Canal du Midi - Knowledge

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ce canal, car il avoit ouy dire que j'en avoit faict une estude particulière, je luy dis ce que j'en savois et luy promis de l'aller voir à Castres à mon retour de Perpinian, et de le mener sur les lieux pour lui en fere voir la possibilité. Je l'ay fait, et ledit seigneur en compagnie de Monsieur l'évesque de Saint-papoul et de plusieurs autres personnes de condition a esté visiter toutes choses qui s'estant trouvées comme je les avois dites, ledit seigneur archevesque m'a chargé d'en dresser une rellation et de vous l'envoyer, elle est icy incluse mais en assez mauvais ordre, car, n'entendant ni grec ni latin et à peyne sachant parler françois, il ne m'est possible que je m'explique sans bégayer ; aussi ce que j'entreprens est par ordre et pour obéyr et non-pas de mon mouvement propre. Touttesfoix Monseigneur s'il vous plaic de vous donner la peine de lire ma rellation vous jugerés qu'il est vray que ce canal est faisable, qu'il est à la vérité difficille à cauze du coust mais que regardant le bien qui doibt en arriver l'on doibt fere peu de concidération de la despence. Le feu roy henry quatriesme ayeul de notre Monarque désira passionnement de fere cet ouvrage, feu Monsieur le Cardinal de Joyeuse avoit commansé d'y fere travailler et feu Monsieur le Cardinal de Richelieu en souhaitoit l'achèvement, l'histoire de France, le recueil des œuvres dudit Cardinal de Joyeuse et plusieurs autres éscrits justiffient cette vérité ; mais jusques à ce jour l'on n'avoit pas pansé aux rivières propres à servir ni sceu trouver de routtes aizées pour ce canal, car celles qu'on s'estoit alors imaginées estoient avec des obstacles insurmontables de rétrogradation de rivières et de machines pour élever les eaux. Aussi je crois que ces difficultés ont tousjours cauzés le dégoût et recullé l'exécution de l'ouvrage mais aujourd'huy Monseigneur, qu'on trouve de routtes aizées et de rivières quy peuvent estre facillement destournées de leur anciens lits et conduites dans ce nouveau canal par pente naturelle et de leur propre inclination, touttes difficultés cesent, excepté celle de trouver un fond pour servir aux frais du travail.

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wished passionately to do this work, the late Cardinal de Joyeuse had started to do some work and Cardinal Richelieu wanted this achievement, in the history of France, the collected works of the said Cardinal de Joyeuse and several other writings warrant the truth; but until today, nobody had thought about how the river can be used to find an easy route for the canal, because it had then been imagined that the use of rivers and machines for raising water were insurmountable obstacles. Also, I believe that these difficulties have always caused distaste which has postponed the execution of the work, but today, my lord, there are easy routes and there are rivers that can be easily diverted from their ancient beds and conducted in this new canal by natural and proper inclination, all difficulties cease, except that of finding the funds to be used for the cost of the work.

1631:, where elements of classical hydraulics had been maintained as a living tradition. They were employed at first to move earth to the dam at Saint Ferréol, but their supervisors, who were struggling to design the channels from the dam to the canal, recognized their expertise. Engineering in this period was mainly focused on fortress construction, and hydraulics was concerned mostly with mining and problems of drainage. Building a navigational canal across the continent was well beyond the formal knowledge of the military engineers expected to supervise it, but the peasant women who were carriers of classical hydraulic methods added to the repertoire of available techniques. They not only perfected the water supply system for the canal but also threaded the waterway through the mountains near Béziers, using few locks, and built the eight-lock staircase at Fonserannes. 952:

make this canal, because he had heard that I had done a particular study of it, I told him that I knew him and promised to visit him at Castres on my return from Perpignan, and to guide him around the area to make him see the possibility. I did this and said in the company of the Lord Bishop of Saint-Papoul and several other persons of substance who visited, all of which was found as I had said, the Lord Archbishop was responsible for drawing up a letter and sending it to you, it is included here but in poor order, because, understanding neither Greek nor Latin, and barely able to speak French, it is not possible for me to explain without stuttering, so what I set out to do is by order and for obedience not of my own volition.

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les revenus du Roy d'Espaigne à Cadix en seroit diminués et que ceux de notre Roy augmanteront d'aultant sur les fermes des entrées et sorties des marchandises en ce royaume, oultre les droicts qui se prendront sur ledit canal qui monteront à des sommes immenses, et que les subjects de sa Majesté en general proffiteront de mille nouveaux commerces et tireront de grands avantages de cette navigation, que sy j'aprans que ce dessein vous doibve plaire je vous l'envoyeré avec le nombre des ecluses qu’il conviendra fere et un calcul exact des toises dudit canal, soit en longueur soit en largeur.

2474: 2250: 1878: 7629: 8046: 1556: 933: 1028: 6210: 2369: 8016: 29: 7793: 1845: 8185:. The first outbreaks were detected in 2006 with the number of infected plane trees reaching 83 in 2008 and 153 in 2009. Selective tree-felling campaigns have been conducted to try to stop the spread but with no effect. In addition, there is no effective treatment against the disease. In 2011, 211 places and 1,338 diseased trees have been identified. In 15 to 20 years all 42,000 plane trees of the Canal du Midi will have to be felled and replaced mainly by other species ( 7967: 3560: 3487: 7663:" (Channel of the Plain) connected the upper three reservoirs (Lampy, Cammazes, and Saint-Ferréol) at the seuil de Naurouze. The Rigole de la Montagne measured 24.269 km (15.080 mi) long and has 22 structures between the outlet at Alzeau and the falls of Cammazes. The Rigole de la Plaine measured 38.121 km (23.687 mi) long at 21.45 m (70.4 ft) altitude and included 68 structures between the Crouzet bridge and the seuil de Naurouze. 7483: 6919: 6893: 3964: 598: 1176: 7585: 2918: 1375: 7637: 7450: 7406: 7362: 7340: 7318: 7296: 7252: 7230: 7208: 7186: 7138: 7090: 7049: 7030: 6989: 6967: 6945: 6871: 6780: 6758: 6736: 6670: 6648: 6582: 6538: 6472: 6361: 6139: 6076: 5988: 5944: 5878: 5653: 5564: 5515: 5471: 5448: 5404: 5379: 5272: 5253: 5231: 5050: 5028: 4962: 4874: 4852: 4830: 4808: 4695: 4626: 4582: 4560: 4538: 4494: 4450: 4362: 4318: 4274: 4252: 4208: 4186: 4164: 4139: 4117: 4073: 3916: 3891: 3869: 3847: 3825: 3803: 3762: 3740: 3718: 3696: 3674: 3630: 3608: 3586: 3520: 3494: 3465: 3377: 3355: 3311: 3267: 3223: 3201: 3157: 3113: 3091: 3068: 3046: 3002: 2864: 2842: 2800: 11659: 7476: 7160: 7112: 7008: 6846: 6692: 6604: 6516: 6494: 6428: 6383: 6183: 6161: 6095: 6054: 5925: 5900: 5856: 5834: 5812: 5357: 5116: 5094: 4940: 4918: 4896: 4764: 4742: 4720: 4651: 4604: 4472: 4406: 4384: 4340: 4230: 4095: 3971: 3781: 3652: 3513: 3421: 3135: 2954: 2695: 8095: 8202: 978: 7509: 7428: 7384: 7274: 7071: 6900: 6824: 6802: 6714: 6626: 6560: 6450: 6406: 6334: 6312: 6117: 6032: 6010: 5790: 5768: 5742: 5720: 5698: 5676: 5631: 5609: 5587: 5537: 5493: 5426: 5335: 5313: 5294: 5187: 5160: 5138: 5072: 5006: 4984: 4786: 4673: 4516: 4428: 4296: 3938: 3443: 3399: 3289: 3245: 3179: 3024: 2980: 2886: 2820: 6926: 6242: 5966: 5209: 4003: 3567: 3333: 2728: 1453: 6286: 4047: 2946: 2910: 2774: 7765:. The locks had to be cut from solid rock, and descended a hillside whose gradient varied. All the locks had to contain the same volume of water, but could not have precisely the same shape. Nonetheless, they were built successfully without a need for repair. This amazing piece of engineering was subcontracted out to two illiterate brothers, the Medhailes, and was built by a workforce composed mainly of women. 1338:. Finally, it describes the operating procedures including the introduction of tolls, traffic organization, and ownership of vessels. The king decided to cede the ownership and operation of the facility in a particular order to overcome the potential drawbacks of a work so great. This system ensured the continued maintenance and operation of the canal even if the state's finances are at their lowest. 2599:. However, a report of the General Inspectorate of Architecture and Heritage in 2003 showed that the channel was in very poor condition with many works and infrastructure devaluing its surroundings and suffering from significant housing pressure evidenced by uncontrolled construction, poorly designed facilities that misrepresent the site, and the construction of 590: 7601: 1100: 1890:

to re-dig the canal bed every year for two months. These works are expensive and two months is not always sufficient. Another problem is the invasion of the canal by weeds in the levels and spillways. There is no way to eradicate this scourge. In 1820 dredging was set up to pull up the weeds and the mud layer.

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Several aqueducts were built along the route of the Canal du Midi. They allow the canal to cross rivers that could disrupt the water flow in the canal. In fact, the rivers flowing into the canal cause an overflow of water during flooding and fill the canal with silt. Some aqueducts date from the time

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going to the Mediterranean. This system allows triple access while protecting the canal from river flooding. Similarly, the canal has several multiple locks – i.e. with multiple locks attached to one another. This system saves doors and foundations in areas where the slope is greatest. The best known

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The nominal size of the locks built by Pierre-Paul Riquet was 29.2 m (96 ft) long, 5.8 m (19 ft) wide at the door, 11 m (36 ft) wide in the centre of the lock and an average of 2.5 m (8.2 ft) in height. In the 20th century, many locks were changed and therefore

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but recovery was rapid after the conflict and the traffic reached 110 million km. However, the canal suffered from a size too small for later barges with high tonnage. Rail became more and more competitive and road transport also became a second competitor. The Canal du Midi became the third means of

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The maintenance of the canal was a real problem for the descendants of Riquet. Despite many precautions, the canal silts up with silt from the water supply. In addition, it fills with the branches and leaves of trees. Every winter, a period of closure allows the cleaning of the canal. It is necessary

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In Toulouse, a group of three people form a steering committee: the director general of works, the Receiver General who sets the fees, and the Comptroller General in charge of accounting. Canal management ensures the supply of money to pay for various works and staff hired for the canal. In the 1770s

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in Spain. It was connected to the Canal du Midi by a contoured channel over 25 km (16 mi) long, 3.7 m (12 ft) wide with a base width of 1.5 m (4.9 ft). It was eventually equipped with 14 locks in order to bring building materials for the canal down from the mountains and

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or summit level, where the feeder canal enters. The total rise is 57.18 metres (187.6 ft), and the summit level is at an altitude of 189.43 metres (621.5 ft). This difference in level down to the sea is covered over the remaining distance of 188 kilometres (117 mi) from Naurouze to Les

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Originally the engineer planned and built a third reservoir, the Naurouze, but it was abandoned in 1680 due to its excessive silting. Pierre-Paul Riquet had dreamed of the construction of a new city around this basin that never saw the day. A floodway was quickly dug to drain the Naurouze basin from

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The canal has also provided a supply of drinking water through the water treatment plants at Picotalen (Picotalen I and Picotalen II) since 1973. They are part of the installations installed by the Institution for Interdepartmental Hydraulic Planning of Montagne Noire (IIAHMN) since its inception in

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At its opening the canal was used by a majority of boats for the transport of goods. These vessels were twenty metres long and were hauled by horses or men. The tonnage of vessels increased over the centuries, from 60 tonnes at the beginning to 120 tonnes at the start of the 19th century. The proper

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Channel management was ensured primarily by the descendants of Riquet. This was through the elder son Jean-Mathias who took control of the fief until 1714, then Victor-Pierre-François until 1760, then Victor-Maurice, and finally Jean-Gabriel. The Riquet family quickly put up a pyramidal organisation

1616:. The workforce was made up of farmers and local workers whose number varied from one period to another during the year. Pierre-Paul Riquet appealed to the military to compensate for this fluctuation. He also set up monthly payments of workers for their loyalty. He also offered accommodation for two 1574:

Many of the structures were designed with neoclassical elements to further echo the king's ambitions to make France a New Rome. The Canal du Midi as a grand piece of infrastructural engineering in itself was promoted as worthy of Rome and the political dreams behind it were clarified with plaques in

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The canal was built on a grand scale, with oval shaped locks 30.5 m (100 ft) long, 6 m (20 ft) wide at the gates and 11 m (36 ft) wide in the middle. This design was intended to resist the collapse of the walls that happened early in the project. The oval locks used the

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Ultimately, while the initial budget was six million livres, all the work together would cost between 17 and 18 million livres of the time, 40% was advanced by the King, 40% by the province, and 20% by Riquet himself, who became the owner. His descendants continued to pay two million livres for over

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Vous avez pour cela mille moyens Monseigneur, et je vous en présente encore deux dans un mien memoire cy-joint afin de vous porter plus de considérer que la facilité et l'assurance de cette nouvelle navigation fera que les destroits de Gilbratar cessera d'estre un passage absolument nécessaire, que

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Mais vous excuserez mon entreprise lors que vous saurés que c'est de l'ordre de monseigneur l'archevesque de Tolose que je vous écris. Il y a quelque temps que ledit seigneur me fit l'honneur de venir en ce lieu, soit à cause que je luy suis voisin et omager ou pour savoir de moi les moyens de fere

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built between 1666 and 1671. It served as a stopover halfway between Toulouse and Sète. Cybelle island in the middle of the basin was used to protect the barges from the wind. Carcassonne is today a major tourist stop on the canal and has a port built in 1810 at the time when the city was connected

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provided additional flow to part of the canal. In 1957 the Cammazes dam with a capacity of 20 million cubic metres of water was filled on the Sor which completed and finalized the supply network. This lake provides drinking water to more than 200 communes in the region. Of the 20 million cubic

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in a market and commercial economy and not in the tourism market where the Canal du Midi is located. In addition maintenance costs are higher than in a traditional network because of the age of the canal. Also, the operation of the channel generates low levels of earnings. VNF must try to establish

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railway company, the owner of the Bordeaux-Narbonne railway line. This act had the effect of amplifying the decline in boat traffic on the canal. The company primarily promoted the railway and placed higher freight rates on commercial traffic in the canal. The Canal du Midi had the highest rates of

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forces managers to keep an eye all along the canal to repair leaks and cracks that might open. Today, the channel is subject to the same constraints and managers must perform the same work. They are now mechanized. Approximately 350 employees are made available to the Waterways of France manager by

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were experimental and were not satisfactory. They consisted of rectangular locks with wooden stilts as foundations for the side walls. This form did not properly restrain the lateral material when the lock was empty. They then collapsed on themselves. He redefined the shape of his locks to rounded

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Initially, the canal appears to have been mainly used by small sailing barges with easily lowered masts, bow-hauled by gangs of men. By the middle of the 18th century, horse towing had largely taken over and steam tugs came in 1834 to cross the Étang. By 1838 273 vessels were regularly working the

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The financial and social conditions of employment of the workers were very favourable and unusual for the time. To retain his workforce, Riquet paid his workers well enough. More importantly, he gave benefits never before seen such as non-working rain days, Sundays and public holidays, and finally

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Pierre-Paul Riquet had no technical training and learnt on the job. He regularly practised experiments and field observations. His technique remained highly empirical because at that time applied science and hydraulic techniques through laws or concepts had not been mastered. Even so, Riquet had a

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allowed is 1.50 m (4.9 ft) although regular users advise that even with 1.40 m (4.6 ft) boats will occasionally touch the bottom because of silt deposits in many places. The width on the surface is 20 m (66 ft) on average with variations between 16 m (52 ft)

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Navigation of the channel is open from the third Saturday in March to the first week of November. Outside of this period, navigation can be authorized for individuals who have requested it. The winter period is called the "period of unemployment" and allows the completion of all maintenance work.

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However, my Lord, please take the trouble to read my mail, so that you may truly judge that this canal is feasible, it is truly difficult because of the cost but it can be seen that the good that will come outweighs the consideration of expense. The late King Henry IV, grandfather of our monarch,

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But, you will forgive my enterprise when you know that it is on the order of Monseigneur the Archbishop of Toulouse that I write to you. It was some time ago that the lord did me the honour to come to this place because of the fact that I am his neighbour and servant where to find me the means to

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The mail-barges or "post vehicles" which transported passengers were boats many metres long with a simple shelter on the deck. These boats evolved to become faster and more luxurious with lounges and were very large since the largest could reach 30 metres (98 ft) long. Services inside these

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This time was reduced to 32 hours in 1855 which corresponds to a speed of 11 kilometres per hour (6.8 mph) thanks to the replacement of horses every 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) pulling boats. In addition rather than cross multiple locks travellers were transferred from one vessel to another

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were not willing to fund such a project for fear that their funds would be used for unexpected expenses. So, in exchange for the ownership and operation of the canal, Pierre-Paul Riquet proposed to finance part of the works from his own funds. The rest was to be paid by the State in exchange for

1330:, and its awarding to the designer, Pierre-Paul Riquet, and his descendants. It also gave rights of expropriation to Riquet and describes the possibility of creating mills, warehouses and housing for the operation of the canal. The project formed a tax-exempt "fief" whose owner had the rights of 947:

I wrote you from Perpignan, on the 28th of last month, on the subject of the collection of salt tax in Roussillon and today I am doing the same in this village, but on a subject far removed from that matter there. It is on the design of a canal that could be done in the province of Languedoc for

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Je vous escrivis de Perpinian le XXVIII du mois dernier au subject de la ferme des gabelles du Rouissillhon et aujourd'huy je fais mesme chose de ce village, mais sur un subject bien esloigné de cette matière là. C'est sur celle du dessein d'un canal qui pourroit se faire dans cette province du

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While the canal was once seen as a tool of production, trade, and commerce it is now considered to be architectural and technical heritage as evidenced by the refusal of the mayor of Toulouse, Pierre Baudis, to allow space on the Canal du Midi to be used for an urban expressway. It has not been

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were called "owned barge" or "canal barge" and also plied the route. In 1778 there were about 250 barges. In 1914, there were 126 "owned boats", 70 rented boats, 300 horses, and 75 mules. In the year 1930 motor barges had completely replaced animal traction. They relaunched in part the merchant

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cease to be an absolutely necessary passage, that the income of the king of Spain in Cadiz will be reduced and those of our King will rise especially on farms inputs and outputs of goods in this kingdom, in addition the rights received from the said canal will rise to immense sums, and that His

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Curiously, the canal did not really serve its purpose. The economic and political context hindered the economic development that had been expected. After two hundred years of operation, the canal began to suffer from competition from rail and road. It reached its peak in the middle of the 19th

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carried almost 200 million tonne-kilometres in 1860. Management of the canal was taken over by the State in 1898 who made successive investments to maintain its competitiveness. The state removed taxes and tolls which had the effect of reviving traffic on the canal to which reached 80 million

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Despite a project that seemed precarious, Colbert authorized commencement of work by a royal edict in October 1666 after the approval of a committee of experts that looked at the route of the canal for several months. The project benefited significantly from the appointment of an engineer for

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The period before 1859 corresponded to the canal operating without competition while from 1859 the installation of railways in the south of France began. The effect of rail competition is clearly visible in the table with the halving of freight traffic between 1856 and 1879. The traffic then

1474:, Charles-François d'Anglure de Bourlemont. A first filling of water was made between the seuil de Naurouze and Toulouse during the winter of 1671–1672 and the first boat traffic could begin. In 1673 the section from Naurouze to Trèbes was completed marking the end of the first "enterprise". 1086:

which he completed in 1665 and used to prove that it is possible to bring water to the highest points of the course of the canal. This was the event that reassured the Committee of Experts that the king had set up on site to inspect the choices and plans prepared by Riquet. From that moment

1721:, Gilade, and Contigny. This commission embarked for Beziers on 2 May 1681 and went up the canal back to Toulouse over six days. The filling with water had been done showing a measure of the progress of checks to Castelnaudary (the section Toulouse-Castelnaudary had water since 1672). 1578:

In May 1681 the channel was thoroughly inspected by order of the king to check the work and the water-tightness of the canal. It was then officially opened to navigation on 15 May 1681. At the inauguration of the canal at Toulouse on 15 May, the King's steward and the president of the

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was raised to reach a capacity of 44 million cubic metres. Near the old basin of Naurouze the Naurouze pumping station helps to regulate the water in the Canal du Midi and the lake. An underground pipe, the gallery of Mandore, provides the Naurouze with additional water from the

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and the Pechlaurier culvert. Finally, he reinforced a lot of works and dams originally built by Riquet. This series of works, which lasted until 1694, greatly improved the supply and management of water. Antoine Niquet was responsible for monitoring the canal until 1726.

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then a second in 1598 by Pierre Reneau and finally a third project was proposed by Bernard Aribat de Béziers in 1617. These projects were abandoned because they did not give enough thought to the water supply for the canal and provided a system of diversion of water from

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786 m (2,579 ft) long and 149 m (489 ft) wide consisting of three parallel walls. The channel surrounds the basin and can evacuate any excess water. A museum is located near the outlets and has displays on the history of the construction of the Lake.

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pumps are installed along the canal. This is one of the fundamental roles of the canal and one of the reasons for its maintenance by the State since the end of commercial traffic. The canal can irrigate up to 40,000 hectares (150 sq mi) of agricultural land.

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in the ports on the canal. Nevertheless, to respect the uniformity of the canal development and support efforts for improvement, the Canal du Midi remains under the management of VNF under the tutelage of the State who want to create a monitoring mission like the

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Majesty's subjects in general will benefit from a thousand new businesses and will greatly benefit from this navigation, that if I learn that this plan should please you, I will send to you with the number of locks that need to be done and an exact calculation of

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in Languedoc. In fact, Riquet proposed himself to implement the salt tax and to build the Canal du Midi. Thus, the construction of the canal would permit the creation of a direct passage between the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic without passing through the

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traffic on the canal but commercial and merchant inland water shipping finally disappeared around the late 1980s. The year 1856 was a record year for merchant activity with more than 110 million tonnes-kilometres of cargo and nearly 100,000 passengers carried.

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Nevertheless, maintenance has not been carried out completely because many players are involved: three regions, six departments, and local collective authorities. None wish to bear the cost of restoration and do not always dare to launch development programs.

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was and remains the main water reservoir for the canal with a surface of 67 hectares (170 acres). It receives the waters of the Montagne Noire via the Channel of the Mountain which is itself supplied by the basin of Lampy. The lake waters are retained by a

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Compared to canals, managing rivers is difficult but only one canal is required between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. Unlike a river, it is easier to manage the flow of a canal to ensure a constant flow of traffic throughout the year.

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refers to the portion initially constructed from Toulouse to the Mediterranean – the Deux-Mers canal project aimed to link together several sections of navigable waterways to join the Mediterranean and the Atlantic: first the Canal du Midi, then the

2067:. The canal had the effect of broadening the sales area of the producers of Languedoc. In the 1730s commerce thrived and greatly improved agricultural businesses. The canal also allowed the import to Languedoc of products from other regions such as 1941:. This type of transport was considered revolutionary thanks to its regularity, comfort, safety, and speed that were an improvement over the road. In addition, the canal could be travelled throughout the year. The journey takes four days from 2414:, with the most traffic at the Argens lock with 11,000 boats carrying an average of five passengers. The canal directly employs about 1,900 people, and the annual economic impact due to the activity of the canal is about 122 million euros. 2131:

For 250 years, horses have pulled many boats such as fast barges or long commercial boats. A horse can tow up to 120 times its weight when the load is on the water. Animal traction was then a strategic element in the operation of a canal.

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side walls, thicker, and more resistant to the lateral pressure of the earth. The dimensions of the locks were then large enough for the time. Because of these rounded forms, the architecture of the locks in the Canal du Midi is called

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Languedoc pour la communication des deux mers Océane et Méditerranée, vous vous estonnerés Monseigneur que j'entreprenne de vous parler d'une chose qu'apparemment je ne cognois pas et qu'un homme de gabelle se mesle de nivellage ...

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structure with a "Director-General of the Canal" who governs a board of directors responsible for specific geographic areas of the channel. Seven zones were defined in the west and the east: Toulouse, Naurouze, Castelnaudary, Trèbes

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joined the procession which arrived at Castelnaudary on 17 May. A great religious ceremony took place on 18 May at the Church of Saint-Roch followed by a procession to the canal to bless the work, the convoy, and the people present.

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Other reservoirs were also built at Carcassonne to supply the lower part of the canal to the Mediterranean. So the waters of the Fresquel, the Cesse, and the Orbiel augmented those of the canal. On the other hand, the waters of the

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with 1400 millimetres per year at around 500–600 m (1,600–2,000 ft) above sea level. To store the river water he planned to create three basins: the Reservoir of Lampy-Vieux, a hexagonal harbour basin at Naurouze, and the

1861:. Each Director is responsible for maintenance of his zone and is supported by a receiver and a controller. Hundreds of lock-keepers are responsible for the locks. This organization facilitates the control and hiring of employees. 1953:

which saved time and saved water used for the opening of the locks. Finally, the journeys also took place at night to save even more time. In 1684, travel from Toulouse to Agde cost one livre and a half. The rate was set per

1207:. At his own expense, of 200,000 livres, he built a test canal, only two feet wide, and on the 9 November 1665 he opened the flow successfully. When the canal was authorized the next year, this test rigole would become the 948:

communication between the two seas Océane and Mediterranean, you will be surprised, my lord, that I undertake to tell you about something apparently I do not know and that a collector of salt tax mixes with levelling ...

1587:. After the maiden voyage, the canal was drained as the work was not complete; it would not be reopened until December 1682. The canal was opened to traffic in May 1683 and stopped receiving public works in March 1685. 1603:

For fifteen years nearly 12,000 workers worked on the construction of the canal. Riquet hired men and women between 20 and 50 years old whom he organized in sections forming workshops led by a controller-general. This

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to work on the water supply. This supply system successfully fed the canal with water where it crossed the continental divide, replacing water that drained toward the two seas. The system was a masterpiece of both

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to save time and allow larger vessels to work on. It has a unique machinery whose maintenance is expensive, but for several years, VNF has attempted to rehabilitate it to reduce waiting times at the Fonséranes

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The classification as a World Heritage Site creates an additional level of oversight by the State who must ensure that any changes along the canal and its structures are compatible with the strategic issues of

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traffic was completely disorganized. In 1920 freight traffic recovered rapidly with the arrival of motorised barges. The HPLM company (Le Havre-Paris-Lyon-Marseille) operated 30 boats on the Canal du Midi. The

7742:. They are closed by two double leaf doors. The doors, originally timber with the fewest possible metal parts, are subject to severe moisture stress and pressure. They had a "vantelle" (valve) controlled by a 2410:, the canal alone accounts for one-fifth of French river tourism and 80% of passengers are foreigners, primarily Germans, Swiss and British. There are approximately 10,000 boat passages per year through the 1752:

was made responsible for inspecting the channel which he quickly found was in a dilapidated state. He then ordered Antoine Niquet, the engineer of fortifications for Languedoc, to carry out new work at the

1547:

His sons inherited the canal, but the family's investments were not recovered and debts not fully paid until over 100 years later. The canal was well managed and run as a paternalistic enterprise until the

1166:

which was a ford in the centre of Toulouse, blocking navigation. The canal could not consider not going through the economic heart of the region so therefore the final route was via Castres and the Girou.

1111:

to substantiate his claim. The project still remained unclear in many respects especially the route of the canal. This route was not final and was not precise as it would be today for a highway project or

8304:, designer of the Canal du Midi. He obtained from the king the ownership and operation of the Canal du Midi for life for himself and his descendants. He died in October 1680 shortly before its completion. 1765:. In his haste, Riquet had underestimated the number of rivers that in case of a flood would silt up and swell the canal. The barrage of Saint-Ferréol was too small and its supply system was inefficient. 901:

The projects were not launched for fear of losing too much money and conviction of the human impossibility to dig such a canal. The major problem was how to supply the summit sections with enough water.

2501:

carries water from the Sor tapped from an offtake at Pont Crouzet for irrigation before emptying into the Canal du Midi. In addition, individual samples are collected from the water on the area between

1736:

The convoy resumed its progress on 20 May with stops in the evening at Villepinte, on the 21st at Penautier, the 22nd at Puicheric, and the 23rd at Roubia. On 24 May it was the passage through the

2360:

From the end of the 20th century, the canal has offered many activities. It can again play its original role in allowing the transit of boats between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea.

1869:, half of which went to maintenance and salaries, and half the profits and funds were exceptional works. In 1785 this benefit increased to 950,000 livres which was a very large sum for the time. 1567:

strength of the arch against the inward pressure of the surrounding soil that had destabilized the early locks with straight walls. Such arches had been used by the Romans for retaining walls in

959:

You have for that a thousand means, my Lord, and I present to you again two of my memoires attached to help you to consider more that the ease and assurance of this new navigation will make the

8462:(as in the case of the Canal du Mid) a siphon or culvert under the canal. This chapter refers only to the actual aqueducts carrying the canal itself, and not the secondary hydraulic structures. 1694:

Workers were organized into sections controlled by captains and sergeants. Finally, Pierre-Paul Riquet was surrounded by aides as well as auditor-generals and inspector-generals of the canal.

759:, were also added. Articles L. 2124-20 to L. 2124-25 set rules for maintenance of the canal, which is generally the responsibility of the public entity that owns it, with the participation of 8454:

in French) carrying a canal over a river or valley, or any depression in the terrain. The same word in English is used for any overhead structure carrying water, while the French equivalent

2574:(plane trees) is a particular source of problems because their roots destroy the banks and the paved cycle paths and their leaves invade the canal. In addition they are weakened by disease ( 2465:. It is possible to cycle the entire Canal des Deux Mers from Sète to Bordeaux. In addition, many barges have been converted to family housing, theatres, exhibition spaces, and restaurants. 7804:

Several ports were built at regular intervals along the route of the canal in order to load and unload goods and also to provide stopping-places for travellers. Toulouse has two ports: the

7644:

It takes 90 million cubic metres of water to feed the canal for one year. To do this, Riquet set up a complex system of water supply to the canal. The idea was to capture the waters of the

2136:

vessels also evolved with first class in private salons and second class in a common room. During the heyday of the canal some boats included first class lounges where dinner was served.

1768:

Vauban also built many masonry structures to isolate the many rivers that flow into the canal and spillways to regulate the water level. He built 49 culverts and aqueducts, including the

1709:

In 1681 the first inspection took place "dry". The king appointed a commission composed of Henri d'Aguessau, steward of Languedoc, Mr de la Feuille, Father Mourgues a Jesuit professor of

1647:) per day, double the agricultural wage. Discontent from farm owners, however, forced Riquet to reduce pay to 15, then 12 sols per day. In 1668 he established the monthly payment of 10 2544: 1697:

The workers' tools were very limited: picks, hoes and shovels to dig, baskets and stretchers to transport materials. They were provided to workers who must maintain them themselves.

554:). The challenges in these works are closely related to the challenges of inland water transport today. The key challenge, raised by Pierre-Paul Riquet, was to convey water from the 1724:

The inauguration itself took place just after the first inspection. The same people re-embarked at Toulouse on 15 May 1681 on a flagship boat followed by dozens of other boats. The

1116:. Only the directions of the route were known and plotted on a map. Changes in the route could be made by the Contractor depending on the difficulties he encountered on the ground. 2039:

The Canal relied on wheat and wine traffic in Languedoc which was its main purpose. This commercial traffic had the effect of enriching the descendants of Riquet very quickly. The

12002: 1051:

was the main supply envisaged by Riquet. Other rivers from the Montagne Noire were also part of the system such as the Alzeau, the Laudot, the Rieutort, the Bernassonne, and the

11499: 10448: 1275:

controlled by the Spaniards, the aim being to destroy the Spanish trade and establish a commercial flow through Languedoc. The Languedoc region had many resources such as

7963:

Pierre-Paul Riquet and the engineers who followed him over three centuries built many other structures on the Canal du Midi, of which the most important are listed here:

1540:

In 1681 work on the canal ended at Béziers. However, in October 1680, Riquet died during construction. He did not see the end of the project. It was the king's engineer,

10311: 1008:

In 1660, Riquet found the solution to the main problem: the water supply to the summit point to feed both sides of the canal. His idea was to get water flowing from the

2264:. The canals of northern France were already at this level and had traffic well above the Canal du Midi. However, the law remained unimplemented due to lack of funds. 1107:

Riquet studied in depth the supply of water to the canal at the Seuil de Naurouze. His study appeared rigorous and included a pilot phase with the construction of the

7678:. Called "Lampy-Vieux", it was quickly replaced by the "Lampy-Neuf" with a capacity of 1,672,000 cubic metres built over a hundred years later between 1777 and 1782. 1513:

could switch between a reach of the Canal du Midi and the Hérault. This part of the canal was also a problem at the level of the seuil of Ensérune and the descent to

1436:. This massive dam, 700 metres (2,300 ft) long, 30 metres (98 ft) above the riverbed and 120 metres (390 ft) thick at its base was the largest work of 1000:

Thirty years passed from the start of planning to the commencement of work: a similar project was also studied by a committee of which Riquet's father was a member.

5434: 2591:

local partnerships to develop and maintain the canal since its budget does not allow it to provide the care and supervision of 360 km (220 mi) of canals.

1608:

permitted the optimisation of tasks and allowed several projects to be performed at the same time. All of the work was manual and the digging of the canal was with

1299:

which producers were struggling to export due to lack of trade. By passing through the Canal du Midi, Colbert hoped to distribute goods in the different regions of

11602: 10690: 6125: 2162:

any of France's waterway. In addition, the railway became smoother and faster than the waterway especially as the Canal du Midi suffered from its limited tonnage.

1973:

paid one and a half sols per league. Payment offices were located along the route. Each office indicated the rate and provided the distances between each office.

1907: 5102: 5080: 1251:

dropped a lot and wine production fell in 1660. This crisis caused depreciation of land values and small farms were going bankrupt. In addition, the region of

10876: 9961: 2527:

to Lake Ganguise. Conversely, during the dry season, Lake Ganguise can supply the Canal du Midi if the water supply of the Rigole de la plaine is not enough.

851: 1417:, asked him to replace them with a single reservoir. This was a great novelty at the time – no reservoir-lake of this magnitude had ever been built before. 7168: 12233: 6634: 5776: 4794: 4750: 1188:

and made calculations of volumes. In addition, to overcome his technical shortcomings, he was surrounded by many technicians such as Hector Boutheroüe,

11870: 9747: 6722: 5195: 4992: 3143: 7944:(PK 109) was built beginning in 1800 and opened on 31 May 1810, as a result of the realignment of the route to pass through the centre of the city of 5501: 6458: 5864: 5798: 5706: 5639: 3253: 3187: 2564:. This classification was extended to the canals of the plain and the mountain in 1996 and 2001. It caused a very rapid increase in tourist numbers. 10644: 7928:

in which the flow is too variable especially in winter (bridge length: 135 m ). It was also the first aqueduct built by Pierre-Paul Riquet

5684: 1326:– who used his influence with Colbert to start the project. The decree specified the authorization of the construction of the canal, its issuing of 7855:

which was a popular place for rest and recreation. Finally, just before its arrival at the Mediterranean Sea, the canal has two ports: the port of

6391: 6018: 4659: 4904: 593:

Location of the Canal du Midi and its branch to Port-la-Nouvelle, part of the Canal des Deux Mers route from the Mediterranean Sea to the Atlantic

8265:, came to study the Canal du Midi in 1787. As the United States Ambassador to France he envisaged the construction of a similar work to link the 8148:

on the side of the canal to reduce subsidence of its banks. In the 18th century, the trees planted along the canal become a source of income. So

6612: 6436: 6414: 6040: 5728: 5343: 4728: 4524: 1533:

was the first canal passage ever built through a tunnel. The Canal du Midi passes through a 173-metre (568 ft) tunnel through a hill at the

1052: 12035: 8284:

visited France and was greatly impressed with the Canal du Midi in France. It inspired him to envision ways to improve navigation on the lower

6062: 5617: 5365: 5321: 5146: 4772: 3407: 2395:. Tourism has grown from the 1960s, most significantly from Britain, and then exploded in the 1980s. The canal was featured prominently in the 2091:. However, it was never the grand international route envisaged by the kings of France as its traffic was limited to local and national trade. 1501:

and the Libron. To work around the problem, Riquet set up a system of valves and chambers for Libron and a round lock with three doors for the

6169: 12243: 11519: 5820: 5750: 5014: 3297: 2894: 2828: 11595: 8133:

introduced from the Americas burrow into the banks, which they damage. Finally, many animals and birds come to drink water from the canal.

6524: 2552:

downgraded and remains open for navigation. On 7 December 1996 the channel and a buffer zone of 2,000 km were included in the list of

573: 1460:

In November 1667 an official ceremony laid the foundation stone of the Garonne lock in Toulouse in the presence of representatives of the

5595: 2640: 2342:: they definitively ceased their activities in 1989 following the cessation of navigation pronounced by the Prefect of the Region due to 11046: 8549: 12228: 12020: 11819: 8102:

The canal is a long ribbon of water stretching through the landscape and attracts many animal species. Several species of fish such as

8077:(e.g. Naurouze, Gay, Trèbes, Matabiau, Minimes, Castelnaudary, Castanet, Beziers, etc.) and used the water height differences to power 6810: 6103: 5842: 3451: 12074: 11913: 11885: 11847: 11829: 11778: 11667: 1150:

In 1663 Riquet conducted field studies to finally fix the path on the Atlantic side by the seuil de Naurouze along the valley of the

1493:, the location was chosen and the port constructed by Clerville). This part of the canal posed problems at the junction between the 12223: 11837: 8011:, its designer; it was built by Antoine de Niquet and allows for the overflow water from the canal to be discharged into the stream 2260:

The government tried to revive the renovation of the canal by enacting a legal program to lift the channel to the standards of the

7874:, called Port-Sud, which has many residential barges and is set directly overlooking the harbour, and Port-Lauragais located near 12218: 11690: 11588: 11575: 10860: 766:

Under the Act of 27 November 1897, the State of France owns the Canal du Midi and its management is delegated to the public body

7674:

had a capacity of 6.3 million cubic metres and was built between 1667 and 1672. The other reservoir was much smaller - the

12238: 11987: 11611: 301: 261: 8179:

However, for several years, plane trees have been infected with canker stain, a disease caused by a microscopic fungus called

7897:

of Pierre-Paul Riquet, but most were built after the completion of the canal in particular due to improvements recommended by

11921: 11453: 11426: 11409: 11382: 11343: 11309: 11292: 11275: 11241: 11224: 11160: 11066: 11028: 8903: 8696: 1848:

Canal du Midi: on the left the 'chemin de la flegme', in the centre the round lock at Agde, at the right the Bois de Boulogne

1078:

asked Riquet to put into practice his idea experimentally. He then built a test channel diverting water from the Sor to the

1016:

of the Montagne Noire and Sor allowed him to imagine an ingenious irrigation system. He was inspired by the French engineer

10355: 10308: 8168:

plantations around the canal had approximately 60,000 trees when there were only 45,000 at the beginning. It was under the

1659:

Many trades were found on the work sites of the canal in addition to the seasonal workers who were most often farmers. The

1571:, so this technique was not new, but its application to locks was revolutionary and was imitated in early American canals. 1131:. In fact, this river was already under development for navigation. Another route would pass by the Girou river and avoid 8400: 1266:

Colbert then saw Pierre-Paul Riquet and his project as a way to pursue a policy of economic expansion in the service of

11135: 10333: 9204: 8234:

in 1765 who highlighted its value and greatness. They compare it to Roman constructions. Another encyclopedia writer,

8061:(the works of Libron), a unique achievement of its kind which allows the canal to cross the course of the Libron near 11463: 11326: 11258: 11207: 11117: 11100: 11083: 11011: 10948: 10924: 10845: 10821: 10766: 10742: 10718: 10687: 10672: 10626: 10602: 10501: 10430: 10406: 10382: 10293: 10269: 10245: 10221: 10185: 10161: 10121: 10094: 10070: 10046: 10022: 9943: 9919: 9895: 9871: 9847: 9823: 9799: 9775: 9729: 9705: 9681: 9657: 9633: 9582: 9555: 9531: 9507: 9483: 9432: 9361: 9337: 9313: 9289: 9265: 9237: 9178: 9154: 9076: 9049: 9001: 8977: 8926: 8870: 8785: 8663: 8612: 8583: 7954:, (PK 8), a new aqueduct at Toulouse completed in 1983, 74 m (243 ft) long, to cross a four-lane motorway. 7847:

to the canal. The port of Trèbes is a major port which has numerous moorings for boats. There are also the ports of

2110: 993:

because it must pass over a height between two valleys. The construction of this canal required passage through the

11791: 10340:, Institution Interdépartemental pour l'Aménagement Hydraulique de la Montagne Noire, consulted on 31 August 2007. 9958: 9257: 601:

Profile of the Canal du Midi (distances in metres starting from 0 at Toulouse and height in metres above sea level)

9826:, p. 70. Cites the source: Report of Vauban, 5 March 1686, Archives of the Canal du Midi, VNF Toulouse, pp. 1–52. 8356: 11768: 2633: 1135:

as in the preceding route. On the Mediterranean side, the route was not set. He would use the Fresquel until the

10761:. Waterways Guide No. 7 (in English, French, and German). Castelnaudary, Aude, France: Editions du Breil. 1999. 1930:

canal and passenger and packet boats for mail continued a brisk trade until the coming of the railways in 1857.

1824:

was also completed in 1808. In 1810 a diversion canal allowed Carcassonne to be connected. Finally, in 1857 the

1341:

The work was launched in two phases each called an "enterprise". The first enterprise of connecting Toulouse to

11763: 11680: 8346: 8321: 8315: 7891: 1805: 1402:, and served as an early ratification of Riquet's vision. It was also a major part of the massive undertaking. 882:

rivers too complex or impossible to implement. In 1650 another engineer also proposed to divert water from the

8136:

The canal is also a very vegetated place. In the beginning, Pierre-Paul Riquet planted trees to stabilize the

7986:

which passes through a hill 50 m (160 ft) above sea level and was a technical challenge for the time

1825: 12045: 11700: 11036: 8213:

understood the hydraulic system of the Montagne Noire and had controlled it to serve the Canal du Midi. King

1918:

Once used to transport goods and people, the Canal du Midi is now mainly used by boaters and other tourists.

10480: 8631: 395: 12213: 11541: 10895: 9744: 7772:

has three doors: two doors provide access to each side of the channel and the third provides access to the

2658: 1740:

then crossing the locks of Fonsérannes. The cardinal and the bishops went down to Beziers on the same day.

869:

The most realistic projects were presented to the King in the 16th century. A first draft was presented by

294: 254: 8243: 8106:

breed in the canal, and others reproduce in its feeding rivers and spend part of their life in the canal.

2237: 11504: 10641: 7784:

Today most of the locks are electrified which replaced the manual opening of the sluices and lock gates.

1683:

and levellers were responsible for the maintenance of the tools and equipment. Carters and carriers, the

1043:

For this, he planned to recover the mountain waters in dams and reservoirs and then forward them to the

12050: 11509: 10864: 8429: 8405: 8386: 8333: 8160:

from Italy which was the most productive wood. Structures and lock-keepers' houses were decorated with

7717: 2626: 2583: 2348: 1414: 1413:. Originally Riquet wanted to build a dozen reservoirs but the Commissioner General of fortifications, 1323: 1259:. It was difficult to implement a policy in this area and in particular to introduce taxes such as the 767: 724: 175: 112: 11810: 7682: 7671: 7609: 1836:, completing the link between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea that Riquet had dreamt of. 1762: 1424:

men with experience in military engineering came, to build the huge dam for the single reservoir, the

1068: 550:. The Canal du Midi is one of the oldest canals of Europe still in operation (the prototype being the 12208: 8330:, a close associate and deputy of Pierre-Paul Riquet who continued the work after the Riquet's death. 755:

and limits were set by an official report in 1772. The staff quarters and warehouses, as well as the

747:. Under Article L. 2111-11 of the Code, public domain of the canal is determined by reference to the 10824:, p. 4. cites: Archives of the canal du Midi, Voies Navigables de France, liasses 673, Piece No. 6. 8719: 8176:

began to be planted to replace the cut trees, which are today the dominant variety along the canal.

7605: 1354:

profits that Riquet earned from the salt tax. The second enterprise of works between Trèbes and the

660:

The design canal depth is two metres (6.6 ft) with a minimum of 1.80 m (5.9 ft). The

11997: 11971: 2587: 799:

was an old idea. Numerous and sometimes utopian projects were devised to build a canal between the

652:, climbing from Toulouse on the Atlantic side over a distance of 52 kilometres (32 mi) to the 419: 12055: 11637: 11493: 10964: 8510: 7983: 1623:

The women labourers were surprisingly important to the canal's engineering. Many came from former

1595: 1534: 1425: 1405:

Work began on the first "enterprise" on 1 January 1667 with the construction of the trough of the

11967: 11953: 11943: 11633: 11483: 8366: 8029: 7990: 7805: 7616: 7520: 3541: 2094:

Freight rates depend on the cargo. Thus in the 17th century, the transportation of wheat cost 12

1718: 618: 572:

in 1996, because of its outstanding engineering and artistic design, and it was designated as an

179: 10140:, Conflans-Sainte-Honorine, les cahiers du musée de la Batellerie, No. 8, June 1983, pp. 12–14. 8324:, the royal architect and engineer who made many improvements to the canal between 1685 and 1686 7552:

The Canal du Midi is 240 km (150 mi) long with a total of 328 structures including 63

2144: 1410: 1313: 12203: 12130: 8482: 8074: 8004: 7824:. There were two other ports in Toulouse but they were destroyed for urban development. So the 7723: 7553: 4568: 2158: 1714: 1672: 1471: 1421: 1399: 1216: 922: 329: 11926: 11479: 11458:(English) Claudine Roland, Claudine (1997). The Canal du Midi (English Translation ed.). MSM. 11190:

The Canal du Midi - Vol. 4: great moments and great sites. The Canals of Briare and Lez-Roissy

7860: 7859:

where there is the old hotel of the "Administration of the Canal", and the port of Onglous at

3660: 630: 11740: 8706: 8307: 8281: 7871: 7656: 1758: 1605: 1461: 1236: 858:

which could take a month to complete. At that time shipping was fraught with dangers such as

538:

authorized the start of work by royal edict in October, 1666, with the aim of developing the

535: 525: 485:

in 1789, the canal is considered one of the greatest construction works of the 17th century.

349: 8759: 8327: 1432:

in the Montagne Noire some 20 km (12 mi) from the summit of the proposed canal at

1386: 1189: 11814: 11627: 11170:

The Canal du Midi - Vol. 1: Pierre-Paul Riquet and the Canal du Midi in arts and literature

8251: 8181: 7908:(PK 208) which was inaugurated in 1857, eliminating the difficult crossing of the river Orb 5754: 2553: 2503: 2473: 1729: 1580: 1446: 1350: 1239:

became minister he believed that domestic and international trade was not in favour of the

1124: 1075: 1048: 960: 929:

of part of its resources, and the opportunity to mark his reign with an imperishable work.

874: 839:

to France in 1516 and commissioned a survey of a route from the Garonne at Toulouse to the

824: 665:

and 20 m (66 ft). Finally, the width of the canal bed is 10 m (33 ft).

8361: 8156:. Then, with the end of the silk culture in 1772, the mulberry trees were replaced by the 2582:). The canal is a heavy heritage to maintain and enhance as the manager of French canals, 2249: 1816:- the ford on the Garonne in Toulouse which blocked the river. The connection between the 8: 12015: 11550: 10466: 10001: 8235: 8169: 7875: 7660: 2524: 2498: 2478: 2450: 1921: 1882: 1636: 1406: 1272: 1247:

could take better advantage of trade and economic activity in the country. The prices of

1208: 1108: 1083: 832: 569: 505: 387: 339: 11717: 11658: 11436:

The Glory of the Engineers, the technical intelligence of the 16th to the 18th centuries

10784:, Topographic Map at 1/25000 scale, IGN series, "TOP 25" No. 2545ET, 3rd edition, 2007. 7917: 4238: 2326:

transport. Freight traffic ceased in the 1970s. In 1980 there were only two barges (the

1877: 11935: 11755: 11695: 8680: 8376: 8301: 8210: 8058: 8050: 7951: 7817: 7727: 7628: 7120: 6221: 3983: 3121: 2511: 2148:

The Canal du Midi in front of the Matabiau Railway Station (opened in 1866) in Toulouse

1113: 1103:

Plan of the Basin of Naurouze, which was later abandoned because of its high silt level

990: 906: 828: 788: 760: 752: 736: 649: 543: 353: 161: 151: 11893: 9968:, Comité régional du tourisme en Languedoc-Roussillon, consulted on 3 September 2007. 7773: 5456: 2965: 2929: 1506: 1498: 1385:

At the age of 63, Riquet started his great enterprise, sending his personal engineer,

1047:

through channels crossing the Seuil de Graissens. The water from the Sor passing near

361: 11736: 11726: 11685: 11459: 11449: 11422: 11405: 11378: 11339: 11322: 11305: 11288: 11271: 11254: 11237: 11220: 11203: 11156: 11131: 11113: 11096: 11079: 11062: 11024: 11007: 10944: 10920: 10841: 10817: 10762: 10738: 10714: 10668: 10622: 10598: 10497: 10426: 10402: 10378: 10289: 10265: 10241: 10217: 10181: 10157: 10117: 10090: 10066: 10042: 10018: 9939: 9915: 9891: 9867: 9843: 9819: 9795: 9771: 9725: 9701: 9677: 9653: 9629: 9605: 9578: 9551: 9527: 9503: 9479: 9455: 9428: 9404: 9357: 9333: 9309: 9285: 9261: 9233: 9200: 9174: 9150: 9126: 9099: 9072: 9045: 8997: 8973: 8922: 8899: 8866: 8835: 8808: 8781: 8692: 8659: 8608: 8579: 8165: 8045: 8033: 7941: 7758: 7649: 7561: 6502: 5124: 4612: 4103: 2609: 2507: 2422: 1833: 1549: 1526: 1482: 1437: 1433: 1267: 1240: 1200: 1079: 1044: 1036: 1021: 994: 895: 870: 855: 836: 804: 673: 653: 559: 497: 478: 375: 11093:

The Canal du Midi and the navigable waterways from the Atlantic to the Mediterranean

10735: