1536:
51:
by event X." It is a fallacy in which an event is presumed to have been caused by a closely preceding event merely on the grounds of temporal succession. This type of reasoning is fallacious because mere temporal succession does not establish a causal connection. It is often shortened simply to
68:('with this, therefore because of this'), in which two events occur simultaneously or the chronological ordering is insignificant or unknown. Post hoc is a logical fallacy in which one event seems to be the cause of a later event because it occurred earlier.
170:
blamed a dip in his playing performance on having given a fan a specific playing shirt. His play recovered after receiving from a friend what he was told was the shirt in question, despite it actually being the same shirt he'd worn during his poor
476:
163:
A tenant moves into an apartment and the building's furnace develops a fault. The manager blames the tenant's arrival for the malfunction. One event merely followed the other, in the absence of causality.
466:
82:
on the order of events, rather than taking into account other factors potentially responsible for the result that might rule out the connection.
653:
1760:
658:
1572:
64:
20:
88:
is an easy fallacy to detect when it is blatant, but even the best of scientists and statesmen are occasionally misled by it.
441:
1036:
230:
693:
535:
847:
501:
1565:
280:
Mommsen, J. K. F. (2013). Wider Das Post Hoc Ergo
Propter Hoc - Primary Source Edition. United States: BiblioLife.
1686:
1794:
1455:
663:
1581:
1491:
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178:, where people have a health complaint after being vaccinated and assume it was caused by the vaccination.
1558:
1068:
812:
1078:
265:
1789:
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939:
24:
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1481:
1321:
789:
625:
581:
194:
1767:
1501:
1316:
832:
528:
493:
Thinking and
Reasoning: An Introduction to the Psychology of Reason, Judgment and Decision Making
1706:
1423:
1413:
1363:
1337:
1113:
987:
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855:
837:
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568:
236:
139:
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1122:
944:
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678:
591:
175:
215: – Branch of statistics concerned with inferring causal relationships between variables
1476:
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1051:
982:
772:
601:
576:
8:
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1002:
934:
860:
673:
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620:
471:
433:
200:
283:
Woods, J., Walton, D. (2019). Fallacies: Selected Papers 1972–1982. Germany: De
Gruyter.
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59:
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411:
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1676:
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707:
635:
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397:
332:
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40:
402:
385:
74:
is a particularly tempting error because correlation sometimes appears to suggest
1265:
1229:
1205:
1025:
997:
977:
825:
793:
777:
742:
425:
143:
1650:
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1073:
992:
918:
558:
135:
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683:
328:
451:
319:
1711:
1303:
722:
360:
346:
248:
19:
This article is about the informal fallacy. For the West Wing episode, see
513:
1737:
1681:
1655:
1496:
1273:
1210:
218:
251: – Belief or behavior that is considered irrational or supernatural
1406:
1400:
1327:
1239:
430:
Attacking Faulty
Reasoning: A Practical Guide to Fallacy-Free Arguments
206:
1747:
1550:
1513:
1297:
1281:
964:
188:
75:
1443:
1732:
1696:
1625:
1391:
386:"Post hoc ergo propter hoc : some benefits of rationalization"
545:
191: – Tendency to perceive connections between unrelated things
167:
277:
Woods, J. H., Walton, D. N. (1977). Post Hoc, Ergo
Propter Hoc.
467:"Top 10: Football superstitions to rival Arsenal's Kolo Toure"
16:
Fallacy of assumption of causality based on sequence of events
1635:
36:
1595:
134:
is undesirable, this pattern is often combined with the
197: – Type of fallacious argument (logical fallacy)
245: – Belief in the connection of unrelated events
43:which one commits when one reasons, "Since event Y
62:variety, it is subtly different from the fallacy
39:: 'after this, therefore because of this') is an
1781:
221: – Concurrence of events with no connection
654:Affirmative conclusion from a negative premise
1761:The Singular Universe and the Reality of Time
1566:
659:Negative conclusion from affirmative premises
529:
257: – Logical error, form of selection bias
543:
1573:
1559:
536:
522:
227: – Bias confirming existing attitudes
21:Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc (The West Wing)
1237:
489:
464:
401:
336:
318:
78:. The fallacy lies in a conclusion based
1390:
383:
233: – Refutation of a logical fallacy
1782:
1580:
300:
1554:
517:
436:: Wadsworth Publishing. p. 131.
424:
231:Correlation does not imply causation
384:Summers, Jesse S. (24 March 2017).
13:
203: – Informal inductive fallacy
14:
1806:
496:. Psychology Press. p. 119.
365:LII / Legal Information Institute
1535:
1534:
479:from the original on 2010-08-26.
47:event X, event Y must have been
465:Macaskill, Sandy (2009-02-25).
271:
146:holds: believing that avoiding
1032:Correlation implies causation
483:
458:
418:
377:
353:
294:
209: – New religious movement
1:
403:10.1080/13869795.2017.1287292
287:
7:
307:Journal of Thoracic Disease
303:"Post hoc ergo propter hoc"
182:
157:
58:. A logical fallacy of the
10:
1811:
1456:I'm entitled to my opinion
390:Philosophical Explorations
266:Texas sharpshooter fallacy
239: – Psychological term
174:Reporting of coincidental
91:
18:
1743:Post hoc ergo propter hoc
1725:
1664:
1601:A priori and a posteriori
1588:
1530:
1439:
1378:
1312:
1228:
1137:
1112:
1087:
1011:
963:
899:
874:
846:
811:
761:
715:
706:
644:
610:
566:
557:
490:Manktelow, K. I. (2012).
301:Grouse, Lawrence (2016).
100:is expressed as follows:
86:Post hoc ergo propter hoc
32:Post hoc ergo propter hoc
1646:Multiple time dimensions
1482:Motte-and-bailey fallacy
582:Affirming the consequent
195:Affirming the consequent
65:cum hoc ergo propter hoc
1768:An Experiment with Time
1502:Two wrongs make a right
833:Denying the correlative
320:10.21037/jtd.2016.04.49
1707:Growing block universe
1487:Psychologist's fallacy
1424:Argument to moderation
1414:Argument from anecdote
1364:Chronological snobbery
988:Quoting out of context
955:Overwhelming exception
838:Suppressed correlative
738:Quoting out of context
613:quantificational logic
587:Denying the antecedent
237:Jumping to conclusions
176:vaccine adverse events
140:denying the antecedent
23:. For other uses, see
1795:Latin logical phrases
1754:The Unreality of Time
1606:A series and B series
1450:The Four Great Errors
1430:Argumentum ad populum
1419:Argument from silence
1123:Argumentum ad baculum
901:Faulty generalization
592:Argument from fallacy
166:Brazilian footballer
1468:Invincible ignorance
1274:Reductio ad Stalinum
1260:Reductio ad Hitlerum
1216:Wisdom of repugnance
983:Moving the goalposts
848:Illicit transference
773:Begging the question
694:Undistributed middle
602:Mathematical fallacy
577:Affirming a disjunct
1692:Four-dimensionalism
1201:Parade of horribles
1177:In-group favoritism
1003:Syntactic ambiguity
646:Syllogistic fallacy
569:propositional logic
201:Association fallacy
1582:Philosophy of time
1287:Poisoning the well
1104:Proof by assertion
1079:Texas sharpshooter
1013:Questionable cause
950:Slothful induction
909:Anecdotal evidence
769:Circular reasoning
664:Exclusive premises
626:Illicit conversion
261:Surrogate endpoint
60:questionable cause
1777:
1776:
1548:
1547:
1526:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1462:Ignoratio elenchi
1374:
1373:
1224:
1223:
1186:Not invented here
891:Converse accident
813:Correlative-based
790:Compound question
733:False attribution
728:False equivalence
702:
701:
443:978-0-534-21750-1
255:Survivorship bias
225:Confirmation bias
1802:
1790:Causal fallacies
1726:Related articles
1677:B-theory of time
1672:A-theory of time
1665:Theories of time
1589:Concepts in time
1575:
1568:
1561:
1552:
1551:
1538:
1537:
1509:Special pleading
1388:
1387:
1249:Appeal to motive
1235:
1234:
1211:Stirring symbols
1191:Island mentality
1129:Wishful thinking
1110:
1109:
826:Perfect solution
803:No true Scotsman
798:Complex question
783:Leading question
762:Question-begging
748:No true Scotsman
713:
712:
636:Quantifier shift
631:Proof by example
564:
563:
538:
531:
524:
515:
514:
508:
507:
487:
481:
480:
462:
456:
455:
432:(3rd ed.).
422:
416:
415:
405:
381:
375:
374:
372:
371:
357:
351:
350:
340:
322:
313:(7): E511–E512.
298:
243:Magical thinking
213:Causal inference
98:post hoc fallacy
96:The form of the
55:post hoc fallacy
41:informal fallacy
1810:
1809:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1721:
1660:
1584:
1579:
1549:
1544:
1518:
1492:Rationalization
1435:
1382:
1370:
1308:
1230:Genetic fallacy
1220:
1133:
1108:
1083:
1007:
998:Sorites paradox
978:False precision
959:
940:Double counting
895:
870:
842:
807:
794:Loaded question
778:Loaded language
757:
698:
640:
606:
553:
542:
512:
511:
504:
488:
484:
463:
459:
444:
426:Damer, T Edward
423:
419:
396:(sup1): 21–36.
382:
378:
369:
367:
359:
358:
354:
299:
295:
290:
274:
185:
160:
144:logical inverse
142:, assuming the
109:occurred, then
94:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1808:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1764:
1757:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1651:Temporal parts
1648:
1643:
1641:Imaginary time
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1621:Eternal return
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1585:
1578:
1577:
1570:
1563:
1555:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1542:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1470:
1465:
1458:
1453:
1446:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1433:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1396:
1394:
1385:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1331:
1324:
1322:Accomplishment
1313:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1270:
1269:
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1251:
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1243:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1143:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1131:
1126:
1118:
1116:
1107:
1106:
1097:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1074:Slippery slope
1071:
1066:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1040:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1017:
1015:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1005:
1000:
995:
993:Slippery slope
990:
985:
980:
975:
969:
967:
961:
960:
958:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
928:
927:
926:
921:
919:Cherry picking
911:
905:
903:
897:
896:
894:
893:
888:
882:
880:
872:
871:
869:
868:
863:
858:
852:
850:
844:
843:
841:
840:
835:
830:
829:
828:
817:
815:
809:
808:
806:
805:
800:
787:
786:
785:
775:
765:
763:
759:
758:
756:
755:
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745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
719:
717:
710:
704:
703:
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697:
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691:
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676:
671:
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648:
642:
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639:
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628:
623:
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615:
608:
607:
605:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
573:
571:
561:
555:
554:
541:
540:
533:
526:
518:
510:
509:
502:
482:
457:
442:
417:
376:
352:
292:
291:
289:
286:
285:
284:
281:
278:
273:
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269:
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228:
222:
216:
210:
204:
198:
192:
184:
181:
180:
179:
172:
164:
159:
156:
136:formal fallacy
128:
127:
126:
125:
114:
93:
90:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1807:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1770:
1769:
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1763:
1762:
1758:
1755:
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1749:
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1731:
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1728:
1724:
1718:
1715:
1713:
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1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1576:
1571:
1569:
1564:
1562:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1541:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1377:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1311:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1182:Invented here
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
970:
968:
966:
962:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
945:False analogy
943:
941:
938:
936:
932:
929:
925:
922:
920:
917:
916:
915:
914:Sampling bias
912:
910:
907:
906:
904:
902:
898:
892:
889:
887:
884:
883:
881:
879:
878:
877:Secundum quid
873:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
853:
851:
849:
845:
839:
836:
834:
831:
827:
824:
823:
822:
821:False dilemma
819:
818:
816:
814:
810:
804:
801:
799:
795:
791:
788:
784:
781:
780:
779:
776:
774:
770:
767:
766:
764:
760:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
720:
718:
714:
711:
709:
705:
695:
692:
690:
689:Illicit minor
687:
685:
684:Illicit major
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
651:
649:
647:
643:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
618:
616:
614:
609:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
574:
572:
570:
565:
562:
560:
556:
551:
547:
539:
534:
532:
527:
525:
520:
519:
516:
505:
503:9781841697413
499:
495:
494:
486:
478:
474:
473:
472:The Telegraph
468:
461:
453:
449:
445:
439:
435:
431:
427:
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404:
399:
395:
391:
387:
380:
366:
362:
356:
348:
344:
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334:
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312:
308:
304:
297:
293:
282:
279:
276:
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1304:Whataboutism
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1095:Law/Legality
1069:Single cause
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1656:Temporality
1497:Red herring
1254:Association
935:Conjunction
856:Composition
753:Reification
669:Existential
621:Existential
434:Belmont, CA
219:Coincidence
116:Therefore,
1784:Categories
1717:Presentism
1687:Eternalism
1636:Eviternity
1473:Moralistic
1407:Sealioning
1401:Ad nauseam
1328:Ipse dixit
1240:Ad hominem
1064:Regression
866:Ecological
679:Four terms
597:Masked man
370:2021-08-28
361:"post hoc"
288:References
207:Cargo cult
1748:Teleology
1514:Straw man
1392:Arguments
1381:fallacies
1355:Tradition
1345:Etymology
1317:Authority
1298:Tu quoque
1282:Bulverism
1052:Gambler's
1021:Animistic
965:Ambiguity
931:Base rate
674:Necessity
546:fallacies
412:151401300
329:2072-1439
189:Apophenia
113:occurred.
76:causality
1733:Etiology
1702:Finitism
1697:Fatalism
1626:Eternity
1616:Duration
1540:Category
1172:Ridicule
1157:Flattery
1147:Children
1044:Post hoc
924:McNamara
886:Accident
861:Division
708:Informal
477:Archived
452:30319422
428:(1995).
347:27499984
183:See also
158:Examples
72:Post hoc
45:followed
25:Post hoc
1359:Novelty
1334:Poverty
1196:Loyalty
1162:Novelty
1139:Emotion
1088:Appeals
1057:Inverse
1037:Cum hoc
1026:Furtive
544:Common
338:4958779
120:caused
92:Pattern
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1444:Cliché
1379:Other
1350:Nature
1338:Wealth
973:Accent
559:Formal
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80:solely
49:caused
1631:Event
1206:Spite
1100:Stone
408:S2CID
130:When
37:Latin
1596:Time
1292:Tone
1167:Pity
1152:Fear
550:list
498:ISBN
448:OCLC
438:ISBN
343:PMID
325:ISSN
168:Pelé
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