38:
160:, the need for published research on the disease spurred a wave of research articles being released as preprints, bypassing the peer-review and publication process, which was proving too slow in the context of an active and novel pandemic. The release of COVID-related preprint articles, along with other COVID-related articles published by traditional journals, contributed to the largest ever single-year increase in scholarly articles.
1223:
328:, absence of quality (in controversy), concerns about premature data, media coverage not properly presenting the inherent uncertainty of preprints, risk of double citation (by publishing a peer-reviewed article, the preprint may also be cited), lack of ethical and statistical guidelines, lack of respect for
179:
Publication of manuscripts in a peer-reviewed journal often takes weeks, months or even years from the time of initial submission, owing to the time required by editors and reviewers to evaluate and critique manuscripts, and the time required by authors to address critiques. The need to quickly
188:
from their peers, which may be helpful in revising and preparing articles for submission. Preprint are also used to demonstrate the precedence of the discoveries and a way to protect the intellectual property (a prompt availability of the discovery can be used to block patenting or discourage
291:
The advantages of preprints can be summarized as: prompt dissemination of outcomes, contributes to free flow of information, increase chances of early feedback and comments, increase number of citations, chances of academic collaborations, make authors enthusiastic, may reduce
136:
In
February 2017, a coalition of scientists and biomedical funding bodies including the National Institutes of Health, the Medical Research Council and the Wellcome Trust launched a proposal for a central site for life-sciences preprints. In February 2017,
243:
refers to hard copies of papers that have already been published; reprints can be produced by the journal publisher, but can also be generated from digital versions (for example, from an electronic database of peer-reviewed journals), or from eprints
231:
is an article which has been peer reviewed in preparation for publication in a journal. Both the preprint and postprint may differ from the final published version of an article. Preprints and postprints together are referred to as e-prints or
141:
announced plans to set up a preprints server – SciELO Preprints. In March 2017, the
National Institutes for Health issued a new policy encouraging research preprint submissions. In April 2017,
1245:
256:
In academia, preprints are not likely to be weighed heavily when a scholar is evaluated for tenure or promotion, unless the preprint becomes the basis for a peer-reviewed publication.
948:
1286:
122:
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circulate current results within a scholarly community has led researchers to distribute documents known as preprints, which are manuscripts that have yet to undergo
1164:
Besançon, Lonni; Peiffer-Smadja, Nathan; Segalas, Corentin; Jiang, Haiting; Masuzzo, Paola; Smout, Cooper; Billy, Eric; Deforet, Maxime; Leyrat, Clémence (2020).
196:
to disqualify from submission. Yet, many journals prohibit or discourage the use of preprints in the references as they are not considered as credible sources.
358:
The preprint servers can be grouped in three categories: general (accepting practically all preprints, frequently with bias towards some topic, publisher e.g.
192:
Most publishers allow work to be published to preprint servers before submission. A minority of publishers decide on a case-by-case basis or interpret the
344:(a strategy conducted to discourage dissemination of research reports before they are published in the journal), rush to post low-quality research.
1312:
397:). While many preprint servers appeared, some had been terminated. The canceled servers were operated mainly by profit publishing companies (e.g.
1901:
1886:
1729:
1378:
923:
534:
145:
announced that it will be launching six new preprint archives. At the end of the 2010s, libraries and discovery tools increasingly integrate
740:
448:
174:
667:"ASAPbio newsletter vol 7 – Funders sign onto principles for preprint development, RFA released, scientific society town hall | ASAPbio"
375:
1896:
418:
126:
765:
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1088:
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on preprints. These peer-reviews are either a first step before publication in a journal (Peerage of
Science, Review Commons,
1330:
1143:
Perelman, Grisha (July 17, 2003). "Finite extinction time for the solutions to the Ricci flow on certain three-manifolds".
425:) developed separate preprint servers as a part of their service. For more complete list (over 60 preprints servers) see:
219:
Preprint Review) or result in a formal editorial decision (Peer
Community In) without precluding submission in journals.
1071:
1962:
1656:
1320:
1719:
1371:
1271:
1947:
691:
642:"Principles for establishing a Central Service for Preprints: a statement from a consortium of funders | ASAPbio"
329:
1666:
1101:
Perelman, Grisha (November 11, 2002). "The entropy formula for the Ricci flow and its geometric applications".
125:
was stopped, partially because journals stopped accepting submissions shared via these channels. In 2017, the
1942:
1916:
443:
426:
353:
118:
1298:
Challenges and changing roles for medical journals in the cyberspace age: Electronic pre-prints and e-papers
1937:
1911:
1881:
1364:
1321:
Pre-Print, Post-Print or
Offprint? A Guide to publication versions, permissions and the digital repository.
1876:
1429:
559:
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regulations in some countries, possible harm to health in certain cases, information overload, breach of
1891:
1871:
716:
297:
276:
17:
1906:
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sources and manages to serve over half of the requests by users without the need for subscriptions.
1957:
1253:
1249:
1233:
896:"No revolution: COVID-19 boosted open access, but preprints are only a fraction of pandemic papers"
114:
1808:
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42:
31:
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1520:
272:
1838:
1813:
1590:
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337:
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1307:
378:). Additionally, preprints can be categorised by the owner (private publishing company e.g.
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8:
1952:
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105:, rather than as paper copies. This has given rise to massive preprint databases such as
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511:
484:
438:
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296:, increases transparency, may publish negative outcomes and controversies, may receive
200:
110:
86:
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Some important results in mathematics have been published only on the preprint server
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956:
876:
858:
766:"Public Goods Infrastructure for Preprints and Innovation in Scholarly Communication"
615:
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463:
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157:
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50:
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started supporting citations of preprints in grant and fellowship applications, and
1843:
1757:
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1401:
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1177:
1072:"Russian mathematician wins $ 1 million prize, but he appears to be happy with $ 0"
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1122:
Perelman, Grisha (10 March 2003). "Ricci flow with surgery on three-manifolds".
980:
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1287:
The impact of preprint servers and electronic publishing on biomedical research
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130:
101:
Since 1991, preprints have increasingly been distributed electronically on the
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853:
666:
610:
585:
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1823:
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1600:
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1469:
960:
862:
309:
908:
895:
485:"The prehistory of biology preprints: A forgotten experiment from the 1960s"
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880:
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280:
90:
58:
806:
184:. The immediate distribution of preprints allows authors to receive early
89:. The preprint may be available, often as a non-typeset version available
1803:
1661:
1620:
1474:
741:"NIH enables investigators to include draft preprints in grant proposals"
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and awards, promotion of young researchers, early credit, good place for
227:
While a preprint is an article that has not yet undergone peer review, a
212:
181:
82:
54:
1149:
1128:
1107:
717:"NOT-OD-17-050: Reporting Preprints and Other Interim Research Products"
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1356:
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117:. The sharing of preprints goes back to at least the 1960s, when the
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external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into
586:"Heavyweight funders back central site for life-sciences preprints"
458:
453:
422:
367:
359:
102:
1297:
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limited to
Indonesia). Moreover, multiple writing platforms (e.g.
121:
circulated biological preprints. After six years the use of these
1714:
1678:
1625:
363:
240:
74:
641:
1762:
1525:
1515:
841:
Medical
Hypothesis, Discovery & Innovation in Ophthalmology
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The disadvantages of preprints could be summarized as: lack of
233:
138:
1166:"Open Science Saves Lives: Lessons from the COVID-19 Pandemic"
1833:
1494:
390:
301:
268:
260:
216:
208:
106:
41:
Typical publishing workflow for an academic journal article (
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between 2002 and 2003, in which he presented a proof of the
1542:
1157:
924:"Breaking Down Pros and Cons of Preprints in Biomedicine"
263:. After nearly a century of effort by mathematicians,
248:
by their authors in their institutional repositories.
93:, before or after a paper is published in a journal.
837:"COVID-19 impact on research and publication ethics"
149:
data, which indexes millions of preprints and other
133:started accepting preprints in grant applications.
1236:may not follow Knowledge's policies or guidelines
835:Heidary, Fatemeh; Gharebaghi, Reza (2021-05-31).
834:
1929:
1142:
1121:
1100:
85:and publication in a peer-reviewed scholarly or
1313:Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science
981:"Comparing journal-independent review services"
560:"We now accept preprints in grant applications"
1136:
1115:
1094:
1018:Callaway, Ewen; Powell, Kendall (2016-02-18).
1017:
1372:
393:or independent non-profit organisations e.g.
319:
316:, and early detection of science misconduct.
283:for the result, but he declined both prizes.
267:published a series of preprint papers on the
449:List of academic journals by preprint policy
347:
175:List of academic journals by preprint policy
27:Academic paper prior to journal publication
1379:
1365:
795:Journal of the Medical Library Association
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199:Some journal-independent review services (
1272:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1091:, Sydney Morning Herald, August 21, 2006
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894:Brainard, Jeffrey (15 September 2021) .
893:
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36:
30:For broader coverage of this topic, see
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1069:
830:
828:
826:
251:
14:
1930:
788:
541:. Medical Research Council. 2017-01-03
275:. He was offered both the $ 1 million
1887:Academic databases and search engines
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1087:Nadejda Lobastova and Michael Hirst,
1060:
222:
168:
1216:
1020:"Biologists urged to hug a preprint"
823:
482:
1308:Electronic Preprints and Postprints
24:
1657:Academic journal publishing reform
483:Cobb, Matthew (16 November 2017).
25:
1974:
1323:" Ames, IA: Digital Repository @
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1170:BMC Medical Research Methodology
1089:"Maths genius living in poverty"
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789:Dhakal, Kerry (15 April 2019).
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156:During the early months of the
1070:Kaufman, Marc (July 2, 2010),
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577:
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476:
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1:
1917:Category:Scientific documents
1331:Journal policies on preprints
692:"SciELO Preprints on the way"
584:Callaway, Ewen (2017-02-16).
469:
444:List of preprint repositories
427:List of preprint repositories
354:List of preprint repositories
119:National Institutes of Health
1912:Category:Academic publishing
949:"Taking the online medicine"
535:"The MRC supports preprints"
502:10.1371/journal.pbio.2003995
7:
566:. Wellcome. 10 January 2017
432:
123:Information Exchange Groups
10:
1979:
1730:Indexes and search engines
1183:10.1186/s12874-021-01304-y
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320:Disadvantages of preprints
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115:institutional repositories
96:
29:
1963:Academic journal articles
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1573:
1508:
1460:
1422:
1394:
854:10.51329/mehdiophthal1414
611:10.1038/nature.2017.21466
417:) or were regional (e.g.
348:Types of preprint servers
308:check, chance to receive
362:), field-specific (e.g.
127:Medical Research Council
1907:Style/formatting guides
1809:Scholarly communication
1509:Other publication types
987:. ASAPbio. 24 July 2020
909:10.1126/science.acx9058
399:Nature Publishing Group
287:Advantages of preprints
211:Preprint Review) offer
163:
143:Center for Open Science
32:Manuscript (publishing)
1948:Publications by format
1849:Least publishable unit
1521:Collection of articles
1319:Inefuku, Harrison W. "
1293:2000 Oct;12(5):499–503
336:guidelines, breach of
62:
1839:Electronic publishing
1814:Scientific literature
1591:Article-level metrics
1325:Iowa State University
807:10.5195/jmla.2019.650
696:SciELO in Perspective
370:) and regional (e.g.
338:intellectual property
81:that precedes formal
40:
1943:Scientific documents
1882:Open-access journals
1829:Open scientific data
1636:SCImago Journal Rank
1596:Author-level metrics
1581:Acknowledgment index
1242:improve this article
389:, universities e.g.
294:predatory publishing
252:Tenure and promotion
189:competing parties).
1938:Academic publishing
1877:Scientific journals
1388:Academic publishing
1341:Preprint, Postprint
1254:footnote references
1036:2016Natur.530..265C
602:2017Natur.542..283C
273:Poincaré conjecture
67:academic publishing
57:sharing rights per
1897:Copyright policies
1892:University presses
1799:Scientific writing
1667:Citation advantage
1574:Impact and ranking
1407:Scientific journal
1327:, 14 January 2013.
1302:J Med Internet Res
1291:Curr Opin Immunol.
1006:Self-archiving FAQ
673:. 14 February 2017
648:. 13 February 2017
439:Electronic article
223:Stages of printing
207:, Review Commons,
201:Peerage of Science
169:Academic practices
111:HAL (open archive)
87:scientific journal
73:is a version of a
63:
1925:
1924:
1902:Preprint policies
1872:Academic journals
1855:Publish or perish
1710:Version of record
1650:Reform and access
1452:Literature review
1335:Nature Precedings
1282:
1281:
1274:
596:(7641): 283–284.
464:ScientificCommons
403:Nature Precedings
205:Peer Community In
158:COVID-19 pandemic
151:green open access
16:(Redirected from
1970:
1844:Ingelfinger rule
1758:Semantic Scholar
1480:Technical report
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1804:Peer review
1684:#ICanHazPDF
1662:Open access
1621:Eigenfactor
1565:Proceedings
1475:White paper
1353:by ASAPbio.
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985:asapbio.org
791:"Unpaywall"
671:asapbio.org
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326:peer-review
213:peer review
182:peer review
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55:open access
1953:Publishing
1932:Categories
1720:Retraction
1693:Versioning
1586:Altmetrics
1531:Biological
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991:2021-01-22
966:2016-03-23
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545:2018-09-06
470:References
387:EarthArXiv
372:AfricArxiv
352:See also:
314:hypothesis
306:plagiarism
300:, link to
173:See also:
1705:Postprint
1548:Monograph
1500:Lab notes
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863:2322-3219
239:The word
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