629:
other particles which make their way through the air filter which must also be changed as it accumulates dirt. To help clean the unit, some patients have used a very small amount of hydrogen peroxide mixed with the water in the container. They would then let it stand for a few minutes before emptying and rinsing. If this procedure is used, it is imperative to rinse the unit with soap and water before reinstalling onto the machine and breathing. Anti-bacterial soap is not recommended by sellers. To reduce the risk of contamination, distilled water is a good alternative to tap water. If traveling in areas where the mineral content or purity of the water is unknown or suspect, an alternative is to use a water from a "purifier" such as Brita. In cold climates, humidified air may require insulated and/or heated air hoses. These may be bought ready-made, or built from commonly available materials.
757:, psychiatry, neurology, paediatrics, family practice or otolaryngology (ear, nose and throat), will interpret the results from the initial sleep study and recommend a pressure test. This may be done in one night (a split study with the diagnostic testing done in the first part of the night, and CPAP testing done in the later part of the night) or with a follow-up second sleep study during which the CPAP titration may be done over the entire night. With CPAP titration (split night or entire night), the patient wears the CPAP mask and pressure is adjusted up and down from the prescribed setting to find the optimal setting. Studies have shown that split-night protocol is an effective protocol for diagnosing OSA and titrating CPAP. CPAP compliance rate showed no difference between the split-night and the two-night protocols.
285:
229:) may also feel unpleasant to some patients. These factors lead to inability to continue treatment due to patient intolerance in about 20% of cases where it is initiated. Some machines have pressure relief technologies that makes sleep therapy more comfortable by reducing pressure at the beginning of exhalation and returning to therapeutic pressure just before inhalation. The level of pressure relief is varied based on the patient's expiratory flow, making breathing out against the pressure less difficult. Those who have an
765:, PAP machines are often available at large discounts online, but a patient purchasing a PAP personally must handle the responsibility of securing reimbursement from his or her insurance or Medicare. Many of the internet providers that deal with insurance such as Medicare will provide upgraded equipment to a patient even if he or she only qualifies for a basic PAP. In some locations a government program, separate from Medicare, can be used to claim a reimbursement for all or part of the cost of the PAP device.
382:. It is important to understand, however, that it is the air pressure, and not the movement of the air, that prevents the apneas. When the machine is turned on, but prior to the mask being placed on the head, a flow of air comes through the mask. After the mask is placed on the head, it is sealed to the face and the air stops flowing. At this point, it is only the air pressure that accomplishes the desired result. This has the additional benefit of reducing or eliminating the extremely loud
695:
783:, PAP machines can be bought from the Internet or physical stores. There is no general requirement for a doctor's prescription, but many suppliers will require a referral. Low-income earners who hold a Commonwealth Health Care Card should enquire with their state's health department about programmes that provide free or low-cost PAP machines. Those who have private health insurance may be eligible for a partial rebate on the cost of a CPAP machine and the mask.
2267:
132:
140:
625:
unit. Most units employ some type of filtration, and the filters must be cleaned or replaced on a regular schedule. Sometimes HEPA filters may be purchased or modified for asthma or other allergy clients. Hoses and masks accumulate exfoliated skin, particulate matter, and can even develop mold. Humidification units must be kept free of mold and algae. Because units use substantial electrical power, housings must be cleaned without immersion.
2291:
124:
2279:
461:, or tunes, the amount of pressure delivered to the patient to the minimum required to maintain an unobstructed airway on a breath-by-breath basis by measuring the resistance in the patient's breathing based on levels of airway blockage such as snore and apnea, thereby giving the patient the precise pressure required at a given moment and avoiding the compromise of fixed pressure.
225:
with thin, soft, flexible "curtains" ensuring less skin abrasion, and the possibility of coughing and yawning. Some people may find wearing a CPAP mask uncomfortable or constricting: eyeglass wearers and bearded men may prefer the nasal-pillow type of mask. Breathing out against the positive pressure resistance (the expiratory positive airway pressure component, or
802:'s Assistive Devices Program will fund a portion of the cost of a CPAP unit based on a sleep study in an approved sleep lab showing Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome and the signature of an approved physician on the application form. This funding is available to all residents of Ontario with a valid health card.
476:(variable/bilevel positive airway pressure) provides two levels of pressure: inspiratory positive airway pressure (IPAP) and a lower expiratory positive airway pressure (EPAP) for easier exhalation. (Some people use the term BPAP to parallel the terms APAP and CPAP.) Often BPAP is incorrectly referred to as
752:
In many countries, PAP machines are only available by prescription. A sleep study at an accredited sleep lab is usually necessary before treatment can start. This is because the pressure settings on the PAP machine must be tailored to a patient's treatment needs. A sleep medicine doctor, who may also
574:
Passive: Air is blown through an unheated water chamber and is dependent on ambient air temperature. It is not as effective as the heated humidifier described above, but still can increase patient comfort by eliminating the dryness of the compressed air. In general, a passive humidifier is a separate
530:
Contemporary EPAP devices have two small valves that allow air to be drawn in through each nostril, but not exhaled; the valves are held in place by adhesive tabs on the outside of the nose. The mechanism by which EPAP may work is not clear; it may be that the resistance to nasal exhalation leads to
665:
frontal chest muscles to bring back the shoulders and expand the chest and noted an increase in blood oxygen levels of over 6% during the manual therapy and 5% thereafter. The conclusion by Palmer was that the manual stretching of the pectoralis major combined at the time of the maximum inflation of
620:
As with all durable medical equipment, proper maintenance is essential for proper functioning, long unit life and patient comfort. The care and maintenance required for PAP machines varies with the type and conditions of use, and are typically spelled out in a detailed instruction manual specific to
570:
Heated: Heated water chamber that can increase patient comfort by eliminating the dryness of the compressed air. The temperature can usually be adjusted or turned off to act as a passive humidifier if desired. In general, a heated humidifier is either integrated into the unit or has a separate power
373:
occurs when the upper airway becomes narrow as the muscles relax naturally during sleep. This reduces oxygen in the blood and causes arousal from sleep. The CPAP machine stops this phenomenon by delivering a stream of compressed air via a hose to a nasal pillow, nose mask, full-face mask, or hybrid,
328:
at the beginning of therapy dramatically increases adherence—by up to 148%. While common PAP side effects are merely nuisances, serious side effects such as eustachian tube infection, or pressure build-up behind the cochlea are very uncommon. Furthermore, research has shown that PAP side effects are
279:
Entire regions of the lung that would otherwise be collapsed are forced and held open. This process is called recruitment. Usually these collapsed regions of lung will have some blood flow (although reduced). Because these areas of lung are not being ventilated, the blood passing through these areas
224:
The mask required to deliver CPAP must have an effective seal, and be held on very securely. The "nasal pillow" mask maintains its seal by being inserted slightly into the nostrils and being held in place by various straps around the head. Some full-face masks "float" on the face like a hover-craft,
644:
Since continuous compliance is an important factor in the success of treatment, it is of importance that patients who travel have access to portable equipment. Progressively, PAP units are becoming lighter and more compact, and often come with carrying cases. Dual-voltage power supplies permit many
624:
Most manufacturers recommend that the end user perform daily and weekly maintenance. Units must be checked regularly for wear and tear and kept clean. Poorly connected, worn or frayed electrical connections may present a shock or fire hazard; worn hoses and masks may reduce the effectiveness of the
332:
PAP manufacturers frequently offer different models at different price ranges, and PAP masks have many different sizes and shapes, so that some users need to try several masks before finding a good fit. These different machines may not be comfortable for all users, so proper selection of PAP models
628:
For humidification units, cleaning of the water container is imperative for several reasons. First, the container may build up minerals from the local water supply which eventually may become part of the air breathed. Second, the container may eventually show signs of "sludge" coming from dust and
598:
Flexible chin straps may be used to help the patient not breathe through the mouth (full-face masks avoid this problem), thereby keeping a closed pressure system. The straps are elastic enough that the patient can easily open his mouth if he feels that he needs to. Modern straps use a quick-clip
433:
CPAP treatment can be highly effective in treatment of obstructive sleep apnea. For some patients, the improvement in the quality of sleep and quality of life due to CPAP treatment will be noticed after a single night's use. Often, the patient's sleep partner also benefits from markedly improved
336:
Beards, mustaches, or facial irregularities may prevent an air-tight seal. Where the mask contacts the skin must be free from dirt and excess chemicals such as skin oils. Shaving before mask-fitting may be necessary in some cases. However, facial irregularities of this nature frequently do not
506:(Spontaneous/Timed) – Like spontaneous mode, the device triggers to IPAP on patient inspiratory effort. But in spontaneous/timed mode a "backup" rate is also set to ensure that patients still receive a minimum number of breaths per minute if they fail to breathe spontaneously.
148:
657:
power supply used on most commercial aircraft and include manual or automatic altitude adjustment. Machines may easily fit on a ventilator tray on the bottom or back of a power wheelchair with an external battery. Some machines allow power-inverter or car-battery powering.
114:
The main difference between BPAP and CPAP machines is that BPAP machines have two pressure settings: the prescribed pressure for inhalation (ipap), and a lower pressure for exhalation (epap). The dual settings allow the patient to get more air in and out of their lungs.
319:
Prospective PAP candidates are often reluctant to use this therapy, since the nose mask and hose to the machine look uncomfortable and clumsy. Airflow required for some patients can be vigorous. Some patients will develop nasal congestion while others may experience
29:
652:
Long-distance travel or camping presents special considerations. Most airport security inspectors have seen the portable machines, so screening rarely presents a special problem. Increasingly, machines are capable of being powered by the
389:
The CPAP machine blows air at a prescribed pressure (also called the titrated pressure). The necessary pressure is usually determined by a sleep physician after review of a study supervised by a sleep technician during an overnight study
636:(ozone) cleaners are becoming more popular as a preferred maintenance method. However, the biological effects of using ozone as a PAP cleaning method has not scientifically been proven to provide a benefit to PAP users.
583:
Ramp may be used to temporarily lower the pressure if the user does not immediately sleep. The pressure gradually rises to the prescribed level over a period of time that can be adjusted by the patient and/or the DME
368:
A continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) machine was initially used mainly by patients for the treatment of sleep apnea at home, but now is in widespread use across intensive care units as a form of ventilation.
878:
Cosentini R, Brambilla AM, Aliberti S, et al. (July 2010). "Helmet continuous positive airway pressure vs oxygen therapy to improve oxygenation in community-acquired pneumonia: a randomized, controlled trial".
494:(Spontaneous) – In spontaneous mode the device triggers IPAP when flow sensors detect spontaneous inspiratory effort and then cycles back to EPAP. The sensors' level of responsiveness may be adjusted if needed.
337:
hinder the operation of the device or its positive airflow effects for sleep apnea patients. For many people, the only problem from an incomplete seal is a higher noise level near the face from escaping air.
271:
are prevented from collapsing at the end of expiration. If these small airways and alveoli are allowed to collapse, significant pressures are required to re-expand them. This can be explained using the
103:", which was developed by Dr. George Gregory and colleagues in the neonatal intensive care unit at the University of California, San Francisco. A variation of the PAP system was developed by Professor
329:
rarely the reason patients stop using PAP. There are reports of dizziness, sinus infections, bronchitis, dry eyes, dry mucosal tissue irritation, ear pain, and nasal congestion secondary to CPAP use.
602:
Data logging records basic compliance info or detailed event logging, allowing the sleep physician (or patient) to download and analyse data recorded by the machine to verify treatment effectiveness.
1006:
1267:
Tsuda H, Almeida FR, Tsuda T, Moritsuchi Y, Lowe AA (Oct 2010). "Craniofacial changes after 2 years of nasal continuous positive airway pressure use in patients with obstructive sleep apnea".
787:
may be released for the purchase of essential medical equipment such as PAP machines, on the provision of letters from two doctors, one of whom must be a specialist, and an application to the
587:
Exhalation pressure relief: Gives a short drop in pressure during exhalation to reduce the effort required. This feature is known by the trade name C-Flex or A-Flex in some CPAPs made by
324:
or a runny nose. Some patients adjust to the treatment within a few weeks, others struggle for longer periods, and some discontinue treatment entirely. However, studies show that
127:
A typical CPAP machine houses the air pump in a case lined with sound-absorbing material for quieter operation. A hose carries the pressurized air to a face mask or nasal pillow.
1224:
Ayow TM, Paquet F, Dallaire J, Purden M, Champagne KA (2009). "Factors influencing the use and nonuse of continuous positive airway pressure therapy: a comparative case study".
280:
is not able to efficiently exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide. This is called ventilation–perfusion (or V/Q) mismatch. The recruitment reduces ventilation–perfusion mismatch.
820:
Gregory GA; Kitterman JA; Phibbs RH; Tooley WH; Hamilton WK (1971). "Treatment of the idiopathic respiratory-distress syndrome with continuous positive airway pressure".
394:) in a sleep laboratory. The titrated pressure is the pressure of air at which most (if not all) apneas and hypopneas have been prevented, and it is usually measured in
340:
The CPAP mask can act as an orthodontic headgear and move the teeth and the upper and/or lower jaw backward. This effect can increase over time and may or may not cause
178:. Usually PAP ventilation will be reserved for the subset of patients for whom oxygen delivered via a face mask is deemed insufficient or deleterious to health (see
677:
and is subject to restrictions. (Commercial airlines generally forbid passengers to bring their own oxygen.) As of
November 2006, most airlines permit the use of
437:
Given that sleep apnea is a chronic health issue which commonly doesn't go away, ongoing care is usually needed to maintain CPAP therapy. Based on the study of
1806:
260:
During inspiration, the inspiratory positive airway pressure, or IPAP, forces air into the lungs—thus less work is required from the respiratory muscles.
1403:
C. Hormann; M. Baum; C. Putensen; N. J. Mutz; H. Benzer (January 1994). "Biphasic positive airway pressure (BIPAP)--a new mode of ventilatory support".
1302:
1014:
1066:
Collen J, Lettieri C, Kelly W, Roop S (2009). "Clinical and polysomnographic predictors of short-term continuous positive airway pressure compliance".
1389:
1818:
374:
splinting the airway (keeping it open under air pressure) so that unobstructed breathing becomes possible, therefore reducing and/or preventing
705:
798:, CPAP units are widely available in all provinces. Funding for the therapy varies from province to province. In the province of Ontario, the
1626:
445:
is the best way to help patients continue therapy by educating them on the health risks of sleep apnea and providing motivation and support.
1101:
1710:
1108:
1583:
500:(Timed) – In timed mode the IPAP/EPAP cycling is purely machine-triggered, at a set rate, typically expressed in breaths per minute (BPM).
2295:
1437:
Wu, H; Yuan, X; Zhan, X; Li, L; Wei, Y (September 2015). "A review of EPAP nasal device therapy for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome".
557:
Interface (nasal or full face mask, nasal pillows, or less commonly a lip-seal mouthpiece) provides the connection to the user's airway
237:
are less likely to tolerate PAP treatment. Sometimes medication will be given to assist with the anxiety caused by PAP ventilation.
221:
may be compromised, or consciousness is impaired. CPAP is also used to assist premature babies with breathing in the NICU setting.
2322:
666:
CPAP allowed the permanent increase in blood oxygen levels and reinflation of collapsed alveoli. Further studies are required.
226:
539:
2327:
965:
799:
160:
580:
Mask liners: Cloth-based mask liners may be used to prevent excess air leakage and to reduce skin irritation and dermatitis.
2283:
1037:"Improving CPAP compliance by a basic educational program with nurse support for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome patients"
909:"Helmet CPAP Versus Oxygen Therapy in Hypoxemic Acute Respiratory Failure: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials"
2139:
1862:
1405:
822:
358:
100:
661:
A limited study in
Amsterdam in January 2016 using an induced sleep patient and when awake whilst on CPAP stretched the
1736:
1671:
295:). The chest and lungs are therefore more expanded. From this more expanded resting position, less work is required to
256:, and to decrease the work of breathing (the energy expended moving air into and out of the alveoli). This is because:
2029:
1741:
1648:
1619:
857:
739:
316:. Studies showed that some users either abandon the use of CPAP, and/or use CPAP for only a fraction of the nights.
2317:
2189:
2174:
1763:
341:
1533:"The success rate of split-night polysomnography and its impact on continuous positive airway pressure compliance"
2332:
1202:
776:
prescription after a diagnosis of sleep apnea or privately from the internet provided a prescription is supplied.
72:
2337:
1998:
1925:
1748:
1365:
1813:
717:
91:
in patients with difficulty taking deep breaths. In these patients, PAP ventilation can prevent the need for
1482:"Nasal Expiratory Positive Airway Pressure Devices (Provent) for OSA: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
2271:
1659:
1612:
438:
325:
292:
168:
108:
1162:"Increased adherence to CPAP with a group cognitive behavioral treatment intervention: a randomized trial"
1102:"Effectiveness of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) in obstructive sleep apnoea in adults"
2184:
2169:
1841:
1801:
2154:
2080:
273:
202:
104:
2216:
1911:
1327:
1210:
981:
1143:
1894:
721:
156:
713:
599:
instant fit. Velcro-type adjustments allow quick sizing, before or after the machine is turned on.
542:, or that resistance to exhalation generates pressure that forces the upper airway to open wider.
2231:
2199:
2144:
2051:
1967:
1731:
1664:
1112:
773:
524:
442:
370:
1783:
1587:
291:
The amount of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a breath is greater (this is called the
96:
2061:
2039:
2024:
1130:
2149:
2044:
395:
344:
disorders in some patients. These facial changes have been dubbed "Smashed Face
Syndrome".
313:
300:
191:
406:). The pressure required by most patients with sleep apnea ranges between 6 and 14 cm
79:. PAP ventilation is also commonly used for those who are critically ill in hospital with
8:
2236:
2179:
1947:
1930:
1906:
1852:
1635:
678:
187:
175:
92:
80:
654:
2194:
2034:
2009:
1770:
1559:
1532:
1508:
1481:
1462:
1249:
1237:
933:
908:
554:
Hose connects the flow generator (sometimes via an in-line humidifier) to the interface
276:(which also explains why the hardest part of blowing up a balloon is the first breath).
268:
206:
195:
284:
2248:
2243:
2226:
2019:
1940:
1724:
1564:
1513:
1454:
1414:
1383:
1284:
1241:
1183:
1083:
1048:
1035:
Rueda, A.D.; Santos-Silva, R.; Togeiro, S.M.; Tufik, S.; Bittencourt, L.R.A. (2009).
961:
938:
896:
839:
588:
164:
42:
1466:
1253:
16:
Mechanical ventilation in which airway pressure is always above atmospheric pressure
1972:
1554:
1544:
1503:
1493:
1446:
1276:
1233:
1173:
1075:
928:
920:
888:
831:
662:
633:
230:
1349:
673:. When provided in the form of bottled gas, this can present an increased risk of
612:
Such features generally increase the likelihood of PAP tolerance and compliance.
391:
1303:"Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Therapy for Obstructive Sleep Apnea"
835:
2094:
1901:
1872:
1753:
1036:
784:
769:
646:
253:
234:
1450:
924:
2311:
2134:
2104:
2014:
1935:
1549:
1178:
1161:
1052:
762:
201:
The most common conditions for which PAP ventilation is used in hospital are
179:
34:
2204:
2056:
1977:
1867:
1568:
1517:
1458:
1288:
1245:
1187:
1087:
942:
900:
480:. However, BiPAP is the trademarked name of a BPAP machine manufactured by
1498:
1418:
1280:
1079:
1011:
University of
Maryland Medical Center – In-Depth Patient Education Reports
892:
843:
523:
Nasal expiratory positive airway pressure (Nasal EPAP) is a treatment for
248:, PAP is used in hospital to improve the ability of the lungs to exchange
2221:
2164:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1877:
1857:
754:
532:
481:
264:
88:
76:
907:
Luo Y, Luo Y, Li Y, Zhou L, Zhu Z, Chen Y, Huang Y, Chen X (July 2016).
819:
186:). Usually, patients on PAP ventilation will be closely monitored in an
135:
The
Sullivan V Plus, a typical mid-1990s CPAP (the mask is more modern).
54:
2211:
1884:
1778:
1701:
518:
484:
Corporation; it is just one of many ventilators that can deliver BPAP.
414:. A typical CPAP machine can deliver pressures between 4 and 20 cm
296:
131:
1604:
1402:
434:
sleep quality, due to the amelioration of the patient's loud snoring.
174:
PAP ventilation is often used for patients who have acute type 1 or 2
139:
2159:
2099:
1889:
1758:
1160:
Richards D, Bartlett DJ, Wong K, Malouff J, Grunstein RR (May 2007).
780:
422:. More specialised units can deliver pressures up to 25 or 30 cm
1719:
379:
321:
383:
245:
99:
use this variety of ventilation as well. CPAP is an acronym for "
84:
985:
605:
Automatic altitude adjustment versus manual altitude adjustment.
1586:. Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care. Archived from
795:
670:
592:
249:
241:
218:
214:
123:
512:
1034:
375:
1530:
147:
1266:
1159:
674:
645:
units to be used internationally - these units only need a
210:
877:
788:
333:
may be very important in furthering adherence to therapy.
1584:"ADP: Continuous/Autotitrating Positive Pressure Systems"
1223:
1065:
95:, or allow earlier extubation. Sometimes patients with
28:
288:
Common non-Continuous positive airway pressure device.
155:
The main indications for positive airway pressure are
1647:
1531:
BaHammam AS, ALAnbay E, Alrajhi N, Olaish AH (2015).
1328:"Different Types of Positive Airway Pressure Devices"
448:
1689:
669:
Some patients on PAP therapy also use supplementary
163:. There is some evidence of benefit for those with
1997:
1366:"What is APAP Therapy? A Comprehensive Breakdown"
551:Flow generator (PAP machine) provides the airflow
2309:
1840:
1155:
1153:
457:device (APAP, AutoPAP, AutoCPAP) automatically
2079:
352:
1620:
702:The examples and perspective in this article
567:Humidifier adds moisture to low humidity air
1436:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1388:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1150:
1109:National Health and Medical Research Council
906:
464:
1473:
1439:Sleep & Breathing = Schlaf & Atmung
513:Expiratory positive airway pressure devices
87:), and for the prevention and treatment of
2290:
1627:
1613:
789:Australian Prudential Regulation Authority
27:
1558:
1548:
1507:
1497:
1425:
1177:
932:
740:Learn how and when to remove this message
1111:of Australia. 2000-02-20. Archived from
386:that sometimes accompanies sleep apnea.
283:
146:
138:
130:
122:
1634:
615:
608:DC power source versus AC power source.
2310:
1200:
575:unit and does not have a power source.
363:
347:
240:Unlike PAP used at home to splint the
2123:
2078:
1996:
1839:
1688:
1646:
1608:
1013:. A.D.A.M. 2006-07-19. Archived from
800:Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care
161:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
2278:
1479:
955:
688:
561:
217:. It is not used in cases where the
151:CPAP therapy breaks the cycle of OSA
33:CPAP therapy: flow generator, hose,
2140:Breathing performance of regulators
1863:Continuous positive airway pressure
1406:European Journal of Anaesthesiology
1201:Atwood, Charles W. (28 July 2022).
982:"C-Flex Pressure Relief Technology"
823:The New England Journal of Medicine
359:Continuous positive airway pressure
101:continuous positive airway pressure
13:
1737:Self-contained breathing apparatus
1672:Mountaineering breathing apparatus
1238:10.1002/j.2048-7940.2009.tb00255.x
455:automatic positive airway pressure
449:Automatic positive airway pressure
14:
2349:
2030:Surface-supplied diving equipment
1742:Self-contained self-rescue device
1649:High altitude breathing apparatus
1363:
2289:
2277:
2266:
2265:
2190:Respiratory protective equipment
2175:Open circuit breathing apparatus
1764:Powered air-purifying respirator
1690:Occupational breathing apparatus
772:, PAP machines are available on
693:
307:
299:. This is due to the non-linear
209:, most notably exacerbations of
198:or specialist respiratory unit.
1576:
1524:
1396:
1357:
1342:
1320:
1295:
1260:
1217:
1194:
684:
118:
111:in Sydney, Australia, in 1981.
1999:Underwater breathing apparatus
1926:Respiratory gas humidification
1700:
1094:
1059:
1028:
999:
974:
949:
871:
850:
813:
639:
143:A typical full face CPAP mask.
1:
2323:Respiratory system procedures
1480:Riaz, M; et al. (2015).
958:The Emergency Medicine Manual
806:
545:
2328:Treatment of sleep disorders
1660:Aviation breathing apparatus
441:(referenced above), ongoing
439:cognitive behavioral therapy
326:cognitive behavioral therapy
293:functional residual capacity
169:community acquired pneumonia
109:Royal Prince Alfred Hospital
7:
2185:Positive pressure breathing
2170:Negative pressure breathing
2124:
1842:Medical breathing apparatus
836:10.1056/NEJM197106172842401
716:, discuss the issue on the
353:Continuous pressure devices
312:A major issue with CPAP is
10:
2354:
2155:Escape breathing apparatus
2081:User respiratory interface
1819:GB2626 (China), and others
1203:"Sleep and CPAP Adherence"
649:for the different outlet.
516:
356:
303:–volume curve of the lung.
207:obstructive airway disease
205:and acute exacerbation of
203:congestive cardiac failure
2261:
2217:Closed circuit rebreather
2130:
2119:
2087:
2074:
2005:
1992:
1912:Built-in breathing system
1848:
1835:
1814:EN 149/14683/143 (Europe)
1802:42 CFR 84 (United States)
1794:
1708:
1699:
1695:
1684:
1655:
1642:
1451:10.1007/s11325-014-1057-y
1211:National Sleep Foundation
925:10.3349/ymj.2016.57.4.936
465:Bi-level pressure devices
75:used in the treatment of
51:
41:
26:
21:
1921:Positive airway pressure
1895:Non-invasive ventilation
1550:10.4103/1817-1737.160359
538:which in turn increases
157:congestive heart failure
65:Positive airway pressure
22:Positive airway pressure
2318:Intensive care medicine
2232:Carbon dioxide scrubber
2200:Constant flow regulator
2052:Atmospheric diving suit
1968:Partial rebreather mask
1732:Supplied-air respirator
1665:Emergency oxygen system
1364:RPSGT, Kevin Asp, CRT.
1354:Saturday, 10 April 2021
1330:. SnoringHQ. 2015-02-08
774:National Health Service
525:obstructive sleep apnea
443:chronic care management
371:Obstructive sleep apnea
73:respiratory ventilation
2333:Mechanical ventilation
1784:Elastomeric respirator
1749:Particulate respirator
1179:10.1093/sleep/30.5.635
1138:Cite journal requires
289:
274:Young–Laplace equation
152:
144:
136:
128:
97:neuromuscular diseases
83:, in newborn infants (
2338:Australian inventions
2062:Helium reclaim system
2040:Helicopter escape set
2025:Full-face diving mask
1281:10.1378/chest.10-0678
1080:10.1378/chest.08-2182
960:. Venom. p. 52.
956:Dunn, Robert (2010).
893:10.1378/chest.09-2290
858:"Sleepfoundation.com"
287:
150:
142:
134:
126:
2150:Emergency gas supply
2045:Submarine escape set
755:respiratory medicine
722:create a new article
714:improve this article
704:may not represent a
679:oxygen concentrators
621:the make and model.
616:Care and maintenance
396:centimetres of water
192:high-dependency unit
2237:Semi-closed circuit
2180:Oxygen concentrator
1948:Non-rebreather mask
1931:Supplemental oxygen
1907:Hyperbaric medicine
1853:Anaesthetic machine
1636:Breathing apparatus
1499:10.1155/2015/734798
1350:"Best CPAP Machine"
571:source (i.e. plug).
527:(OSA) and snoring.
364:Fixed-pressure CPAP
348:Mechanism of action
188:intensive care unit
176:respiratory failure
93:tracheal intubation
81:respiratory failure
2195:Pressure regulator
2010:Open-circuit scuba
1771:Chemical cartridge
290:
196:coronary care unit
153:
145:
137:
129:
2305:
2304:
2257:
2256:
2249:Escape respirator
2244:Work of breathing
2227:Oxygen rebreather
2115:
2114:
2070:
2069:
2020:Diving rebreather
1988:
1987:
1941:Reservoir cannula
1831:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1680:
1679:
967:978-0-9578121-6-1
750:
749:
742:
724:, as appropriate.
562:Optional features
540:respiratory drive
62:
61:
2345:
2293:
2292:
2281:
2280:
2269:
2268:
2121:
2120:
2076:
2075:
1994:
1993:
1973:Simple face mask
1837:
1836:
1697:
1696:
1686:
1685:
1644:
1643:
1629:
1622:
1615:
1606:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1595:
1580:
1574:
1572:
1562:
1552:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1511:
1501:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1434:
1423:
1422:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1387:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1361:
1355:
1353:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1181:
1157:
1148:
1147:
1141:
1136:
1134:
1126:
1124:
1123:
1118:on July 21, 2008
1117:
1106:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1022:
1003:
997:
996:
994:
993:
984:. Archived from
978:
972:
971:
953:
947:
946:
936:
904:
875:
869:
868:
866:
864:
854:
848:
847:
817:
745:
738:
734:
731:
725:
697:
696:
689:
663:pectoralis major
634:activated oxygen
429:
421:
413:
405:
231:anxiety disorder
55:edit on Wikidata
31:
19:
18:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2301:
2253:
2126:
2111:
2091:Breathing mask
2083:
2066:
2001:
1984:
1844:
1823:
1807:ANSI K13.1-1973
1790:
1704:
1691:
1676:
1651:
1638:
1633:
1603:
1602:
1593:
1591:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1529:
1525:
1486:Sleep Disorders
1478:
1474:
1435:
1426:
1401:
1397:
1381:
1380:
1374:
1372:
1370:www.aastweb.org
1362:
1358:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1333:
1331:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1311:
1309:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1265:
1261:
1222:
1218:
1199:
1195:
1158:
1151:
1139:
1137:
1128:
1127:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1104:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1064:
1060:
1033:
1029:
1020:
1018:
1005:
1004:
1000:
991:
989:
980:
979:
975:
968:
954:
950:
905:
876:
872:
862:
860:
856:
855:
851:
830:(24): 1333–40.
818:
814:
809:
746:
735:
729:
726:
711:
698:
694:
687:
642:
618:
564:
548:
536:
533:a buildup in CO
521:
515:
467:
451:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
392:polysomnography
366:
361:
355:
350:
310:
183:
121:
71:) is a mode of
58:
37:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2351:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2287:
2275:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2117:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2095:Full facepiece
2088:
2085:
2084:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1902:Oxygen therapy
1899:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1873:Bag valve mask
1865:
1860:
1855:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1773:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1754:N95 respirator
1746:
1745:
1744:
1734:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1716:
1714:
1706:
1705:
1693:
1692:
1682:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1640:
1639:
1632:
1631:
1624:
1617:
1609:
1601:
1600:
1575:
1537:Ann Thorac Med
1523:
1472:
1424:
1395:
1356:
1341:
1319:
1294:
1259:
1216:
1207:Ask The Expert
1193:
1149:
1140:|journal=
1093:
1058:
1027:
998:
973:
966:
948:
919:(4): 936–941.
870:
849:
811:
810:
808:
805:
804:
803:
792:
785:Superannuation
777:
770:United Kingdom
766:
753:be trained in
748:
747:
708:of the subject
706:worldwide view
701:
699:
692:
686:
683:
647:travel adapter
641:
638:
617:
614:
610:
609:
606:
603:
600:
596:
585:
581:
578:
577:
576:
572:
563:
560:
559:
558:
555:
552:
547:
544:
534:
517:Main article:
514:
511:
510:
509:
508:
507:
501:
495:
466:
463:
450:
447:
425:
417:
409:
401:
365:
362:
357:Main article:
354:
351:
349:
346:
309:
306:
305:
304:
281:
277:
261:
254:carbon dioxide
235:claustrophobia
181:
120:
117:
105:Colin Sullivan
60:
59:
52:
49:
48:
45:
39:
38:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2350:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2298:
2297:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2276:
2274:
2273:
2264:
2263:
2260:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2135:Breathing gas
2133:
2132:
2129:
2122:
2118:
2106:
2105:orinasal mask
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2015:Diving helmet
2013:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1936:Nasal cannula
1934:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1834:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1747:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1709:Regulated by
1707:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1687:
1683:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1630:
1625:
1623:
1618:
1616:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1590:on 2008-10-08
1589:
1585:
1579:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1527:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1476:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1445:(3): 769–74.
1444:
1440:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1407:
1399:
1391:
1385:
1371:
1367:
1360:
1351:
1345:
1329:
1323:
1308:
1304:
1298:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1263:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1220:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1197:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1172:(5): 635–40.
1171:
1167:
1163:
1156:
1154:
1145:
1132:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1097:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1062:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1041:Sleep Science
1038:
1031:
1017:on 2013-01-23
1016:
1012:
1008:
1007:"Sleep apnea"
1002:
988:on 2012-07-07
987:
983:
977:
969:
963:
959:
952:
944:
940:
935:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
902:
898:
894:
890:
887:(1): 114–20.
886:
882:
874:
859:
853:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
824:
816:
812:
801:
797:
793:
790:
786:
782:
778:
775:
771:
767:
764:
763:United States
760:
759:
758:
756:
744:
741:
733:
730:November 2009
723:
719:
715:
709:
707:
700:
691:
690:
682:
680:
676:
672:
667:
664:
659:
656:
650:
648:
637:
635:
630:
626:
622:
613:
607:
604:
601:
597:
594:
590:
586:
582:
579:
573:
569:
568:
566:
565:
556:
553:
550:
549:
543:
541:
537:
528:
526:
520:
505:
502:
499:
496:
493:
490:
489:
487:
486:
485:
483:
479:
475:
471:
462:
460:
456:
446:
444:
440:
435:
431:
397:
393:
387:
385:
381:
377:
372:
360:
345:
343:
338:
334:
330:
327:
323:
317:
315:
314:non-adherence
308:Disadvantages
302:
298:
294:
286:
282:
278:
275:
270:
266:
262:
259:
258:
257:
255:
251:
247:
243:
238:
236:
232:
228:
222:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
199:
197:
193:
189:
185:
177:
172:
170:
166:
162:
158:
149:
141:
133:
125:
116:
112:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
56:
50:
46:
44:
40:
36:
35:orinasal mask
30:
25:
20:
2294:
2282:
2270:
2205:Demand valve
2057:Gas extender
1978:Venturi mask
1920:
1868:Resuscitator
1592:. Retrieved
1588:the original
1578:
1543:(4): 274–8.
1540:
1536:
1526:
1489:
1485:
1475:
1442:
1438:
1413:(1): 37–42.
1410:
1404:
1398:
1373:. Retrieved
1369:
1359:
1344:
1332:. Retrieved
1322:
1310:. Retrieved
1306:
1297:
1275:(4): 870–4.
1272:
1268:
1262:
1232:(6): 230–6.
1229:
1226:Rehabil Nurs
1225:
1219:
1206:
1196:
1169:
1165:
1131:cite journal
1120:. Retrieved
1113:the original
1096:
1074:(3): 704–9.
1071:
1067:
1061:
1044:
1040:
1030:
1019:. Retrieved
1015:the original
1010:
1001:
990:. Retrieved
986:the original
976:
957:
951:
916:
913:Yonsei Med J
912:
884:
880:
873:
863:September 1,
861:. Retrieved
852:
827:
821:
815:
751:
736:
727:
703:
685:Availability
668:
660:
651:
643:
631:
627:
623:
619:
611:
529:
522:
503:
497:
491:
477:
473:
469:
468:
458:
454:
452:
436:
432:
388:
367:
339:
335:
331:
318:
311:
239:
223:
200:
173:
154:
119:Medical uses
113:
68:
64:
63:
2222:Counterlung
2165:Hazmat suit
1963:Oxygen tent
1958:Oxygen mask
1953:Oxygen hood
1878:Pocket mask
1858:Bubble CPAP
1795:Regulations
1775:Facepieces
1047:(1): 8–13.
640:Portability
591:and EPR in
589:Respironics
482:Respironics
265:bronchioles
89:atelectasis
77:sleep apnea
2312:Categories
2212:Rebreather
2145:Dead space
1885:Ventilator
1779:Smoke hood
1713:and others
1702:Respirator
1594:2008-08-12
1492:: 734798.
1375:2021-05-11
1122:2008-08-13
1021:2008-08-13
992:2011-01-29
807:References
632:Automated
546:Components
519:Nasal EPAP
301:compliance
2160:Facepiece
2100:Half mask
1890:Iron lung
1759:Dust mask
1053:1984-0063
781:Australia
718:talk page
595:machines.
584:provider.
380:hypopneas
184:retention
47:pulmonary
43:Specialty
2296:Glossary
2272:Category
1725:Canister
1720:Gas mask
1569:26664566
1518:26798519
1467:23455608
1459:25245174
1384:cite web
1289:20616213
1254:27530135
1246:19927850
1188:17552379
1088:19017888
943:27189288
901:20154071
712:You may
459:titrates
322:rhinitis
85:neonates
2284:Commons
2125:General
2035:Snorkel
1560:4652294
1509:4699057
1419:8143712
934:4951471
844:4930602
791:(APRA).
768:In the
761:In the
384:snoring
297:inspire
269:alveoli
246:pharynx
165:hypoxia
1567:
1557:
1516:
1506:
1465:
1457:
1417:
1334:26 May
1312:26 May
1287:
1252:
1244:
1186:
1086:
1051:
964:
941:
931:
899:
842:
796:Canada
671:oxygen
655:400-Hz
593:ResMed
488:Modes
376:apneas
250:oxygen
242:tongue
219:airway
215:asthma
1711:NIOSH
1463:S2CID
1307:WebMD
1269:Chest
1250:S2CID
1166:Sleep
1116:(PDF)
1105:(PDF)
1068:Chest
881:Chest
720:, or
478:BiPAP
53:[
1565:PMID
1514:PMID
1490:2015
1455:PMID
1415:PMID
1390:link
1336:2015
1314:2015
1285:PMID
1242:PMID
1184:PMID
1144:help
1084:PMID
1049:ISSN
962:ISBN
939:PMID
897:PMID
865:2010
840:PMID
675:fire
474:BPAP
470:VPAP
378:and
267:and
263:The
252:and
244:and
227:EPAP
213:and
211:COPD
167:and
159:and
1555:PMC
1545:doi
1504:PMC
1494:doi
1447:doi
1277:doi
1273:138
1234:doi
1174:doi
1076:doi
1072:135
929:PMC
921:doi
889:doi
885:138
832:doi
828:284
794:In
779:In
504:S/T
472:or
453:An
398:(cm
342:TMJ
233:or
107:at
69:PAP
2314::
1563:.
1553:.
1541:10
1539:.
1535:.
1512:.
1502:.
1488:.
1484:.
1461:.
1453:.
1443:19
1441:.
1427:^
1411:11
1409:.
1386:}}
1382:{{
1368:.
1305:.
1283:.
1271:.
1248:.
1240:.
1230:34
1228:.
1209:.
1205:.
1182:.
1170:30
1168:.
1164:.
1152:^
1135::
1133:}}
1129:{{
1107:.
1082:.
1070:.
1043:.
1039:.
1009:.
937:.
927:.
917:57
915:.
911:.
895:.
883:.
838:.
826:.
681:.
430:.
194:,
190:,
180:CO
171:.
1628:e
1621:t
1614:v
1597:.
1573:→
1571:.
1547::
1520:.
1496::
1469:.
1449::
1421:.
1392:)
1378:.
1352:.
1338:.
1316:.
1291:.
1279::
1256:.
1236::
1213:.
1190:.
1176::
1146:)
1142:(
1125:.
1090:.
1078::
1055:.
1045:2
1024:.
995:.
970:.
945:.
923::
903:.
891::
867:.
846:.
834::
743:)
737:(
732:)
728:(
710:.
535:2
498:T
492:S
428:O
426:2
424:H
420:O
418:2
416:H
412:O
410:2
408:H
404:O
402:2
400:H
390:(
182:2
67:(
57:]
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
