325:. When the potential temperature is used instead, these apparently unstable conditions vanish as a parcel of fluid is invariant along its isolines. In the oceans, the potential temperature referenced to the surface will be slightly less than the in-situ temperature (the temperature that a water volume has at the specific depth that the instrument measured it in) since the expansion due to reduction in pressure leads to cooling. The numeric difference between the in situ and potential temperature is almost always less than 1.5 degrees Celsius. However, it's important to use potential temperature when comparing temperatures of water from very different depths.
346:
334:
cool as it ascends the slope, then compress and warm as it descends on the other side- but the potential temperature will not change in the absence of heating, cooling, evaporation, or condensation (processes that exclude these effects are referred to as dry adiabatic). Since parcels with the same potential temperature can be exchanged without work or heating being required, lines of constant potential temperature are natural flow pathways.
304:
for air (meteorology). The reference point for potential temperature in the ocean is usually at the ocean's surface which has a water pressure of 0 dbar. The potential temperature in the ocean doesn't account for the varying heat capacities of seawater, therefore it is not a conservative measure of
333:
Potential temperature is a more dynamically important quantity than the actual temperature. This is because it is not affected by the physical lifting or sinking associated with flow over obstacles or large-scale atmospheric turbulence. A parcel of air moving over a small mountain will expand and
321:. The reason that it is used in both fields is that changes in pressure can result in warmer fluid residing under colder fluid – examples being dropping air temperature with altitude and increasing water temperature with depth in very deep ocean trenches and within the ocean
337:
Under almost all circumstances, potential temperature increases upwards in the atmosphere, unlike actual temperature which may increase or decrease. Potential temperature is conserved for all dry adiabatic processes, and as such is an important quantity in the
491:(ABL) potential temperature perturbation is defined as the difference between the potential temperature of the ABL and the potential temperature of the free atmosphere above the ABL. This value is called the potential temperature deficit in the case of a
455:
is likely. Since convection acts to quickly mix the atmosphere and return to a stably stratified state, observations of decreasing potential temperature with height are uncommon, except while vigorous convection is underway or during periods of strong
1180:
1017:
840:
179:
1292:
446:
397:
353:
Potential temperature is a useful measure of the static stability of the unsaturated atmosphere. Under normal, stably stratified conditions, the potential temperature increases with height,
564:
302:
1218:
885:
726:
1319:
96:
1366:
1074:
1047:
765:
257:
76:
908:
637:
590:
1339:
681:
661:
614:
226:
202:
45:
1082:
921:
1578:
305:
heat content. Graphical representation of potential temperature will always be less than the actual temperature line in a temperature vs depth graph.
773:
108:
1226:
1297:
is the theoretical potential temperature of the dry air which would have the same density as the humid air at a standard pressure P
479:, a form of synoptic analysis which allows visualization of air motions and in particular analysis of large-scale vertical motion.
1380:
is a closely related quantity that uses potential temperature and is used extensively in investigations of atmospheric stability.
472:
408:
359:
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2017:
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1564:
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flow, because the surface will always be colder than the free atmosphere and the PT perturbation will be negative.
461:
2027:
1935:
1389:
1767:
1735:
1682:
1996:
1493:
Dr. James T. Moore (Saint Louis
University Dept. of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences) (August 5, 1999).
313:
The concept of potential temperature applies to any stratified fluid. It is most frequently used in the
1930:
1687:
1394:
488:
1910:
1844:
1672:
517:
1550:
1777:
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339:
266:
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air motions, in steady, adiabatic flow lines or surfaces of constant potential temperature act as
345:
1978:
1900:
1460:
Stewart, Robert H. (September 2008). "6.5: Density, Potential
Temperature, and Neutral Density".
1196:
1301:. It is used as a practical substitute for density in buoyancy calculations. In this definition
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1832:
1792:
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1730:
1712:
692:
452:
16:
Temperature that a fluid would attain if adiabatically brought to a standard reference pressure
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81:
1958:
1925:
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1787:
1344:
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314:
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54:
8:
1920:
1905:
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and vertical motions are suppressed. If the potential temperature decreases with height,
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890:
619:
572:
1692:
1324:
1175:{\displaystyle T_{0}=T_{1}\left({\frac {p_{0}}{p_{1}}}\right)^{R/c_{p}}\equiv \theta .}
666:
646:
599:
211:
187:
30:
1461:
1049:, the temperature a parcel would acquire if moved adiabatically to the pressure level
464:
decreases with height, indicating instability in saturated air, are much more common.
1973:
1869:
1757:
1599:
1534:
1527:
1440:
1012:{\displaystyle \left({\frac {p_{1}}{p_{0}}}\right)^{R/c_{p}}={\frac {T_{1}}{T_{0}}},}
732:
48:
1556:
686:
For adiabatic processes, the change in entropy is 0 and the 1st law simplifies to:
731:
For approximately ideal gases, such as the dry air in the Earth's atmosphere, the
1624:
1915:
508:
78:, usually 1,000 hPa (1,000 mb). The potential temperature is denoted
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1697:
260:
1874:
1849:
1782:
1659:
318:
229:
1963:
1802:
1702:
322:
205:
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can be substituted into the 1st law yielding, after some rearrangement:
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1940:
1854:
1649:
1634:
1614:
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457:
24:
1810:
1639:
1619:
1604:
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99:
835:{\displaystyle {\frac {dp}{p}}={{\frac {c_{p}}{R}}{\frac {dT}{T}}},}
1988:
1950:
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1609:
912:
593:
504:
174:{\displaystyle \theta =T\left({\frac {P_{0}}{P}}\right)^{R/c_{p}},}
1526:, published by Butterworth-Heinemann, January 1, 1989, 304 pages.
1859:
640:
1287:{\displaystyle \theta _{v}=\theta \left(1+0.61r-r_{L}\right),}
1667:
467:
Since potential temperature is conserved under adiabatic or
1644:
441:{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \theta }{\partial z}}<0}
392:{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \theta }{\partial z}}>0}
1677:
482:
1586:
1347:
1327:
1307:
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1085:
1055:
1028:
924:
893:
851:
776:
741:
695:
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or flow surfaces, respectively. This fact is used in
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238:
214:
190:
111:
84:
57:
33:
1439:(Sixth ed.). Boston: Elsevier. pp. 29–65.
887:
was used and both terms were divided by the product
451:
the atmosphere is unstable to vertical motions, and
342:(which is often very close to being dry adiabatic).
47:is the temperature that the parcel would attain if
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2009:
1495:"Isentropic Analysis Techniques: Basic Concepts"
1368:is the mixing ratio of liquid water in the air.
1185:
349:Potential temperature and hydrostatic stability
1572:
1721:Convective available potential energy (CAPE)
1524:Short Course in Cloud Physics, Third Edition
1579:
1565:
708:
546:
533:
51:brought to a standard reference pressure
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1426:
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1422:
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1341:is the mixing ratio of water vapor, and
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1484:
1459:
2010:
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1463:Introduction To Physical Oceanography
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1371:
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98:and, for a gas well-approximated as
1683:Convective condensation level (CCL)
483:Potential temperature perturbations
13:
1889:Equivalent potential temperature (
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14:
2039:
1741:Conditional symmetric instability
1587:Meteorological data and variables
1551:Eric Weisstein's World of Physics
1544:
1436:Descriptive Physical Oceanography
263:capacity at a constant pressure.
1688:Lifting condensation level (LCL)
1405:Equivalent potential temperature
462:equivalent potential temperature
1673:Cloud condensation nuclei (CCN)
1516:
559:{\displaystyle dh=T\,ds+v\,dp,}
1936:Wet-bulb potential temperature
1778:Level of free convection (LFC)
1453:
1390:Wet-bulb potential temperature
1321:is the potential temperature,
1:
1979:Pressure-gradient force (PGF)
1901:Sea surface temperature (SST)
1736:Convective momentum transport
1410:
1186:Potential virtual temperature
498:
297:{\displaystyle R/c_{p}=0.286}
1793:Bulk Richardson number (BRN)
7:
1997:Maximum potential intensity
1763:Free convective layer (FCL)
1726:Convective inhibition (CIN)
1383:
1213:{\displaystyle \theta _{v}}
328:
308:
10:
2044:
2018:Atmospheric thermodynamics
1931:Wet-bulb globe temperature
1788:Maximum parcel level (MPL)
1469:. Academia. pp. 83–88
1395:Atmospheric thermodynamics
880:{\displaystyle dh=c_{p}dT}
489:atmospheric boundary layer
460:. Situations in which the
2023:Meteorological quantities
1987:
1949:
1911:Thermodynamic temperature
1845:Forest fire weather index
1801:
1711:
1658:
1592:
1522:M K Yau and R.R. Rogers,
1433:Talley, Lynne D. (2011).
721:{\displaystyle dh=v\,dp.}
663:the specific volume, and
507:form of the first law of
1833:Equivalent temperature (
1746:Convective temperature (
1630:Surface weather analysis
1400:Conservative temperature
340:planetary boundary layer
204:is the current absolute
1880:Potential temperature (
1625:Surface solar radiation
1378:Brunt–Väisälä frequency
1314:{\displaystyle \theta }
91:{\displaystyle \theta }
1870:Relative humidity (RH)
1758:Equilibrium level (EL)
1731:Convective instability
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1335:
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208:(in K) of the parcel,
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2028:Physical oceanography
1363:
1361:{\displaystyle r_{L}}
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1316:
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1069:{\displaystyle p_{0}}
1044:
1042:{\displaystyle T_{0}}
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905:
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837:
762:
760:{\displaystyle pv=RT}
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561:
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394:
348:
299:
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252:{\displaystyle c_{p}}
223:
199:
176:
93:
73:
71:{\displaystyle P_{0}}
42:
27:of fluid at pressure
21:potential temperature
1959:Atmospheric pressure
1926:Wet-bulb temperature
1828:Dry-bulb temperature
1823:Dew point depression
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1921:Virtual temperature
1906:Temperature anomaly
1600:Adiabatic processes
1553:at Wolfram Research
1192:virtual temperature
511:can be written as:
477:isentropic analysis
1693:Precipitable water
1372:Related quantities
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1331:
1311:
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903:{\displaystyle pv}
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632:{\displaystyle ds}
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606:
585:{\displaystyle dh}
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88:
68:
37:
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2004:
1974:Pressure gradient
1783:Lifted index (LI)
1334:{\displaystyle r}
1136:
1004:
952:
826:
811:
790:
733:equation of state
676:{\displaystyle p}
656:{\displaystyle v}
616:the temperature,
609:{\displaystyle T}
430:
381:
221:{\displaystyle R}
197:{\displaystyle T}
141:
40:{\displaystyle P}
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38:
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2037:
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1983:
1945:
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1817:
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1707:
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1266:
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1246:
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1225:
1224:
1204:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1188:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1130:
1126:
1120:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1103:
1099:
1090:
1086:
1084:
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1080:
1060:
1056:
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519:
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1916:Vapor pressure
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1545:External links
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1190:The potential
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1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1698:Precipitation
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1582:
1577:
1575:
1570:
1568:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1540:
1539:0-7506-3215-1
1536:
1533:
1532:9780750632157
1529:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1500:. COMET COMAP
1496:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1465:
1464:
1456:
1448:
1446:9780750645522
1442:
1438:
1437:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1416:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1381:
1379:
1369:
1353:
1349:
1328:
1308:
1281:
1277:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1220:, defined by
1205:
1201:
1193:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1131:
1127:
1121:
1117:
1111:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1061:
1057:
1034:
1030:
1006:
999:
995:
989:
985:
979:
972:
968:
963:
959:
954:
947:
943:
937:
933:
927:
918:
917:
916:
914:
910:
897:
894:
874:
871:
866:
862:
858:
855:
852:
829:
823:
819:
816:
808:
803:
799:
792:
787:
783:
780:
770:
769:
768:
754:
751:
748:
745:
742:
734:
715:
712:
709:
705:
702:
699:
696:
689:
688:
687:
684:
670:
650:
642:
626:
623:
603:
595:
579:
576:
553:
550:
547:
543:
540:
537:
534:
530:
527:
524:
521:
514:
513:
512:
510:
506:
496:
494:
490:
480:
478:
474:
470:
465:
463:
459:
454:
435:
432:
426:
418:
405:
404:
403:
386:
383:
377:
369:
356:
355:
354:
347:
343:
341:
335:
326:
324:
320:
316:
306:
291:
288:
283:
279:
274:
270:
262:
261:specific heat
244:
240:
231:
215:
207:
191:
168:
161:
157:
152:
148:
143:
138:
133:
129:
123:
118:
115:
112:
105:
104:
103:
101:
85:
63:
59:
50:
49:adiabatically
34:
26:
22:
1890:
1881:
1879:
1875:Mixing ratio
1850:Haines Index
1834:
1812:
1747:
1660:Condensation
1523:
1517:Bibliography
1502:. Retrieved
1471:. Retrieved
1462:
1455:
1435:
1375:
1296:
1189:
1021:
911:
844:
730:
685:
592:denotes the
568:
502:
486:
466:
450:
401:
352:
336:
332:
319:oceanography
312:
232:of air, and
230:gas constant
183:
20:
18:
1964:Baroclinity
1811:Dew point (
1803:Temperature
1703:Water vapor
1076:, you get:
913:Integrating
473:streamlines
323:mixed layer
206:temperature
2012:Categories
1941:Wind chill
1855:Heat index
1713:Convection
1650:Wind shear
1635:Visibility
1615:Lapse rate
1411:References
845:where the
499:Derivation
469:isentropic
458:insolation
453:convection
1640:Vorticity
1620:Lightning
1605:Advection
1309:θ
1264:−
1244:θ
1232:θ
1202:θ
1167:θ
1164:≡
493:katabatic
424:∂
419:θ
416:∂
375:∂
370:θ
367:∂
113:θ
86:θ
1989:Velocity
1951:Pressure
1865:Humidity
1768:Helicity
1610:Buoyancy
1504:March 8,
1473:March 8,
1384:See also
915:yields:
596:change,
594:enthalpy
505:enthalpy
329:Comments
309:Contexts
1860:Humidex
1773:K Index
1593:General
641:entropy
259:is the
228:is the
1537:
1530:
1443:
569:where
184:where
25:parcel
1668:Cloud
1498:(PDF)
1467:(PDF)
292:0.286
100:ideal
23:of a
1645:Wind
1535:ISBN
1528:ISBN
1506:2017
1475:2017
1441:ISBN
1376:The
1258:0.61
503:The
487:The
433:<
384:>
317:and
19:The
1678:Fog
2014::
1483:^
1419:^
735:,
643:,
1896:)
1894:e
1891:θ
1884:)
1882:θ
1840:)
1838:e
1835:T
1818:)
1816:d
1813:T
1753:)
1751:c
1748:T
1580:e
1573:t
1566:v
1508:.
1477:.
1449:.
1354:L
1350:r
1329:r
1299:0
1282:,
1278:)
1272:L
1268:r
1261:r
1255:+
1252:1
1248:(
1241:=
1236:v
1206:v
1170:.
1157:p
1153:c
1148:/
1144:R
1139:)
1132:1
1128:p
1122:0
1118:p
1112:(
1105:1
1101:T
1097:=
1092:0
1088:T
1062:0
1058:p
1035:0
1031:T
1007:,
1000:0
996:T
990:1
986:T
980:=
973:p
969:c
964:/
960:R
955:)
948:0
944:p
938:1
934:p
928:(
898:v
895:p
875:T
872:d
867:p
863:c
859:=
856:h
853:d
830:,
824:T
820:T
817:d
809:R
804:p
800:c
793:=
788:p
784:p
781:d
755:T
752:R
749:=
746:v
743:p
716:.
713:p
710:d
706:v
703:=
700:h
697:d
671:p
651:v
627:s
624:d
604:T
580:h
577:d
554:,
551:p
548:d
544:v
541:+
538:s
535:d
531:T
528:=
525:h
522:d
436:0
427:z
387:0
378:z
289:=
284:p
280:c
275:/
271:R
245:p
241:c
216:R
192:T
169:,
162:p
158:c
153:/
149:R
144:)
139:P
134:0
130:P
124:(
119:T
116:=
64:0
60:P
35:P
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