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747:) of the privileged boat kept his towpath team by the canalside edge of the towpath, while the hoggee of the other boat moved to the outside of the towpath and stopped his team. His towline would be unravelled from the horses, go slack, fall into the water and sink to the bottom while his boat decelerated on with its remaining momentum. The privileged boat's team would step over the other boat's towline with their horses pulling the boat over the sunken towline without stopping. Once clear, the other boat's team would continue on its way.
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1021:. The LCMC board in its disgust confirmed the unreliability of the fuel source when they let it be known they planned no further risky expeditions as too costly, giving White and Hazard the idea of purchasing the rights to operate the mining company. In the fall of 1814 they mounted an expedition to survey the Lehigh's problems and those of the coal mine and transportation needs for getting its output to the River reliably and regularly.
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rooms during the days. At mealtimes crews transformed the cabin into dining rooms. Drawing a curtain across the width of the room divided the cabin into ladies' and gentlemen's sleeping quarters in the evening hours. Pull down tiered beds folded from the walls and additional cots could be hung from hooks in the ceiling. Some captains hired musicians and held dances. The canal had brought civilization into the wilderness.
172:. In the 18th and early 19th centuries, it became clear to coastal residents that the city or state that succeeded in developing a cheap, reliable route to the West would enjoy economic success, and the port at the seaward end of such a route would see business increase greatly. In time, projects were devised in
751:
relatives or solely for a relaxing excursion. Emigrants took passage on freight boats camping on deck or on top of crates. Packet boats serving passengers exclusively reached speeds of up to five miles per hour (8.0 km/h) an hour and ran at much more frequent intervals than cramped, bumpy stages.
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locks, and by late 1822 had shifted construction efforts from bolstering and improving the one-way system begun in 1818 with ambitious two-way dams and lock construction capable of taking both a steam tug and a coastal cargo ship all 45.6 miles (73.4 km) from the
Delaware to the slack water pool
855:
was the type of canal built along the line of a river valley within its drainage basin and parallel to the fall of the watercourse. The Lehigh Canal for a time was two separate civil engineering projects constructed 20 years apart that stretched over two parts of the Lehigh River and totaling 72-mile
122:
provides a primary means of transportation within a region. An equally ancient solution was implemented in many cultures — things in the water weighed far less and took less effort to move since friction became negligible. Close to the seacoast, rivers often provided adequate waterways, but the
1047:
after they'd very quickly become disenchanted with the decisions and strategies of the
Schuykill Canal's board of directors, so by the winter of 1814 were very interested in exploring the option of getting coal from Lehigh valley down to Philadelphia the more than 100 miles (160 km), one way or
768:
feet (4.4 m) across made ingenious use of space in order to accommodate up to forty passengers at night and up to three times as many in the daytime. The best examples furnished with carpeted floors, stuffed chairs, and mahogany tables stocked with current newspapers and books served as sitting
402:
State and in New
England, Connecticut and Massachusetts were looking at a few waterways needing better navigability. The Lehigh Canal was developed when the last of these licenses, awarded in 1816, expired in early 1818 with virtually nothing to show for the funds spent. This expiration allowed the
1008:
The lack of steady effort and an intimately involved company officer in the operations returned sketchy results, most often the expeditions would loose arks on the rapids of the Lehigh and so the LCMC made little profits, and only sporadic efforts over two decades. Inspired by the energy shortfall
1262:
owner needing much in the way of metal working fuels, so had also been behind the systematic investigations which determined several successful ways to burn and use
Anthracite industrially and for heating in 1813. He'd set his foreman and supervisors the task of experimenting with Anthracite he'd
750:
Pulled by teams of horses canal boats still moved slowly but methodically shrinking time and distance. Efficiently, the nonstop smooth method of transportation cut nearly in half the travel time between Albany and
Buffalo moving day and night. Venturing West men and women boarded packets to visit
360:
As energetic men all along the
Atlantic Plain now took up the problem of improving the inland rivers, they faced a storm of criticism and ridicule that would have daunted any but such as Washington and Johnson of Virginia or White and Hazard of Pennsylvania or Morris and Watson of New York. Every
495:
On the settled eastern seaboard, forest decimation created an energy crisis for coastal cities, but the lack of water- and roadways made
English coal shipped across the Atlantic cheaper in Philadelphia than Pennsylvania anthracite mined 100 miles away. Canals would benefit both the East and the
249:. Their efforts led to the creation of the Western and Northern Inland Lock Navigation Companies in 1792 (which took the first steps to improve navigation on the Mohawk and construct a canal between the Mohawk and Lake Ontario), but the company proved that private financing was insufficient.
684:
along a 3-mile (4.8 km) corridor to carry the canal over the escarpment. To move earth, animals pulled a "slip scraper" (similar to a bulldozer). The sides of the canal were lined with stone set in clay, and the bottom was also lined with clay. The stonework required hundreds of German
86:
Technology
Archaeologists and Industrial Historians date the American Canal Age from 1790 to 1855 based on momentum and new construction activity, since many of the older canals, however limited later by locks that restricted boat sizes below the most economic capacities and well-behind
485:
By 1855, canals were no longer the civil engineering work of first resort, for it was nearly always better—cheaper to build a railroad above ground than it was to dig a watertight ditch 6–8 feet (2–3 m) deep and provide it with water and make annual repairs for ice and
361:
imaginable objection to such projects was advanced—from the inefficiency of the science of engineering to the probable destruction of all the fish in the streams. In spite of these discouragements, however, various men set themselves to form in rapid succession the
951:, and with much the same clout as a modern conglomerate such as General Motors, or General Electric or with the same sorts of innovations as are ascribed to IBM, Microsoft or the like. Leveraging of innovation and immense self-confidence, the Company founders
117:
from the coast of North
America into the heartland of the continent, a recurring problem was that of transportation between the coastal ports and the interior. This was not unique to the Americas, and the problem still exists in those parts of the world where
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was grain, which was a high-volume, low-priced commodity, bolstered by supplies from the coast. Frequently it was not worth the cost of transporting it to far-away population centers. This was a factor leading to farmers in the west turning their grains into
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for every load delivered to the docks of
Philadelphia in 1822 as the LC&N operations were just hitting stride was already a worry to the managing board of directors. By mid-1822, managing director Josiah White was consulting with
143:
could be routed, presented a great challenge. Passengers and freight had to travel overland, a journey made more difficult by the rough condition of the roads. In 1800, it typically took 2.5 weeks to travel overland from New York to
426:
Like many North American canals of the 1820s-1840s, the canal operating companies partnered with or founded short feeder railroads to connect to their sources or markets. Two good examples of this were funded by private enterprise:
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Early railroads in North America made many canals economically feasible, and canal's needs added to the demands by industries that pushed the early railroads into pressurized research and development and rapid steady improvements.
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to redirect water; one aqueduct was 950 feet (290 m) long to span 800 feet (240 m) of river. As the canal progressed, the crews and engineers working on the project developed expertise and became a skilled labor force.
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1154:, 2-3 weeks walking diligently, and 10-14 days on horseback. When the Pennsylvania Canal System began operating, a heavy cargo of iron products could travel from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh in just four days, crossing over the
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Midwest. For more than a century, they had provided Europe with inexpensive, reliable transportation, and George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, and other founding fathers believed they were the key to the New World's future.
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Canals were critical industry, as until steam locomotives, canals were by the fastest way to travel long distances. Commercial canals generally had boatmen shifts that kept the barges moving behind mule teams 24 hours a day.
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in the project. There was much opposition, and the project was ridiculed as "Clinton's folly" and "Clinton's ditch." In 1817, though, Clinton received approval from the legislature for $ 7 million for construction.
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689:, who later built many of New York's buildings. All labor on the canal depended upon human (and animal) power or the force of water. Engineering techniques developed during its construction included the building of
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It was common in the day for shares to be offered by the issuer by the payment of a down payment and an annual subscription to run for some period of yearly or quarterly payments of additional investment amounts.
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Pennsylvania had been foremost among the colonies in canal building, for it had surveyed as early as 1762 the first lock canal in America, from near Reading on the Schuylkill to Middletown on the Susquehanna.
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damages—even though the cost per ton mile on a canal was often cheaper in an operational sense, canals couldn't be built along hills and dales, nor backed into odd corners, as could a railroad siding.
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Next up there were numerous schemes and bills placed before the Pennsylvania assembly in the 1790-1816 time frame to improve navigation on the Susquehanna, Schuylkill and Lehigh Rivers, the first being the
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645:, fifty locks would be required along the 360-mile (580 km) canal. Such a canal would be expensive to build even with modern technology; in 1800, the expense was barely imaginable. President
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met, the boat with the right of way remained on the towpath side of the canal. The other boat steered toward the berm (or heelpath) side of the canal. The driver (or "hoggee", pronounced
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985:. The LCMC lacked a principle investor as a hands-on-manager and periodically hired teams to trek to the wilderness to build 'Arks' along the Lehigh near the turnpike operated from
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The problem was that the land rises about 600 feet (180 m) from the Hudson to Lake Erie. Locks at the time could handle up to 12 feet (3.7 m), so even with the heftiest
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and running alongside Black Creek and Beaver Creek to get to the mines. This leads to the speculative conclusion that the Lausanne homestead, also mentioned as near the mouth of
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cities ahead of schedule, between 1818-1820 with down traffic only, and then gradually rebuilt with locks fully supporting two way traffic, between 1822-1824, 1827-1829 by the
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finally got the canal built. He had envisioned encouraging the growing of large quantities of grain on the Western New York plains (then largely unsettled) for sale on the
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on Lake Erie. The channel was cut 40 feet (12 m) wide and 4 feet (1.2 m) deep, with removed soil piled on the downhill side to form a walkway known as a
276:(who was familiar with the Bridgewater Canal) surveyed the Mohawk Valley, and made a presentation to the New York state legislature in 1784 proposing a canal from
676:
and mountains, proved a daunting task. The canal was built using some of the most advanced engineering technology from Holland. In 1823 construction reached the
977:(LCMC) was formed in 1792 to secure the mineral rights to vast areas of wilderness west of the Lehigh River ranging beyond to the outcrops atop Sharpe Peak of
42:
ages; the main ones belong to Egypt, Ancient Babylon, and the historical empires of India, China, Southeast Asia, and mercantile Europe. The successes of the
1779:
1752:
317:). Ellicott realized that a canal would add value to the land he was selling in the western part of the state. He later became the first canal commissioner.
1229:' developing mines, and mention one of the houses there as being built in association with the toll road and that the initial mine output was hauled out by
478:. Unlike Europe, America did not have canals for several hundred years before industrialization. In North America, everything was developed simultaneously.
266:
By 1788 Washington's Potomac Company was successful in constructing five locks which took boats 4,500 feet (1,400 m) past the Potomac Great Falls. The
4538:
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The idea of a canal to tie the East Coast of the United States to the new western settlements was already in the air by 1724: New York provincial official
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1329:(First ed.). Oak Printing Company, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania: Center for Canal History and Technology, Hugh Moore Historical Park and Museum, Inc.,
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in 1793. A brief review of these various enterprises will give a clear if not a complete view of the first era of inland water commerce in America.
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needing fuel for their wire mill and nail factory at the falls of the Schuylkill fought this plodding method of incremental improvement for years.
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and continued in operation as a key transportation canal until the 1931 closure of commercial operations. The lower canal connected the Southern
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Two early 19th century canals had inordinately large impacts on the demographic and industrial development of the United States. The daring
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projects, languished lazily, only raising a small amount of new funds annually, and getting only a little amount of work done accordingly.
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with much needed fuel. The D&H companies were founded purposefully to supply the explosively growing city of New York's energy needs.
1531:
Calhoun, Daniel Hovey. The American civil engineer: Origins and conflict. Technology Press, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1960.
739:
feet (1.1 m) in draft were pulled by horses and mules on the towpath. This canal has one towpath generally on the north side. When
1695:
1245:
was a crossing of that creek where upon the Turnpike ran along the shore to Penn Haven, up to Beaver Meadows and beyond to what became
1225:
on the foot and horseback turnpike between Mauch Chunk and the Susquehanna River. Other histories mention the turnpike running past
630:, and to a lesser degree, related rivers, a large part of the continent's interior and many settlements were well connected to the
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mining raw materials, transporting them, manufacturing with them, and merchandising by building coal mines, the instrumental
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in 1791. They consumed private capital and public monies, but were little successful. Concurrently, the predecessor of the
1034:
968:
944:, a complex system of canals and tow paths—and eventually railroads. The canal was sold for recreation use in the 1960s.
885:
873:
832:
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17:
908:, using a specially designed canal boat capable of making the one-way trip on the River as well. It was used to carry
1188:
One other feature of canals, dams, locks and navigations was their resistance to upgrading without great expense.
337:
336:, the largest city in North America. It provided for the surveying of a lock canal along the Schuylkill tributary
87:
later-developing technological capabilities, nonetheless continued on in service well into the twentieth century.
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1207:
986:
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814:
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was an achievement brought about by the energy needs of two visionary industrialists, the politically connected
474:
would supply and transport the majority of Anthracite needed by northern industries in the early North American
5216:
1590:
1338:
235:
made a passing reference (in a report on fur trading) to improving the natural waterways of western New York.
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operations (first uses in 1821) and the LC&N's success so by 1823 were seeking investors for the
1038:
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called it "a little short of madness" and rejected it; however, Hawley interested New York Governor
3439:
1714:
1308:, already seeing an uptick in commerce from the parts of the Erie Canal then opened to operations.
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used by science, technology, and industry historians. Various parts of the world have had various
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1585:: Center for Canal History and Technology, Hugh Moore Historical Park and Museum. pp. 4–5.
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The lower Lehigh Canal improvements were initially designed and engineered by LC&N founder
681:
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to the north. The Mohawk and Hudson valleys form the only cut across the Appalachians north of
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603:
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301:, Hawley began pressing for the construction of a canal along the 90-mile (140 km)-long
124:
819:
Inspired in part by the news of the Erie's technological achievements, the privately funded
1700:. Philadelphia: Ancestry.com, Transcribed from the original in April 2004 by Shirley Kuntz.
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and the eventual Beaver Meadows mines, and then attempted to transport the coal down the
960:
921:
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781:, begun in 1815 after a decade of debate and contemplation was a bid to join the port of
1719:
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835:, founding towns, mines, and building economically productive mining and transportation
348:, and was the only water route connecting the Susquehanna and Delaware Rivers above the
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127:, 400 miles (640 km) inland, running over 1,500 miles (2,400 km) long as a
114:
59:
47:
1729:
947:
The Lehigh Navigation & Coal Company sits astride the history of the 1820-1880s
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was achieving early acceptance and the skepticism was waning the drain of building
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into a navigable link to the west, sinking substantial energy and capital into the
67:
1395: • Plains of Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi (around the bottom),
1461:
371:
362:
306:
260:
173:
5222:
Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
1697:
The History of the Counties of Lehigh & Carbon, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
562:
1402:
1398:
1289:
1276:
1163:
1159:
1132:
1018:
998:
893:
836:
824:
713:
650:
535:
420:
407:
in March 1818, founded by two disgruntled formerly enthusiastic backers of the
349:
242:
5232:
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
570:
450:
The second coal road and canal system was inspired by LC&N's success. The
5190:
1551:. New Haven, Toronto, London: Yale University Press and two others. pp.
1513:
1481:, creating what later advertising would call the level water route westwards.
1431:
1305:
1058:
913:
905:
782:
615:
321:
256:
196:
128:
43:
1150:
Travel from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh in the 1820s would take 3-4 weeks by
458:. The LC&N operation was aimed at supplying the country's premier city,
211:
4624:
1478:
1471:
1465:
1044:
1014:
1002:
994:
978:
917:
861:
857:
828:
820:
619:
591:
587:
583:
459:
440:
416:
412:
333:
302:
277:
246:
216:
119:
71:
3020:
1675:
The Artificial River: The Erie Canal and the Paradox of Progress 1817-1862
1649:
The Artificial River: The Erie Canal and the Paradox of Progress 1817-1862
3999:
1512:
to the Army Corps of Engineers, everyone had grandiose plans to tame the
1092:
1010:
889:
786:
627:
607:
542:
280:. The proposal drew attention and some action but was never implemented.
160:
55:
35:
2387:
1693:
54:
in Denmark (later Germany) (1784) spurred on what was called in Britain
1293:
1234:
1210:
is mentioned repeatedly in various 19th century and early 20th century
1151:
1070:
1049:
909:
877:
844:
778:
702:
554:
531:
395:
140:
107:
51:
1548:
The Paths of Inland Commerce: A Chronicle of Trail, Road, and Waterway
384:
Archer B. Hurlbert (1920), Chapter III:, The Paths of Inland Commerce
136:
95:
1545:. In Johnson, Allen; Jeffreys, Charles W.; Lomer, Gerhard R. (eds.).
1474:
1414:
1393:
The five east-west crossings of the Appalachians are South to North:
1304:. The D&H project was devised to ship Anthracite to fuel starved
1222:
973:
With the discovery of large surface deposits of anthracite coal, the
673:
623:
599:
145:
5242:
National Register of Historic Places in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania
3469:
192:
5237:
National Register of Historic Places in Carbon County, Pennsylvania
1427:
1410:
1406:
291:
5212:
Canals on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
697:
686:
666:
642:
611:
487:
165:
153:
4681:
4060:
1774:
1600:
1348:
1135:
is listed as an extra expense in the annual reports of LC&N.
839:
from a wilderness in Eastern Pennsylvania south and west of the
754:
Packet boats measuring up to 78 feet (24 m) in length and
62:
in 1762 legislation was passed supporting in the colonial-era
872:
The lower canal (46.5 miles (74.8 km)) was built by the
852:
740:
39:
1577:
Bartholomew, Ann M.; Metz, Lance E.; Kneis, Michael (1989).
1322:
Bartholomew, Ann M.; Metz, Lance E.; Kneis, Michael (1989).
989:
above Mauch Chunk to the Susquehanna River valley passed by
344:, part of the omnibus Pennsylvania legislative package, the
199:, running east and west, cuts a natural pathway between the
1230:
149:
657:
The original canal was 363 miles (584 km) long, from
626:
in the west. Along its course and from these lakes, other
367:
Society for Promoting the Improvement of Inland Navigation
1450:
valley (both of the Ohio & Mississippi river system),
1233:
along the turnpike to the more open country south of the
4626:
US National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
1730:
Historic photos of the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Canal
1275:, which he backed as an interested investor along with
940:. The privately funded canal was joined as part of the
5202:
Aqueducts on the National Register of Historic Places
168:
for easier transport and higher sales, and later the
5227:
Historic American Engineering Record in Pennsylvania
1576:
1321:
1237:. The Turnpike is also mentioned as passing through
789:, just then undergoing rapid settlement as the 1779
4655:
History of the National Register of Historic Places
4034:
History of the National Register of Historic Places
3414:
History of the National Register of Historic Places
2965:
History of the National Register of Historic Places
2422:
History of the National Register of Historic Places
2332:
History of the National Register of Historic Places
1735:
Delaware & Lehigh Canal State Heritage Corridor
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
340:; this would be built between 1782 and 1828 as the
1672:
1646:
916:to the urban markets of the northeast, especially
1694:Alfred Mathews & Ausin N. Hungerford (1884).
606:, separating them from the geologically distinct
411:which was chartered in 1812 but like the earlier
5188:
3471:National Register of Historic Places in Michigan
1559:
574:Stacked rock detail of Lock 28's lock wall near
263:from 1785 until his death fourteen years later.
614:, allowing an almost complete water route from
184:, and relatively deep into the coastal states.
1103:Delaware and Lehigh National Heritage Corridor
831:, who together built the Lehigh Canal and the
793:had brushed aside the Iroquois and opened the
4610:
3985:
3455:
3006:
2373:
1760:
1720:The Canal Age, History of transport 1760-1840
1367:
1292:'s coal road were inspired by both the early
772:
392:Schuylkill and Susquehanna Navigation Company
52:Eiderkanal (superseded by today's Kiel Canal)
1363:
1361:
294:trying to ship grain to the coast. While in
113:From the first days of the expansion of the
4584:National Register of Historic Places Portal
1626:(Booklet). New York State Canal Corporation
1534:
1288:The Philadelphia brothers spearheading the
510:
320:The first legislation supporting canals in
245:were early proponents of a canal along the
81:
4617:
4603:
4569:
3992:
3978:
3462:
3448:
3013:
2999:
2380:
2366:
1767:
1753:
1300:, which included as an integral part, the
4001:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
3022:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
2389:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
1358:
928:, but supported new growth industries in
255:led a partly enduring effort to turn the
1725:National Canal Museum: Lehigh Navigation
1612:
1610:
1540:
1516:. Fortunately for us, they all failed".
1460:Valley in central Pennsylvania with the
1387:
712:
696:
569:
561:
553:
541:
526:
514:
210:
191:
159:The principal exportable product of the
94:
1715:Canal & River Trust's Canal history
1670:
1644:
1504:Joel Achenbach, "America's River; From
1271:and the main coal port on the eventual
1024:
324:was passed in 1762 in the colonial-era
50:in Britain (fully completed 1769), and
14:
5189:
1620:The Story of the New York State Canals
811:Summit Hill & Mauch Chunk Railroad
372:Western Inland Lock Navigation Company
270:superseded the Potomac Canal in 1823.
4598:
3973:
3443:
2994:
2361:
1748:
1666:
1664:
1616:
1607:
954:
680:, necessitating the building of five
566:Image of the gate entrance of Lock 28
5128:Native American archaeological sites
1776:National Register of Historic Places
1302:Delaware and Hudson Gravity Railroad
1035:Lehigh Coal & Navigation Company
969:Lehigh Coal & Navigation Company
886:Lehigh Coal & Navigation Company
874:Lehigh Coal & Navigation Company
833:Lehigh Coal & Navigation Company
807:Lehigh Coal & Navigation Company
456:Delaware and Hudson Gravity Railroad
445:Summit Hill and Mauch Chunk Railroad
433:Lehigh Coal & Navigation Company
5257:Transportation in the United States
1048:another., but by late 1822 just as
800:
403:state to give rights-of-way to the
24:
1661:
1492:"Railroad Travel Rates, 1800–1930"
1470: • and lastly, the
1263:obtained from samples from up the
405:Lehigh Navigation and Coal Company
25:
5268:
1708:
5170:
5161:
5160:
4680:
4673:
4578:
4568:
4559:
4558:
4059:
4052:
3954:Properties of religious function
3907:
3900:
3374:
3367:
2447:
2440:
2246:
2239:
187:
1687:
1638:
1282:
1252:
1201:
1191:
1125:
815:Lehigh and Susquehanna Railroad
5252:Transportation in Pennsylvania
5197:Aqueducts in the United States
1525:
1498:
1484:
1368:James E. Held (July 1, 1998).
1182:
1173:
1144:
1074:at Mauch Chunk in present-day
896:basin, connecting present-day
876:as a coal road to service the
847:creating folded ridges of the
13:
1:
5123:European archaeological sites
3939:Michigan State Historic Sites
2309:Cuyahoga Valley National Park
1315:
849:Ridge and Valley Appalachians
328:to improve navigation on the
100:
90:
66:to improve navigation on the
4535:National Historic Landmarks
1679:. Hill & Wang. pp.
1653:. Hill & Wang. pp.
1541:Hurlbert, Archer B. (1920).
1477:and valley tributary of the
1258:Josiah White, a foundry and
1131:The delay in completing the
1088:Canals of the United Kingdom
708:
7:
5143:National Historic Landmarks
3949:National Historic Landmarks
3391:National Historic Landmarks
2947:National Historic Landmarks
2314:National Historic Landmarks
1543:"The Mastery of the Rivers"
1081:
1009:during the blockade of the
10:
5273:
1579:Delaware and Lehigh Canals
1325:DELAWARE and LEHIGH CANALS
1168:Allegheny Portage Railroad
1028:
958:
804:
773:The Lehigh and Erie Canals
672:Its construction, through
598:channel just north of the
558:Remains of Lock 25 in 2006
546:The canal passing through
538:to determine tolls in 1873
5156:
5115:
5052:
4689:
4671:
4632:
4554:
4523:
4403:
4068:
4050:
4011:
3916:
3898:
3477:
3404:
3383:
3365:
3032:
2955:
2934:
2456:
2438:
2399:
2322:
2296:
2255:
2237:
1786:
1440:Brownsville, Pennsylvania
1298:Delaware and Hudson Canal
1039:Lehigh Navigation Company
983:Summit Hill, Pennsylvania
942:Pennsylvania Canal System
452:Delaware and Hudson Canal
346:Main Line of Public Works
305:valley with support from
268:Chesapeake and Ohio Canal
4288:Richmond (Staten Island)
1430:/Northern Virginia with
1267:valley near present-day
1118:
1108:List of canals in France
1054:sacrificial 'Coal Arks'
975:Lehigh Coal Mine Company
965:Lehigh Coal Mine Company
912:gathered to the central
898:Jim Thorpe, Pennsylvania
856:(116 km) along the
851:. Not a true canal, the
701:Profile of the original
511:Engineering requirements
377:Lehigh Coal Mine Company
326:Province of Pennsylvania
82:North American canal age
64:Province of Pennsylvania
2706:Marion: Center Township
1671:Sheriff, Carol (1996).
1645:Sheriff, Carol (1996).
1617:Finch, Roy G. (1998) .
1522:, May 5, 2002; p. W.12.
1269:Pottstown, Pennsylvania
1098:Changzhou Ancient Canal
1001:and on to the docks in
505:(journal, July 1, 1998)
466:Together, they and the
5207:Canals in Pennsylvania
4645:Keeper of the Register
4024:Keeper of the Register
3409:Keeper of the Register
2960:Keeper of the Register
2412:Keeper of the Register
2327:Keeper of the Register
1464:valley (and again the
1452: • the
1419: • the
1397: • the
827:and his older partner
785:to the promise of the
722:
705:
579:
567:
559:
551:
539:
524:
508:
387:
228:
215:The aqueduct over the
208:
110:
5217:Canals opened in 1829
4660:National Park Service
4640:Contributing property
4544:Outside New York City
4039:National Park Service
4019:Contributing property
3429:Contributing property
2980:Contributing property
2427:National Park Service
2407:Contributing property
2347:Contributing property
1454:gaps of the Allegheny
1029:Further information:
959:Further information:
949:Industrial Revolution
930:Bristol, Pennsylvania
716:
700:
604:Appalachian Mountains
586:, a tributary of the
573:
565:
557:
545:
530:
518:
493:
476:Industrial Revolution
437:vertically integrated
354:
214:
203:to the south and the
195:
125:Appalachian Mountains
98:
27:Era of canal-building
4228:New York (Manhattan)
3279:St. John the Baptist
1740:Lehigh Canal History
1583:Easton, Pennsylvania
1436:Western Pennsylvania
1331:Easton, Pennsylvania
1113:List of Roman canals
1025:Initial construction
926:Wilmington, Delaware
717:Canal operations in
519:Loading coal at the
311:Holland Land Company
205:Adirondack Mountains
5247:Navigable aqueducts
4531:Bridges and tunnels
3396:Bridges and Tunnels
1519:The Washington Post
1239:Penn Haven Junction
1031:Lehigh Coal Company
961:Lehigh Coal Company
922:Trenton, New Jersey
795:Northwest Territory
791:Sullivan Expedition
290:. However, he went
225:navigable aqueducts
3929:Historic districts
1448:Youghiogheny River
1421:Cumberland Narrows
1243:Nesquehoning Creek
1166:technology of the
1063:designing engineer
955:Lower Lehigh Canal
725:Canal boats up to
723:
719:Lockport, New York
706:
678:Niagara Escarpment
580:
568:
560:
552:
540:
525:
274:Christopher Colles
233:Cadwallader Colden
229:
209:
201:Catskill Mountains
111:
46:in France (1681),
18:American Canal Age
5184:
5183:
4650:Historic district
4592:
4591:
4029:Historic district
3967:
3966:
3437:
3436:
3424:Historic district
2988:
2987:
2975:Historic district
2417:Historic district
2355:
2354:
2342:Historic district
1458:Susquehanna River
1444:Monongahela River
1156:Allegheny heights
981:near present-day
853:Lehigh navigation
661:on the Hudson to
596:glacial meltwater
375:in 1792, and the
338:Tulpehocken Creek
253:George Washington
239:Gouverneur Morris
227:on the Erie Canal
223:, one of 32
221:Rexford, New York
170:Whiskey Rebellion
60:Thirteen Colonies
48:Bridgewater Canal
16:(Redirected from
5264:
5174:
5164:
5163:
4684:
4677:
4676:
4619:
4612:
4605:
4596:
4595:
4582:
4572:
4571:
4562:
4561:
4193:Kings (Brooklyn)
4063:
4056:
4055:
3994:
3987:
3980:
3971:
3970:
3959:Railway stations
3911:
3910:
3904:
3903:
3464:
3457:
3450:
3441:
3440:
3378:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3344:West Baton Rouge
3124:East Baton Rouge
3015:
3008:
3001:
2992:
2991:
2451:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2382:
2375:
2368:
2359:
2358:
2250:
2249:
2243:
2242:
1769:
1762:
1755:
1746:
1745:
1702:
1701:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1678:
1668:
1659:
1658:
1652:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1625:
1614:
1605:
1604:
1581:(1st ed.).
1574:
1557:
1556:
1538:
1532:
1529:
1523:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1488:
1482:
1428:Western Maryland
1423:pass connecting
1401:pass connecting
1391:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1365:
1352:
1309:
1286:
1280:
1273:Schuylkill Canal
1265:Schuylkill River
1256:
1250:
1205:
1199:
1195:
1189:
1186:
1180:
1177:
1171:
1148:
1136:
1129:
801:The Lehigh Canal
767:
766:
762:
759:
738:
737:
733:
730:
647:Thomas Jefferson
632:Eastern seaboard
618:in the south to
506:
472:Reading Railroad
468:Schuylkill Canal
409:Schuylkill Canal
385:
330:Schuylkill River
288:Eastern seaboard
133:just five places
115:British colonies
105:
102:
68:Schuylkill River
21:
5272:
5271:
5267:
5266:
5265:
5263:
5262:
5261:
5187:
5186:
5185:
5180:
5152:
5111:
5048:
4690:Lists by county
4685:
4679:
4678:
4674:
4669:
4628:
4623:
4593:
4588:
4550:
4519:
4471:Above 110th St.
4405:
4399:
4070:
4064:
4058:
4057:
4053:
4048:
4007:
3998:
3968:
3963:
3912:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3901:
3896:
3478:Lists by county
3473:
3468:
3438:
3433:
3400:
3379:
3375:
3373:
3372:
3368:
3363:
3174:Jefferson Davis
3035:
3028:
3019:
2989:
2984:
2951:
2930:
2458:
2452:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2436:
2395:
2386:
2356:
2351:
2318:
2292:
2251:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2235:
1788:
1782:
1773:
1711:
1706:
1705:
1692:
1688:
1669:
1662:
1643:
1639:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1615:
1608:
1593:
1575:
1560:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1503:
1499:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1469:
1462:Allegheny River
1456:connecting the
1451:
1418:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1378:
1376:
1370:"The Canal Age"
1366:
1359:
1341:
1318:
1313:
1312:
1287:
1283:
1257:
1253:
1206:
1202:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1160:inclined planes
1149:
1145:
1140:
1139:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1084:
1041:
1027:
971:
957:
868:The Lower Canal
817:
805:Main articles:
803:
797:to settlement.
775:
764:
760:
757:
755:
735:
731:
728:
726:
711:
513:
507:
501:James E. Held,
500:
386:
383:
363:Potomac Company
309:(agent for the
307:Joseph Ellicott
299:debtors' prison
261:Patowmack Canal
190:
103:
93:
84:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5270:
5260:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5182:
5181:
5179:
5178:
5168:
5157:
5154:
5153:
5151:
5150:
5140:
5130:
5125:
5119:
5117:
5113:
5112:
5110:
5109:
5108:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5067:
5062:
5056:
5054:
5050:
5049:
5047:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4954:Northumberland
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4785:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4693:
4691:
4687:
4686:
4672:
4670:
4668:
4667:
4665:Property types
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4636:
4634:
4630:
4629:
4622:
4621:
4614:
4607:
4599:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4586:
4576:
4566:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4549:
4548:
4547:
4546:
4541:
4533:
4527:
4525:
4521:
4520:
4518:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4481:
4480:
4479:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4466:59th–110th St.
4463:
4458:
4456:Below 14th St.
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4427:New York City
4425:
4420:
4415:
4409:
4407:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4386:
4385:
4380:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
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3354:West Feliciana
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1709:External links
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1399:Cumberland Gap
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1290:Wyoming Valley
1281:
1277:Erskine Hazard
1251:
1227:Beaver Meadows
1218:Luzerne County
1200:
1190:
1181:
1172:
1164:cable railroad
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1133:Delaware Canal
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1019:Erskine Hazard
999:Delaware River
991:Beaver Meadows
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894:Delaware River
880:demand of the
870:
869:
837:infrastructure
825:Erskine Hazard
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651:DeWitt Clinton
600:Catskill range
594:and runs in a
523:chutes in 1873
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421:Erskine Hazard
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350:Chesapeake Bay
243:Elkanah Watson
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2539:
2537:
2534:
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2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
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2489:
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2479:
2477:
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2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
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2455:
2433:
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2415:
2413:
2410:
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2405:
2404:
2402:
2398:
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2383:
2378:
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2360:
2348:
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2328:
2325:
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2307:
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2299:
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2289:
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2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2256:Lists by city
2254:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
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1793:
1791:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1770:
1765:
1763:
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1699:
1698:
1690:
1682:
1677:
1676:
1667:
1665:
1656:
1651:
1650:
1641:
1630:September 25,
1622:
1621:
1613:
1611:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
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1537:
1528:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1501:
1493:
1487:
1480:
1476:
1473:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1432:West Virginia
1429:
1426:
1422:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1390:
1375:
1371:
1364:
1362:
1357:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1319:
1307:
1306:New York City
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1285:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1255:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1214:Carbon County
1212:Histories of
1209:
1204:
1194:
1185:
1176:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1147:
1143:
1134:
1128:
1124:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1079:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1059:Canvass White
1055:
1051:
1046:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1006:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
970:
966:
962:
952:
950:
945:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
914:Lehigh Valley
911:
907:
906:Lehigh Valley
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
882:Eastern coast
879:
875:
867:
866:
865:
863:
859:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
816:
812:
808:
798:
796:
792:
788:
784:
783:New York City
780:
770:
752:
748:
746:
742:
720:
715:
704:
699:
695:
692:
688:
683:
679:
675:
670:
668:
664:
660:
655:
652:
648:
644:
640:
635:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
616:New York City
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
590:, rises near
589:
585:
577:
572:
564:
556:
549:
544:
537:
533:
529:
522:
517:
504:
497:
492:
489:
483:
479:
477:
473:
469:
461:
457:
453:
449:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
429:
428:
424:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
401:
398:was begun in
397:
393:
380:
378:
374:
373:
369:in 1791, the
368:
365:in 1785, the
364:
358:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
322:North America
318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
279:
275:
271:
269:
264:
262:
258:
257:Potomac River
254:
250:
248:
244:
240:
236:
234:
226:
222:
218:
213:
206:
202:
198:
197:Mohawk Valley
194:
188:Early history
185:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
162:
157:
155:
152:; 4 weeks to
151:
147:
142:
138:
134:
130:
129:barrier range
126:
121:
116:
109:
97:
88:
79:
75:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
56:"canal mania"
53:
49:
45:
44:Canal du Midi
41:
37:
33:
19:
5147:Philadelphia
5070:Philadelphia
5034:Westmoreland
4964:Philadelphia
4495:Poughkeepsie
4423:New Rochelle
4323:St. Lawrence
3825:Presque Isle
3349:West Carroll
3214:Natchitoches
3129:East Carroll
1696:
1689:
1674:
1648:
1640:
1628:. Retrieved
1619:
1578:
1547:
1536:
1527:
1517:
1500:
1486:
1479:Hudson River
1472:Mohawk River
1466:Ohio Country
1389:
1377:. Retrieved
1373:
1326:
1323:
1284:
1254:
1223:toll station
1211:
1203:
1193:
1184:
1175:
1146:
1127:
1061:, a veteran
1053:
1045:Josiah White
1042:
1017:and partner
1015:Josiah White
1007:
1003:Philadelphia
995:Lehigh River
979:Pisgah Ridge
974:
972:
946:
918:Philadelphia
871:
862:Pennsylvania
858:Lehigh River
829:Josiah White
821:Lehigh Canal
818:
776:
753:
749:
744:
724:
671:
656:
636:
620:Lake Ontario
592:Lake Ontario
588:Hudson River
584:Mohawk River
581:
502:
494:
484:
480:
465:
460:Philadelphia
441:Lehigh Canal
425:
419:and partner
417:Josiah White
413:Lehigh River
388:
370:
359:
355:
334:Philadelphia
319:
303:Mohawk River
284:Jesse Hawley
282:
278:Lake Ontario
272:
265:
251:
247:Mohawk River
237:
230:
217:Mohawk River
207:to the north
182:Pennsylvania
158:
132:
120:muscle power
112:
85:
76:
72:Philadelphia
31:
29:
5176:NRHP portal
5116:Other lists
5075:Center City
4999:Susquehanna
4949:Northampton
4524:Other lists
4373:Westchester
4303:Schenectady
4098:Cattaraugus
3917:Other lists
3845:Schoolcraft
3775:Montmorency
3384:Other lists
3299:St. Tammany
3264:St. Charles
3259:St. Bernard
3229:Plaquemines
2935:Other lists
2876:Vanderburgh
2856:Switzerland
2476:Bartholomew
2297:Other lists
1374:Archaeology
1327:, 158 pages
1093:Canal Mania
1011:War of 1812
890:Coal Region
860:in eastern
787:Great Lakes
741:canal boats
628:Great Lakes
608:Adirondacks
576:White Haven
521:Mauch Chunk
342:Union Canal
296:Canandaigua
161:Ohio Valley
141:wagon roads
137:mule trains
106:map of the
104: 1840
36:term of art
5191:Categories
5060:Pittsburgh
5024:Washington
4979:Schuylkill
4939:Montgomery
4884:Lackawanna
4864:Huntingdon
4814:Cumberland
4794:Clearfield
4363:Washington
4283:Rensselaer
4218:Montgomery
4203:Livingston
4108:Chautauqua
3860:St. Joseph
3850:Shiawassee
3711:Livingston
3555:Charlevoix
3334:Washington
3314:Terrebonne
3304:Tangipahoa
3289:St. Martin
3284:St. Landry
3269:St. Helena
3199:Livingston
3139:Evangeline
3069:Beauregard
3059:Assumption
2906:Washington
2881:Vermillion
2861:Tippecanoe
2821:St. Joseph
2736:Montgomery
2636:Huntington
2268:Cincinnati
2211:Washington
2186:Tuscarawas
2076:Montgomery
1866:Columbiana
1592:0930973097
1506:Washington
1425:Cumberland
1405:/Southern
1340:0930973097
1316:References
1294:Erie Canal
1235:Lehigh Gap
1231:mule train
1152:wagon road
1076:Jim Thorpe
1071:Erie Canal
1050:anthracite
910:anthracite
878:anthracite
845:anthracite
779:Erie Canal
703:Erie Canal
532:Weigh lock
503:Archeology
396:Erie Canal
108:Erie Canal
91:Background
5100:Southwest
5090:Northwest
5085:Northeast
5065:Lancaster
4889:Lancaster
4874:Jefferson
4707:Armstrong
4702:Allegheny
4505:Rochester
4500:Rhinebeck
4490:Peekskill
4451:Manhattan
4308:Schoharie
4188:Jefferson
4071:by county
3875:Washtenaw
3870:Van Buren
3855:St. Clair
3830:Roscommon
3802:Ontonagon
3761:Missaukee
3751:Menominee
3736:Marquette
3673:Kalamazoo
3628:Hillsdale
3590:Dickinson
3560:Cheboygan
3324:Vermilion
3274:St. James
3244:Red River
3209:Morehouse
3189:Lafourche
3184:Lafayette
3169:Jefferson
3159:Iberville
3114:Concordia
3109:Claiborne
3104:Catahoula
3089:Calcasieu
3074:Bienville
3064:Avoyelles
3054:Ascension
3036:by parish
3026:Louisiana
2676:Kosciusko
2656:Jefferson
2621:Hendricks
2486:Blackford
2459:by county
2273:Cleveland
2091:Muskingum
1996:Jefferson
1906:Fairfield
1871:Coshocton
1846:Champaign
1811:Ashtabula
1789:by county
1510:Jefferson
1475:water gap
1415:Tennessee
1279:ca. 1814.
1260:wire mill
1179:In 1823
938:Bethlehem
934:Allentown
709:Operation
691:aqueducts
674:limestone
624:Lake Erie
548:Bethlehem
146:Cleveland
58:. In the
32:Canal Age
5166:Category
4994:Sullivan
4989:Somerset
4914:Lycoming
4894:Lawrence
4849:Franklin
4824:Delaware
4809:Crawford
4804:Columbia
4732:Bradford
4564:Category
4510:Syracuse
4436:Brooklyn
4383:Southern
4378:Northern
4348:Tompkins
4338:Sullivan
4313:Schuyler
4298:Saratoga
4293:Rockland
4243:Onondaga
4183:Herkimer
4178:Hamilton
4158:Franklin
4143:Dutchess
4138:Delaware
4133:Cortland
4128:Columbia
4118:Chenango
4083:Allegany
4005:New York
3943:listings
3779:Muskegon
3771:Montcalm
3731:Manistee
3721:Mackinac
3701:Leelanau
3686:Keweenaw
3677:Kalkaska
3663:Isabella
3633:Houghton
3580:Crawford
3565:Chippewa
3294:St. Mary
3249:Richland
3224:Ouachita
3179:La Salle
3144:Franklin
3094:Caldwell
2851:Sullivan
2806:Randolph
2716:Marshall
2696:Lawrence
2681:LaGrange
2661:Jennings
2616:Harrison
2606:Hamilton
2581:Franklin
2576:Fountain
2551:Delaware
2536:Dearborn
2526:Crawford
2288:Sandusky
2278:Columbus
2221:Williams
2196:Van Wert
2181:Trumbull
2151:Sandusky
2141:Richland
2116:Pickaway
2106:Paulding
2041:Mahoning
2011:Lawrence
1971:Highland
1961:Harrison
1946:Hamilton
1941:Guernsey
1916:Franklin
1896:Delaware
1891:Defiance
1881:Cuyahoga
1876:Crawford
1856:Clermont
1821:Auglaize
1601:89-25150
1442:and the
1411:Kentucky
1407:Virginia
1379:June 12,
1349:89-25150
1247:Hazleton
1208:Lausanne
1158:via the
1082:See also
1067:New York
987:Lausanne
643:viaducts
639:cuttings
499:—
400:New York
382:—
332:through
292:bankrupt
178:Maryland
174:Virginia
70:through
5137:covered
5133:Bridges
5039:Wyoming
5014:Venango
4944:Montour
4929:Mifflin
4909:Luzerne
4899:Lebanon
4879:Juniata
4869:Indiana
4839:Fayette
4819:Dauphin
4799:Clinton
4789:Clarion
4767:Chester
4752:Cameron
4747:Cambria
4717:Bedford
4515:Yonkers
4418:Buffalo
4406:by city
4390:Wyoming
4333:Suffolk
4328:Steuben
4258:Orleans
4248:Ontario
4233:Niagara
4208:Madison
4168:Genesee
4123:Clinton
4113:Chemung
3924:Bridges
3892:Wexford
3885:Detroit
3865:Tuscola
3840:Sanilac
3835:Saginaw
3806:Osceola
3789:Oakland
3784:Newaygo
3756:Midland
3746:Mecosta
3706:Lenawee
3668:Jackson
3623:Gratiot
3613:Gogebic
3609:Gladwin
3605:Genesee
3575:Clinton
3545:Calhoun
3535:Berrien
3495:Allegan
3339:Webster
3239:Rapides
3219:Orleans
3204:Madison
3194:Lincoln
3164:Jackson
3099:Cameron
3079:Bossier
2942:Bridges
2926:Whitley
2901:Warrick
2846:Steuben
2836:Spencer
2796:Pulaski
2701:Madison
2691:LaPorte
2666:Johnson
2641:Jackson
2611:Hancock
2566:Fayette
2561:Elkhart
2541:Decatur
2531:Daviess
2521:Clinton
2501:Carroll
2393:Indiana
2304:Bridges
2231:Wyandot
2126:Portage
2036:Madison
2016:Licking
1991:Jackson
1976:Hocking
1951:Hancock
1911:Fayette
1861:Clinton
1841:Carroll
1826:Belmont
1806:Ashland
1514:Potomac
1446:or the
997:to the
904:in the
892:to the
843:in the
841:Poconos
763:⁄
734:⁄
721:in 1839
667:towpath
663:Buffalo
612:Alabama
602:of the
578:in 2008
550:in 1907
488:freshet
315:Batavia
166:whiskey
154:Detroit
5019:Warren
4984:Snyder
4974:Potter
4934:Monroe
4924:Mercer
4919:McKean
4904:Lehigh
4859:Greene
4854:Fulton
4844:Forest
4762:Centre
4757:Carbon
4742:Butler
4712:Beaver
4633:Topics
4441:Queens
4413:Albany
4358:Warren
4353:Ulster
4318:Seneca
4278:Queens
4273:Putnam
4268:Otsego
4263:Oswego
4253:Orange
4238:Oneida
4223:Nassau
4213:Monroe
4173:Greene
4163:Fulton
4103:Cayuga
4093:Broome
4078:Albany
4012:Topics
3934:Houses
3820:Ottawa
3815:Otsego
3810:Oscoda
3798:Ogemaw
3794:Oceana
3766:Monroe
3726:Macomb
3696:Lapeer
3643:Ingham
3540:Branch
3530:Benzie
3515:Baraga
3510:Arenac
3505:Antrim
3500:Alpena
3485:Alcona
3329:Vernon
3309:Tensas
3254:Sabine
3154:Iberia
3119:DeSoto
3044:Acadia
2896:Warren
2891:Wabash
2866:Tipton
2841:Starke
2831:Shelby
2811:Ripley
2801:Putnam
2786:Porter
2761:Orange
2746:Newton
2741:Morgan
2731:Monroe
2721:Martin
2646:Jasper
2631:Howard
2601:Greene
2591:Gibson
2586:Fulton
2556:Dubois
2546:DeKalb
2481:Benton
2400:Topics
2283:Dayton
2206:Warren
2201:Vinton
2176:Summit
2166:Shelby
2161:Seneca
2156:Scioto
2136:Putnam
2131:Preble
2101:Ottawa
2086:Morrow
2081:Morgan
2071:Monroe
2061:Mercer
2051:Medina
2046:Marion
2026:Lorain
1981:Holmes
1956:Hardin
1936:Greene
1931:Geauga
1926:Gallia
1921:Fulton
1836:Butler
1816:Athens
1599:
1589:
1347:
1337:
1037:, and
967:, and
924:, and
902:Easton
813:, and
745:HO-gee
687:masons
659:Albany
536:scales
135:where
5095:South
5080:North
5029:Wayne
5009:Union
5004:Tioga
4959:Perry
4782:South
4777:North
4737:Bucks
4727:Blair
4722:Berks
4697:Adams
4431:Bronx
4404:Lists
4395:Yates
4368:Wayne
4343:Tioga
4198:Lewis
4153:Essex
4088:Bronx
4069:Lists
3880:Wayne
3741:Mason
3653:Iosco
3648:Ionia
3638:Huron
3600:Emmet
3595:Eaton
3585:Delta
3570:Clare
3520:Barry
3490:Alger
3319:Union
3149:Grant
3084:Caddo
3049:Allen
3034:Lists
2921:White
2916:Wells
2911:Wayne
2871:Union
2826:Scott
2791:Posey
2776:Perry
2771:Parke
2751:Noble
2726:Miami
2626:Henry
2596:Grant
2571:Floyd
2511:Clark
2496:Brown
2491:Boone
2471:Allen
2466:Adams
2457:Lists
2263:Akron
2216:Wayne
2191:Union
2171:Stark
2111:Perry
2096:Noble
2066:Miami
2056:Meigs
2031:Lucas
2021:Logan
1986:Huron
1966:Henry
1886:Darke
1851:Clark
1831:Brown
1801:Allen
1796:Adams
1787:Lists
1624:(PDF)
1409:with
1221:as a
1119:Notes
682:locks
534:with
435:used
131:with
40:canal
34:is a
5105:West
5044:York
4969:Pike
4834:Erie
4772:East
4574:List
4148:Erie
3716:Luce
3691:Lake
3681:Kent
3658:Iron
3550:Cass
3359:Winn
2886:Vigo
2816:Rush
2781:Pike
2766:Owen
2756:Ohio
2686:Lake
2671:Knox
2516:Clay
2506:Cass
2226:Wood
2146:Ross
2121:Pike
2006:Lake
2001:Knox
1901:Erie
1780:Ohio
1632:2012
1597:LCCN
1587:ISBN
1508:and
1438:via
1434:and
1381:2016
1345:LCCN
1335:ISBN
1216:and
1162:and
936:and
641:and
622:and
582:The
454:and
431:The
241:and
150:Ohio
30:The
4829:Elk
4003:in
3525:Bay
3024:in
2651:Jay
2391:in
1778:in
1553:211
1069:'s
1065:of
900:to
313:in
219:in
139:or
5193::
1681:59
1663:^
1655:54
1609:^
1595:.
1561:^
1468:),
1372:.
1360:^
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963:,
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920:,
864:.
809:,
756:14
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180:,
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156:.
148:,
101:c.
99:A
74:.
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4618:e
4611:t
4604:v
3993:e
3986:t
3979:v
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3941:(
3463:e
3456:t
3449:v
3014:e
3007:t
3000:v
2381:e
2374:t
2367:v
1768:e
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1754:v
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765:2
761:1
758:+
736:2
732:1
729:+
727:3
470:-
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20:)
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