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select few examples dating back to medieval manuscript illustrations or memorial tablets of the 1700s. These examples were mainly restricted to experts, rather than the greater community. As the practice of handling and caring for the dead transferred from the responsibility of the family to that of the hospital staff, the style of photographs changed as well. It is customary for a hospital staff member to take a photograph of a deceased child for the grieving family. Most photographs of the deceased were taken of them up close lying down on a bed or chest and mainly consisted of children, teenagers, and some elderly persons.
66:
196:'s culture surrounding death, it is concluded that the nation held death as an important and significant companion. Throughout much of the nineteenth century, the country's infant mortality rate was higher than that of European countries. Consequently, death was a public topic that was considerably seen through Icelanders' religious lenses. There are many that believe Iceland's attitudes about post-mortem photography can be deduced from its earlier expressions in poetry of the above-average death rates.
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117:, which allowed multiple prints to be made from a single negative, meant that copies of the image could be mailed to relatives. Approaching the 20th century, cameras became more accessible and more people began to be able to take photographs for themselves. Post-mortem photography as early as the 1970s was taken up by artists, and continues today. Presently, it is largely private, except for photos of stillborn children on the website
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medium, it is plausible that many daguerreotype post-mortem portraits, especially those of infants and young children, were probably the only photographs ever made of the sitters. The long exposure time made deceased subjects easy to photograph. The problem of long exposure times also led to the phenomenon of
199:
In the early 1900s, detailed information regarding an individual's death could be commonly found in a newspaper's obituary section. This was indicative of the community's role in death, before societal norms shifted the experience of death to be much more personal and private. In 1940, photographs of
44:
is the practice of photographing the recently deceased. Various cultures use and have used this practice, though the best-studied area of post-mortem photography is that of Europe and
America. There can be considerable dispute as to whether individual early photographs actually show a dead person or
224:
The extent of the popularity of postmortem-photography is difficult to ascertain. This is partially due to the fact that many instances are privatized within family albums as well as the role of changes in the social and cultural attitudes surrounding death. This could have resulted in the disposal
216:
As far back as the fifteenth century, it was customary to portray the deceased through paintings and drawings. This originated in
Western Europe and quickly spread through Europe. These portraits were mainly restricted to the upper classes. Upon the emergence of photography, post mortem photography
161:
have a rosy tint added to the cheeks of the corpse. Later photographs show the subject in a coffin, sometimes with a large group of funeral attendees. This was especially popular in Europe and less common in the United States. Photographs, especially depicting persons who were considered to be very
104:
This also provided the middle class with a way to remember dead loved ones. Before this, post-mortem portraiture was restricted to the upper class, who continued to commemorate the deceased with this new method. Post-mortem photography was common in the nineteenth century. As photography was a new
241:
at the burning ghats or funeral pyres, their soul will be transported to heaven and escape the cycle of rebirth. Varanasi is the only city in India that has pyres burning 24 hours a day, seven days a week, with an average of 300 bodies burned per day. Death photographers come to
Varanasi daily to
220:
Post-mortem photography was particularly popular in
Victorian Britain. From 1860 to 1910, these post-mortem portraits were much like American portraits in style, focusing on the deceased either displayed as asleep or with the family; often these images were placed in family albums. The study has
203:
How post-mortem photography began in
Iceland remains uncertain, but these photographs can be traced to the late nineteenth century. The practice of post-mortem photography in Iceland and the Nordic countries was also in European countries. As for Iceland, the role of visual art was minimal with a
141:
A common pose of the deceased is called the 'Last Sleep', where the deceased's eyes are closed and they lie as though in repose. These photographs would serve as their last social presence. In the
Victorian era it was common to photograph deceased young children or newborns in the arms of their
207:
A large regional collection of professional and private post-mortem photographs are contained in the
Reykjavík Museum of Photography while others are displayed in the National Museum of Iceland. These displays are primarily composed of photographs of funerals and wakes rather than the deceased.
183:
In
America, post-mortem photography became an increasingly private practice by the mid-to-late nineteenth century, with discussion moving out of trade journals and public discussion. There was a resurgence in mourning tableaux, where the living were photographed surrounding the coffin of the
200:
the deceased, their casket, or grave stone with documentation of the funeral and wake are rare. By 1960, there is almost no record of community-based professional post-mortem photography in Nordic society with some amateur photographs remaining for the purpose of the family of the deceased.
919:
Vidor, Gian Marco.(2013). La photographie post-mortem dans l’Italie du XIXe et XXe siècle. Une introduction. In Anne Carol & Isabelle
Renaudet 'La mort à l'oeuvre. Usages et représentations du cadavre dans l'art', Aix-en-Provence: Presses universitaires de Provence,
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Post-mortem photography flourished in photography's early decades, among those who preferred to capture an image of the deceased. This helped many photographic businesses in the nineteenth century. The later invention of the
812:
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Post-mortem photography in the Nordic countries was most popular in the early 1900s, but later died out around 1940, transferring mainly to amateur photography for personal use. When examining
452:
909:
Kürti, László. (2012). 'For the last time': the
Hiltman-Kinsey post-mortem photographs, 1918–1920". Visual Studies, Volume 27, 2012 - Issue 1.doi.org/10.1080/1472586X.2012.642960
689:
Sigurjón Baldur Hafsteinsson. 'Dauðinn í mynd lífsins: ljósmyndir af látnum,' in Eitt sinn skal hver deyja, ed. Sigurjón Baldur Hafsteinsson, Reykjavík: Mokka Press 1996.
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in 1839 made portraiture commonplace, as many of those who were unable to afford the commission of a painted portrait could afford to sit for a
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Kürti, László. (2012). 'For the last time': the Hiltman-Kinsey post-mortem photographs, 1918–1920". Visual Studies, Volume 27, 2012
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often been mixed with American traditions, because they are similar. Post-mortem photography continued in the inter-war years.
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Hafsteinsson, Sigurjón Baldur (2005). "History of Photography. Post-mortem and funeral photography in Iceland".
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Edwards, Elizabeth (2005). "Post-mortem and memorial photography". In Lenman, Robin; Nicholsen, Angela (eds.).
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not, often sharpened by commercial considerations. The form continued the tradition of earlier painted
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take photos of the recently deceased, which serve as mementos for the family, or as proof of death.
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Sleeping Beauty II: Grief, Bereavement in Memorial Photography American and European Traditions
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Linkman, Audrey (2006). "Taken from Life: Post-Mortem Portraiture in Britain 1860-1910".
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Linkman, Audrey (2006). "Taken from Life: Post-Mortem Portraiture in Britain 1860-1910".
339:
Linkman, Audrey (2006). "Taken from Life: Post-Mortem Portraiture in Britain 1860-1910".
433:
West, Nancy M. (1996). "Camera Fiends: Early Photography, Death, and the Supernatural".
296:"Importance of Still Photography at Scene of Crime: A Forensic vs. Judicial Perspective"
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de Mayda Matteo (2017) A Death Photographer Who Shoots on the Banks of the Ganges River
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Beyond the dark veil: Post-mortem & mourning photography from the Thanatos archive.
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Beyond the Dark Veil: Post Mortem & Mourning Photography from The Thanatos Archive
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McBride Pete (2017). The Pyres of Varanasi: Breaking the Cycle of Death and Rebirth
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Johanne Maria Jensen. 'Livet og d"den I fumiliealbummmet', Siden Saxo 4: 12 (1995).
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holy lying in their coffins, are still circulated among faithful Eastern Catholic,
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deceased, sometimes having them visible. This practice continued until the 1960s.
109:, where the mother was hidden in-frame to calm a young child and keep them still.
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Audrey Linkman (2006) Taken from life: Post-mortem portraiture in Britain
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Visible Care: Nan Goldin and Andres Serrano’s Post-mortem Photography.
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453:"An Introduction to Photography in the Early 20th Century (article)"
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49:. Today post-mortem photography is most common in the contexts of
846:"A Death Photographer Who Shoots on the Banks of the Ganges River"
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2778:
2722:
2684:
2096:
1245:
1191:
193:
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813:"The Pyres of Varanasi: Breaking the Cycle of Death and Rebirth"
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1643:
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237:, people believe that if their deceased loved one is burned in
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129:
50:
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Ripartire dagli addii: uno studio sulla fotografia post-mortem
149:
Nineteenth-century photograph of a deceased child with flowers
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1726:
1186:
234:
86:
493:"Syrian bishop's remains (funeral). Corpse seated in church"
2783:
394:"The lady vanishes: Victorian photography's hidden mothers"
34:
381:. New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. pp. 34–35.
326:
San Francisco, CA: Grand Central Press & Last Gasp.
805:
767:
Doctoral thesis (Birkbeck, University of London: 2016)
568:"Family Expressions of Pain in Postmortem Portraiture"
929:, 30:4, 309–347, DOI: 10.1080/03087298.2006.10443484
883:
Secure the Shadow: Death and Photography in America
629:
Secure the Shadow: Death and Photography in America
81:Post-mortem photograph of Brazil's deposed emperor
25:Post-mortem photograph of the Norwegian theologian
779:History of Photography: An International Quarterly
701:History of Photography: An International Quarterly
538:
379:Seizing the Light: a Social History of Photography
341:History of Photography: An International Quarterly
3158:
890:Sleeping Beauty: Memorial Photography in America
840:
838:
524:Secure the Shadow: Death Photography in America
16:Practice of photographing the recently deceased
2630:
2616:
981:
835:
662:
385:
3051:Self-Portrait with Death Playing the Fiddle
2533:Conservation and restoration of photographs
895:Burns, Stanley B. and Elizabeth A. (2002).
565:
3058:Skull of a Skeleton with Burning Cigarette
2623:
2609:
2270:Comparison of digital and film photography
988:
974:
283:. Boston, MA: David R. Godine. p. 13.
137:seated in state at his funeral (ca. 1945).
2490:Photographs considered the most important
372:
370:
60:
748:
575:Studies in Visual Arts and Communication
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225:or destruction of existing portraiture.
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128:
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20:
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596:
536:
526:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. p. 63.
490:
376:
338:
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736:The Victorians: Photographic Portraits
541:The Oxford Companion to the Photograph
417:
367:
3141:Do not go gentle into that good night
2604:
969:
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592:
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392:Bathurst, Bella (December 2, 2013).
334:
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322:Bunge, J.A., & Mord, J. (2015).
318:
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274:
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2485:Museums devoted to one photographer
13:
3127:Because I could not stop for Death
2032:Timeline of photography technology
961:Gallery of post-mortem photography
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585:
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69:Post-mortem photograph of Emperor
14:
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217:became available to many people.
211:
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3120:And death shall have no dominion
3065:Sleep and His Half-Brother Death
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2573:
2572:
927:History of Photography 1860–1910
819:. August 7, 2014. Archived from
626:
611:
300:www.crime-scene-investigator.net
178:
3093:The Three Ages of Man and Death
3016:Gather Ye Rosebuds While Ye May
2584:
995:
892:. Twelvetrees/Twin Palms Press.
868:
770:
727:
692:
683:
644:
635:
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559:
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484:
470:
441:(1): 170–206 – via JSTOR.
420:Photography: A Cultural History
294:Kapoor, Richa Rohatgi and A.K.
791:10.1080/03087298.2006.10443484
713:10.1080/03087298.2006.10443484
677:10.1080/03087298.1999.10443798
491:Service, Matson Photo (1940).
445:
426:
411:
353:10.1080/03087298.2006.10443484
287:
29:with flowers, photographed by
1:
2832:Capuchin catacombs of palermo
2082:Painted photography backdrops
2014:Golden triangle (composition)
1289:35 mm equivalent focal length
948:A brief history with examples
738:. London: Tauris Parke Books.
262:
581:– via Journal On Arts.
566:Summersgill, Lauren (2015).
478:"Now I Lay Me Down To Sleep"
422:. New York: Harry N. Abrams.
418:Marien, Mary Warner (2002).
7:
2904:The Masque of the Red Death
1792:Intentional camera movement
545:. Oxford University Press.
245:
10:
3193:
2480:Most expensive photographs
1837:Multi-exposure HDR capture
888:Burns, Stanley B. (1990).
279:Norfleet, Barbara (1993).
187:
119:Now I Lay Me Down to Sleep
3109:
2960:
2930:Death and Transfiguration
2912:
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2718:Personifications of death
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2110:
2022:
1974:
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1481:
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107:hidden mother photography
2705:Sic transit gloria mundi
2414:Digital image processing
955:American Daguerrorotypes
912:Orlando, Mirko. (2013).
902:Orlando, Mirko. (2010).
749:Townsend, Chris (2008).
734:Linkman, Audrey (1993).
597:Linkman, Audrey (2011).
377:Hirsche, Robert (2009).
228:
153:Some images, especially
71:Frederick III of Germany
2937:Der Tod und das Mädchen
2774:Post-mortem photography
2087:Photography and the law
953:The Mourning Portrait,
601:. Reaktion. p. 69.
42:Post-mortem photography
2434:Gelatin silver process
1458:Science of photography
1443:Photographic processes
1421:Perspective distortion
914:fotografia post mortem
906:. Milano: MjM editore.
899:. Burns Archive Press.
753:. London: I.B. Tauris.
665:History of Photography
150:
138:
90:
74:
61:History and popularity
38:
2680:Lamentation of Christ
1892:Schlieren photography
1431:Photographic printing
1354:Exposure compensation
916:. Roma: Castelvecchi.
763:Summersgill, Lauren.
599:Photography and Death
435:The Centennial Review
148:
132:
93:The invention of the
80:
68:
24:
3172:Photography by genre
3100:The Triumph of Death
3002:Death and the Maiden
2674:Death and the Maiden
2634:and mortality in art
1676:Straight photography
1314:Chromatic aberration
885:. Boston: MIT Press.
874:Mord, Jack. (2014).
3086:The Shadow of Death
3079:The Garden of Death
3023:La Calavera Catrina
3009:Death and the Miser
2543:photographic plates
2228:Digital photography
1406:Hyperfocal distance
1319:Circle of confusion
881:Ruby, Jay. (1995).
3177:Forensic pathology
2899:Hamlet's soliloquy
2822:Catacombs of Paris
2647:All flesh is grass
2047:Autochrome Lumière
2042:Analog photography
1867:Pigeon photography
1656:Social documentary
1135:discontinued films
878:. Last Gasp Press.
852:. January 25, 2017
522:Ruby, Jay (1995).
151:
139:
91:
75:
47:mourning portraits
39:
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3153:
3150:
3149:
3037:Pyramid of Skulls
2970:Et in Arcadia ego
2598:
2597:
2399:Collodion process
2335:Chromogenic print
2322:Color photography
1832:Multiple exposure
1807:Lo-fi photography
1334:Color temperature
614:Secure the shadow
552:978-0-19-866271-6
257:Sigfús Eymundsson
168:Oriental Orthodox
3184:
2888:Book of the Dead
2851:The Seventh Seal
2807:
2806:
2625:
2618:
2611:
2602:
2601:
2587:
2586:
2576:
2575:
2454:Print permanence
2404:Cross processing
2362:CMYK color model
2347:Color management
2300:Foveon X3 sensor
2295:Three-CCD camera
1939:Miniature faking
1897:Sabattier effect
1509:Astrophotography
1364:Zebra patterning
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281:Looking at Death
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164:Eastern Orthodox
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3072:The Ambassadors
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2727:
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2521:
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2459:Push processing
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2373:
2367:RGB color model
2316:
2222:
2106:
2018:
1984:Diagonal method
1970:
1710:
1614:Photojournalism
1477:
1309:Black-and-white
1277:
1256:Slide projector
1251:Movie projector
1130:available films
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823:on June 7, 2018
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174:Cultural nuance
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115:carte de visite
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37:, November 1907
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2749:Funerary art
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2665:
2658:
2651:
2555:Polaroid art
2449:K-14 process
2444:Instant film
2439:Gum printing
2394:C-41 process
2379:Photographic
2280:Image sensor
2275:Film scanner
1929:Sun printing
1862:Print toning
1649:space selfie
1633:
1619:Pictorialism
1549:Ethnographic
1529:Conservation
1401:Guide number
1396:Focal length
954:
935:
926:
913:
903:
896:
889:
882:
875:
869:Bibliography
856:February 26,
854:. Retrieved
849:
827:February 26,
825:. Retrieved
821:the original
816:
807:
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500:. Retrieved
496:
486:
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460:. Retrieved
457:Khan Academy
456:
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428:
419:
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401:. Retrieved
398:The Guardian
397:
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323:
303:. Retrieved
299:
289:
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191:
182:
170:Christians.
152:
140:
111:
103:
92:
41:
40:
18:
3044:Roman Widow
2882:Book of Job
2560:Stereoscopy
2424:E-6 process
2419:Dye coupler
2352:color space
2265:Digiscoping
2258:camera back
2173:Philippines
2102:Visual arts
2092:Glass plate
2077:Heliography
1976:Composition
1951:Ultraviolet
1907:Stereoscopy
1902:Slow motion
1887:Scanography
1802:Kite aerial
1742:Contre-jour
1634:Post-mortem
1624:Pornography
1604:Neues Sehen
1539:Documentary
1473:Zone System
1448:Reciprocity
1374:Film format
1304:Backscatter
1282:Terminology
1152:beauty dish
1051:rangefinder
1016:light-field
997:Photography
817:Photography
627:Ruby, Jay.
612:Ruby, Jay.
497:www.loc.gov
403:January 28,
99:photography
85:, taken by
35:Christiania
3161:Categories
2894:Left Ginza
2861:Literature
2739:Death mask
2660:Consolatio
2653:Carpe diem
2550:Lomography
2381:processing
2330:Print film
2246:comparison
2213:Uzbekistan
2163:Luxembourg
2123:Bangladesh
2072:Dufaycolor
2052:Box camera
2009:Simplicity
1966:Zoom burst
1961:Xerography
1956:Vignetting
1946:Time-lapse
1934:Tilt–shift
1827:Mordançage
1817:Luminogram
1782:Holography
1777:High-speed
1757:Fill flash
1737:Burst mode
1715:Techniques
1696:Vernacular
1691:Underwater
1686:Toy camera
1666:Still life
1594:Monochrome
1584:High-speed
1534:Cloudscape
1524:Conceptual
1426:Photograph
1411:Lens flare
1391:Film speed
1273:Zone plate
1219:wide-angle
1204:long-focus
305:August 16,
263:References
252:Death mask
159:ambrotypes
2951:Totentanz
2500:Norwegian
2464:Stop bath
2409:Developer
2037:Ambrotype
1999:Lead room
1922:Slit-scan
1857:Photogram
1852:Panoramic
1762:Fireworks
1747:Cyanotype
1589:Landscape
1234:telephoto
1182:reflector
1177:monolight
1172:lens hood
1157:cucoloris
1093:safelight
1004:Equipment
799:191646714
721:191646714
671:: 49–54.
361:191646714
101:session.
55:pathology
3134:Erlkönig
2975:Guercino
2962:Painting
2944:Erlkönig
2764:Memorial
2712:Ubi sunt
2579:Category
2285:CMOS APS
2183:Slovenia
2111:Regional
2057:Calotype
1994:Headroom
1872:Redscale
1787:Infrared
1732:Brenizer
1706:Wildlife
1629:Portrait
1574:Forensic
1564:Fine-art
1499:Aircraft
1489:Abstract
1369:F-number
1349:Exposure
1324:Clipping
1299:Aperture
1167:hot shoe
1088:enlarger
1083:Darkroom
246:See also
239:Varanasi
155:tintypes
83:Pedro II
2980:Poussin
2803:Artwork
2789:Tragedy
2779:Requiem
2723:Vanitas
2685:Macabre
2590:Outline
2526:Related
2218:Vietnam
2203:Ukraine
2138:Denmark
2118:Albania
2097:Tintype
2024:History
1989:Framing
1882:Rollout
1847:Panning
1797:Kirlian
1701:Wedding
1579:Glamour
1559:Fashion
1544:Eclipse
1514:Banquet
1436:Albumen
1246:Monopod
1224:fisheye
1192:softbox
1041:pinhole
1031:instant
1021:digital
462:June 8,
194:Iceland
188:Iceland
142:mother.
133:Syrian
89:, 1891.
73:, 1888.
3111:Poetry
3030:Plague
2794:Wreath
2759:Lament
2640:Themes
2588:
2577:
2510:street
2505:Polish
2198:Turkey
2193:Taiwan
2178:Serbia
2168:Norway
2143:Greece
2128:Canada
1722:Afocal
1681:Street
1661:Sports
1644:Selfie
1599:Nature
1554:Erotic
1519:Candid
1494:Aerial
1482:Genres
1384:medium
1261:Tripod
1229:swivel
1142:Filter
1120:holder
1115:format
1011:Camera
797:
719:
549:
359:
135:bishop
57:work.
51:police
2914:Music
2769:Mummy
2744:Elegy
2732:Forms
2632:Death
2515:women
2473:Lists
2429:Fixer
2312:Pixel
2241:D-SLR
2188:Sudan
2158:Korea
2153:Japan
2148:India
2133:China
1917:Strip
1842:Night
1822:Macro
1727:Bokeh
1671:Stock
1639:Ruins
1379:large
1209:prime
1187:snoot
1147:Flash
1125:stock
1100:Drone
1061:still
1046:press
1036:phone
1026:field
920:2013.
795:S2CID
717:S2CID
571:(PDF)
357:S2CID
235:India
229:India
87:Nadar
2842:Film
2784:Tomb
2538:film
2253:MILC
1752:ETTR
1609:Nude
1569:Fire
1468:Sync
1266:head
1214:zoom
1199:Lens
1162:gobo
1110:base
1105:Film
1076:view
858:2020
829:2020
547:ISBN
504:2020
464:2022
405:2018
307:2022
166:and
157:and
53:and
2290:CCD
1071:toy
1066:TLR
1056:SLR
787:doi
709:doi
673:doi
349:doi
233:In
3163::
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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