1059:. For these purposes, personality is the settled framework of reference within which a person addresses the current situation and decides how to behave. Some traits will be dominant at times and then in a balanced relationship to other traits, but each person's traits will be reasonably stable and predictable (see Marshall: 1990 and Seidman: 1994). Hence, once conditioned into a criminal lifestyle, the relevant personality traits are likely to persist until a countervailing conditioning force re-establishes normal social inhibitions. Some forms of criminal behavior such as sexual offences have been medicalized with treatment offered alongside punishment.
1334:
798:, it has attempted to find scientific objectivity for the measurement and quantification of criminal behavior. Its method was developed by observing the characteristics of criminals to observe what may be the root cause of their behavior or actions. Since the Positivist's school of ideas came around, research revolving around its ideas has sought to identify some of the key differences between those who were deemed "criminals" and those who were not, often without considering flaws in the label of what a “criminal” is.
46:
926:), and introduced a scale to measure where each individual was placed. He concluded that delinquents tended to mesomorphy. Modern research might link physical size and athleticism and aggression because physically stronger people have the capacity to use violence with less chance of being hurt in any retaliation. Otherwise, such early research is no longer considered valid. The development of
1073:
In general terms, positivism rejected the
Classical Theory's reliance on free will and sought to identify positive causes that determined the propensity for criminal behaviour. The Classical School of Criminology believed that the punishment against a crime, should in fact fit the crime and not be
829:
was scientific as applied to animals, the same approach should be applied to "man" as an "animal". Darwin's theory of evolution stated that new species would evolve by the process of evolution. It meant that creatures would adapt to their surroundings and from that, a new species would be created
953:
There are a number of reputable studies that demonstrate a link between lower intelligence and criminality. However, when studies are conducted among the prison population, they are only studying those criminals actually caught. In other words, it might be that less intelligence people are more
830:
over time. Biological positivism is a theory or approach that takes an individual's characteristics and behavior that make up their genetic disposition is what causes them to be criminals. Biological positivism in theory states that individuals are born criminals and some are not.
1074:
immoderate. This school believes in the fundamental right of equality and that each and every person should be treated the same under the law. Rather than biological or psychological causes, this branch of the School identifies "society" as the cause. Hence,
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and excited state associated with them. The excessive consumption of alcohol can lower blood sugar levels and lead to aggressiveness, and the use of chemicals in foods and drinks has been associated with hyper-activity and some criminal behaviour.
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identified society as a social phenomenon, external to individuals, with crime a normal part of a healthy society. Deviancy was nothing more than "boundary setting," pushing to determine the current limits of morality and acceptability.
958:
has also been closely related to aggression and criminals. People who tend to have a lower emotional intelligence are those that have a hard time managing their emotions and are more prone to act out and perpetrate criminal behavior.
1047:(1987) stated that, "…certain types of personality may be more prone to react with anti-social or criminal behaviour to environmental factors of one kind or another." He proposed three dimensions of personality:
1488:
Southeastern
University. (2017, July 21). Classifying Crime: Major Schools of Criminology. Retrieved November 26, 2019, from https://online.seu.edu/articles/classifying-crime-major-schools-of-criminology/.
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of responsibility for criminal behavior. The problem lay in the propensities of individual offenders who were biologically distinguishable from law-abiding citizens. This theme was amplified by the
906:(1913) failed to corroborate the characteristics but did find criminals shorter, lighter and less intelligent, i.e. he found criminality to be "normal" rather than "pathological" (cf the work of
1411:
OpenLearn. (n.d.). Positivist School of
Criminology. Retrieved November 26, 2019, from https://www.open.edu/openlearn/society-politics-law/introduction-critical-criminology/content-section-1.2.
1491:
Sulloway, F. J. (2005, December 1). The
Evolution of Charles Darwin. Retrieved December 9, 2019, from https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/the-evolution-of-charles-darwin-110234034/.
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likely to be caught, rather than less intelligent people are more likely to commits crimes. For example, individuals with higher intelligence are more likely to avoid being arrested.
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130:
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Loeber, Rolf; Menting, Barbara; Lynam, Donald R.; Moffitt, Terri E.; Stouthamer-Loeber, Magda; Stallings, Rebecca; Farrington, David P.; Pardini, Dustin (2012-11-01).
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Wickert, C. (2019, April). Biological theories of crime. Retrieved
November 26, 2019, from https://soztheo.de/theories-of-crime/biological-theories-of-crime/?lang=en.
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Seidman, Bonnie T.; Marshall, W. L.; Hudson, Stephen M.; Robertson, Paul J. (2 July 2016). "An
Examination of Intimacy and Loneliness in Sex Offenders".
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2023:
1090:, viewed the city as a form of superorganism, zoned into areas engaged in a continuous process of invasion, dominance, and succession). Meanwhile,
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was replaced by the quest for scientific laws that would be discovered by experts. It is divided into biological, psychological, and social laws.
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in which maternal deprivation was a factor that might lead to delinquency. This has been discounted in favour of general privation (
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and other genetic factors variously identified as significant to select heredity rather than environment as the cause of crime (
1153:"Cognitive abilities and antisocial behavior in prison: A longitudinal assessment using a large state-wide sample of prisoners"
758:
1519:
115:
1200:"Findings From the Pittsburgh Youth Study: Cognitive Impulsivity and Intelligence as Predictors of the Age–Crime Curve"
1041:: 1981) or "broken homes" (Glueck: 1950) in which absentee or uncaring parents tend to produce badly behaved children.
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Sharma, Neelu; Prakash, Om; Sengar, K. S.; Chaudhury, Suprakash; Singh, Amool R. (2015).
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and other sub-schools study the spatial distribution of crimes and offenders (see
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Handbook of Sexual
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Boccio, Cashen M.; Beaver, Kevin M.; Schwartz, Joseph A. (2018-01-01).
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Journal of the
American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
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1404:
Marshall, W. L.; Laws, D. R. & Barbaree, H. E. (eds.), (1990).
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has produced another potential inherent cause of criminality, with
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became interested in the problem of crime, producing studies of
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1025:. He proposed that criminal behaviour is either the result of
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894:) which identified physical characteristics associated with
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became the major paradigm in the search for knowledge, the
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July 21, Posted; Justice, 2017 | Criminal (2017-07-21).
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which linked attributes of the mind to the shape of the
1286:
1247:"Intelligence and Delinquency: A Revisionist Review"
866:. These theories were popular because they absolved
1151:Silver, Ian A.; Nedelec, Joseph L. (2018-11-01).
1114:"Classifying Crime: Major Schools of Criminology"
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1244:
1245:Hirschi, Travis; Hindelang, Michael J. (2017),
2024:Fourth Great Debate in international relations
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1136:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
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910:found evidence of biological inferiority).
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1927:Relationship between religion and science
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1378:Learn how and when to remove this message
1393:The English Convict: A Statistical Study
1341:This article includes a list of general
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816:
2248:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
1005:, the primitive biological drives, the
14:
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1603:Machian positivism (empirio-criticism)
1975:
1501:
1327:
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1009:, the internalised values, and the
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1880:Nomothetic–idiographic distinction
1347:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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898:demonstrating that criminals were
25:
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2208:The Logic of Scientific Discovery
2192:Materialism and Empirio-criticism
2048:The Course in Positive Philosophy
1417:Journal of Interpersonal Violence
1001:divided the personality into the
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121:Risk & actuarial criminology
44:
27:School of thought in criminology
2200:History and Class Consciousness
1086:which, under the leadership of
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914:identified three basic body or
2064:Critical History of Philosophy
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1118:Southeastern University Online
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1:
2272:Knowledge and Human Interests
1608:Rankean historical positivism
1450:Industrial Psychiatry Journal
1408:, New York, NY: Plenum Press.
1098:
2390:
2056:A General View of Positivism
1305:10.1016/j.intell.2017.10.003
1169:10.1016/j.intell.2018.09.004
878:and through the writings of
7:
2256:Conjectures and Refutations
2088:The Logic of Modern Physics
1905:Deductive-nomological model
892:Anthropological criminology
10:
2472:
2216:The Poverty of Historicism
2112:The Universe in a Nutshell
2096:Language, Truth, and Logic
2080:The Analysis of Sensations
1429:10.1177/088626094009004006
1216:10.1016/j.jaac.2012.08.019
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101:Expressive function of law
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2296:The Rhetoric of Economics
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1977:Positivist-related debate
1971:
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1626:
1570:
1539:
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1391:Goring, Charles. (1913).
1076:environmental criminology
2232:Two Dogmas of Empiricism
1949:Structural functionalism
1875:Naturalism in literature
1463:10.4103/0972-6748.160934
1259:10.4324/9781315131511-10
1251:The Craft of Criminology
994:Psychological positivism
945:to prefer either cause.
870:and any failures of its
862:as revealed through the
834:Physical characteristics
91:Differential association
2359:Willard Van Orman Quine
2072:Idealism and Positivism
1664:Critique of metaphysics
1598:Sociological positivism
1362:more precise citations.
786:and led by two others:
151:Symbolic interactionism
2404:
2373:Concepts in contention
2014:
2004:
1994:
1885:Objectivity in science
1783:Non-Euclidean geometry
1749:Methodological dualism
1710:
1029:or a weak conscience.
956:Emotional intelligence
920:endomorphs, mesomorphs
131:Social disorganization
2280:The Poverty of Theory
1900:Philosophy of science
1789:Uncertainty principle
1400:The American Criminal
963:Other medical factors
938:nature versus nurture
854:) and the science of
848:Johann Kaspar Lavater
817:Biological positivism
640:Biosocial criminology
347:Uniform Crime Reports
66:Biosocial criminology
2288:The Scientific Image
1959:Structuration theory
1922:Qualitative research
1823:Criticism of science
1818:Critical rationalism
1754:Problem of induction
1253:, pp. 121–142,
515:Solitary confinement
2264:One-Dimensional Man
1712:Geisteswissenschaft
1695:Confirmation holism
1398:Hooton, Earnest A.
1055:, neuroticism, and
827:Theory of evolution
705:Radical criminology
76:Collective efficacy
2339:Hans-Georg Gadamer
2140:Alexander Bogdanov
2016:Positivismusstreit
1811:Post-behavioralism
1775:history of science
1627:Principal concepts
1583:Logical positivism
943:empirical evidence
884:L'Uomo Delinquente
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2130:Richard Avenarius
2006:Werturteilsstreit
1967:
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1915:Sense-data theory
1613:Polish positivism
1588:Positivist school
1388:
1387:
1380:
1210:(11): 1136–1149.
1069:Social positivism
1063:Social positivism
1035:attachment theory
852:Franz Joseph Gall
811:social philosophy
803:scientific method
792:Raffaele Garofalo
780:Positivist School
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459:Prisoners' rights
363:Positivist school
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16:(Redirected from
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2224:World Hypotheses
2104:The Two Cultures
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1039:Michael Rutter
1027:mental illness
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876:Italian School
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468:
466:Rehabilitation
463:
462:
461:
456:
454:Prisoner abuse
446:
445:
444:
439:
434:
424:
419:
417:Incapacitation
414:
409:
399:
394:
393:
390:
389:
386:
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349:
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176:
174:Émile Durkheim
170:
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159:
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148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
126:Social control
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
81:Crime analysis
78:
73:
71:Broken windows
68:
63:
57:
54:
53:
50:
49:
41:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2468:
2457:
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2378:
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2371:
2365:
2362:
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2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2349:György Lukács
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
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2332:
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2327:
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2258:
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2250:
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2237:
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2218:
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2209:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2182:
2176:
2175:Vienna Circle
2173:
2171:
2170:Berlin Circle
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2150:Eugen DĂĽhring
2148:
2146:
2145:Auguste Comte
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2125:
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2114:
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2109:
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2105:
2101:
2098:
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2077:
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2069:
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2061:
2058:
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2049:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2040:Contributions
2038:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2007:
2002:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1974:
1970:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1954:Structuralism
1952:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1895:Phenomenalism
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
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1836:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1806:Behavioralism
1804:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1734:Human science
1732:
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1727:
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1714:
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1708:
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1688:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1659:Pseudoscience
1657:
1655:
1654:Justification
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
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1632:
1631:
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1563:
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1523:
1518:
1516:
1511:
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1493:
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1479:
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1455:
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1434:
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1426:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1410:
1407:
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1397:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1382:
1379:
1371:
1368:February 2020
1361:
1357:
1351:
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1339:
1330:
1329:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
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1283:
1270:
1268:9781315131511
1264:
1260:
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1217:
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1186:
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1133:
1119:
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1108:
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1042:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
999:Sigmund Freud
991:
988:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
960:
957:
946:
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940:
939:
933:
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781:
769:
764:
762:
757:
755:
750:
749:
747:
746:
739:
736:
734:
733:Organizations
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
720:
714:
713:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
680:Environmental
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
627:
621:
620:
611:
608:
606:
603:
602:
600:
598:
597:Postmodernist
595:
593:
590:
588:
587:Neo-classical
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
562:Environmental
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
534:
528:
527:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
490:Participatory
488:
487:
486:
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481:
478:
477:
472:
469:
467:
464:
460:
457:
455:
452:
451:
450:
447:
443:
440:
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430:
429:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
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410:
408:
405:
404:
403:
402:
397:
392:
391:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
353:
352:Crime mapping
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
324:
318:
317:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
299:Transnational
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
267:International
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
251:
248:
247:
246:
243:
239:
236:
234:
231:
230:
228:
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211:
210:
208:
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204:
198:
197:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
171:
165:
164:
157:
154:
152:
149:
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144:
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139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
77:
74:
72:
69:
67:
64:
62:
59:
58:
52:
51:
47:
43:
42:
39:
35:
32:
31:
19:
2294:
2286:
2278:
2270:
2262:
2254:
2246:
2238:
2230:
2222:
2214:
2206:
2198:
2190:
2110:
2102:
2094:
2086:
2078:
2070:
2062:
2054:
2046:
2030:Science wars
1828:Epistemology
1759:Reflectivism
1719:Hermeneutics
1587:
1571:Declinations
1547:Antihumanism
1540:Perspectives
1456:(1): 54–58.
1453:
1449:
1420:
1416:
1405:
1399:
1392:
1374:
1365:
1346:
1296:
1293:Intelligence
1292:
1282:
1272:, retrieved
1250:
1240:
1207:
1203:
1193:
1160:
1157:Intelligence
1156:
1146:
1121:. Retrieved
1117:
1107:
1072:
1057:psychoticism
1053:extroversion
1049:introversion
1045:Hans Eysenck
1043:
1033:proposed an
997:
989:
968:Testosterone
966:
952:
949:Intelligence
935:
923:
919:
887:
883:
837:
820:
800:
788:Enrico Ferri
779:
777:
685:Experimental
407:Denunciation
373:Quantitative
283:Public-order
238:White-collar
179:Hans Eysenck
2446:Criminology
2385:Objectivity
2354:Karl Popper
2344:Thomas Kuhn
2324:Mario Bunge
2075:(1879–1884)
2010:(1909–1959)
1744:Metaphysics
1724:Historicism
1639:Demarcation
1634:Consilience
1557:Rationalism
1360:introducing
1031:John Bowlby
916:somatotypes
844:physiognomy
796:criminology
675:Development
650:Criminology
572:Integrative
510:Utilitarian
505:Retributive
495:Restorative
482:in penology
368:Qualitative
342:Ethnography
327:Comparative
233:Blue-collar
156:Victimology
111:Psychopathy
34:Criminology
2451:Positivism
2440:Categories
2165:Ernst Mach
2160:Ernst Laas
2135:A. J. Ayer
2123:Proponents
1942:Philosophy
1739:Humanities
1683:Antitheses
1552:Empiricism
1529:Positivism
1343:references
1274:2023-02-10
1123:2019-11-12
1099:References
1019:perception
982:, and the
976:aggression
972:adrenaline
932:chromosome
924:ectomorphs
896:degeneracy
872:government
856:phrenology
670:Demography
592:Positivist
471:Recidivism
412:Deterrence
304:Victimless
146:Subculture
2406:Verstehen
2392:Phronesis
2380:Knowledge
2364:Max Weber
2184:Criticism
1932:Sociology
1870:Modernism
1848:pluralism
1833:anarchism
1729:Historism
1649:Induction
1562:Scientism
1437:145299000
1313:0160-2896
1299:: 24–31.
1224:0890-8567
1185:149606301
1177:0160-2896
1163:: 17–31.
1023:cognition
900:atavistic
695:Political
624:Subfields
547:Classical
537:Anarchist
432:abolition
332:Profiling
277:Political
272:Organized
257:Corporate
245:Cold case
201:Types of
2427:Category
1843:nihilism
1838:idealism
1768:Related
1644:Evidence
1482:26257484
1232:23101740
1132:cite web
1007:superego
980:violence
928:genetics
840:medicine
728:Journals
655:Critical
645:Conflict
630:American
601:Realism
567:Feminist
557:Critical
552:Conflict
449:Prisoner
396:Penology
262:Juvenile
213:Humanity
209:Against
96:Deviance
38:penology
2307:Critics
2032:(1990s)
2026:(1980s)
2020:(1960s)
2000:(1890s)
1853:realism
1785:(1830s)
1773:in the
1473:4525433
1356:improve
984:arousal
868:society
801:As the
660:Culture
582:Marxist
577:Italian
542:Chicago
531:Schools
480:Justice
321:Methods
250:Perfect
2299:(1986)
2291:(1980)
2283:(1978)
2275:(1968)
2267:(1964)
2259:(1963)
2251:(1962)
2243:(1960)
2235:(1951)
2227:(1942)
2219:(1936)
2211:(1934)
2203:(1923)
2195:(1909)
2115:(2001)
2107:(1959)
2099:(1936)
2091:(1927)
2083:(1886)
2067:(1869)
2059:(1848)
2051:(1830)
1987:Method
1860:Holism
1791:(1927)
1480:
1470:
1435:
1345:, but
1311:
1265:
1230:
1222:
1183:
1175:
1021:, and
1015:memory
922:, and
918:(i.e.
908:Hooton
738:People
717:Browse
700:Public
442:reform
427:Prison
229:Class
218:Person
141:Strain
61:Anomie
55:Theory
2399:Truth
1433:S2CID
1181:S2CID
936:see:
882:(see
864:skull
860:brain
846:(see
794:. In
723:Index
665:Cyber
610:Right
422:Trial
383:NIBRS
289:State
223:State
203:crime
1478:PMID
1309:ISSN
1263:ISBN
1228:PMID
1220:ISSN
1173:ISSN
1138:link
978:and
970:and
890:and
850:and
790:and
778:The
605:Left
437:open
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1458:doi
1425:doi
1301:doi
1255:doi
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309:War
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