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is therefore essential to avoid damaging their cladding and to preserve the integrity of the spent fuel elements on the long term in dry storage casks and in geological disposal conditions.
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of the unknown salt. To identify the cation, the color of the precipitate and its solubility in excess are noted. Similar processes are often used in sequence – for example, a
886:(a solvent in which the product is insoluble) is added, drastically reducing the solubility of the desired product. Thereafter, the precipitate may be easily separated by
1019:
pins can also render metallic alloys brittle and lead to their mechanical failure. Correctly mastering the precise temperature and pressure conditions when cooling down
856:
and purification operations. Ideally, the product of the reaction is insoluble in the solvent used for the reaction. Thus, it precipitates as it is formed, preferably
800:, in the solution from which it precipitates. It results in purer and larger recrystallized particles. The physico-chemical process underlying digestion is called
333:. This can be due to temperature changes, solvent evaporation, or by mixing solvents. Precipitation occurs more rapidly from a strongly supersaturated solution.
953:, hydrogen bridges), these superstructures can be modified and proteins denaturated and precipitated. Another important application of an antisolvent is in
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of the solution. As proteins have complex tertiary and quaternary structures due to their specific folding and various weak intermolecular interactions (
969:
In solid phases, precipitation occurs if the concentration of one solid is above the solubility limit in the host solid, due to e.g. rapid quenching or
1429:
1354:
A. D. Adler; F. R. Longo; J. D. Finarelli; J. Goldmacher; J. Assour; L. Korsakoff (1967). "A simplified synthesis for meso-tetraphenylporphine".
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156:
63:
203:
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273:. In case of an inorganic chemical reaction leading to precipitation, the chemical reagent causing the solid to form is called the
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solution in which the reaction occurred, and the product precipitates. Precipitation is useful in purifying many other products:
182:
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purification and separation can be performed by precipitation in changing the nature of the solvent or the value of its
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is the "sedimentation of a solid material (a precipitate) from a liquid solution". The solid formed is called the
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precipitate, and are collected by filtration on a Büchner filter as illustrated by the photograph here beside:
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113:
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31:
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Alan D. Adler; Frederick R. Longo; Frank Kampas; Jean Kim (1970). "On the preparation of metalloporphyrins".
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directly accompanied by the precipitation of a less soluble compound because of its lower chemical valence:
638:
38:
17:
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Dhara, S. (2007). "Formation, Dynamics, and
Characterization of Nanostructures by Ion Beam Irradiation".
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Hydroxide precipitation is probably the most widely used industrial precipitation process in which
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is used to reduce to their lower valence any metallic ion located above the silver couple
253:
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solution it is dipped into, and metallic silver crystals precipitate onto the copper wire.
8:
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1411:"Preparation of 1-Butyl-3-methyl imidazolium-based room temperature ionic liquids"
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The notion of precipitation can also be extended to other domains of chemistry (
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Chemical process leading to the settling of an insoluble solid from a solution
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The precipitation of a compound may occur when its concentration exceeds its
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The formation of a precipitate can be caused by a chemical reaction. When a
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into precipitates. Precipitation in solids is routinely used to synthesize
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614:{\displaystyle {\ce {Ag+ + NO3^- + K+ + Cl^- -> AgCl (v) + K+ + NO3^-}}}
300:
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796:, happens when a freshly formed precipitate is left, usually at a higher
784:. The compact mass thus obtained is sometimes referred to as a 'pellet'.
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precipitate, indicating that it is likely that sulfate ions are present.
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first reacts with the unknown salt to produce a precipitate that is the
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A common example of precipitation from aqueous solution is that of
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This article is about the chemical phenomenon. For other uses, see
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Powders derived from different precipitation processes have also
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Precipitate formation is useful in the detection of the type of
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729:
383:
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Vengrenovitch, R.D. (1982). "On the
Ostwald ripening theory".
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421:(KCl) the precipitation of a white solid (AgCl) is observed.
308:
1409:
Dupont, J., Consorti, C., Suarez, P., de Souza, R. (2004).
911:
876:
500:
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Voorhees, P.W. (1985). "The theory of
Ostwald ripening".
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482:{\displaystyle {\ce {AgNO3 + KCl -> AgCl (v) + KNO3}}}
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The clear liquid remaining above the precipitated or the
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A Thesis on pattern formation in precipitation reactions
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Principle of chemical precipitation in aqueous solution
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Critical
Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences
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While precipitation reactions can be used for making
718:{\displaystyle {\ce {Cu + 2 Ag+ -> Cu^2+ + 2 Ag}}}
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163:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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100:may lack focus or may be about more than one topic
37:"Precipitate" redirects here. For other uses, see
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303:) and even be applied to the solid phases (e.g.
1241:Zumdahl, Steven S.; DeCoste, Donald J. (2018).
1214:Zumdahl, Steven S.; DeCoste, Donald J. (2012).
860:. An example of this would be the synthesis of
496:allows to write this reaction by detailing the
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104:Please help improve this article, possibly by
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1506:(5th ed.). New York: Houghton Mifflin.
1428:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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78:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1528:Precipitation reactions of certain cations
1384:Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry
828:precipitate on cooling. Photograph of the
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898:. An example would be the synthesis of Cr
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241:Learn how and when to remove this message
223:Learn how and when to remove this message
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850:classical qualitative inorganic analysis
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108:the article and/or by introducing a
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356:solution, a yellow precipitate of
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902:chloride: water is added to the
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284:solid phase is also called the
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820:-tetratolylporphyrin from a
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1553:Liquid-solid separation
1140:Encyclopedia Britannica
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1533:Digestion Instruments
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965:Metallurgy and alloys
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1247:. Cengage Learning.
1220:. Cengage Learning.
1027:Industrial processes
900:tetraphenylporphyrin
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633:Illustration of the
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157:improve this article
1502:Chemical Principles
1465:2007CRSSM..32....1D
1369:10.1021/jo01288a053
1317:1985JSP....38..231V
1217:Chemical Principles
1021:spent nuclear fuels
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1437:Collected Volumes
1416:Organic Syntheses
1270:Acta Metallurgica
1254:978-1-337-67132-3
1227:978-1-133-71013-4
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1064:historically
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1017:nuclear fuel
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18:Precipitated
1459:(1): 1–50.
1390:(7): 2443.
1097:Salting out
1041:slaked lime
975:segregation
884:antisolvent
798:temperature
498:dissociated
360:is formed.
290:supernatant
282:centrifuged
275:precipitant
271:precipitate
122:August 2017
1363:(2): 476.
1200:2020-11-28
1173:2020-11-28
1146:2020-11-28
1103:References
1092:Salting in
986:metallurgy
892:filtration
862:porphyrins
770:suspension
368:See also:
331:solubility
305:metallurgy
183:newspapers
64:improve it
1333:0022-4715
1290:0001-6160
888:decanting
870:porphyrin
848:, and in
772:and form
689:⟶
606:−
576:↓
569:⟶
564:−
538:−
459:↓
452:⟶
388:hydroxide
313:segregate
286:supernate
114:talk page
106:splitting
70:talk page
1547:Category
1481:98639891
1341:14865117
1070:See also
1013:zircaloy
1007:such as
931:Proteins
910:, crude
894:, or by
842:pigments
774:colloids
766:settling
1461:Bibcode
1313:Bibcode
1058:History
1049:caustic
943:ethanol
748:scale.
744:in the
409:. When
396:sulfate
197:scholar
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854:workup
822:reflux
734:copper
730:silver
384:alkali
376:cation
309:alloys
261:In an
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413:(AgNO
378:in a
204:JSTOR
190:books
1508:ISBN
1430:link
1329:ISSN
1286:ISSN
1249:ISBN
1222:ISBN
1052:soda
951:e.g.
939:e.g.
912:bmim
908:e.g.
818:meso
758:e.g.
649:The
572:AgCl
501:ions
492:The
455:AgCl
434:AgNO
380:salt
307:and
299:and
176:news
1469:doi
1392:doi
1365:doi
1321:doi
1278:doi
1011:in
1003:in
984:In
959:DNA
957:of
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467:KNO
449:KCl
288:or
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597:NO
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