281:
could attract sufficient private funding. Its apparent failure, on the other hand, can be understood as a project which gave way to a superior technology, as railways came along and grew up before the slow subscription system of stocks common to the day attracted sufficient funding. In the day, men of means and many such officials of the early
Federalist U.S. government were very conscious of the desirable effects of building transportation infrastructure to link the near west and tie it to the eastern seaboard. As settlers poured west over the mountains after the Revolutionary War, serious concerns arose that newly settled lands would become financially tied better to and so make arrangements with Spanish, French, or British colonies to the west, south, and Canada, and given a look at water communication, the risk was very real. Hence, from the start, the fledgling Constitutional Republic was conscience of benefits that could accrue from its involvement in developing infrastructure in the fledgling republic but was unable to generate revenues to boost such efforts. The rare exception in the era receiving federal public works monies was over a decade later and deemed far less risky, the
366:
importance" of the project. Washington's formidable reputation in the U.S. during the time after the
Revolution persuaded the governor to present a letter to the Virginia Assembly asking for support for the project. The Virginia Assembly appointed Washington, Gates, and Thomas Blackburn commissioners to seek Maryland's agreement. Washington's subsequent visit to Annapolis was successful and led to the incorporation of the Potomac Company in 1784 Maryland and 1785 in Virginia. These meetings would continue and have a major impact on national development as the navigations on the Potomac were in regular use supporting coal from Cumberland to Georgetown until 1929; in 1908 the
394:
failed, the
Maryland and Virginia acts of incorporation were very similar—the company stated it was going to raise 220,000 Spanish dollars (50, 000 pounds sterling) through 500 shares and also stated its plan and timeline. In the charter, the Potomac Company had three years to clear the upper Potomac, and ten years to build bypass canals and locks around the Little and Great Falls (a distance of 175 miles). Both states passed additional laws to go further—building roads and connecting headwaters to link the Potomac River to the Ohio River.
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362:. The project to improve the Potomac was seen as a major opportunity strategically (it would transport troops to the frontier with the French or the Indians more rapidly) and economically (it would increase fur trade and improve real estate values). A lack of technology, a severe shortage of labor, conflicts with foreign and colonial powers, and internal rivalries would prevent the project from being started until the 1780s, thirty years later.
417:
by
Maryland, Virginia, and some individuals could not offset growing expenses due to poor technical advice, labor problems, poor planning, and incessant repair work. The work was stop and go because of the continuous need to raise more money. At many points in the project's history (for example in) all work would stop as the company begged for economic assistance, settled lawsuits, and revised its plan.
413:), who purchased 500 acres (200 ha) of land around Great Falls (he named it "Matildaville" after his wife) to build a warehouse for goods being transported down the Potomac (predicting the route would quickly become profitable after the project's completion). The legal troubles of the Potomac Company kept its lawyers in and out of court constantly.
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support interstate infrastructure projects after that. The significance of transportation in such a large country cannot be understated, and the failure of such a large project made clear that expensive (but in the long term, profitable) infrastructure projects would not be achieved without support from the federal government.
1830:
455:
A commission in 1821 agreed that water transport in the
Potomac valley would only be possible with a still-water canal, and the Potomac Company announced it could not fulfill its charter. Virginia created the Potomac Canal Company. Maryland incorporated the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company in 1825,
416:
The decline in public confidence in the project led to a more difficult economic position because the
Potomac Company relied on individually buying shares for funds. Maryland and Virginia continued funding the Potomac Company's project beyond the original contract. However even continued investment
393:
While it was not the first or only project started after the end of the
American Revolution, its incorporation was a milestone because it was the first project that connected different regions and required the cooperation of multiple state governments. While the Potomac Company's charter eventually
374:
The earliest movement toward developing the inland waterways of the country began when, under the influence of George
Washington, Virginia and Maryland appointed commissioners primarily to consider the navigation and improvement of the Potomac; they met in 1785 in Alexandria and adjourned to Mount
224:
As energetic men all along the
Atlantic Plain now took up the problem of improving the inland rivers, they faced a storm of criticism and ridicule that would have daunted any but such as Washington and Johnson of Virginia or White and Hazard of Pennsylvania or Morris and Watson of New York. Every
483:
The failure of the
Potomac Company to make the Potomac River navigable does not mean that that project was without serious economic implications. The failure of the Potomac Company was largely attributed to a lack of federal support and oversight, and the U.S. government was much more careful to
427:
In February 1802, the locks at Great Falls were completed, and the Potomac Company was expected to be immediately profitable. Also in 1802, the Patowmack Canal was completed after 17 years of construction. However, the poor snow in the winter of 1801-1802 and little spring rain in 1802 meant the
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in 1828, its curtailment has overall minor significance only as in that it serves as an example of how a deficient amount of support from the responsible leadership balancing the federal government can seem to undermine a large, desirable infrastructure project that is a conceptual overreach, or
607:
225:
imaginable objection to such projects was advanced—from the inefficiency of the science of engineering to the probable destruction of all the fish in the streams. In spite of these discouragements, however, various men set themselves to form in rapid succession the Potomac Company in 1785, the
167:
When completed, bulk goods could ship by wagon out of the Pennsylvania and Virginia Alleghenies plateau country downhill to the river port where the canal allowed boats and rafts to float downstream towards Georgetown, a significant port of the time on the Potomac River, now an upscale bedroom
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In 1784, a year after the Treaty of Paris was signed, George Washington and Horatio Gates traveled to Annapolis to seek the state's assent to the project. Washington urged Virginia Governor Benjamin Harrison to bring the matter to the Virginia Assembly, citing the "commercial and political
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river was too shallow to navigate that year. The late realization of these unanticipated problems caused the company to give up its earlier goal to link the Potomac and the Ohio Valley, and the new goal was to improve other rivers in the watershed such as the
220:. It had an early and more immediate goal of improving the navigability of the Potomac River, by building canals and navigations around a succession of blocking rapids or falls of the lower and middle Potomac River. In this latter goal, it succeeded.
132:. The Potomac Company's achievement was not just to be an early example, but of being significant also in size and scope of the project, which involved taming a mountain stream fed river with icing conditions and unpredictable freshets (floods).
113:
and improve its navigability for commerce. The project is perhaps the first conceptual seed planted in the minds of the new American capitalists in what became a flurry of transportation infrastructure projects, most privately funded, that drove
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from his days as frontier surveyor and militia officer and saw these regions ultimately fail due to insufficient capitalization, an unstable American economy, a lack of sufficient investors, a lack of government aid from a poor and young
487:
Further, the Potomac Company's plan made it possible for the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company to take over and complete the project. These two regions were linked, and goods and services moved through the Potomac for nearly a century.
345:
As early as 1749 many leaders in Maryland and Virginia had been interested in making the Potomac River into a major transportation route to the trans-Appalachian West. Advocates included Philadelphia resident
375:
Vernon, where they planned for extension, pursuant to which they reassembled with representatives of other States in Annapolis in 1786; again finding the task a growing one, a further conference was arranged
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The Potomac Company originally wanted to hire only free labor, but due to the shortage of labor, the directors hired free, indentured, and slave labor to build the locks and canals and deepen the river.
226:
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In a few decades, the eastern seaboard was crisscrossed by private turnpikes and canals were being built from Massachusetts to Illinois ushering in the brief seven decades of the
1883:
1580:
424:), and Payne's Falls (Shenandoah) did not need locks, and were completed. The Little Falls canal was more difficult, and as a money-saving measure, wooden locks were used.
350:, who advocated many other waterway improvements as well as being vital to develop American industries and enhance trade with the interior frontiers of the days before the
1994:
2009:
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789:
Littlefield, Douglas R. (1984) "The Potomac Company: A Misadventure in Financing an Early American Internal Improvement Project." Business History Review 58.4: 562-585.
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237:, in 1793. A review of these various enterprises will give a clear if not a complete view of the first era of inland water commerce in America.
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The Potomac Company built five skirting canals around the major falls of the Potomac opening the river to commercial bulk goods traffic from the
1920:
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The Potomac Company, an investment bank based in Philadelphia, is not related in any way to the original Potomac Company referenced above.
1945:
1863:
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1709:
1222:
383:, whereby the thirteen original States were united primarily on a commercial basis — the commerce of the times being chiefly by water.
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1878:
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694:"WASHINGTON'S LOST GIFT; Fifty Shares of Stock Willed by the First President to Endow a National University. BUT IT PROVED WORTHLESS"
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Douglas R. Littlefield (1984). "The Potomac Company: A Misadventure in Financing an Early American Internal Improvement Project".
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125:, and then as the technology developed, investment funds for railroads across the rough country of the Appalachian Mountains.
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as director. This last president served for eleven years before the corporation's assets were merged into the more successful
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822:
795:"George Washington, the Potomac Canal and the Beginning of American Civil Engineering: Engineering Problems and Solutions"
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The larger endeavor, connecting coastal communities with the blossoming trans-Allegheny settlements, was championed by
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George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, and other founding fathers believed they were the key to the New World's future.
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A New Chapter in the Early Life of Washington: In Connection with the Narrative History of the Potomac Company
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180:, Washington's personal secretary, was its chairman for a period. Other principals of the company included
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After 21 years, the Potomack Canal was sold, along with the other assets of the Potomac Company to the
402:, well known for his work with steam-propelled riverboats, was hired as the project's chief engineer.
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785:. The Chronicle of America Series. New Haven, Toronto, London: Yale University Press and two others.
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in 1787, with delegates from all the States. There the deliberations resulted in the framing of the
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323:. A major engineering feat of the time, the Potomack Canal permitted boats to navigate around
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172:. The company had been championed by prominent men of both Maryland and Virginia, including
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833:", 5 photos, 2 measured drawings, 45 data pages, 6 photo caption pages
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In his will, Washington left fifty shares toward the endowment of a university in the
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could be poled up-river in even the shallowest of waters, they could not traverse the
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312:, the area where an upland region (continental bedrock) and a coastal plain (coastal
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276:, and conflicts between states. Although the company charter was surrendered to the
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777:"Chapter III: The Mastery of the Rivers: A Chronicle of Trail, Road, and Waterway"
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327:, where the Potomac River drops a treacherous 75 feet through the unnavigable
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719:"The Potomac Company, Potomac Business Brokers, and Bay Street Capital, LLC"
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1513:
1150:
1079:
557:
Washington and the West: Being George Washington's Diary of September, 1784
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359:
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201:
1113:
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851:
844:
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586:(July 1, 1998). A publication of the Archaeological Institute of America
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23:
847:", 11 photos, 1 measured drawing, 2 photo caption pages
749:
A Connected View of the Whole Internal Navigation of the United States
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467:, and son of President Washington's mentor and fellow Founding Father
176:, who was its first president, as well as an investor in the company.
840:", 14 photos, 1 measured drawing, 1 photo caption page
779:. In Johnson, Allen; Jeffreys, Charles W.; Lomer, Gerhard R. (eds.).
309:
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into the nearer frontiers connecting to the headwaters of either the
118:
860:
647:
339:
192:
The Potomac Company's charter stated that its goal was linking the
316:) meet, typically in waterfalls or cascades of successive rapids.
1541:
Longfellow House–Washington's Headquarters National Historic Site
313:
305:
718:
152:
notch leading west across the Alleghenies, where it intersected
319:
One of the major constructions of the Potomac Company was the
294:
259:, and became a pet project for the nation's first president,
122:
752:. Pub. by the author, printed by Lydia R. Bailey. pp.
227:
Society for Promoting the Improvement of Inland Navigation
204:, by building a canal up through a water gap through the
801:. American Society of Civil Engineers. pp. 129–194.
799:
American Civil Engineering History: The Pioneering Years
420:
Three of the canals, at Seneca Falls, House Falls (near
852:
Potowmack Company: Great Falls Canal, Locks No. 3, 4, 5
633:
608:
Preliminary report of the Inland Waterways Commission
231:
Western and Northern Inland Lock Navigation Companies
1581:
Washington's relations with the Iroquois Confederacy
676:
233:
in 1792, and the Lehigh Coal Mine Company, owned by
809:
Navigation on the Upper Potomac and Its Tributaries
1788:General George Washington Resigning His Commission
444:(since 1863, West Virginia) the Company built the
405:There was a large conflict with Virginia Governor
554:George Washington; Archer Butler Hulbert (1905).
2536:Historic American Engineering Record in Virginia
2512:
1749:George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door
845:Potowmack Company: Great Falls Canal, Lock No. 2
838:Potowmack Company: Great Falls Canal, Lock No. 1
831:Potowmack Company: Great Falls Canal & Locks
1825:George Washington Taking the Salute at Trenton
1193:Initiated, co-wrote, 1769 Virginia Association
338:Company, which built a canal on the opposite,
876:
854:", 4 photos, 2 photo caption pages
1246:1788–89 United States presidential election
456:and Congress quickly approved its charter.
883:
869:
22:
2218:Washington–Rochambeau Revolutionary Route
1961:Washington and Jefferson National Forests
1692:Washington Monument (Boonsboro, Maryland)
544:, Chapter III. The Mastery of the Rivers.
1356:United States Capitol cornerstone laying
1218:Chairman, 1787 Constitutional Convention
1546:Ford Mansion, Washington's headquarters
1438:John Rutledge Supreme Court nominations
1223:George Washington's political evolution
763:
745:
2513:
2328:(step-granddaughter, adopted daughter)
1627:Electoral history of George Washington
792:
168:community and college town within the
2290:Attempted theft of Washington's skull
2171:Founding Fathers of the United States
994:Washington in the American Revolution
890:
864:
679:Arlington County, Virginia: a history
571:
1946:Washington Masonic National Memorial
1774:General George Washington at Trenton
1632:Post-presidency of George Washington
1208:Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture
999:Commander-in-chief, Continental Army
823:Historic American Engineering Record
812:. Western Maryland Regional Library.
805:
235:Lehigh Coal & Navigation Company
2285:George Washington Memorial Building
1351:Presidential Succession Act of 1792
774:
541:
13:
1951:George Washington Memorial Parkway
1941:Washington University in St. Louis
500:. The shares were lost, however.
478:
459:In 1817, fellow directors elected
448:in the Shenandoah River, creating
370:notes the following significance:
14:
2567:
1141:Resignation as commander-in-chief
817:
388:1908 Inland Waterways Commission
358:(in Pennsylvania and) across the
278:Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company
2494:
2493:
2275:Mount Vernon Ladies' Association
2055:Mount Rushmore Anniversary coins
1760:Washington Crossing the Delaware
1198:Initiated, 1774 Fairfax Resolves
1033:New York and New Jersey campaign
1781:Washington at Verplanck's Point
1697:Washington Monument (Baltimore)
1566:President's House, Philadelphia
1403:State of the Union Address 1790
739:Books are list chronologically.
681:. Arlington Historical Society.
624:, Cabin John Press, 1983. p. 10
566:thomas johnson potomac company.
105:) was created in 1785 to make
2320:George Washington Parke Custis
2253:American Philosophical Society
2015:America the Beautiful quarters
1859:George Washington on Horseback
1811:The Washington Family portrait
1158:Washington Before Boston Medal
906:President of the United States
711:
686:
670:
627:
614:
600:
578:James E. Held (July 1, 1998).
547:
1:
2050:250th Anniversary half dollar
2010:D.C. and territories quarters
1831:Reception at Trenton painting
1622:Washington and Lee University
1591:James River and Kanawha Canal
1433:Federal judicial appointments
1048:Battle of the Assunpink Creek
677:Cornelia B. Rose Jr. (1976).
518:
2322:(step-grandson, adopted son)
1936:George Washington University
1795:Surrender of Lord Cornwallis
1686:The Apotheosis of Washington
1285:Cabinet of the United States
1213:1785 Mount Vernon Conference
782:The Paths of Inland Commerce
285:conversion into a migration
135:
44:; 239 years ago
7:
1767:The Passage of the Delaware
1561:Second Presidential Mansion
929:Second Continental Congress
775:Hulbert, Archer B. (1920).
636:The Business History Review
577:
560:. The Century Co. pp.
513:Alexandria Canal (Virginia)
506:
368:Inland Waterways Commission
354:to combat the influence of
342:side of the Potomac River.
164:, today's U.S. Route 40.
10:
2572:
2356:Elizabeth Washington Lewis
1983:Washington–Franklin Issues
1556:First Presidential Mansion
1361:Proclamation of Neutrality
1263:1792 presidential election
939:First Continental Congress
917:Commander-in-Chief of the
912:Senior Officer of the Army
793:Kapsch, Robert J. (2003).
187:
2479:
2413:
2298:
2148:
2118:The War that Made America
1846:Princeton Battle Monument
1640:
1612:Society of the Cincinnati
1610:President General of the
1491:
1448:
1393:Thanksgiving Proclamation
1300:Secretary of the Treasury
1231:
1181:
1009:Washington's headquarters
982:Battle of the Monongahela
948:
898:
491:
473:Chesapeake and Ohio Canal
336:Chesapeake and Ohio Canal
242:Archer B. Hulbert, 1920,
71:
56:
38:
30:
21:
2531:Chesapeake Bay watershed
2350:Augustine Washington Jr.
2110:Turn: Washington's Spies
1956:George Washington Bridge
1601:Congressional Gold Medal
1280:Title of "Mr. President"
1014:office and sleeping tent
977:Battle of Fort Necessity
850:HAER No. VA-13-C, "
843:HAER No. VA-13-B, "
836:HAER No. VA-13-A, "
746:Armroyd, George (1830).
452:, an industrial center.
263:, who had experience on
244:Paths of Inland Commerce
2541:Potomac River watershed
2400:(2nd great-grandfather)
2020:American Women quarters
1926:Washington, D.C. statue
1841:Trenton Battle Monument
1817:Washington at Princeton
1509:Ferry Farm boyhood home
1383:Slave Trade Act of 1794
1317:Oath Administration Act
1203:Continental Association
1146:Badge of Military Merit
1038:Delaware River crossing
770:. D. Appleton & Co.
442:Harpers Ferry, Virginia
300:While slim flat bottom
160:, later made the first
123:navigations, and canals
1966:Washington Square Park
1754:Revolutionary War Door
1571:Germantown White House
1473:Washington and slavery
1366:Neutrality Act of 1794
829:HAER No. VA-13, "
825:(HAER) documentation:
764:Pickell, John (1856).
391:
249:
89:(spelled variously as
2280:Mount Vernon replicas
2238:General of the Armies
2213:Washington's Crossing
2045:Washington half eagle
1675:Washington's Birthday
1596:Mountain Road Lottery
1463:The Washington Papers
1312:Judiciary Act of 1789
1075:Battle of White Marsh
1060:Philadelphia campaign
967:French and Indian War
372:
352:French and Indian War
222:
2338:Mary Ball Washington
2332:Augustine Washington
2326:Eleanor Parke Custis
2203:Cherry-tree anecdote
2086:A More Perfect Union
2035:Silver bullion coins
1894:New York City statue
1458:Presidential library
1332:Militia Acts of 1792
1273:Reception at Trenton
1070:Battle of Germantown
1065:Battle of Brandywine
758:the potomac company.
584:Archaeology (Online)
498:District of Columbia
269:Western Pennsylvania
170:District of Columbia
146:Cumberland, Maryland
2394:(great-grandfather)
2380:Lawrence Washington
2344:Lawrence Washington
2258:American Revolution
2102:We Fight to Be Free
2067:Cultural depictions
1978:U.S. Postage stamps
1931:West Point monument
1916:Philadelphia statue
1801:Unfinished portrait
1665:Washington Monument
1534:Woodlawn Plantation
1339:Coinage Act of 1792
1268:Second inauguration
1119:Newburgh Conspiracy
1097:Sullivan Expedition
1092:Battles of Saratoga
1053:Battle of Princeton
700:. December 26, 1897
611:, February 26, 1908
283:Cumberland Turnpike
18:
2551:Canals in Virginia
2526:Canals in Maryland
2461:Christopher Sheels
2404:Bushrod Washington
2374:Charles Washington
2368:John A. Washington
2223:1751 Barbados trip
2112:(2014–2017 series)
2000:Washington quarter
1911:Perth Amboy statue
1899:Wall Street statue
1879:Mexico City statue
1806:Lansdowne portrait
1617:Washington College
1606:Thanks of Congress
1529:Whiskey distillery
1344:United States Mint
1322:Nonintercourse Act
1290:Secretary of State
1251:First inauguration
1085:Battle of Monmouth
806:Guzy, Dan (2011).
698:The New York Times
620:Kytle, Elizabeth,
293:, later to become
274:federal government
218:Monongahela Rivers
150:Cumberland Narrows
130:American Canal Age
16:
2521:George Washington
2508:
2507:
2362:Samuel Washington
2314:John Parke Custis
2308:Martha Washington
2248:American Foxhound
2128:(2020 miniseries)
2120:(2006 miniseries)
2073:George Washington
2040:Washington nickel
2025:Washington dollar
2005:50 State Quarters
1988:1932 bicentennial
1884:Morristown statue
1742:George Washington
1734:George Washington
1726:George Washington
1718:George Washington
1703:George Washington
1378:Pinckney's Treaty
1327:Whiskey Rebellion
1107:Siege of Yorktown
1102:Yorktown campaign
1043:Battle of Trenton
987:Forbes Expedition
954:Revolutionary War
892:George Washington
740:
622:Home on the Canal
261:George Washington
253:Benjamin Franklin
212:tributaries, the
174:George Washington
154:Nemacolin's Trail
83:
82:
2563:
2556:Shenandoah River
2497:
2496:
2471:Harry Washington
2431:Caroline Branham
2193:Virginia dynasty
2181:Federalist Party
2161:List of articles
2075:(1984 miniseries
2062:Mount Washington
2030:Lafayette dollar
1869:Baltimore statue
1660:Washington state
1655:Washington, D.C.
1398:Farewell Address
1305:Secretary of War
1295:Attorney General
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2166:Founders Online
2144:
1921:Portland statue
1644:
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1586:Potomac Company
1551:Hasbrouck House
1487:
1468:Religious views
1450:
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1256:inaugural bible
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1185:founding events
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1124:Newburgh letter
1114:Culper Spy Ring
1026:Siege of Boston
1021:Boston campaign
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962:Military career
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377:in Philadelphia
321:Patowmack Canal
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194:East Coast with
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158:Braddock's Road
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2398:George Reade
2386:Mildred Gale
2243:Conway Cabal
2198:Coat of arms
2156:Bibliography
2133:
2125:
2117:
2109:
2101:
2094:The Crossing
2093:
2085:
2080:1986 sequel)
2072:
1906:Paris statue
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1823:
1816:
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1779:
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1717:
1710:plaster copy
1702:
1684:
1680:Purple Heart
1585:
1514:Mount Vernon
1451:public image
1151:Purple Heart
1080:Valley Forge
857:
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702:. Retrieved
697:
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588:. Retrieved
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381:Constitution
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360:Appalachians
348:Ben Franklin
344:
333:
329:Mather Gorge
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202:Ohio Country
191:
166:
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127:
107:improvements
102:
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90:
86:
84:
72:Headquarters
2451:William Lee
2104:(2006 film)
2096:(2000 film)
2088:(1989 film)
1736:(Greenough)
921:(1775–1783)
914:(1798–1799)
908:(1789–1797)
409:(father of
325:Great Falls
302:river boats
178:Tobias Lear
34:Engineering
2515:Categories
2446:Oney Judge
2208:River Farm
2126:Washington
1744:(Trumbull)
1720:(Ceracchi)
1647:depictions
1504:Birthplace
1499:Early life
1373:Jay Treaty
1233:Presidency
1183:Other U.S.
704:2008-02-28
590:2016-06-12
519:References
461:John Mason
430:Shenandoah
356:New France
287:wagon road
255:and other
210:Ohio River
116:wagon road
2376:(brother)
2370:(brother)
2364:(brother)
2316:(stepson)
1854:sculpture
1819:paintings
1642:Memorials
1524:Gristmill
1449:Views and
1238:timeline)
664:154772424
310:fall line
144:mouth to
136:Geography
119:turnpikes
95:Potowmack
91:Patowmack
2499:Category
2406:(nephew)
2358:(sister)
2340:(mother)
2334:(father)
2263:patriots
2228:Category
2134:Hamilton
1995:Currency
1728:(Canova)
1705:(Houdon)
1171:Blueskin
935:Delegate
925:Delegate
507:See also
434:Monocacy
386:—
340:Maryland
240:—
99:Potowmac
31:Industry
2149:Related
1836:Statues
1519:Fishery
1428:Cabinet
1162:Horses
937:to the
927:to the
656:3114165
542:Hulbert
314:alluvia
306:bateaux
304:called
188:History
148:in the
109:to the
103:Compony
62: (
57:Defunct
47: (
39:Founded
2414:Slaves
2310:(wife)
2300:Family
1483:Legacy
1166:Nelson
941:(1774)
931:(1775)
756:–224.
662:
654:
492:Legacy
436:, and
432:, the
101:, and
2426:Betty
737:Note:
683:p. 46
660:S2CID
652:JSTOR
524:Notes
440:. At
295:US 40
216:, or
214:Cheat
156:near
2421:List
2139:film
1971:Arch
1645:and
1423:1796
1418:1793
1413:1792
1408:1791
267:and
196:the
85:The
64:1825
60:1825
49:1785
42:1785
903:1st
754:207
644:doi
562:187
463:of
2517::
797:.
696:.
658:.
650:.
640:58
638:.
593:.
582:.
564:.
532:^
475:.
331:.
297:.
121:,
97:,
93:,
2141:)
2137:(
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884:e
877:t
870:v
721:.
707:.
666:.
646::
66:)
51:)
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