407:
have a greater effect on the surrounding components due to individual components carrying a larger load. This results in the larger load from the failing component having to be redistributed in larger quantities across the system, making it more likely for additional components not directly affected by the disturbance to fail, igniting costly and dangerous cascading failures. These initial disturbances causing blackouts are all the more unexpected and unavoidable due to actions of the power suppliers to prevent obvious disturbances (cutting back trees, separating lines in windy areas, replacing aging components etc.). The complexity of most power grids often makes the initial cause of a blackout extremely hard to identify.
350:
51:
1613:
174:
2192:
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resilience of the network over time, which is only corrected after a major failure occurs. In a 2003 publication, Carreras and co-authors claimed that reducing the likelihood of small outages only increases the likelihood of larger ones. In that case, the short-term economic benefit of keeping the individual customer happy increases the likelihood of large-scale blackouts.
297:", the process of restoring electricity after a system-wide power loss. The hearing's purpose was for Congress to learn about what the backup plans are in the electric utility industry in the case that the electric grid is damaged. Threats to the electrical grid include cyberattacks, solar storms, and severe weather, among others. For example, the "
388:
Conversely, a system past the critical point will experience too many blackouts leading to system-wide upgrades moving it back below the critical point. The term critical point of the system is used here in the sense of statistical physics and nonlinear dynamics, representing the point where a system undergoes a
164:
for backup and also a socket for connecting a generator during extended periods of outage. During a power outage, there is a disruption in the supply of electricity, resulting in a loss of power to homes, businesses, and other facilities. Power outages can occur for various reasons, including severe
340:
utilities will establish localized 'power islands' which are then progressively coupled together. To maintain supply frequencies within tolerable limits during this process, demand must be reconnected at the same pace that generation is restored, requiring close coordination between power stations,
450:
proposed a mathematical model for the behavior of electrical distribution systems. This model has become known as the OPA model, a reference to the names of the authors' institutions. OPA is a cascading failure model. Other cascading failure models include
Manchester, Hidden failure, CASCADE, and
406:
relationship is seen in both historical data and model systems. The practice of operating these systems much closer to their maximum capacity leads to magnified effects of random, unavoidable disturbances due to aging, weather, human interaction etc. While near the critical point, these failures
309:
Computer systems and other electronic devices containing logic circuitry are susceptible to data loss or hardware damage that can be caused by the sudden loss of power. These can include data networking equipment, video projectors, alarm systems as well as computers. To protect computer systems
285:
Modern power systems are designed to be resistant to this sort of cascading failure, but it may be unavoidable (see below). Moreover, since there is no short-term economic benefit to preventing rare large-scale failures, researchers have expressed concern that there is a tendency to erode the
387:
While blackout frequency has been shown to be reduced by operating it further from its critical point, it generally is not economically feasible, causing providers to increase the average load over time or upgrade less often resulting in the grid moving itself closer to its critical point.
314:
or 'UPS' can provide a constant flow of electricity if a primary power supply becomes unavailable for a short period of time. To protect against surges (events where voltages increase for a few seconds), which can damage hardware when power is restored, a special device called a
486:
In addition to the finding of each mitigation strategy having a cost-benefit relationship with regards to frequency of small and large blackouts, the total number of blackout events was not significantly reduced by any of the above-mentioned mitigation measures.
384:. These systems exhibit unavoidable disturbances of all sizes, up to the size of the entire system. This phenomenon has been attributed to steadily increasing demand/load, the economics of running a power company, and the limits of modern engineering.
392:; in this case the transition from a steady reliable grid with few cascading failures to a very sporadic unreliable grid with common cascading failures. Near the critical point the relationship between blackout frequency and size follows a
478:
Combination of increasing critical number and max load of lines – Shown to have no significant effect on either size of blackout. The resulting minor reduction in the frequency of blackouts is projected to not be worth the cost of the
327:
Restoring power after a wide-area outage can be difficult, as power stations need to be brought back online. Normally, this is done with the help of power from the rest of the grid. In the total absence of grid power, a so-called
463:
The effects of trying to mitigate cascading failures near the critical point in an economically feasible fashion are often shown to not be beneficial and often even detrimental. Four mitigation methods have been tested using the
455:– Crucitti–Latora–Marchiori (CLM) model, showing that both models exhibit similar phase transitions in the average network damage (load shed/demand in OPA, path damage in CLM), with respect to transmission capacity.
208:
in an electrical power supply. The term brownout comes from the dimming experienced by incandescent lighting when the voltage sags. Brownouts can cause poor performance of equipment or even incorrect operation.
222:
occur when demand for electricity exceeds supply, and allow some customers to receive power at the required voltage at the expense of other customers who get no power at all. They are a common occurrence in
215:
tripping are particularly difficult to recover from quickly. Outages may last from a few minutes to a few weeks depending on the nature of the blackout and the configuration of the electrical network.
211:
A blackout is the total loss of power to a wider area and of long duration. It is the most severe form of power outage that can occur. Blackouts which result from or result in
790:
290:
263:, the power generation and the electrical load (demand) must be very close to equal every second to avoid overloading of network components, which can severely damage them.
301:" was caused when overgrown trees touched high-voltage power lines. Around 55 million people in the U.S. and Canada lost power, and restoring it cost around $ 6 billion.
231:
of 2000–2001, when government deregulation destabilized the wholesale electricity market. Blackouts are also used as a public safety measure, such as to prevent a
472:
Increase critical number of failures causing cascading blackouts – Shown to decrease the frequency of smaller blackouts but increase that of larger blackouts.
410:
Leaders are dismissive of system theories that conclude that blackouts are inevitable, but do agree that the basic operation of the grid must be changed. The
1276:
686:
1238:
Nedic, Dusko P.; Dobson, Ian; Kirschen, Daniel S.; Carreras, Benjamin A.; Lynch, Vickie E. (2006). "Criticality in a cascading failure blackout model".
906:
816:
1464:
274:
Under certain conditions, a network component shutting down can cause current fluctuations in neighboring segments of the network leading to a
255:
Tree limbs creating a short circuit in power lines during a storm. This typically results in a power outage in the area supplied by these lines
1197:
Dobson, I.; Carreras, B. A.; Lynch, V. E.; Newman, D. E. (2001). "An initial model for complex dynamics in electric power system blackouts".
924:
482:
Increase the excess power available to the grid – Shown to decrease the frequency of smaller blackouts but increase that of larger blackouts.
2137:
1350:
Cupac, V.; Lizier, J.T.; Prokopenko, M. (2013). "Comparing dynamics of cascading failures between network-centric and power flow models".
1180:
761:
336:
the power grid into operation. The means of doing so will depend greatly on local circumstances and operational policies, but typically
475:
Increase individual power line max load – Shown to increase the frequency of smaller blackouts and decrease that of larger blackouts.
821:. 35th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS'02), January 7–10, 2002. Big Island, Hawaii. Archived from
227:, and may be scheduled in advance or occur without warning. They have also occurred in developed countries, for example in the
845:
1214:
1036:
739:
122:
136:
Power failures are particularly critical at sites where the environment and public safety are at risk. Institutions such as
2195:
1612:
165:
weather conditions (such as storms, hurricanes, or snowstorms), equipment failure, grid overload, or planned maintenance.
2034:
2142:
1457:
1106:
627:
571:
367:
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411:
932:. Proceedings of Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, January 4–7, 2000, Maui, Hawaii. Archived from
2221:
1925:
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1333:
602:
236:
189:
Power outages are categorized into three different phenomena, relating to the duration and effect of the outage:
55:
278:
of a larger section of the network. This may range from a building, to a block, to an entire city, to an entire
691:
681:
447:
240:
101:
There are many causes of power failures in an electricity network. Examples of these causes include faults at
2097:
2029:
2019:
1895:
1795:
1450:
439:
228:
35:
967:"Complex systems analysis of series of blackouts: Cascading failure, critical points, and self-organization"
349:
1950:
1910:
1487:
637:
501:
In 2015, one of the solutions proposed to reduce the impact of power outage was introduced by M. S. Saleh.
311:
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1134:"Critical points and transitions in an electric power transmission model for cascading failure blackouts"
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1023:. 2015 International Conference on Smart Grid and Clean Energy Technologies (ICSGCE). pp. 195–200.
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17:
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1930:
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607:
152:, which will automatically start up when electrical power is lost. Other critical systems, such as
114:
933:
847:
Dynamics, Criticality and Self-organization in a Model for
Blackouts in Power Transmission Systems
791:"Senate Hearing Examines Electric Industry's Ability to Restore Power after System-wide Blackouts"
2061:
2051:
2041:
676:
612:
443:
419:
333:
876:"Suppressing cascades in a self-organized-critical model with non-contiguous spread of failures"
2216:
1982:
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772:
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161:
110:
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978:
890:
853:. Hawaii International Conference on Systems Sciences, January 2002, Hawaii. Archived from
666:
239:), or to prevent wildfires around poorly maintained transmission lines (such as during the
224:
724:
What happens during a blackout – Consequences of a prolonged and wide-ranging power outage
8:
2082:
1915:
1815:
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1743:
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1542:
1507:
722:
Petermann, Thomas; Bradke, Harald; LĂĽllmann, Arne; Poetzsch, Maik; Riehm, Ulrich (2011).
671:
592:
271:
are used to automatically detect overloads and to disconnect circuits at risk of damage.
193:
A transient fault is a loss of power typically caused by a fault on a power line, e.g. a
1400:
1305:
1152:
982:
894:
451:
Branching. The OPA model was quantitatively compared with a complex networks model of a
50:
30:
This article is about accidental power failures. For intentionally engineered ones, see
1956:
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260:
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1987:
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126:
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from catching fire (for example, power was cut to several towns in response to the
219:
141:
91:
31:
1408:
1061:
1020:
Impact of clustering microgrids on their stability and resilience during blackouts
1017:
Saleh, M. S.; Althaibani, A.; Esa, Y.; Mhandi, Y.; Mohamed, A. A. (October 2015).
926:
Initial
Evidence for Self-Organized Criticality in Electric Power System Blackouts
2087:
2046:
2024:
1905:
1875:
1840:
1800:
1602:
1363:
1261:
1199:
Proceedings of the 34th Annual Hawaii
International Conference on System Sciences
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to coordinate the grid. Others advocate greater use of electronically controlled
316:
279:
130:
1028:
902:
2112:
2102:
1900:
1512:
1313:
1077:
965:
Dobson, Ian; Carreras, Benjamin A.; Lynch, Vickie E.; Newman, David E. (2007).
818:
Examining
Criticality of Blackouts in Power System Models with Cascading Events
1377:
Motter, Adilson E. (2004). "Cascade
Control and Defense in Complex Networks".
1206:
1109:. Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System. 2014. Archived from
426:(HVDC) firebreaks to prevent disturbances from cascading across AC lines in a
2210:
2132:
1920:
1805:
1785:
1716:
1706:
1663:
1547:
1502:
1168:
1018:
560:
554:
545:
212:
194:
118:
102:
1110:
731:
2152:
2127:
1961:
1775:
1577:
1416:
1321:
1176:
1000:
157:
1977:
1945:
1738:
1726:
1646:
1572:
1562:
1492:
1391:
1296:
576:
329:
294:
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or flashover. Power is automatically restored once the fault is cleared.
1940:
1935:
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1731:
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632:
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377:
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991:
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173:
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1537:
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403:
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344:
181:
42:
1770:
726:. Berlin: Office of Technology Assessment at the German Bundestag.
232:
137:
95:
1691:
1681:
1132:
Carreras, B. A.; Lynch, V. E.; Dobson, I.; Newman, D. E. (2002).
923:
Carreras, B. A.; Newman, D. E.; Dobson, I.; Poole, A. B. (2000).
760:
Carreras, B. A.; Lynch, V. E.; Newman, D. E.; Dobson, I. (2003).
539:
304:
251:
1686:
721:
581:
509:
Utilities are measured on three specific performance measures:
145:
1240:
International
Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems
762:"Blackout Mitigation Assessment in Power Transmission Systems"
525:
519:
513:
354:
1352:
International
Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems
1641:
1237:
402:
becomes much more common close to this critical point. The
322:
246:
205:
41:"Power cut" redirects here. For the 2012 Punjabi film, see
815:
Dobson, I.; Chen, J.; Thorp, J.; Carreras, B.; Newman, D.
1196:
1131:
964:
922:
844:
Carreras, B. A.; Lynch, V. E.; Dobson, I.; Newman, D. E.
759:
54:
Vehicle lights provided the only illumination during the
1141:
1016:
971:
442:(ORNL), Power System Engineering Research Center of the
1274:
769:
36th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences
458:
1349:
843:
960:
958:
956:
954:
535:
1277:"TModel for cascading failures in complex networks"
916:
814:
345:Blackout inevitability and electric sustainability
951:
418:features such as power control devices employing
156:, are also required to have emergency power. The
2208:
1275:Crucitti, P.; Latora, V.; Marchiori, M. (2004).
687:February 13–17, 2021 North American winter storm
291:Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources
490:A complex network-based model to control large
148:will usually have backup power sources such as
873:
305:Protecting computer systems from power outages
160:of a telephone exchange usually has arrays of
1458:
526:Customer Average Interruption Frequency Index
504:
361:
341:transmission and distribution organizations.
319:that absorbs the excess voltage can be used.
520:Customer Average Interruption Duration Index
1107:"Power Systems Engineering Research Center"
293:held a hearing in October 2018 to examine "
1465:
1451:
1370:
514:System Average Interruption Duration Index
1390:
1295:
1251:
990:
788:
755:
753:
751:
353:Comparison of duration of power outages (
1472:
869:
867:
348:
323:Restoring power after a wide-area outage
250:
247:Protecting the power system from outages
180:
172:
49:
1190:
1059:
837:
808:
14:
2209:
1376:
1012:
1010:
748:
1446:
864:
874:Hoffmann, H.; Payton, D. W. (2014).
789:Kovaleski, Dave (October 15, 2018).
459:Mitigation of power outage frequency
1186:from the original on March 5, 2016.
1125:
1007:
912:from the original on March 4, 2016.
372:It has been argued on the basis of
24:
2143:Renewable energy commercialization
628:Self-organized criticality control
572:Critical infrastructure protection
368:Self-organized criticality control
25:
2233:
1435:
412:Electric Power Research Institute
27:Loss of electric power to an area
2191:
2190:
1611:
538:
1343:
1268:
1231:
1099:
1053:
603:List of energy storage projects
382:self-organized critical systems
237:Merrimack Valley gas explosions
56:2009 Ecuador electricity crisis
782:
715:
692:New York City blackout of 1977
682:2019 California power shutoffs
498:was proposed by A. E. Motter.
448:University of Alaska Fairbanks
241:2019 California power shutoffs
13:
1:
2138:Renewable Energy Certificates
2098:Cost of electricity by source
2020:Arc-fault circuit interrupter
1896:High-voltage shore connection
1409:10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.098701
708:
440:Oak Ridge National Laboratory
229:California electricity crisis
36:Power Outage (disambiguation)
2153:Spark/Dark/Quark/Bark spread
1951:Transmission system operator
1911:Mains electricity by country
1488:Automatic generation control
1364:10.1016/j.ijepes.2013.01.017
1262:10.1016/j.ijepes.2006.03.006
883:Chaos, Solitons and Fractals
638:Uninterruptible power supply
496:using local information only
433:
312:uninterruptible power supply
310:against this, the use of an
7:
2178:List of electricity sectors
2173:Electric energy consumption
1891:High-voltage direct current
1866:Electric power transmission
1856:Electric power distribution
1533:Energy return on investment
1029:10.1109/ICSGCE.2015.7454295
903:10.1016/j.chaos.2014.06.011
652:List of major power outages
531:
424:high-voltage direct current
376:and computer modeling that
107:electric transmission lines
10:
2238:
2093:Carbon offsets and credits
1811:Three-phase electric power
1314:10.1103/PhysRevE.69.045104
1078:10.1109/MSPEC.2004.1318179
702:Northeast blackout of 2003
697:Northeast blackout of 1965
505:Key performance indicators
365:
362:Self-organized criticality
299:Northeast Blackout of 2003
40:
29:
2186:
2161:
2148:Renewable Energy Payments
2071:
2008:
1970:
1824:
1761:
1672:
1637:Fossil fuel power station
1627:
1620:
1609:
1480:
1207:10.1109/HICSS.2001.926274
657:2019 Venezuelan blackouts
332:needs to be performed to
1931:Single-wire earth return
1871:Electrical busbar system
1528:Energy demand management
771:. Hawaii. Archived from
608:Outage management system
438:In 2002, researchers at
168:
2062:Residual-current device
2052:Power system protection
2042:Generator interlock kit
1379:Physical Review Letters
1062:"The Unruly Power Grid"
1060:Fairley, Peter (2004).
677:2011 Southwest blackout
613:Proactive cyber defence
444:University of Wisconsin
142:sewage treatment plants
2222:Electric power quality
1846:Distributed generation
1518:Electric power quality
358:
256:
186:
178:
113:or other parts of the
59:
34:. For other uses, see
2118:Fossil fuel phase-out
1886:Electricity retailing
1881:Electrical substation
1861:Electric power system
825:on September 12, 2003
732:10.5445/IR/1000103292
587:Electromagnetic pulse
567:Coronal mass ejection
522:, measured in minutes
516:, measured in minutes
414:champions the use of
366:Further information:
352:
261:power supply networks
254:
184:
176:
94:network supply to an
90:) is the loss of the
53:
1474:Electricity delivery
795:Daily Energy Insider
667:2012 India blackouts
225:developing countries
2083:Availability factor
2035:Sulfur hexafluoride
1916:Overhead power line
1816:Virtual power plant
1791:Induction generator
1744:Sustainable biofuel
1553:Home energy storage
1543:Grid energy storage
1508:Droop speed control
1401:2004PhRvL..93i8701M
1306:2004PhRvE..69d5104C
1153:2002Chaos..12..985C
983:2007Chaos..17b6103D
895:2014CSF....67...87H
860:on August 21, 2003.
672:2003 Italy blackout
645:Major power outages
593:Energy conservation
162:lead–acid batteries
1957:Transmission tower
1568:Nameplate capacity
1339:on April 24, 2017.
1290:(4 Pt 2): 045104.
662:2019 Java blackout
492:cascading failures
359:
257:
187:
179:
150:standby generators
60:
2204:
2203:
2108:Environmental tax
1988:Cascading failure
1757:
1756:
1593:Utility frequency
1284:Physical Review E
1216:978-0-7695-0981-5
1161:10.1063/1.1505810
1038:978-1-4673-8732-3
992:10.1063/1.2737822
939:on March 29, 2003
778:on April 1, 2011.
741:978-3-7322-9329-2
453:cascading failure
446:(PSerc), and the
400:Cascading failure
276:cascading failure
265:Protective relays
220:Rolling blackouts
154:telecommunication
123:cascading failure
16:(Redirected from
2229:
2194:
2193:
2103:Energy subsidies
2057:Protective relay
1998:Rolling blackout
1625:
1624:
1615:
1583:Power-flow study
1523:Electrical fault
1467:
1460:
1453:
1444:
1443:
1429:
1428:
1394:
1392:cond-mat/0401074
1374:
1368:
1367:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1332:. Archived from
1299:
1297:cond-mat/0309141
1281:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1255:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1138:
1129:
1123:
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1120:
1118:
1113:on June 12, 2015
1103:
1097:
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1014:
1005:
1004:
994:
962:
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914:
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911:
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806:
805:
803:
801:
786:
780:
779:
777:
766:
757:
746:
745:
719:
623:Rolling blackout
618:Renewable energy
548:
543:
542:
468:blackout model:
420:advanced sensors
390:phase transition
92:electrical power
32:rolling blackout
21:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2182:
2166:
2164:
2157:
2088:Capacity factor
2076:
2074:
2067:
2047:Numerical relay
2025:Circuit breaker
2013:
2011:
2004:
1966:
1906:Load management
1876:Electrical grid
1841:Demand response
1834:
1829:
1820:
1801:Microgeneration
1753:
1668:
1616:
1607:
1603:Vehicle-to-grid
1476:
1471:
1440:
1438:
1433:
1432:
1375:
1371:
1348:
1344:
1336:
1279:
1273:
1269:
1253:10.1.1.375.2146
1236:
1232:
1217:
1201:. p. 710.
1195:
1191:
1183:
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1126:
1116:
1114:
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1100:
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764:
758:
749:
742:
720:
716:
711:
706:
642:
598:Internet outage
544:
537:
534:
507:
479:implementation.
461:
436:
374:historical data
370:
364:
347:
325:
317:surge protector
307:
280:electrical grid
249:
185:Transient fault
171:
131:circuit breaker
66:(also called a
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2235:
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2113:Feed-in tariff
2110:
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2100:
2095:
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2016:
2014:
2009:
2006:
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2003:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1901:Interconnector
1898:
1893:
1888:
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1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1851:Dynamic demand
1848:
1843:
1837:
1835:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
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1783:
1781:Combined cycle
1778:
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1606:
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1600:
1595:
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1565:
1560:
1558:Load-following
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1513:Electric power
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
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1477:
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1437:
1436:External links
1434:
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1215:
1189:
1147:(4): 985–994.
1124:
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428:wide area grid
396:distribution.
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248:
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213:power stations
209:
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103:power stations
80:power blackout
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2234:
2223:
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2217:Power outages
2215:
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2133:Pigouvian tax
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2033:
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2030:Earth-leakage
2028:
2027:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2007:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
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1971:Failure modes
1969:
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1958:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
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1932:
1929:
1927:
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1921:Power station
1919:
1917:
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1907:
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1807:
1806:Rankine cycle
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1802:
1799:
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1794:
1792:
1789:
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1786:Cooling tower
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1629:Non-renewable
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1548:Grid strength
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1529:
1526:
1524:
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1503:Demand factor
1501:
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1426:
1422:
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1402:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1385:(9): 098701.
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1327:
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1234:
1226:
1222:
1218:
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1208:
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1200:
1193:
1182:
1178:
1174:
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1166:
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1128:
1112:
1108:
1102:
1087:
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1079:
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1071:
1067:
1066:IEEE Spectrum
1063:
1056:
1048:
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1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1021:
1013:
1011:
1002:
998:
993:
988:
984:
980:
977:(2): 026103.
976:
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928:
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908:
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621:
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611:
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594:
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588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
562:
561:Brittle Power
558:
556:
555:Energy crisis
553:
552:
547:
546:Energy portal
541:
536:
527:
524:
521:
518:
515:
512:
511:
510:
502:
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488:
481:
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379:
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369:
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272:
270:
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244:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
221:
214:
210:
207:
204:is a drop in
203:
199:
196:
195:short circuit
192:
191:
190:
183:
175:
166:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
134:
132:
128:
124:
120:
119:short circuit
116:
112:
108:
104:
99:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
76:power failure
73:
69:
65:
57:
52:
48:
44:
37:
33:
19:
2128:Net metering
2075:and policies
1993:Power outage
1992:
1962:Utility pole
1926:Pumped hydro
1832:distribution
1827:Transmission
1776:Cogeneration
1578:Power factor
1439:
1382:
1378:
1372:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1334:the original
1287:
1283:
1270:
1243:
1239:
1233:
1198:
1192:
1144:
1140:
1127:
1115:. Retrieved
1111:the original
1101:
1089:. Retrieved
1072:(8): 22–27.
1069:
1065:
1055:
1019:
974:
970:
941:. Retrieved
934:the original
925:
918:
886:
882:
855:the original
846:
839:
827:. Retrieved
823:the original
817:
810:
798:. Retrieved
794:
784:
773:the original
768:
723:
717:
644:
643:
559:
508:
500:
495:
494:(blackouts)
489:
485:
465:
462:
437:
409:
398:
386:
371:
338:transmission
326:
308:
288:
284:
273:
258:
218:
188:
158:battery room
135:
115:distribution
105:, damage to
100:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
64:power outage
63:
61:
47:
2123:Load factor
1978:Black start
1946:Transformer
1647:Natural gas
1598:Variability
1573:Peak demand
1563:Merit order
1493:Backfeeding
1358:: 369–379.
800:October 23,
577:Cyberattack
378:power grids
357:), in 2014.
355:SAIDI value
330:black start
295:black start
133:operation.
111:substations
2211:Categories
2165:production
2010:Protective
1941:Super grid
1936:Smart grid
1763:Generation
1697:Geothermal
1588:Repowering
1246:(9): 627.
943:August 17,
829:August 17,
709:References
633:Smart grid
416:smart grid
117:system, a
84:power loss
2073:Economics
1796:Micro CHP
1674:Renewable
1657:Petroleum
1652:Oil shale
1538:Grid code
1498:Base load
1248:CiteSeerX
1169:1054-1500
889:: 87–93.
434:OPA model
404:power-law
394:power-law
334:bootstrap
138:hospitals
72:power out
43:Power Cut
18:Power cut
2196:Category
1983:Brownout
1771:AC power
1481:Concepts
1417:15447153
1322:15169056
1181:Archived
1177:12779622
1117:June 23,
1091:June 24,
1086:19389285
1047:25664994
1001:17614690
907:Archived
532:See also
233:gas leak
202:brownout
177:Blackout
96:end user
88:blackout
68:powercut
2012:devices
1722:Thermal
1717:Osmotic
1712:Current
1692:Biomass
1682:Biofuel
1664:Nuclear
1621:Sources
1425:4856492
1397:Bibcode
1330:3824371
1302:Bibcode
1225:7708994
1149:Bibcode
979:Bibcode
891:Bibcode
206:voltage
86:, or a
1707:Marine
1687:Biogas
1423:
1415:
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1250:
1223:
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999:
738:
582:Dumsor
144:, and
2064:(GFI)
1953:(TSO)
1739:Solar
1727:Tidal
1702:Hydro
1421:S2CID
1387:arXiv
1337:(PDF)
1326:S2CID
1292:arXiv
1280:(PDF)
1221:S2CID
1184:(PDF)
1137:(PDF)
1082:S2CID
1043:S2CID
937:(PDF)
930:(PDF)
910:(PDF)
879:(PDF)
858:(PDF)
851:(PDF)
776:(PDF)
765:(PDF)
589:(EMP)
269:fuses
169:Types
146:mines
74:, a
1830:and
1749:Wind
1732:Wave
1642:Coal
1413:PMID
1318:PMID
1211:ISBN
1173:PMID
1165:ISSN
1119:2015
1093:2012
1033:ISBN
997:PMID
945:2003
831:2003
802:2018
736:ISBN
380:are
289:The
267:and
127:fuse
82:, a
78:, a
70:, a
1405:doi
1360:doi
1310:doi
1258:doi
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728:doi
466:OPA
259:In
243:).
129:or
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200:A
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901::
893::
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804:.
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