255:
In August 2008, the USGS issued an updated assessment of coal in the Powder River Basin. After considering stripping ratios and production costs, the USGS concluded that at that time, only 6% of the original resource, or 10.1 billion short tons of coal, was economically recoverable. At a price of $ 60/ton, however, roughly half (48%) of the coal would become economic to produce. Increasing the price paid for coal can increase the amount of economically recoverable coal, but increasing the price of coal also increases its production cost. Because coal is a solid, it cannot be produced from many scattered wells like oil and gas can be. Rather, coal has to be produced from mines that expand slowly by moving massive quantities of overburden.
205:
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instead of being washed into the sea. Periodically the layers of peat were covered with sediments washed in from nearby mountains. Eventually the climate became drier and cooler. The basin filled with sediment and buried the peat under thousands of feet, compressing the layers of peat and forming coal. Over the last several million years, much of the overlying sediment has eroded away, leaving the coal seams near the surface.
20:
189:
903:. This resurgence is occurring mainly in the Wyoming portion of the basin, which is historically known as the source of the basin's oil. In 2009, a low of 38,000 barrels of oil per day were produced in the basin. That number has risen dramatically to 78,000 barrels per day in the first quarter of 2014.
1079:
In 2006, Union
Pacific set a record by hauling 194 million tons of coal â an 8% increase compared with 2005 tonnage. The company achieved this by increasing train size, with trains averaging more than 15,000 tons, a 200-ton weight increase compared with fourth-quarter 2005's average. In early 2016 it
987:
In Spring 2005, coal extracted from the mines would retail at the mines for around $ 5 a ton. However, power stations and plants in the eastern United States were paying over $ 30 a ton â the difference caused by the cost of transportation. (In
October 2008, the mine-mouth price of Powder River Basin
301:
The mines work in areas where the stripping ratio is between 1:1 (i.e. one ton of rock for one ton of coal) and 3:1. As the mines expand the stripping ratio will increase. As more rock must be moved (using large electrically powered draglines and diesel and electric mining trucks) the production cost
270:
The mines in the Powder River Basin typically have less than 20 years of life remaining. Almost all of the coal in the Powder River Basin is federally-owned, and further mine expansions will require a series of federal and state approvals, as well as large investments in additional mine equipment to
254:
The United States
Geological Survey (USGS) has conducted a series of studies on the economic accessibility of coal in the major coal-producing regions of the country. The studies typically found that only a small fraction of the coal would be economically accessible at the price then of $ 10.47/ton.
250:
region in the US, but most of the coal is buried too deeply to be economically accessible. The Powder River Basin coal beds are shaped like elongated bowls and as mines expand from east to west in the Powder River Basin, they will be going "down the sides of the bowl". This means that the overburden
1047:
In 1982 C&NW and the UP formed
Western Railroad Properties, Inc. (WRPI), to acquire half interest in the Burlington Northern coal line from Shawnee Junction to Coal Creek Junction. On December 15, 1986 WPRI purchased 11 miles (18 km) more of BN line from Coal Creek Junction to East Caballo
179:
When the coal beds were forming, the climate in the area was subtropical, averaging about 120 inches (3 m) of rainfall a year. For some 25 million years, the basin floor was covered with lakes and swamps. Because of the large area of the swamps, the organic material accumulated into peat bogs
1063:
caused demand for clean coal to rise quickly. The C&NW struggled to upgrade capacity to dual track, resulting in numerous failures on the line in 1994, and eventually Union
Pacific's purchase of C&NW in 1995. The UP spent $ 855 million over the next five years expanding capacity over its
1067:
Due to various trackage and locomotive failures on the Joint Line in late 2004 and early 2005, the line failed to deliver the amount of contracted coal supplies, and electricity rates increased by 15 percent. Coal customers threatened to evaluate alternate sources of energy and transportation,
1076:. In 2006 UP and BNSF announced a $ 100 million investment to provide three track capacity for the entire length of the Joint Line plus a fourth track added over the steepest sections, including Logan Hill. These improvements will enable the Joint Line to handle over 400 million tons of coal.
929:
extraction in the region. In the last decade, nearly 7000 such wells have been drilled. An extensive network of gas pipelines connecting these wells has been built, along with a series of pressurization plants, as well as power lines to provide electricity to operate the system. In addition,
305:
The mines are largely non-union operations with a history of squelching labor activity. According to historian Ryan
Driskell Tate, surface mining in remote areas happened to reduce some of the "occupational togetherness" typically associated with coal miners working shoulder-to-shoulder
933:
Extracting the gas requires that water be pumped to the surface to release gas trapped in the coal seam. While some of the water is successfully utilized in agriculture production such as livestock water and crop irrigation, some waters are naturally high in salinity and
1015:
to export coal from the Powder River Basin to Asian markets. As of
February 2016, some coal terminal proposals had been withdrawn, leaving two with pending applications. The withdrawals were ascribed to loss of demand and consequent lower coal prices.
1000:, faced strong resistance from many parties for its attempts to extend its rail line into the coal mining area, but while the plan was eventually approved by regulating authorities, the project was abandoned after the railroad was purchased by the
1482:
McGregor, A.A., and Biggs, C.A., 1970, Bell Creek Field, Montana: a Rich
Stratigraphic Trap, in Geology of Giant Petroleum Fields, Halbouty, M.T., editor, AAPG Memoir 14, Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, p.
1472:
McGregor, A.A., and Biggs, C.A., 1970, Bell Creek Field, Montana: a Rich
Stratigraphic Trap, in Geology of Giant Petroleum Fields, Halbouty, M.T., editor, AAPG Memoir 14, Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, p.
267:. The US uses about 600 million tons of coal a year, with about 40% of the coal coming from the Powder River Basin. The amount of coal coming from the Powder River Basin has been increasing over the last 20 years.
1064:
entire network to handle coal shipments from the PRB. By 2005 the Joint Line capacity had grown to handle an all-time record 325 million tons, and was either dual or three track capacity for its entire length.
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Junction. Beginning June 27, 1983 WPRI constructed six miles (9.7 km) of new railroad from
Shawnee Junction. to Shawnee, rebuilt 45 miles (72 km) of C&NW line from Shawnee to
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538:
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599:
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containing an average of 12,500 btu/lb and high sulfur. PRB coal was essentially worthless until air pollution emissions from power plants (primarily sulfur dioxide, or "SO
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756:
439:
638:
1421:
609:
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In 2007, Powder River Basin coalbed field produced 442 billion cubic feet of gas, making the field the 3rd largest source of natural gas in the United States.
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426:
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By 1985, the line was single track for almost its entire length, and it was handling 19 million tons of coal. The implementation of the second stage of the
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supplies. The Powder River Basin mines supply approximately 40% of the coal that fuels those stations (mainly east of the Rocky Mountains) for generating
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1574:
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816:
104:, and more than the entire Appalachian region. The Powder River Basin is the largest coal-producing region in the United States. The region includes the
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1080:
was reported that 80 to 100 trains of coal were being shipped from the Powder river basin every day. In 2019 train loadings averaged about 50 per day.
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842:
1804:
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1258:
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342:
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251:(rock lying over the coal) will increase as will the stripping ratio (the ratio of rock that needs to be moved to produce a ton of coal).
917:. Discovered in 1967 by the Exeter Drilling Co. No. 33-1 Federal-McCarrell well, which found 27 feet of pay at a depth of 4500 ft.
1178:
968:
176:
uplift on the east and the Hartville uplift on the southeast side of the basin created the present outline of the Powder River Basin.
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172:
The coal beds of the region began to form about 60 million years ago when the land began rising from a shallow sea. The rise of the
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1877:
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line built in stages from 1972 to 1979, the rail line ran south from Donkey Creek Junction in the north 13 miles (21 km) to
100:
In 2007, the region produced 436 million short tons (396 million tonnes) of coal, more than twice the production of second-place
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997:
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1072:. As a result, the 280-mile (450 km) expansion of the Dakota, Minnesota and Eastern Railroad line was approved by the
75:
1418:
724:
497:
112:, the second most productive. In recent years, the region has become a major producer of natural gas, both conventional
192:
Northeast view of the mile wide Decker coal mine and the Tongue River in the Powder River Basin, southeastern Montana.
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523:
1813:
1634:
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1094:
1799:
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1515:
1203:
James A. Luppens; David C. Scott; Jon E. Haacke; Lee M. Osmonson; Timothy J. Rohrbacher & Margaret S. Ellis.
263:
Fifteen mines operate in the Powder River Basin, with most of the active mining taking place in drainages of the
43:, about 120 miles (190 km) east to west and 200 miles (320 km) north to south, known for its extensive
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204:
988:
coal was closer to $ 15 per ton.) To transport coal from the basin, there is a joint railway line owned by the
744:
501:
1867:
1862:
1556:
1205:"Assessment of Coal Geology, Resources, and Reserves in the Gillette Coalfield, Powder River Basin, Wyoming"
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832:
806:
397:
352:
109:
1882:
1857:
1089:
1025:
770:
750:
1897:
1892:
1354:
Ryan Driskell Tate, "Places of Overburden: Strip Mining and Reclamation on the Northern Great Plains,"
1341:
Ryan Driskell Tate, "Slow Violence and Hidden Injuries: The Work of Stripmining in the American West,"
854:
231:") became a concern. A coal-fired plant designed to burn Appalachian coal must be modified to remove SO
1665:
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1872:
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411:
51:, the area is very sparsely populated and is known for its rolling grasslands and semiarid climate.
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content of the coal in the region making it very desirable. Coal supplies about one-fifth of the
161:
105:
1679:"UP, BNSF Announce Southern Powder River Basin Joint Line $ 100 Million Capacity Expansion Plan"
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993:
67:
59:
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There is a recent resurgence in oil and gas production as a result of horizontal drilling and
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rocks, an overall regressive sequence of mostly marine shales and sandstones deposited in the
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running the length of the southern section of the Powder River Basin. A third railroad, the
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196:
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with a recent (March 2019) list of power plants supplied from the Powder River Basin.
1797:
Assessment of Coal Geology, Resources, and Reserves in the Montana Powder River Basin
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377:
90:
86:
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562:
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117:
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32:
1179:
Inventory of Assessed Federal Coal Resources and Restrictions to Their Development
1771:
1735:"Weekly US coal-train loadings climb, Powder River Basin loadings at 8-week high"
1641:
1560:
1502:
1425:
1302:
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224:
1259:"How Federal Giveaways to Big Coal Leave Ranchers and Taxpayers Out in the Cold"
858:
704:
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455:
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1184:(Report). U.S. Departments of Energy, Interior and Agriculture. Archived from
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619:
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415:
287:
239:. If it switched to burning PRB coal, the cost dropped to $ 113 per ton of SO
208:
More coal is produced in the Powder River Basin than any other area in the US
101:
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48:
44:
325:
989:
405:
79:
1369:"Contura wins auction for three of bankrupt Blackjewel's coal-mine assets"
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728:
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603:
593:
356:
295:
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173:
137:
113:
1452:"New petroleum technology revitalizes Powder River Basin oil production"
1044:
ran close to the northern section, as did the Union Pacific at Caballo.
938:. There has been controversy on how to best manage these saline waters.
462:
announced a joint venture for their combined Powder River Basin assets.
274:
The majority of the coal mined in the Powder River Basin is part of the
1575:"CP Rail takes $ 180M hit as it shelves Wyoming Powder River expansion"
893:
820:
810:
760:
583:
311:
221:
157:
1519:
1204:
1796:
1553:
1516:"The Lay of the Land: Spring 2005: Coal: Dig It Up, Move It, Burn It"
1387:"Arch, Peabody Aim to Keep Utility Coal Competitive with New Venture"
1008:
979:
subsidiary Power Resources Inc. operates uranium mines in the basin.
914:
877:
459:
334:
279:
475:
1697:"UP sets annual coal tonnage record in Southern Powder River Basin"
889:
319:
315:
145:
141:
128:
19:
466:
Power plants fueled from Powder River Basin coal (incomplete list)
216:" and contains an average of approximately 8,500 btu/lb, with low
1792:
USGS Open-File Report on impacts of CBM development in the region
1777:
Bell Creek CO2 EOR and CO2 Storage Demonstration Project, Montana
1356:
The Greater Plains: Rethinking a Region's Environmental Histories
950:
572:
558:
283:
132:
Powder River Basin and surrounding uplifts (US Geological Survey)
40:
36:
1439:
Petroleum Geology of the Powder River Basin, Wyoming and Montana
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629:
217:
1635:
PRB Coal Update: BNSF Completes Third Main Track on Joint Line
1343:
Violence of Work: New Essays in Canadian and US Labour History
930:
thousands of miles of new access roads have been constructed.
156:
The thickest section of the Powder River Basin is composed of
1536:. United States Energy Information Administration. 2008-10-14
1437:
Gordon L. Dolton, James E. Fox, and Jerry L. Clayton, (1990)
1419:
Backgrounder: The White Bluff Environmental Controls Project
235:
at a cost estimated in 1999 to be around $ 322 per ton of SO
1765:
Integrating CO2 EOR and CO2 Storage in the Bell Creek Field
1052:
and 56 miles (90 km) of new railroad from Crandall to
243:
removed. Removal is accomplished by installing scrubbers.
1714:
Harball, Elizabeth; Paterson, Brittany (April 11, 2016).
1623:"What coal's decline means for Northwest export markets,"
1296:
Rails cause utility fuel shortages, electricity rate hike
892:, but most comes from sandstones in the thick section of
326:
Coal mining companies operating in the Powder River Basin
1654:
Western, Burlington Northern and Union Pacific railroads
884:. The oil and gas are produced from rocks ranging from
876:
The Powder River Basin also contains major deposits of
54:
The basin is both a topographic drainage and geologic
1282:
https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=427&t=3
1056:. The first commercial train ran on August 16, 1984.
1716:"Coal's Western stronghold faces precarious future"
1598:"NW governors ask White House to exam coal exports"
1327:
Luppens, Scott, Haacke, Osmonson, Rohrbacher, Ellis
1315:
Luppens, Scott, Haacke, Osmonson, Rohrbacher, Ellis
376:Navajo Transitional Energy Company (Antelope Mine,
140:rocks up to 17,000 feet (5,200 m) thick, from
1441:, US Geological Survey, Open-File Report 88-450 P.
314:. The environmental impact of mining on grass and
200:Coal stratigraphy of the Powder River Basin (USGS)
1760:Bell Creek Integrated CO2 EOR and Storage Project
436:Navajo Transitional Energy Company (Spring Creek)
1844:
1244:. Blm.gov (2013-03-18). Retrieved on 2013-07-12.
1147:Jones, N.R.; et al. (May 2008). "Wyoming".
322:who organized to resist new mines in the 1970s.
212:Powder River Basin (PRB) coal is classified as "
108:, the most productive in the United States, and
1713:
1257:Banerjee, Neela; McClure, Robert (2017-12-29).
1256:
1358:(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2021).
1404:
1402:
1345:(Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2020).
136:The Powder River Basin contains a section of
1291:
1289:
949:The region also contains major deposits of
925:Recent controversy surrounds the extensive
504:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
16:Geologic structural basin in the western US
1399:
1032:; and then for 103 miles (166 km) to
1625:Oregon Public Broadcasting, 17 Feb. 2016.
1595:
1589:
1155:(5). Society for Mining Engineering: 134.
1070:Arkansas Electric Cooperative Corporation
524:Learn how and when to remove this message
1853:Coal mining regions in the United States
1286:
203:
195:
187:
127:
18:
1563:. Pentrex.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-12.
1505:, PDF file, retrieved 18 February 2009.
1168:. Cba-ssd.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-12.
753:â (Omaha, NE) (Nebraska City, Nebraska)
1845:
1572:
1493:US Energy Information Administration,
1458:U.S. Energy Information Administration
998:Dakota, Minnesota and Eastern Railroad
246:The Powder River Basin is the largest
1554:Trains on the High Plains (VHS video)
1337:
1335:
1216:
1214:
1146:
85:The major cities in the area include
1732:
1252:
1250:
1224:. Energy Information Administration.
1171:
502:adding citations to reliable sources
469:
47:. The former hunting grounds of the
1888:Sedimentary basins of North America
318:has been a concern for surrounding
123:
13:
1348:
1332:
1211:
920:
539:James H. Miller Generating Station
14:
1909:
1755:Bell Creek CO2 Development Update
1748:
1733:Kalb, Olivia (5 September 2019).
1573:DeVeau, Scott (3 December 2012).
1247:
1042:Chicago and North Western Railway
982:
1235:Cfodocs Redirect - Do Not Delete
1095:Thunder Basin National Grassland
953:, contained in sandstones. (See
474:
1800:United States Geological Survey
1726:
1707:
1689:
1671:
1659:
1647:
1628:
1616:
1566:
1547:
1526:
1518:. 7 August 2011. Archived from
1508:
1486:
1476:
1466:
1444:
1431:
1412:
1379:
1361:
1320:
1308:
725:Sherburne County (Sherco) Plant
1878:Geology of the Rocky Mountains
1275:
1228:
1196:
1159:
1140:
1106:
871:
745:Nebraska Public Power District
258:
220:. Contrast this with eastern,
1:
1666:UP will expand PRB coal lines
1222:"U.S. Coal Supply and Demand"
151:
1596:Phuong Le (March 25, 2013).
1074:Surface Transportation Board
866:
833:Edgewater Generating Station
616:Robert W Scherer Power Plant
422:Northern Powder River Basin
398:North Antelope Rochelle Mine
353:Wyodak Resources Development
330:Southern Powder River Basin
110:North Antelope Rochelle Mine
7:
1644:BNSF News â 5 November 2007
1602:The San Francisco Chronicle
1326:
1314:
1202:
1118:WildEarth Guardians Website
1090:High Plains (United States)
1083:
1026:Burlington Northern Railway
1011:were being proposed in the
971:type deposits found in the
967:) contains the uranium ore
771:J. Robert Welsh Power Plant
751:Omaha Public Power District
582:Plum Point Energy Station,
282:), with the low sulfur and
167:
10:
1914:
1656:Railway Age â October 1994
1495:Top 100 oil and gas fields
1024:Originally a single track
1019:
944:
906:The Bell Creek Field is a
855:Brandon Generating Station
82:, and their tributaries.
956:Uranium mining in Wyoming
440:Westmoreland Coal Company
412:Western Fuels Association
1100:
1002:Canadian Pacific Railway
741:Gerald Gentleman Station
663:â (New Roads, Louisiana)
639:Joppa Generating Station
612:, Wellington, (Colorado)
555:Independence Power Plant
1701:Progressive Railroading
1668:Railway Age â Nov, 1996
1534:"Coal News and Markets"
1305:Rail Cure â August 2005
936:sodium adsorption ratio
829:(Centralia, Washington)
775:American Electric Power
569:White Bluff Power Plant
549:American Electric Power
545:Flint Creek Power Plant
349:Black Hills Corporation
271:begin the excavations.
183:
162:Western Interior Seaway
106:Black Thunder Coal Mine
1124:. 2012. Archived from
994:Union Pacific Railroad
880:, including the giant
851:â (Wheatland, Wyoming)
610:Rawhide Energy Station
209:
201:
193:
133:
24:
23:The Powder River Basin
1462:. September 15, 2014.
1329:: Page 25 and Table 4
1009:coal export terminals
849:Laramie River Station
827:Centralia Power Plant
803:â Xcel Energy (Texas)
781:Fayette Power Project
701:St. Clair Power Plant
655:Jeffrey Energy Center
207:
199:
191:
131:
76:Little Missouri River
22:
1868:Geography of Wyoming
1863:Geography of Montana
1114:"Powder River Basin"
1061:Clean Air Act (1990)
901:hydraulic fracturing
882:Salt Creek Oil Field
807:W. A. Parish Station
737:(Sikeston, Missouri)
735:Sikeston Power Plant
709:East China, Michigan
677:Erickson Power Plant
541:(Jefferson, Alabama)
498:improve this section
427:Lighthouse Resources
302:will also increase.
276:Fort Union Formation
1825: /
1782:Wyoming coal mining
1703:. January 16, 2007.
1392:Wall Street Journal
1166:PRB Coal Properties
1128:on 5 September 2013
1122:WildEarth Guardians
861:(Brandon, Manitoba)
845:- Gillette, Wyoming
715:Allen S. King Plant
651:(Newburgh, Indiana)
649:Warrick Power Plant
645:- (Joppa, Illinois)
586:(Osceola, Arkansas)
95:Miles City, Montana
1883:Geology of Montana
1858:Geology of Wyoming
1787:Geological history
1770:2013-12-25 at the
1640:2007-12-09 at the
1604:. Associated Press
1559:2009-05-21 at the
1501:2009-05-15 at the
1456:Today in Energy -
1424:2012-11-24 at the
1301:2007-12-03 at the
1263:InsideClimate News
1240:2008-12-07 at the
1149:Mining Engineering
977:Cameco Corporation
911:stratigraphic trap
791:Harrington Station
765:Chouteau, Oklahoma
687:Monroe Power Plant
667:Eckert Power Plant
626:Newton Power Plant
577:Redfield, Arkansas
384:Kiewit Corporation
339:Black Thunder Mine
210:
202:
194:
134:
29:Powder River Basin
25:
1898:Mining in Wyoming
1893:Mining in Montana
1577:. Financial times
1522:on 7 August 2011.
1013:Pacific Northwest
961:Wasatch Formation
817:Limestone Station
681:Lansing, Michigan
671:Lansing, Michigan
534:
533:
526:
378:Cordero Rojo Mine
91:Sheridan, Wyoming
58:, drained by the
1905:
1873:Economic geology
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1110:
1030:Caballo, Wyoming
908:Lower Cretaceous
843:Dry Fork Station
785:La Grange, Texas
695:Monroe, Michigan
634:Newton, Illinois
600:Comanche Station
563:Newark, Arkansas
529:
522:
518:
515:
509:
478:
470:
371:Eagle Butte Mine
124:Geologic history
118:coal-bed methane
56:structural basin
33:structural basin
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1054:Joyce, Nebraska
1038:Converse County
1022:
985:
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927:coalbed methane
923:
921:Coalbed methane
874:
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530:
519:
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343:Coal Creek Mine
328:
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11:
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1809:
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1749:External links
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1068:including the
1021:
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1007:In 2013, five
984:
983:Transportation
981:
973:Pumpkin Buttes
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454:In June 2019,
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394:Peabody Energy
391:
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367:Belle Ayr Mine
363:Contura Energy
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214:sub-bituminous
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39:and northeast
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514:February 2015
507:
503:
499:
493:
492:
488:
483:This section
481:
477:
472:
471:
463:
461:
457:
449:
445:
444:Absaloka Mine
441:
438:
435:
432:
428:
425:
424:
423:
417:
416:Dry Fork Mine
413:
410:
407:
403:
399:
395:
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389:
388:Buckskin Mine
385:
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379:
375:
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102:West Virginia
98:
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83:
81:
77:
73:
72:Bighorn River
69:
65:
61:
57:
52:
50:
49:Oglala Lakota
46:
45:coal reserves
42:
38:
35:in southeast
34:
30:
21:
1834:44.4; -105.8
1810:
1738:
1728:
1720:E&E News
1719:
1709:
1700:
1691:
1683:www.uprr.com
1682:
1673:
1661:
1649:
1630:
1618:
1606:. Retrieved
1601:
1591:
1579:. Retrieved
1568:
1549:
1538:. Retrieved
1528:
1520:the original
1510:
1494:
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1478:
1468:
1455:
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1438:
1433:
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1381:
1372:
1363:
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1350:
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1262:
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1173:
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1130:. Retrieved
1126:the original
1117:
1108:
1078:
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1058:
1046:
1023:
1006:
990:BNSF Railway
986:
969:"roll front"
954:
948:
940:
932:
924:
905:
898:
875:
801:Tolk Station
661:Big Cajun II
520:
511:
496:Please help
484:
453:
448:Rosebud Mine
421:
406:Rawhide Mine
402:Caballo Mine
329:
304:
300:
273:
269:
262:
253:
245:
211:
178:
171:
155:
135:
99:
84:
80:Platte River
68:Tongue River
60:Powder River
53:
28:
26:
1832: /
1581:18 December
1317:: Figure 62
975:District.
872:Oil and gas
839:, Wisconsin
795:Xcel Energy
731:(Minnesota)
729:Xcel Energy
721:(Minnesota)
719:Xcel Energy
604:Xcel Energy
594:Xcel Energy
431:Decker Mine
357:Wyodak Mine
308:underground
296:electricity
292:electricity
259:Coal mining
248:coal mining
222:Appalachian
174:Black Hills
138:Phanerozoic
114:natural gas
1847:Categories
1540:2008-10-17
1268:2019-01-26
894:Cretaceous
821:NRG Energy
811:NRG Energy
761:Vinita, OK
747:(Nebraska)
606:(Colorado)
596:(Colorado)
584:NRG Energy
551:(Arkansas)
312:Appalachia
158:Cretaceous
152:Cretaceous
1608:March 26,
1428:, Entergy
1193:, page ix
915:Sandstone
878:petroleum
867:Petroleum
837:Sheboygan
622:(Georgia)
485:does not
460:Arch Coal
335:Arch Coal
280:Paleocene
1820:105°48âēW
1768:Archived
1638:Archived
1557:Archived
1499:Archived
1422:Archived
1299:Archived
1238:Archived
1084:See also
1050:Crandall
992:and the
890:Tertiary
657:(Kansas)
320:ranchers
316:aquifers
168:Tertiary
146:Holocene
142:Cambrian
87:Gillette
1817:44°24âēN
1034:Shawnee
1020:History
959:). The
951:uranium
945:Uranium
896:rocks.
823:(Texas)
813:(Texas)
797:(Texas)
777:(Texas)
573:Entergy
559:Entergy
506:removed
491:sources
41:Wyoming
37:Montana
1132:10 Jul
1040:. The
965:Eocene
630:Ameren
218:sulfur
1460:(EIA)
1189:(PDF)
1182:(PDF)
1101:Notes
1610:2013
1583:2017
1134:2013
757:GREC
489:any
487:cite
458:and
184:Coal
116:and
93:and
89:and
27:The
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355:(
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233:2
229:2
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