 6324: 6306: 6246: 6221: 4457: 4372: 4248: 3719: 3709: 3674: 3540: 3489: 3459: 3416: 3385: 3351: 3214: 3111:

Raymond Detrez, Historical Dictionary of Bulgaria, Historical Dictionaries of Europe, No. 46, Scarecrow Press, 2006,

2819: 2787: 2449: 2335: 1513: 1381: 879: 4074:"Сите ние сме Бугари". Македонски историци "на бунт" срещу общото честване на празниците ни. в-к "Дума", 07.06.2006. 6699: 6404: 5393: 4690: 3936:"Интервју со д-р Васил Јотевски. Тешко е да се полемизира... Бранко Горгевски ("Дневник"), Народна волja број 2050" 1912:

The reason why the uprising was strategically chosen in the Bitola vilayet, and the broader southwestern region of

1439: 3860:

For more see: Цочо В. Билярски, През 1918 година Тодор Александров организира честването на Илинденското въстание.

6530: 6460: 6347: 6281: 6120: 6113: 5848: 5555: 5440: 5273: 4909: 1644: 1639: 1979:

On the morning of August 19, 1903, attacks were made on villages throughout the region, including Vasiliko (now

6399: 6352: 5398: 5281: 4974: 4364: 4061: 3896: 3695: 3324: 3293: 3257: 3235: 3197: 3176: 3150: 3133: 3128:

Nadine Lange-Akhund, The Macedonian Question, 1893-1908, from Western Sources, East European Monographs, 1998;

3116: 3045: 3024: 3003: 2978: 2958: 2940: 2918: 2885: 2512: 2317: 2204:

into Greek and Yugoslav Macedonia to assassinate officials and stir up the spirit of the oppressed population.

1358: 1294: 861: 4801: 4468:

Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising of 1903 – Ideals and Heroism Dedicated to the 105th anniversary from the events

1135:

were supplied from Bulgaria to Skopje following the demand for higher rates of fire by Bulgarian army officer

6719: 6704: 6595: 6560: 6190: 5516: 5325: 4868: 4833: 4482:(Volume Two). Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2020, Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, 484 p. . 4476:(Volume One). Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2020, Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, 424 p. ; 4054:(Re)Writing History. Historiography in Southeast Europe after Socialism. Studies on South East Europe, vol. 4 3782: 3250:(Re)Writing History. Historiography in Southeast Europe after Socialism. Studies on South East Europe, vol. 4 2561: 2384:. Celebrations occurred also in 1939 and 1940 in defiance of the ban by Serb authorities. The leaders of the 2134: 1029: 951:, it is essential to note its sense and reason. Its inspiration certainly belonged to the nineteenth-century 736:, which was overrun after just ten days, on August 12. On August 19, a closely related uprising organized by 688: 6729: 6724: 6497: 6480: 6465: 6434: 6301: 6286: 6204: 6143: 6093: 6073: 5672: 5562: 5480: 4960: 2393: 2177:, the combined Macedonian-Adrianopolitan revolutionary movement separated into two detached organizations: 1624: 1610: 1506: 1485: 1468: 1431: 1353: 1229: 1156: 925: 798: 684: 1924:

that the uprising was purely of a Macedonian character and phenomenon. Per one of the founders of IMARO –

6684: 6570: 6502: 6291: 6265: 6251: 5907: 5786: 5543: 5445: 4104:"PMs Borisov and Zaev place wreaths at Gotse Delchev's grave in Skopje, 2 August 2017, FOCUS News Agency" 2150: 1423: 6689: 4775: 3994: 3935: 3269:

Perry, Duncan. “Ivan Garvanov: Architect of Ilinden.” East European Quarterly 19, no. 4 (1986): 403–416.

6654: 6619: 6517: 6475: 6429: 6387: 6231: 6083: 6043: 5924: 5880: 5584: 5465: 4904: 4863: 4406: 4394:

MacDermott, Mercia. (1978). Freedom or Death – the life of Gotse Delchev. London: Journeyman Press

4223: 2911:

and Captain Yordan Stoyanov (1869–1910), took part in the battles together with Sandanski’s supporters.

1547: 1463: 1345: 1302: 974: 625: 443: 360: 4725: 3076: 1194: 6714: 6679: 6535: 6492: 6419: 6359: 5430: 5253: 5243: 5135: 5105: 4730: 4501: 3077:"The Transfiguration Uprising and the 'Strandzha Commune': The First Libertarian Commune in Bulgaria" 2616: 2565: 2066: 1276: 802: 605: 5194: 4194:. Titchener, Frances B., 1954-, Moorton, Richard F. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1999. 4020: 2637: 1962: 1033:. Their aim was to attract the attention of the Great Powers to Ottoman oppression in Macedonia and 559: 49: 6628: 6565: 6507: 6369: 6175: 6170: 5744: 5709: 5526: 5506: 5383: 5318: 5152: 5098: 4574: 2141:

were abolished. Thousands of Macedonian Slavs left for Bulgaria. Some fled after the Greeks burned

1716: 1600: 1268: 1202: 1042: 6694: 6550: 6364: 5962: 5638: 5610: 5531: 5373: 5115: 5053: 4838: 4806: 4755: 4670: 4628: 2306: 1260: 850: 549: 544: 418: 6633: 6148: 6125: 6016: 6011: 5957: 5734: 5550: 5521: 5368: 5231: 5058: 4878: 4858: 4685: 2719: 2699: 2667: 2641: 2632: 2628: 2591: 2537: 2453: 2162: 1921: 1753: 1649: 1582: 1577: 1373: 1221: 761:

By the time the rebellion had started, many of its most promising potential leaders, including

433: 428: 413: 4848: 2353:, which marks the date on which uprising began. In Bulgaria it is more common to refer to the 253: 6555: 6545: 6236: 6165: 5699: 5689: 5658: 5579: 5511: 5450: 5408: 5147: 5120: 4873: 4765: 4715: 4695: 4660: 4598: 4541: 4322: 2835: 2595: 2479: 2193: 2082: 2070: 806: 645: 451: 5189: 2078: 778: 770: 116: 6525: 5936: 5776: 5716: 5625: 5494: 5299: 5130: 4843: 4494: 4441:

Poulton, Hugh. (1995). Who are the Macedonians? C.Hurst & Co. (Publishers) Ltd., London

2709: 2612: 2569: 2541: 2413: 2207:

At the end of 1922, the Greek government started to expel large numbers of Bulgarians from

2046: 1315: 1234: 900: 719: 6031: 3512: 574: 8: 5919: 5815: 5726: 5653: 5598: 5388: 5350: 5048: 4853: 4796: 4665: 4593: 4569: 2840: 2679: 2483: 2138: 2126: 1847: 1399: 1365: 1320: 1165: 948: 745: 616: 423: 125: 41: 6026: 5268: 4474:

The Cinematographic Activities of Charles Rider Noble and John Mackenzie in the Balkan's

3230:, Memorial University of Newfoundland. Institute of Social and Economic Research, 1984, 1591: 732: 169: 6540: 5986: 5771: 5739: 5694: 5620: 5363: 5236: 5226: 5221: 5204: 5125: 5110: 4750: 4735: 4720: 4680: 4675: 4558: 4480:

The Cinematographic Activities of Charles Rider Noble and John Mackenzie in the Balkans

4217: 3374: 2599: 2516: 2488: 2460: 2118: 1947: 1913: 1711: 1284: 1242: 1213: 1090: 1085:

set the date of 23 July for the uprising, then deferred it a bit more to 2 August. The

810: 754: 741: 737: 711: 668: 596: 97: 5027: 4308:

The English daily newspaper "Times", issues about the Ilinden uprising in August, 1903

4085:България и светът. 04 Август 2006, По съседски: Събития с балкански адрес. Новина № 2. 4073: 3960: 1596: 5897: 5824: 5791: 5781: 5761: 5749: 5684: 5470: 5248: 5214: 5093: 4818: 4740: 4700: 4623: 4613: 4453: 4421: 4381: 4368: 4254: 4244: 4243:(Rev. and updated ed.). Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. 4205: 4195: 4057: 4033:(in Bulgarian and Macedonian). Sofia: Либералний клуб (The Liberal Club). p. 17. 3892: 3871: 3778: 3715: 3691: 3670: 3648: 3536: 3485: 3455: 3412: 3381: 3347: 3320: 3289: 3253: 3231: 3210: 3193: 3172: 3146: 3145:

R. J. Crampton (2007) Bulgaria, Oxford History of Modern Europe, OUP Oxford, p. 167,

3129: 3112: 3090: 3089:] (in Bulgarian). Translated by Firth, Will. Sofia: Artizdat-5. pp. 99–148. 3041: 3020: 2999: 2974: 2954: 2936: 2914: 2881: 2815: 2783: 2646: 2621: 2551: 2174: 2146: 2010: 1140: 1056: 569: 539: 471: 438: 379: 374: 369: 226: 178: 5199: 4358: 3449: 3406: 1838:

and some of the north of Greece. That night and early the next morning, the town of

165: 6409: 6185: 6061: 5974: 5969: 5766: 5420: 5378: 5358: 5140: 4989: 4984: 4914: 4770: 4760: 4710: 4645: 4398: 4317: 3764: 3640: 2993: 2714: 2663: 2412:

were included into the lyrics of the anthem of the Socialist Republic of Macedonia

2130: 2101: 1855: 1664: 1329: 1310: 1252: 1186: 1132: 818: 809:

has reappraised the Ilinden uprising as an allegedly anti-Bulgarian revolt, led by

786: 715: 466: 399: 390: 87: 82: 5263: 5162: 4343: 4333: 1557: 1063:

By these circumstances the Supremacists' plan went ahead. Under a leadership from

6135: 6078: 5912: 5871: 5829: 5538: 5088: 5078: 4979: 4564: 4536: 4350: 4140:

Georgi Gotev, Borissov warns North Macedonia against stealing Bulgarian history.

4091: 3998: 3913: 3519: 3080: 2754:

Macedonia and Adrianople Region 1893–1903. A Memoir of the Internal Organization.

2555: 2437: 2421: 2389: 2283: 2248: 2122: 2114: 1882: 1867: 1835: 1654: 1614: 1496: 564: 236: 231: 2045:

On September 29, the General staff of the Uprising sent the Letter N 534 to the

1854:, was taken by insurgents about August 5. On August 14, under the leadership of 726:

population of the region; Provisional government was established in the town of

6006: 5981: 5754: 5258: 5169: 4745: 4603: 4551: 4445: 4435: 4326: 2908: 2900: 2854:. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 216–222 . 2575: 2547: 2464: 2409: 2208: 2022: 2014: 1943: 1925: 1819: 1799: 1034: 893: 696: 656: 636: 385: 221: 191: 92: 77: 3823:, pp. 307–328, Cornell University Press, 1984, retrieved on September 6, 2007. 3436:

The Macedoine: The National Question in Yugoslavia. Origins, History, Politics

980: 314: 6648: 6485: 5630: 5285: 5083: 4633: 4258: 3652: 2845: 2499: 2472: 2397: 2263: 2185:

and continued its struggle against Serbian and Greek authorities until 1934.

1984: 1136: 1101: 1082: 1064: 1013: 1009: 988: 814: 766: 762: 676: 483: 241: 211: 4209: 3644: 3094: 2392:. They are regarded as Macedonian patriots and as founders of the drive for 5840: 5068: 5063: 4579: 2904: 2659: 2381: 2259: 2058: 2017:, the uprising expressed only in some cheta's diversions in the regions of 1901: 1874: 1124: 1105: 1097: 1077: 917: 774: 216: 4238: 1997:

Around September 3 a strong Ottoman force began reasserting their control.

6038: 5475: 5209: 5179: 5073: 4969: 4546: 4517: 4189: 2780:

The Politics of Terror. The Macedonian Revolutionary Movements, 1893–1903

2377: 2170: 2166: 2110: 1415: 1337: 1116:, advising the population not to succumb to pro-rebellion propaganda, as 2121:, and Bulgaria was only able to obtain a small region in the northeast, 2074: 6053: 5704: 5184: 4618: 4339:

Pozzi, Henry. (1935). Black hand over Europe. F. Mott and Co., London (

2903:(leader of the Melnik Revolutionary District of the IMARO) and General 2671: 2533: 2503: 2405: 2320: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1831: 864: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 723: 704: 206: 3990:"Уште робуваме на старите поделби", Разговор со д-р Зоран Тодоровски, 3711:

The Past in Question: Modern Macedonia and the Uncertainties of Nation

3631:

Perry, Duncan M. (1980). "Death of a Russian Consul: Macedonia 1903".

2279: 2244: 2125:. The Ottomans managed to keep the Adrianople region, where the whole 1839: 727: 5902: 4413: 2687: 2401: 1972: 1806:, "Freedom or Death." The insurgents flew Bulgarian flags everywhere. 700: 5310: 2582:, located in the western parts of the city, named after the uprising 2295: 1897: 1019:

Meanwhile, in late April 1903, a group of young anarchists from the

839: 174: 5341: 5174: 4152:

Martin Dimitrov, Macedonia PM Apologises for Offending Bulgarians.

2369: 2267: 1917: 1851: 1176: 1093:

was not ready, and negotiated for a later uprising in that region.

1052: 1008:). The latter was incorporated in IMARO by 1902 but its members as 997: 944: 933: 4191:

The eye expanded : life and the arts in Greco-Roman antiquity

2000:

By September 8 the Turks had restored control and were mopping up.

6216: 5425: 2749:Македония и Одринско 1893–1903. Мемоар на Вътрешната организация. 2255: 2062: 2018: 1991: 1980: 1893: 1866:

the population joined in the uprising. This was further east, in

1843: 749: 2839: 2808:

Die Makedonische Frage. Ihre Entstehung und Entwicklung bis 1908

2239: 1810: 1790: 4418:

The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origins, History, Politics

3821:

The National Question in Yugoslavia. Origins, History, Politics

2812:

The Macedonian Question. Its Genesis and Development Until 1908

2683: 2492: 2142: 1939: 1906: 1863: 1859: 1815: 1113: 1109: 1086: 1068: 1046: 984: 969: 965: 952: 4486: 3306:

and London: Duke University Press, 1988. pp. 144–151, 182–183.

2498:

Nevertheless, on August 2, 2017, the Bulgarian Prime Minister

2085:

of 1908 and the subsequent dissolution of the Ottoman Empire.

5455: 3735:Петко Т. Карапетков, Славейно. Пловдив, 1948 г., стр 216—219. 3533:

Loyal Unto Death: Trust and Terror in Revolutionary Macedonia

2757: 2579: 2429: 1889: 1795: 1128: 929: 914:

Internal Macedonian-Adrianopolitan Revolutionary Organization

156: 4128:

Macedonia, Bulgaria Sign Historic Treaty, Renounce Rivalry,

4006: 3991: 1916:, was due to the fact that it was located the farthest from 5460: 3832:Илюстрация Илинден, София, октомври 1927, бр. 5, стр. 7-8. 714:

affected most of the central and southwestern parts of the

56:

with contemporary Ottoman frontiers and present-day borders

54:

Map of the uprising in the regions of Macedonia and Thrace,

4360:

The Establishment of the Balkan National States, 1804–1920

3408:

The Establishment of the Balkan National States, 1804–1920

2868:

The Establishment of the Balkan National States, 1804–1920

2219:

to take control and break the power of the organizations.

4450:

A History of the Twentieth Century, Volume One: 1900–1933

4313:

Twenty-four letters from Macedonia – 1903, John MacDonald

3834:Любомир Милетич, На Илинденско Тържество в Битоля (1916). 2782:. Durham and London: Duke University Press. p. 136. 2758:

Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization

2159:

Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization

661:

Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization

4357:

Jelavich, Charles and Jelavich, Barbara (October 1977),

2278:

Makedonium monument, dedicated to the Ilinden Uprising,

2262:

monument, dedicated to the Preobrazhenie Uprising, near

813:. The leader of the IMARO and architect of the uprising 630: 3438:, by Ivo Banac, Cornell University Press, 1984, p. 314. 2478:

The dominant view in Bulgaria is that at that time the

610: 3570:

National military history museum of Bulgaria, fond 260

3558:

Spomeni na Dame Gruev, Boris Sarafov and Ivan Garvanov

2061:, he showed them the ultimatums by Serbia, Greece and 958:

Autonomy, in other words, was as good as independence.

940:, and advocated annexation of the region by Bulgaria. 1037:. As a response to the attacks, the Turkish Army and 1027:

launched a campaign of terror bombing, the so-called

3781:, "The Destruction of Thracian Bulgarians in 1913", 3082:Националното освобождение и безвластният федерализъм 650: 3373: 2594:was a veteran nonpolitical organization set up by 2233:during WWI Bulgarian occupation of Southern Serbia 748:, and the creation of a provisional government in 3910:"August 2nd, non-working for Macedonian citizens" 3344:The Rise of Nationalism in the Balkans, 1800–1930 2251:, marking the anniversary of the Uprising in 1918 6646: 4318:Durham, Edith. (1905). The Burden of the Balkans 3912:. macedoniaonline.eu. 2008-07-29. Archived from 3404: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3054: 687:. Some historians describe the rebellion in the 4236: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3357:, first published in 1931, by H. Holt & Co. 344: 6660:Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization 3560:. Sofia: Press P. Glushkoz. pp. 146, 153. 3087:National Liberation and Libertarian Federalism 2742: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2705:Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization 2396:. The names of the IMARO revolutionaries like 2231:Celebration of the Ilinden Uprising in Bitola 2183:Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organisation 2105:The partition of Macedonia and Thrace in 1913. 2049:, appealing for immediate armed intervention: 2037:A convoy of captured Bulgarian IMRO activists. 671:personnel. The name of the uprising refers to 513: 5856: 5326: 4502: 3796:"The Greek-Bulgarian exchange of populations" 3337: 3335: 3333: 3051: 2388:are today celebrated as heroes in modern-day 2004: 1771: 1514: 922:autonomy for Macedonia and Adrianople regions 791:autonomy for Macedonia and Adrianople regions 744:led to the liberation of a large area in the 499: 330: 121:Ottoman reprisals against Christian civilians 6176:2016 Macedonian protests-Colorful Revolution 5870: 4386:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3555: 3484:(2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press, 3468: 3441: 3393: 3360: 2588:, ethnic Macedonian organization in Bulgaria 2213:Internal Thracian Revolutionary Organization 2179:Internal Thracian Revolutionary Organisation 1966:The delegates at Rhodope Mountains congress. 659:, which was prepared and carried out by the 4433:for online version of relevant pages, click 4341:for online version of relevant pages, click 4012: 3714:. Princeton University Press. p. 267. 3380:, vol. 2, Cambridge University Press, 2731: 1862:attacked and derailed a military train. In 1025:Bulgarian Men's High School of Thessaloniki 722:revolutionaries, and to some extent of the 6181:2017 storming of the Macedonian Parliament 6161:2014 Macedonian government building attack 5863: 5849: 5333: 5319: 4509: 4495: 4420:, Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 3330: 1778: 1764: 1738:Timeline of the history of North Macedonia 1521: 1507: 1002:Bulgarian Secret Revolutionary Brotherhood 506: 492: 337: 323: 3535:. Indiana University Press. p. 148. 3074: 2870:, C. & B. Jelavich, 1977, pp. 211–212 2834: 2801: 2799: 2649:, football club in the village of Ilinden 2509:objectively re-examine the common history 2336:Learn how and when to remove this message 1957: 1909:area, immediately to the east of Bitola. 880:Learn how and when to remove this message 27:Anti-Ottoman revolt in the Balkans (1903) 4900:Provisional Government of Western Thrace 4397: 4356: 4018: 3701: 3579: 3479: 3447: 3371: 2814:]. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag. 2773: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2434:Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 2273: 2254: 2238: 2226: 2200:. IMRO began sending armed bands called 2100: 2092: 2032: 1961: 1846:was captured by the rebels. The town of 1809: 1789: 1366:Establishment of the Bulgarian Exarchate 1051: 979: 899: 4444: 2515:of the Bulgarian legacy in the broader 1990:On August 21, the harbor lighthouse at 1696:History of the ethnic Macedonian people 1006:Balgarsko Tayno Revolyutsionno Bratstvo 691:as a separate uprising, calling it the 665:Supreme Macedonian-Adrianople Committee 655:), was an organized revolt against the 14: 6647: 4363:, History of Central Europe, Seattle: 3341: 2805: 2796: 2211:into Bulgaria and the activity of the 1932: 947:was regularly used in relation to the 730:, where the insurgents proclaimed the 6740:Events during the Macedonian Struggle 6670:Rebellions against the Ottoman Empire 5844: 5340: 5314: 4490: 4412: 4328:Macedonia: Its Races and Their Future 3984: 3707: 3630: 3530: 3228:Minorities and mother country imagery 2828: 2777: 2764: 2606: 2243:Procession organised by the mayor of 2088: 1104:to its diplomatic representatives in 1041:(irregulars) massacred many innocent 892:At the turn of the 20th century, the 487: 318: 3975: 2318:adding citations to reliable sources 2289: 1143:as well as from contacts in Europe. 1118:Bulgaria was not ready to support it 862:adding citations to reliable sources 833: 6675:Military history of North Macedonia 5028:Initial phase of the Greek genocide 4931:1913 Romanian Army cholera outbreak 4240:Yugoslavia : a concise history 3451:The History of the Balkan Peninsula 3405:Jelavich, C.; Jelavich, B. (1977), 1146: 703:coast in the east to the shores of 24: 6665:Macedonia under the Ottoman Empire 3690:(2nd ed.), Scarecrow Press, 2010, 3411:, University of Washington Press, 2624:, the seat of Ilinden Municipality 1818:insurgent detachment. It has also 1794:The banner of the insurgents from 612:Ilindensko-Preobrazhensko vastanie 409:Uprising of Konstantin and Fruzhin 25: 6751: 4532:Nationalism in the Ottoman Empire 4130:Aug. 1, 2017, The New York Times. 3422:Volume 8 of the 11 volume series 2450:Historiography in North Macedonia 2432:as a constituent republic of the 1938:Militias active in the region of 1873:On August 4, under leadership of 912:The most effective group was the 601:Илинденско-Преображенско въстание 3424:A History of East Central Europe 2294: 1920:, attempting to showcase to the 1888:Other regions involved included 1877:, a local administration called 1747: 1556: 1490: 1175: 838: 787:Bulgarians in the Ottoman Empire 184: 173: 164: 155: 145: 48: 6114:Refugees of the Greek Civil War 4516: 4265: 4230: 4182: 4158: 4146: 4134: 4122: 4096: 4078: 4067: 4046: 4037: 3949: 3928: 3902: 3881: 3863: 3851: 3838: 3826: 3813: 3788: 3771: 3756: 3747: 3738: 3729: 3680: 3663: 3624: 3598: 3573: 3564: 3549: 3524: 3506: 3497: 3429: 3309: 3299: 3282: 3272: 3263: 3241: 3220: 3203: 3182: 3165: 3156: 3139: 3122: 3101: 3030: 3009: 2984: 2964: 2946: 2856:Bulgarian Insurrection in 1903. 2305:needs additional citations for 2067:Franz Joseph of Austria-Hungary 1822:on it, and the Bulgarian motto 849:needs additional citations for 807:Macedonian rendition of history 710:The rebellion in the region of 288:994 insurgents killed / wounded 5018:Bulgarians deportation program 4589:Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising 4365:University of Washington Press 4286: 4154:Sophia, BIRN, August 10, 2018. 3556:and Basevski, Nikolov (1927). 2924: 2891: 2873: 2861: 2527: 2443: 2355:Ilinden-Preobrazhenie uprising 1408:Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising 1045:in Thessaloniki, and later in 823:Bulgarian military personnels' 589:Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising 555:Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising 461:Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising 35:Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising 13: 1: 6191:2022 North Macedonia protests 4869:Romanian landings in Bulgaria 3783:Bulgarian Academy of Sciences 3482:A concise history of Bulgaria 2756:] (in Bulgarian). Sofia: 2502:and his Macedonian colleague 1630:Anti-Fascist Assembly (ASNOM) 1206: 1030:Thessaloniki bombings of 1903 781:, however neither happened. 689:Serres revolutionary district 550:Thessaloniki bombings of 1903 68:2 August 1903 – November 1903 6094:Independent Macedonia (1944) 4961:Greco-Turkish crisis of 1914 4056:. LIT, Münster, pp. 165-200 3454:, Harcourt, Brace & Co, 3252:. LIT, Münster, pp. 165–200 2725: 2653: 2129:population was subjected to 2028: 1987:), and villages near Edirne. 1075:. On 11 July, a congress at 936:. This group was called the 928:, a group formed in 1894 in 926:Macedonian Supreme Committee 685:Feast of the Transfiguration 297:176 girls and women abducted 111:Suppression of the uprising 7: 4956:Autonomy of Northern Epirus 4452:, New York: HarperCollins, 4142:EURACTIV.com. Jun 20, 2019. 2693: 2674:is named after the uprising 2572:is named after the uprising 2558:is named after the uprising 2544:is named after the uprising 2473:Bulgarian national identity 2372:rule when it occupied then 2079:Mürzsteg program of reforms 1640:Exodus from Northern Greece 803:allowed only for Bulgarians 651: 631: 611: 347:Bulgarian–Ottoman conflicts 303:70,835 people left homeless 294:3,122 girls and women raped 10: 6756: 6710:1903 in the Ottoman Empire 6156:2012 inter-ethnic violence 4975:Ottoman–Bulgarian alliance 4407:Cambridge University Press 4330:. London: Methuen & Co 4300: 3075:Khadzhiev, Georgi (1992). 2447: 2005:Rhodope Mountains Uprising 1802:on it and the inscription 1754:North Macedonia portal 829: 771:more conciliatory attitude 663:, with the support of the 595:, of August–October 1903 ( 6735:History of the Aromanians 6613: 6516: 6456: 6447: 6395: 6386: 6338: 6315: 6277: 6273: 6264: 6212: 6203: 6134: 6109:National Liberation Front 6089:War in Yugoslav Macedonia 6052: 5997: 5945: 5888: 5879: 5809: 5725: 5680: 5671: 5606: 5597: 5502: 5493: 5416: 5407: 5349: 5295: 5136:Konstantinos Sapountzakis 5041: 5000: 4948: 4939: 4923: 4887: 4826: 4815: 4784: 4653: 4642: 4575:Greco-Turkish War of 1897 4524: 4027:On the Macedonian Matters 4007:http://www.tribune.eu.com 3992:http://www.tribune.eu.com 2566:Hadzhidimovo Municipality 2522: 2469:On the Macedonian Matters 2222: 1870:in present-day Bulgaria. 1635:National Liberation Front 975:Christian Macedonian Slav 640: 620: 600: 531: 354: 278: 265: 197: 138: 60: 47: 39: 34: 6320:Administrative divisions 6171:2015 Macedonian protests 4910:Treaty of Constantinople 4802:1913 Ottoman coup d'état 4334:Brailsford's photographs 4279: 4237:Benson, Leslie. (2004). 4019:Misirkov, Krste (1903). 3531:Brown, Keith S. (2013). 3465:, first printed in 1922. 3038:the Bulgarian Committee. 1625:Independent State (1944) 1141:kidnapping of Miss Stone 1096:During the discussions, 667:, which included mostly 124:30,000 refugees flee to 6700:20th-century rebellions 5374:Second Bulgarian Empire 4980:Balkans campaign of WWI 4629:Albanian revolt of 1912 3844:Colliers Encyclopedia, 3645:10.1163/187633180x00139 3583:Who are the Macedonians 3480:Crampton, R.J. (1997), 2851:Encyclopædia Britannica 2806:Adanir, Fikret (1979). 2394:Macedonian independence 1573:Ottoman North Macedonia 1261:Second Bulgarian Empire 964:was aware that neither 740:revolutionaries in the 545:Gorna Dzhumaya Uprising 6126:1963 Skopje earthquake 6099:Anti-Fascist Assembly 5644:Science and technology 5369:First Bulgarian Empire 5254:Crown Prince Alexander 5232:Crown Prince Ferdinand 5195:Kölemen Abdullah Pasha 5023:Massacres of Civilians 5013:Massacres of Albanians 4966:Sarajevo Assassination 4895:Greek–Serbian Alliance 4888:Diplomacy and politics 4785:Diplomacy and politics 4609:Bulgarian Independence 4465:Prof. Dimitar Gotsev: 4403:History of the Balkans 4323:Brailsford, Henry Noel 4222:: CS1 maint: others ( 4022:За македонцките работи 3688:The A to Z of Bulgaria 3658:Macedonian phenomenon. 3376:History of the Balkans 2836:Bourchier, James David 2778:Perry, Duncan (1988). 2720:Kresna-Razlog Uprising 2700:Razlovtsi insurrection 2668:South Shetland Islands 2638:FK Ilinden 1955 Bašino 2633:Pelister National Park 2592:Ilinden (organization) 2538:Strumyani Municipality 2513:historical negationism 2454:Macedonian nationalism 2363:Preobrazhenie uprising 2287: 2271: 2252: 2236: 2106: 2098: 2055: 2038: 1967: 1958:Preobrazhenie Uprising 1827: 1807: 1650:1963 Skopje earthquake 1474:Struggle for Macedonia 1303:Fragmentation and fall 1295:Recovery and expansion 1222:First Bulgarian Empire 1060: 992: 909: 817:, is regarded there a 560:Battle of Mečkin Kamen 444:Kresna–Razlog uprising 361:Bulgarian–Ottoman wars 309:5,328 killed / wounded 291:4,694 civilians killed 271:26,408 (IMARO figures) 198:Commanders and leaders 18:Preobrazhenie Uprising 6186:2018 Prespa agreement 6166:2015 Kumanovo clashes 5280:Other Balkan states: 5121:Eleftherios Venizelos 4797:Albanian Independence 4599:Young Turk Revolution 4001:, 27. 06. 2005, also 3708:Brown, Keith (2003). 3448:Schevill, F. (1971), 3372:Jelavich, B. (1983), 3342:Gewehr, W.M. (1967), 2640:, football club near 2627:Ilinden is a peak on 2277: 2258: 2247:, the IMRO komitadji 2242: 2230: 2104: 2096: 2083:Young Turk revolution 2071:Nicholas II of Russia 2051: 2036: 1965: 1813: 1793: 1392:Third Bulgarian State 1055: 1023:– graduates from the 983: 903: 789:, with a common goal 279:Casualties and losses 6720:Ilinden Municipality 6705:Bulgarian rebellions 6601:World Heritage Sites 6227:Environmental issues 6067:Bulgarian occupation 6017:Macedonian awakening 5797:World Heritage Sites 5556:Chief of the Defence 5131:Pavlos Kountouriotis 2710:Ohrid-Debar Uprising 2613:Ilinden Municipality 2570:Blagoevgrad Province 2542:Blagoevgrad Province 2414:Denes nad Makedonija 2314:improve this article 2047:Bulgarian government 1655:Independent Republic 991:before the uprising. 916:(IMARO), founded in 906:Supreme Committee's 858:improve this article 720:Macedonian Bulgarian 652:Exégersi tou Ílinden 641:Εξέγερση του Ίλιντεν 300:12,440 houses burned 6730:Macedonian Question 6725:Mass murder in 1903 6330:Statistical regions 6044:Treaty of Bucharest 6012:Karposh's rebellion 5930:Macedonia Salutaris 5920:Kingdom of Dardania 5616:Economic statistics 5399:Bulgaria since 1990 5158:Crown Prince Danilo 5008:Carnegie Commission 4905:Treaty of Bucharest 4594:Macedonian Struggle 4570:Serbo-Bulgarian War 3800:Macedonian Heritage 2680:Rockdale Ilinden FC 2517:region of Macedonia 2484:Thracian Bulgarians 2426:Day of the Republic 2217:coup of 19 May 1934 2139:Bulgarian Exarchate 1933:Krastovden Uprising 1712:Region of Macedonia 1670:2020 NATO accession 1578:Karposh's Rebellion 1497:Bulgaria portal 1400:Serbo-Bulgarian War 1089:region, around the 949:Macedonian Question 904:General Tsonchev's 746:Strandzha Mountains 693:Krastovden Uprising 632:Ilindensko vostanie 621:Илинденско востание 429:Karposh's rebellion 254:Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha 126:Tsardom of Bulgaria 42:Macedonian Struggle 6685:Adrianople vilayet 6425:Telecommunications 6121:Socialist Republic 5908:Kingdom of Macedon 5364:Old Great Bulgaria 5237:Alexandru Averescu 5205:Hasan Tahsin Pasha 5126:Panagiotis Danglis 5033:Places burned down 4559:Congress of Berlin 4349:2019-09-04 at the 4090:2006-10-20 at the 3997:2007-10-11 at the 3963:on 27 October 2009 3518:2008-10-30 at the 2607:In North Macedonia 2288: 2272: 2253: 2237: 2127:Thracian Bulgarian 2107: 2099: 2089:Subsequent history 2077:and sponsored the 2039: 1983:), Stoilovo (near 1968: 1948:Feast of the Cross 1858:, some bands near 1828: 1824:Свобода или смърть 1808: 1804:Свобода или смърть 1730:Lists and outlines 1645:Socialist Republic 1583:National awakening 1285:Darman and Kudelin 1253:Byzantine Bulgaria 1243:Cometopuli dynasty 1217:7th cent., 632–668 1214:Old Great Bulgaria 1131:rifles as well as 1091:Adrianople Vilayet 1061: 993: 910: 811:ethnic Macedonians 799:their independence 797:were striving for 755:Strandzha Republic 742:Adrianople Vilayet 738:Thracian Bulgarian 669:Bulgarian military 258:Omer Ruchidi Pasha 98:Adrianople Vilayet 6655:Conflicts in 1903 6642: 6641: 6609: 6608: 6443: 6442: 6382: 6381: 6378: 6377: 6343:Foreign relations 6297:Political parties 6260: 6259: 6199: 6198: 6032:Kruševo Manifesto 5987:Kingdom of Prilep 5975:Theme of Bulgaria 5954:Bulgarian Empire 5838: 5837: 5805: 5804: 5667: 5666: 5593: 5592: 5575:Political parties 5563:National Assembly 5517:Foreign relations 5489: 5488: 5471:Rhodope Mountains 5394:People's Republic 5308: 5307: 5215:Ahmed Izzet Pasha 5094:Stiliyan Kovachev 4819:Second Balkan War 4792:London Conference 4624:Italo-Turkish War 4614:31 March Incident 4427:978-0-8014-9493-2 4399:Jelavich, Barbara 4201:978-0-520-91970-9 3876:978-0-8108-5565-6 3779:Lyubomir Miletich 3190:become a member". 2841:"Macedonia" 2682:football club in 2647:FK Ilinden Skopje 2586:OMO Ilinden-Pirin 2578:is a district of 2552:Ruen Municipality 2346: 2345: 2338: 2175:Treaty of Neuilly 2151:Treaty of Neuilly 2147:Second Balkan War 2135:Greco-Turkish War 2011:Rhodope Mountains 1788: 1787: 1531: 1530: 1269:Second Golden Age 1057:Hristo Chernopeev 996:conservatives in 890: 889: 882: 819:Greater Bulgarian 649: 629: 609: 582: 581: 575:Kokošinje murders 570:Battle of Smilevo 540:Miss Stone Affair 535:1895 Cheta Action 481: 480: 472:Second Balkan War 313: 312: 227:Mihail Gerdzhikov 179:Strandzha Commune 134: 133: 16:(Redirected from 6747: 6715:1903 in Bulgaria 6680:Manastir vilayet 6622: 6581:National symbols 6454: 6453: 6393: 6392: 6275: 6274: 6271: 6270: 6210: 6209: 6102: 6027:Kruševo Republic 6022:Ilinden Uprising 5970:Byzantine Empire 5886: 5885: 5865: 5858: 5851: 5842: 5841: 5818: 5678: 5677: 5634: 5604: 5603: 5500: 5499: 5436:Cities and towns 5426:Balkan Peninsula 5421:Balkan Mountains 5414: 5413: 5359:Odrysian kingdom 5335: 5328: 5321: 5312: 5311: 5274:Božidar Janković 5269:Stepa Stepanović 5141:Viktor Dousmanis 4990:Macedonian front 4985:Serbian campaign 4915:Treaty of Athens 4864:Southern Dobruja 4807:Treaty of London 4646:First Balkan War 4511: 4504: 4497: 4488: 4487: 4462: 4448:(1997), "1903", 4430: 4409: 4391: 4385: 4377: 4294: 4290: 4274: 4269: 4263: 4262: 4234: 4228: 4227: 4221: 4213: 4186: 4180: 4179: 4177: 4176: 4170:www.novinite.com 4162: 4156: 4150: 4144: 4138: 4132: 4126: 4120: 4119: 4117: 4115: 4110:on 19 April 2019 4106:. Archived from 4100: 4094: 4082: 4076: 4071: 4065: 4050: 4044: 4041: 4035: 4034: 4032: 4016: 4010: 3988: 3982: 3979: 3973: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3959:. Archived from 3953: 3947: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3932: 3926: 3925: 3923: 3921: 3906: 3900: 3885: 3879: 3867: 3861: 3855: 3849: 3842: 3836: 3830: 3824: 3817: 3811: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3792: 3786: 3775: 3769: 3765:Monastir Vilayet 3760: 3754: 3751: 3745: 3742: 3736: 3733: 3727: 3725: 3705: 3699: 3686:Raymond Detrez, 3684: 3678: 3667: 3661: 3660: 3628: 3622: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3608:. Archived from 3602: 3596: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3577: 3571: 3568: 3562: 3561: 3553: 3547: 3546: 3528: 3522: 3510: 3504: 3501: 3495: 3494: 3477: 3466: 3464: 3445: 3439: 3433: 3427: 3421: 3402: 3391: 3390: 3379: 3369: 3358: 3356: 3346:, Archon books, 3339: 3328: 3313: 3307: 3303: 3297: 3286: 3280: 3276: 3270: 3267: 3261: 3245: 3239: 3226:Gold, Gerald L. 3224: 3218: 3207: 3201: 3186: 3180: 3169: 3163: 3160: 3154: 3143: 3137: 3126: 3120: 3105: 3099: 3098: 3072: 3049: 3034: 3028: 3013: 3007: 2994:Hristo Tatarchev 2988: 2982: 2968: 2962: 2950: 2944: 2928: 2922: 2895: 2889: 2877: 2871: 2865: 2859: 2858: 2843: 2832: 2826: 2825: 2803: 2794: 2793: 2775: 2762: 2761: 2744: 2715:Tikvesh Uprising 2664:Greenwich Island 2418:national holiday 2386:Ilinden uprising 2359:Ilinden uprising 2351:Ilinden uprising 2341: 2334: 2330: 2327: 2321: 2298: 2290: 2131:ethnic cleansing 1879:Kruševo republic 1856:Nikola Pushkarov 1814:The flag of the 1780: 1773: 1766: 1752: 1751: 1750: 1665:Prespa Agreement 1592:Kruševo Republic 1588:Ilinden Uprising 1560: 1533: 1532: 1523: 1516: 1509: 1495: 1494: 1493: 1478: 1469:Military history 1464:List of monarchs 1452: 1444: 1436: 1428: 1420: 1412: 1404: 1396: 1386: 1378: 1370: 1350: 1346:National Revival 1342: 1334: 1330:Ottoman Bulgaria 1307: 1299: 1289: 1281: 1273: 1265: 1257: 1247: 1239: 1230:Christianization 1226: 1218: 1210: 1208: 1199: 1191: 1187:Odrysian kingdom 1179: 1169: 1151: 1150: 1147:Ilinden Uprising 1059:'s band in 1903. 1021:Gemidzhii Circle 885: 878: 874: 871: 865: 842: 834: 805:, the post-WWII 779:Mürzsteg Reforms 733:Kruševo Republic 716:Monastir Vilayet 654: 644: 642: 634: 624: 622: 614: 604: 602: 593:Ilinden Uprising 591:, or simply the 526: 525: 508: 501: 494: 485: 484: 467:First Balkan War 452:Unified Bulgaria 400:Ottoman Bulgaria 349: 348: 339: 332: 325: 316: 315: 190: 188: 187: 177: 170:Kruševo Republic 168: 159: 150: 149: 148: 117:Mürzsteg reforms 88:Salonika Vilayet 83:Monastir Vilayet 62: 61: 52: 32: 31: 21: 6755: 6754: 6750: 6749: 6748: 6746: 6745: 6744: 6690:Ottoman Kruševo 6645: 6644: 6643: 6638: 6625: 6618: 6605: 6586:Public holidays 6576:National emblem 6512: 6439: 6374: 6360:Law enforcement 6334: 6311: 6256: 6195: 6149:Ohrid Agreement 6144:2001 insurgency 6130: 6100: 6079:Vardar Banovina 6048: 5993: 5941: 5913:Upper Macedonia 5875: 5872:North Macedonia 5869: 5839: 5834: 5821: 5814: 5801: 5787:Public holidays 5721: 5663: 5632: 5589: 5485: 5431:Black Sea coast 5403: 5345: 5339: 5309: 5304: 5291: 5089:Radko Dimitriev 5079:Vasil Kutinchev 5037: 4996: 4944: 4935: 4919: 4883: 4834:Kilkis–Lachanas 4822: 4811: 4780: 4649: 4638: 4565:Eastern Rumelia 4520: 4515: 4485: 4460: 4446:Gilbert, Martin 4428: 4379: 4378: 4375: 4351:Wayback Machine 4303: 4298: 4297: 4291: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4270: 4266: 4251: 4235: 4231: 4215: 4214: 4202: 4188: 4187: 4183: 4174: 4172: 4164: 4163: 4159: 4151: 4147: 4139: 4135: 4127: 4123: 4113: 4111: 4102: 4101: 4097: 4092:Wayback Machine 4083: 4079: 4072: 4068: 4051: 4047: 4042: 4038: 4030: 4017: 4013: 4009:, 27. 06. 2005. 3999:Wayback Machine 3989: 3985: 3980: 3976: 3966: 3964: 3955: 3954: 3950: 3940: 3938: 3934: 3933: 3929: 3919: 3917: 3908: 3907: 3903: 3886: 3882: 3868: 3864: 3856: 3852: 3848:, 1993 edition. 3843: 3839: 3831: 3827: 3818: 3814: 3804: 3802: 3794: 3793: 3789: 3776: 3772: 3761: 3757: 3752: 3748: 3743: 3739: 3734: 3730: 3722: 3706: 3702: 3685: 3681: 3668: 3664: 3633:Russian History 3629: 3625: 3615: 3613: 3604: 3603: 3599: 3589: 3587: 3578: 3574: 3569: 3565: 3554: 3550: 3543: 3529: 3525: 3520:Wayback Machine 3511: 3507: 3502: 3498: 3492: 3478: 3469: 3462: 3446: 3442: 3434: 3430: 3419: 3403: 3394: 3388: 3370: 3361: 3354: 3340: 3331: 3314: 3310: 3304: 3300: 3287: 3283: 3277: 3273: 3268: 3264: 3246: 3242: 3225: 3221: 3208: 3204: 3187: 3183: 3170: 3166: 3161: 3157: 3144: 3140: 3127: 3123: 3106: 3102: 3073: 3052: 3035: 3031: 3014: 3010: 2989: 2985: 2969: 2965: 2951: 2947: 2929: 2925: 2896: 2892: 2878: 2874: 2866: 2862: 2833: 2829: 2822: 2804: 2797: 2790: 2776: 2765: 2746: 2745: 2732: 2728: 2696: 2656: 2609: 2556:Burgas Province 2530: 2525: 2456: 2446: 2438:Northern Thrace 2422:North Macedonia 2390:North Macedonia 2342: 2331: 2325: 2322: 2311: 2299: 2284:North Macedonia 2249:Naum Tomalevski 2225: 2123:Pirin Macedonia 2119:south Macedonia 2115:North Macedonia 2091: 2031: 2007: 1960: 1935: 1883:Battle of Sliva 1868:Pirin Macedonia 1836:North Macedonia 1784: 1748: 1746: 1722:Public Holidays 1660:2001 Insurgency 1615:Vardar Banovina 1550:North Macedonia 1549: 1542: 1527: 1491: 1489: 1488: 1476: 1450: 1442: 1434: 1426: 1418: 1410: 1402: 1394: 1384: 1376: 1368: 1348: 1340: 1332: 1305: 1297: 1287: 1279: 1277:Mongol invasion 1271: 1263: 1255: 1245: 1237: 1224: 1216: 1205: 1197: 1189: 1167: 1160: 1149: 943:Since the term 886: 875: 869: 866: 855: 843: 832: 718:, supported by 585: 584: 583: 578: 565:Battle of Sliva 527: 515: 514: 512: 482: 477: 476: 465: 384: 350: 346: 345: 343: 306: 284:IMARO figures: 261: 247: 237:Stamat Ikonomov 232:Lazar Madzharov 185: 183: 172: 163: 154: 146: 144: 102: 55: 53: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6753: 6743: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6695:Ottoman Thrace 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6640: 6639: 6637: 6636: 6631: 6624: 6623: 6615: 6614: 6611: 6610: 6607: 6606: 6604: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6591:Radio stations 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6522: 6520: 6514: 6513: 6511: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6489: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6468: 6463: 6457: 6451: 6445: 6444: 6441: 6440: 6438: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6420:Stock exchange 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6396: 6390: 6384: 6383: 6380: 6379: 6376: 6375: 6373: 6372: 6370:Naming dispute 6367: 6362: 6357: 6356: 6355: 6345: 6339: 6336: 6335: 6333: 6332: 6327: 6325:Municipalities 6322: 6316: 6313: 6312: 6310: 6309: 6307:Prime Minister 6304: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6278: 6268: 6262: 6261: 6258: 6257: 6255: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6213: 6207: 6201: 6200: 6197: 6196: 6194: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6152: 6151: 6140: 6138: 6132: 6131: 6129: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6117: 6116: 6106: 6105: 6104: 6096: 6091: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6070: 6069: 6058: 6056: 6050: 6049: 6047: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6035: 6034: 6029: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6007:Ottoman Empire 6003: 6001: 5995: 5994: 5992: 5991: 5990: 5989: 5982:Serbian Empire 5979: 5978: 5977: 5967: 5966: 5965: 5960: 5951: 5949: 5943: 5942: 5940: 5939: 5934: 5933: 5932: 5925:Roman Province 5922: 5917: 5916: 5915: 5905: 5900: 5894: 5892: 5883: 5877: 5876: 5874: articles 5868: 5867: 5860: 5853: 5845: 5836: 5835: 5833: 5832: 5827: 5820: 5819: 5811: 5810: 5807: 5806: 5803: 5802: 5800: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5758: 5757: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5731: 5729: 5723: 5722: 5720: 5719: 5714: 5713: 5712: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5681: 5675: 5669: 5668: 5665: 5664: 5662: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5649:Stock Exchange 5646: 5641: 5636: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5607: 5601: 5595: 5594: 5591: 5590: 5588: 5587: 5585:Prime Minister 5582: 5577: 5572: 5571: 5570: 5560: 5559: 5558: 5548: 5547: 5546: 5536: 5535: 5534: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5503: 5497: 5491: 5490: 5487: 5486: 5484: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5417: 5411: 5405: 5404: 5402: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5379:Ottoman period 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5355: 5353: 5347: 5346: 5344: articles 5338: 5337: 5330: 5323: 5315: 5306: 5305: 5303: 5302: 5296: 5293: 5292: 5290: 5289: 5278: 5277: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5259:Radomir Putnik 5256: 5251: 5241: 5240: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5219: 5218: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5200:Ali Rıza Pasha 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5170:Ottoman Empire 5167: 5166: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5145: 5144: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5103: 5102: 5101: 5099:Georgi Todorov 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5045: 5043: 5039: 5038: 5036: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5004: 5002: 4998: 4997: 4995: 4994: 4993: 4992: 4987: 4977: 4972: 4963: 4958: 4952: 4950: 4946: 4945: 4940: 4937: 4936: 4934: 4933: 4927: 4925: 4921: 4920: 4918: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4891: 4889: 4885: 4884: 4882: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4830: 4828: 4824: 4823: 4816: 4813: 4812: 4810: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4788: 4786: 4782: 4781: 4779: 4778: 4776:Second Çatalca 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4657: 4655: 4651: 4650: 4643: 4640: 4639: 4637: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4604:Bosnian Crisis 4601: 4596: 4591: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4563:Annexation of 4561: 4556: 4555: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4528: 4526: 4522: 4521: 4514: 4513: 4506: 4499: 4491: 4484: 4483: 4477: 4471: 4463: 4458: 4442: 4439: 4426: 4410: 4395: 4392: 4373: 4354: 4337: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4296: 4295: 4284: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4275: 4264: 4249: 4229: 4200: 4181: 4157: 4145: 4133: 4121: 4095: 4077: 4066: 4045: 4036: 4011: 3983: 3974: 3948: 3927: 3901: 3880: 3862: 3850: 3837: 3825: 3812: 3787: 3770: 3755: 3746: 3737: 3728: 3720: 3700: 3679: 3662: 3623: 3597: 3580:Hugh Poulton. 3572: 3563: 3548: 3541: 3523: 3505: 3496: 3490: 3467: 3460: 3440: 3428: 3417: 3392: 3386: 3359: 3352: 3329: 3308: 3298: 3281: 3271: 3262: 3240: 3219: 3202: 3181: 3164: 3155: 3138: 3121: 3100: 3050: 3029: 3027:, pp. 273–330. 3008: 2983: 2963: 2945: 2943:, pp. 107–137. 2923: 2909:Anastas Yankov 2901:Yane Sandanski 2890: 2872: 2860: 2846:Chisholm, Hugh 2827: 2820: 2795: 2788: 2763: 2729: 2727: 2724: 2723: 2722: 2717: 2712: 2707: 2702: 2695: 2692: 2691: 2690: 2676: 2675: 2655: 2652: 2651: 2650: 2644: 2635: 2625: 2619: 2608: 2605: 2604: 2603: 2598:refugees from 2589: 2583: 2576:Ilinden, Sofia 2573: 2559: 2548:Preobrazhentsi 2545: 2529: 2526: 2524: 2521: 2465:Krste Misirkov 2445: 2442: 2410:Yane Sandanski 2344: 2343: 2302: 2300: 2293: 2224: 2221: 2209:Western Thrace 2163:Bulgarian Army 2161:supported the 2117:. Greece took 2090: 2087: 2030: 2027: 2015:Western Thrace 2006: 2003: 2002: 2001: 1998: 1995: 1988: 1959: 1956: 1952: 1951: 1944:Yane Sandanski 1934: 1931: 1926:Petar Poparsov 1820:Bulgarian flag 1800:Bulgarian flag 1786: 1785: 1783: 1782: 1775: 1768: 1760: 1757: 1756: 1743: 1742: 1741: 1740: 1732: 1731: 1727: 1726: 1725: 1724: 1719: 1717:Naming Dispute 1714: 1706: 1705: 1701: 1700: 1699: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1680: 1679: 1675: 1674: 1673: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1608: 1603: 1601:Ohrid Uprising 1594: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1567: 1566: 1562: 1561: 1553: 1552: 1544: 1543: 1536: 1529: 1528: 1526: 1525: 1518: 1511: 1503: 1500: 1499: 1482: 1481: 1480: 1479: 1471: 1466: 1458: 1457: 1456: 1455: 1454: 1453: 1448:Transition era 1445: 1437: 1429: 1421: 1413: 1405: 1389: 1388: 1387: 1382:Liberation War 1379: 1374:April Uprising 1371: 1363: 1362: 1361: 1356: 1343: 1327: 1326: 1325: 1324: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1300: 1292: 1291: 1290: 1274: 1258: 1250: 1249: 1248: 1240: 1232: 1219: 1211: 1200: 1192: 1190:460 BC – 46 AD 1181: 1180: 1172: 1171: 1162: 1161: 1154: 1148: 1145: 1035:Eastern Thrace 894:Ottoman Empire 888: 887: 846: 844: 837: 831: 828: 697:Holy Cross Day 657:Ottoman Empire 580: 579: 577: 572: 567: 562: 557: 552: 547: 542: 537: 532: 529: 528: 511: 510: 503: 496: 488: 479: 478: 475: 474: 469: 463: 457: 456: 454:(20th century) 447: 446: 441: 436: 434:April Uprising 431: 426: 421: 419:Tarnovo (1686) 416: 414:Tarnovo (1598) 411: 405: 404: 394: 393: 391:Tarnovo (1393) 388: 382: 377: 372: 366: 365: 356: 355: 352: 351: 342: 341: 334: 327: 319: 311: 310: 307: 305: 304: 301: 298: 295: 292: 289: 285: 281: 280: 276: 275: 272: 268: 267: 263: 262: 260: 259: 256: 250: 248: 246: 245: 239: 234: 229: 224: 222:Georgi Sugarev 219: 214: 209: 203: 200: 199: 195: 194: 192:Ottoman Empire 181: 141: 140: 136: 135: 132: 131: 130: 129: 122: 119: 108: 104: 103: 101: 100: 95: 93:Kosovo Vilayet 90: 85: 78:Ottoman Empire 76: 74: 70: 69: 66: 58: 57: 45: 44: 37: 36: 30: 29: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6752: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6652: 6650: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6626: 6621: 6617: 6616: 6612: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6523: 6521: 6519: 6515: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6473: 6472: 6471:Ethnic groups 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6458: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6446: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6397: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6385: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6354: 6351: 6350: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6340: 6337: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6317: 6314: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6279: 6276: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6263: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6214: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6202: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6150: 6147: 6146: 6145: 6142: 6141: 6139: 6137: 6133: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6115: 6112: 6111: 6110: 6107: 6103: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6086: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6068: 6065: 6064: 6063: 6060: 6059: 6057: 6055: 6051: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6024: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6004: 6002: 6000: 5996: 5988: 5985: 5984: 5983: 5980: 5976: 5973: 5972: 5971: 5968: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5955: 5953: 5952: 5950: 5948: 5944: 5938: 5937:Roman Diocese 5935: 5931: 5928: 5927: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5914: 5911: 5910: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5895: 5893: 5891: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5878: 5873: 5866: 5861: 5859: 5854: 5852: 5847: 5846: 5843: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5822: 5817: 5813: 5812: 5808: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5756: 5753: 5752: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5732: 5730: 5728: 5724: 5718: 5715: 5711: 5708: 5707: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5682: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5670: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5639:National bank 5637: 5635: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5608: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5596: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5569: 5566: 5565: 5564: 5561: 5557: 5554: 5553: 5552: 5549: 5545: 5542: 5541: 5540: 5537: 5533: 5530: 5529: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5504: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5492: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5418: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5406: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5356: 5354: 5352: 5348: 5343: 5336: 5331: 5329: 5324: 5322: 5317: 5316: 5313: 5301: 5298: 5297: 5294: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5264:Petar Bojović 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5246: 5245: 5242: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5224: 5223: 5220: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5172: 5171: 5168: 5164: 5163:Janko Vukotić 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5150: 5149: 5146: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5116:Constantine I 5114: 5112: 5109: 5108: 5107: 5104: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5084:Nikola Ivanov 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5051: 5050: 5047: 5046: 5044: 5040: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5005: 5003: 4999: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4982: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4953: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4938: 4932: 4929: 4928: 4926: 4922: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4892: 4890: 4886: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4831: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4820: 4814: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4789: 4787: 4783: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4726:First Çatalca 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4671:Pente Pigadia 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4658: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4647: 4641: 4635: 4634:Balkan League 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4534: 4533: 4530: 4529: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4512: 4507: 4505: 4500: 4498: 4493: 4492: 4489: 4481: 4478: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4469: 4464: 4461: 4459:0-688-10064-3 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4440: 4437: 4434: 4429: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4393: 4389: 4383: 4376: 4374:0-295-95444-2 4370: 4366: 4362: 4361: 4355: 4352: 4348: 4345: 4342: 4338: 4335: 4331: 4329: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4305: 4289: 4285: 4273: 4268: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4250:1-4039-9720-9 4246: 4242: 4241: 4233: 4225: 4219: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4197: 4193: 4192: 4185: 4171: 4167: 4161: 4155: 4149: 4143: 4137: 4131: 4125: 4109: 4105: 4099: 4093: 4089: 4086: 4081: 4075: 4070: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4049: 4040: 4028: 4024: 4023: 4015: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3993: 3987: 3978: 3962: 3958: 3952: 3937: 3931: 3916:on 2012-03-15 3915: 3911: 3905: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3884: 3877: 3873: 3866: 3859: 3854: 3847: 3841: 3835: 3829: 3822: 3816: 3801: 3797: 3791: 3784: 3780: 3774: 3766: 3759: 3750: 3741: 3732: 3723: 3721:9780691099958 3717: 3713: 3712: 3704: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3683: 3676: 3675:954-509-233-5 3672: 3666: 3659: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3627: 3612:on 2012-04-05 3611: 3607: 3601: 3585: 3584: 3576: 3567: 3559: 3552: 3544: 3542:9780253008350 3538: 3534: 3527: 3521: 3517: 3514: 3509: 3500: 3493: 3491:0-521-61637-9 3487: 3483: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3463: 3461:0-405-02774-5 3457: 3453: 3452: 3444: 3437: 3432: 3425: 3420: 3418:0-295-95444-2 3414: 3410: 3409: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3389: 3387:0-521-25448-5 3383: 3378: 3377: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3355: 3353:0-208-00507-2 3349: 3345: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3312: 3302: 3295: 3291: 3285: 3275: 3266: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3244: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3223: 3216: 3215:9783643914460 3212: 3206: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3185: 3178: 3174: 3168: 3159: 3152: 3148: 3142: 3135: 3131: 3125: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3104: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3083: 3078: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3033: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3012: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2995: 2987: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2967: 2960: 2956: 2949: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2927: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2910: 2906: 2905:Ivan Tsonchev 2902: 2894: 2887: 2883: 2876: 2869: 2864: 2857: 2853: 2852: 2847: 2842: 2837: 2831: 2823: 2821:3-515-02914-1 2817: 2813: 2809: 2802: 2800: 2791: 2789:0-8223-0813-4 2785: 2781: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2750: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2730: 2721: 2718: 2716: 2713: 2711: 2708: 2706: 2703: 2701: 2698: 2697: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2678: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2658: 2657: 2648: 2645: 2643: 2639: 2636: 2634: 2630: 2629:Baba Mountain 2626: 2623: 2620: 2618: 2617:Skopje region 2614: 2611: 2610: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2590: 2587: 2584: 2581: 2577: 2574: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2560: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2546: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2532: 2531: 2520: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2505: 2501: 2500:Boyko Borisov 2496: 2494: 2490: 2485: 2481: 2476: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2455: 2451: 2441: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2398:Gotse Delchev 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2366: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2340: 2337: 2329: 2319: 2315: 2309: 2308: 2303:This section 2301: 2297: 2292: 2291: 2285: 2281: 2276: 2269: 2265: 2264:Malko Tarnovo 2261: 2257: 2250: 2246: 2241: 2234: 2229: 2220: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2205: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2186: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2155: 2152: 2148: 2145:, during the 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2103: 2095: 2086: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2054: 2050: 2048: 2043: 2035: 2026: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 1999: 1996: 1994:was blown up. 1993: 1989: 1986: 1985:Malko Tarnovo 1982: 1978: 1977: 1976: 1974: 1964: 1955: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1936: 1930: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1910: 1908: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1886: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1871: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1812: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1792: 1781: 1776: 1774: 1769: 1767: 1762: 1761: 1759: 1758: 1755: 1745: 1744: 1739: 1736: 1735: 1734: 1733: 1729: 1728: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1709: 1708: 1707: 1703: 1702: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1683: 1682: 1681: 1677: 1676: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1598: 1595: 1593: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1570: 1569: 1568: 1565:Chronological 1564: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1554: 1551: 1546: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1534: 1524: 1519: 1517: 1512: 1510: 1505: 1504: 1502: 1501: 1498: 1487: 1486:Main category 1484: 1483: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1461: 1460: 1459: 1449: 1446: 1441: 1440:Communist era 1438: 1433: 1430: 1425: 1422: 1417: 1414: 1409: 1406: 1401: 1398: 1397: 1393: 1390: 1383: 1380: 1375: 1372: 1367: 1364: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1351: 1347: 1344: 1339: 1336: 1335: 1331: 1328: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1308: 1304: 1301: 1296: 1293: 1286: 1283: 1282: 1278: 1275: 1270: 1267: 1266: 1262: 1259: 1254: 1251: 1244: 1241: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1227: 1223: 1220: 1215: 1212: 1209:6th–7th cent. 1204: 1201: 1196: 1193: 1188: 1185: 1184: 1183: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1173: 1170: 1164: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1152: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1137:Boris Sarafov 1134: 1130: 1126: 1121: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1102:circular note 1099: 1094: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1083:Malko Tarnovo 1080: 1079: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1065:Ivan Garvanov 1058: 1054: 1050: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1031: 1026: 1022: 1017: 1015: 1014:Gotse Delchev 1011: 1010:Ivan Garvanov 1007: 1003: 999: 990: 989:Odrin Vilayet 986: 982: 978: 976: 971: 967: 963: 959: 954: 950: 946: 941: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 907: 902: 898: 895: 884: 881: 873: 863: 859: 853: 852: 847:This section 845: 841: 836: 835: 827: 824: 820: 816: 815:Ivan Garvanov 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 782: 780: 776: 772: 768: 767:Gotse Delchev 764: 763:Ivan Garvanov 759: 757: 756: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 734: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 708: 707:in the west. 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 681:Preobrazhenie 678: 675:, a name for 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 653: 647: 638: 633: 627: 618: 613: 607: 598: 594: 590: 576: 573: 571: 568: 566: 563: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 530: 523: 519: 509: 504: 502: 497: 495: 490: 489: 486: 473: 470: 468: 464: 462: 459: 458: 455: 453: 449: 448: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 407: 406: 403: 401: 398:Uprisings in 396: 395: 392: 389: 387: 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 371: 368: 367: 364: 362: 358: 357: 353: 340: 335: 333: 328: 326: 321: 320: 317: 308: 302: 299: 296: 293: 290: 287: 286: 283: 282: 277: 273: 270: 269: 264: 257: 255: 252: 251: 249: 243: 242:Ivan Tsonchev 240: 238: 235: 233: 230: 228: 225: 223: 220: 218: 215: 213: 212:Boris Sarafov 210: 208: 205: 204: 202: 201: 196: 193: 182: 180: 176: 171: 167: 162: 158: 153: 143: 142: 137: 127: 123: 120: 118: 114: 113: 112: 109: 106: 105: 99: 96: 94: 91: 89: 86: 84: 81: 80: 79: 75: 72: 71: 67: 64: 63: 59: 51: 46: 43: 38: 33: 19: 6531:Architecture 6461:Demographics 6405:Central bank 6348:Human rights 6282:Constitution 6084:World War II 6074:South Serbia 6021: 5745:Coat of arms 5710:Demographics 5551:Armed Forces 5527:Human rights 5507:Constitution 5384:Principality 5286:Ismail Kemal 5069:Mihail Savov 5064:Stoyan Danev 5042:Participants 4941: 4859:Kresna Gorge 4817: 4686:Kirk Kilisse 4644: 4588: 4580:Cretan State 4479: 4473: 4466: 4449: 4432: 4417: 4402: 4359: 4340: 4327: 4288: 4267: 4239: 4232: 4190: 4184: 4173:. Retrieved 4169: 4160: 4148: 4136: 4124: 4112:. Retrieved 4108:the original 4098: 4080: 4069: 4053: 4048: 4039: 4026: 4021: 4014: 3986: 3977: 3965:. Retrieved 3961:the original 3951: 3939:. Retrieved 3930: 3918:. Retrieved 3914:the original 3904: 3887: 3883: 3865: 3857: 3853: 3845: 3840: 3828: 3820: 3815: 3803:. Retrieved 3799: 3790: 3777:Academician 3773: 3758: 3749: 3740: 3731: 3710: 3703: 3687: 3682: 3665: 3656: 3636: 3632: 3626: 3614:. Retrieved 3610:the original 3600: 3588:. Retrieved 3586:. p. 57 3582: 3575: 3566: 3557: 3551: 3532: 3526: 3508: 3499: 3481: 3450: 3443: 3435: 3431: 3423: 3407: 3375: 3343: 3315: 3311: 3301: 3284: 3274: 3265: 3249: 3243: 3227: 3222: 3205: 3188: 3184: 3167: 3158: 3141: 3124: 3107: 3103: 3086: 3081: 3037: 3032: 3015: 3011: 3006:, pp. 15–16. 2990: 2986: 2981:, pp. 87–88. 2970: 2966: 2948: 2931: 2926: 2897: 2893: 2875: 2867: 2863: 2855: 2849: 2830: 2811: 2807: 2779: 2753: 2747: 2660:Ilinden Peak 2508: 2497: 2491:but also in 2477: 2468: 2457: 2385: 2382:World War II 2374:South Serbia 2373: 2367: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2347: 2332: 2323: 2312:Please help 2307:verification 2304: 2260:Petrova Niva 2206: 2201: 2189: 2187: 2173:. After the 2156: 2108: 2059:Racho Petrov 2056: 2052: 2044: 2040: 2008: 1969: 1953: 1922:Great Powers 1911: 1902:Thessaloniki 1887: 1878: 1875:Nikola Karev 1872: 1829: 1691:Demographics 1620:World War II 1611:South Serbia 1587: 1432:World War II 1407: 1395:1878–present 1123:Old Russian 1122: 1117: 1106:Thessaloniki 1098:Racho Petrov 1095: 1078:Petrova Niva 1076: 1072: 1062: 1039:bashibozouks 1038: 1028: 1020: 1018: 1005: 1000:organized a 994: 957: 942: 937: 918:Thessaloniki 911: 905: 891: 876: 867: 856:Please help 851:verification 848: 794: 783: 760: 753: 731: 709: 692: 683:which means 680: 677:Elijah's day 672: 592: 588: 586: 554: 460: 450: 397: 359: 217:Nikola Karev 139:Belligerents 110: 40:Part of the 6476:Macedonians 6400:Agriculture 6062:World War I 6039:Balkan Wars 5611:Agriculture 5568:Chairperson 5544:enforcement 5476:Sredna Gora 5441:Earthquakes 5180:Nazim Pasha 5074:Ivan Fichev 5059:Ivan Geshov 5054:Ferdinand I 4970:World War I 4696:Lule Burgas 4661:Sarantaporo 4518:Balkan Wars 3967:29 November 3941:29 November 3889:nationalism 3805:20 November 3616:29 November 3590:29 November 2564:village in 2550:village in 2536:village in 2528:In Bulgaria 2461:Macedonians 2444:Controversy 2424:, known as 2378:World War I 2171:World War I 2167:Balkan Wars 2165:during the 2111:Balkan Wars 1606:World War I 1424:World War I 1416:Balkan Wars 1195:Roman times 1166:History of 1133:Mannlichers 795:Macedonians 773:toward his 402:(1396–1878) 363:(1345–1396) 6649:Categories 6596:Television 6556:Literature 6546:Embroidery 6292:Parliament 6054:Yugoslavia 5777:Literature 5633:(currency) 5522:Government 5190:Esad Pasha 5185:Zeki Pasha 5153:Nicholas I 5148:Montenegro 5001:Atrocities 4844:Bregalnica 4706:Adrianople 4619:Goudi coup 4525:Background 4414:Banac, Ivo 4175:2020-12-09 4062:382587365X 3897:8880631764 3696:0810872021 3639:(1): 204. 3325:1538119625 3294:0691099952 3258:382587365X 3236:0919666434 3198:0914710559 3177:0810862956 3151:0191513318 3134:0880333839 3117:0810849011 3046:0810862956 3025:900425076X 3004:0801469791 2979:3034301960 2959:0691043566 2941:9639776289 2919:1527550737 2886:0275979237 2672:Antarctica 2534:Ilindentsi 2504:Zoran Zaev 2480:Macedonian 2448:See also: 2406:Dame Gruev 2194:Yugoslavia 2149:, and the 1832:Will Firth 1548:History of 1451:since 1990 1341:after 1413 1338:Resistance 1235:Golden Age 1043:Bulgarians 938:Supremists 705:Lake Ohrid 617:Macedonian 424:Chiprovtsi 207:Dame Gruev 6571:Mythology 6498:Languages 6481:Albanians 6466:Education 6435:Transport 6302:President 6287:Elections 6242:Mountains 6205:Geography 5903:Pelagonia 5700:Languages 5690:Education 5659:Transport 5580:President 5512:Elections 5451:Provinces 5409:Geography 5210:Enver Bey 4949:Aftermath 4854:Kalimanci 4849:Knjaževac 4666:Kardzhali 4542:Bulgarian 4259:559698344 4218:cite book 3846:Macedonia 3698:, p. 217. 3677:стр. 205. 3653:0094-288X 3217:, p. 211. 3179:, p. 140. 3136:, p. 125. 2888:, p. 216. 2726:Footnotes 2688:Australia 2654:Elsewhere 2615:, in the 2600:Macedonia 2596:Bulgarian 2489:Macedonia 2440:regions. 2402:Pitu Guli 2370:Bulgarian 2326:July 2020 2188:IMRO had 2029:Aftermath 2023:Dedeagach 1973:Strandzha 1942:, led by 1914:Macedonia 1900:. In the 1848:Kleisoura 1477:1893–1944 1443:1946–1990 1435:1941–1945 1427:1915–1918 1419:1912–1913 1385:1877–1878 1349:1762–1878 1333:1396–1878 1306:1371–1396 1298:1300–1371 1288:1273–1291 1280:1274–1300 1272:1230–1241 1264:1185–1396 1256:1018–1185 1203:Dark Ages 870:July 2020 775:Christian 750:Vassiliko 724:Aromanian 712:Macedonia 701:Black Sea 679:, and to 646:romanized 626:romanized 606:romanized 597:Bulgarian 439:Razlovtsi 380:Chernomen 6629:Category 6503:Religion 6410:Currency 6365:Military 6266:Politics 6252:Wildlife 6136:Republic 5947:Medieval 5825:Category 5772:Language 5717:Religion 5626:Industry 5495:Politics 5481:Villages 5342:Bulgaria 5300:Category 5175:Mehmed V 5111:George I 5049:Bulgaria 4736:Merhamli 4731:Kaliakra 4721:Monastir 4681:Kumanovo 4676:Sorovich 4537:Albanian 4416:(1984), 4401:(1983), 4382:citation 4347:Archived 4272:Пелистер 4210:43476423 4114:2 August 4088:Archived 3995:Archived 3516:Archived 3238:, p. 74. 3200:, p. 10. 3095:27030696 3048:, lviii. 2961:, p. 64. 2838:(1911). 2694:See also 2361:and the 2268:Bulgaria 2190:de facto 2075:Mürzsteg 1918:Bulgaria 1852:Kastoria 1686:Military 1539:a series 1537:Part of 1246:968–1018 1225:681–1018 1168:Bulgaria 1157:a series 1155:Part of 998:Salonica 945:autonomy 934:Bulgaria 524:activity 266:Strength 73:Location 6620:Outline 6541:Cuisine 6518:Culture 6449:Society 6430:Tourism 6388:Economy 6232:Geology 6217:Balkans 6101:(ASNOM) 5999:Ottoman 5898:Paeonia 5890:Ancient 5881:History 5816:Outline 5762:Customs 5750:Cuisine 5727:Culture 5673:Society 5654:Tourism 5599:Economy 5446:Islands 5389:Tsardom 5351:History 5282:Albania 5249:Peter I 5227:Carol I 5222:Romania 4942:General 4827:Battles 4751:Korytsa 4741:Driskos 4701:Yenidje 4691:Scutari 4654:Battles 4552:Serbian 4325:(1906) 4301:Sources 3920:30 July 3119:, p. 3. 2848:(ed.). 2760:. 1904. 2666:in the 2622:Ilinden 2562:Ilinden 2376:during 2280:Kruševo 2245:Kruševo 2073:met at 2063:Romania 2019:Smolyan 2009:In the 1992:Igneada 1981:Tsarevo 1894:Florina 1850:, near 1844:Smilevo 1840:Kruševo 1704:Related 1678:Topical 1597:Tikveš 1316:Dobruja 1238:896–927 1073:Ilinden 985:Vojvods 830:Prelude 821:agent. 728:Kruševo 673:Ilinden 648:: 628:: 608:: 375:Samokov 370:Ihtiman 274:350,931 6634:Portal 6536:Cinema 6526:Anthem 6493:Health 6486:Romani 6415:Energy 6247:Rivers 6222:Cities 5963:Second 5830:Portal 5792:Sports 5767:Dances 5740:Cinema 5705:People 5695:Health 5621:Energy 5466:Rivers 5244:Serbia 5106:Greece 4839:Doiran 4771:Bizani 4766:Şarköy 4761:Bulair 4756:Lemnos 4716:Himara 4711:Prilep 4587:& 4456: 4424: 4371: 4257: 4247: 4208: 4198: 4060: 4029:] 3895: 3874: 3718: 3694: 3673: 3651: 3539: 3488: 3458: 3415: 3384: 3350: 3323: 3292: 3256: 3234: 3213: 3196: 3175: 3149: 3132: 3115: 3093: 3044: 3023: 3002: 2977: 2957: 2939: 2917: 2884: 2818: 2786: 2684:Sydney 2523:Honour 2493:Thrace 2223:Legacy 2198:Greece 2143:Kilkis 1940:Serres 1907:Prilep 1898:Kičevo 1896:, and 1864:Razlog 1860:Skopje 1816:Struga 1541:on the 1321:Lovech 1198:46–681 1159:on the 1125:Berdan 1114:Edirne 1110:Bitola 1087:Thrace 1069:Rhodes 1047:Bitola 970:Greece 966:Serbia 953:Balkan 752:, the 516:Early 244:(SMAC) 189: 107:Result 6566:Music 6561:Media 6508:Women 6237:Lakes 5958:First 5782:Music 5735:Media 5685:Crime 5456:Pirin 4924:Other 4879:Pirot 4874:Vidin 4547:Greek 4280:Notes 4031:(PDF) 4025:[ 3606:"MIA" 3085:[ 2844:. In 2810:[ 2752:[ 2642:Veles 2580:Sofia 2568:, in 2554:, in 2540:, in 2430:ASNOM 2202:cheti 1890:Ohrid 1798:with 1796:Ohrid 1354:Early 1311:Vidin 1129:Krnka 1081:near 962:IMARO 930:Sofia 637:Greek 386:Sofia 152:IMARO 6551:Flag 6353:LGBT 5755:wine 5631:Lev 5532:LGBT 5461:Rila 4968:and 4746:Elli 4585:IMRO 4454:ISBN 4436:here 4422:ISBN 4388:link 4369:ISBN 4344:here 4255:OCLC 4245:ISBN 4224:link 4206:OCLC 4196:ISBN 4116:2017 4058:ISBN 4003:here 3969:2014 3943:2014 3922:2008 3893:ISBN 3872:ISBN 3807:2021 3716:ISBN 3692:ISBN 3671:ISBN 3649:ISSN 3618:2014 3592:2014 3537:ISBN 3486:ISBN 3456:ISBN 3413:ISBN 3382:ISBN 3348:ISBN 3321:ISBN 3290:ISBN 3279:277. 3254:ISBN 3232:ISBN 3211:ISBN 3194:ISBN 3173:ISBN 3147:ISBN 3130:ISBN 3113:ISBN 3091:OCLC 3042:ISBN 3021:ISBN 3000:ISBN 2975:ISBN 2955:ISBN 2937:ISBN 2915:ISBN 2882:ISBN 2816:ISBN 2784:ISBN 2482:and 2452:and 2408:and 2380:and 2196:and 2181:and 2169:and 2157:The 2109:The 2069:and 2021:and 1613:and 1599:and 1590:and 1411:1903 1403:1885 1377:1876 1369:1870 1359:Late 1127:and 1112:and 968:nor 908:band 765:and 587:The 522:SMAC 518:IMRO 161:SMAC 65:Date 5539:Law 3641:doi 2662:on 2631:in 2459:by 2420:in 2316:by 987:in 860:by 6651:: 4405:, 4384:}} 4380:{{ 4367:, 4253:. 4220:}} 4216:{{ 4204:. 4168:. 3798:. 3655:. 3647:. 3635:. 3470:^ 3395:^ 3362:^ 3332:^ 3079:. 3053:^ 2798:^ 2766:^ 2733:^ 2686:, 2670:, 2519:. 2475:. 2404:, 2400:, 2282:, 2266:, 2025:. 2013:, 1892:, 1207:c. 1120:. 1108:, 1049:. 932:, 643:, 639:: 635:; 623:, 619:: 615:; 603:, 599:: 520:/ 5864:e 5857:t 5850:v 5334:e 5327:t 5320:v 5288:) 5284:( 4510:e 4503:t 4496:v 4438:) 4431:( 4390:) 4353:) 4336:) 4332:( 4261:. 4226:) 4212:. 4178:. 4118:. 4064:. 3971:. 3945:. 3924:. 3899:. 3878:. 3809:. 3724:. 3643:: 3637:7 3620:. 3594:. 3545:. 3426:. 3327:. 3296:. 3260:. 3153:. 3097:. 2930:" 2921:. 2824:. 2792:. 2602:. 2507:" 2339:) 2333:( 2328:) 2324:( 2310:. 2286:. 2270:. 2235:. 1826:. 1779:e 1772:t 1765:v 1522:e 1515:t 1508:v 1004:( 883:) 877:( 872:) 868:( 854:. 695:( 507:e 500:t 493:v 338:e 331:t 324:v 128:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising

Index