776:, a formal consistory was held to make the final decisions on the candidates. Pope Pius' opening address was frank and detailed in cataloguing the shortcomings and faults of the luxurious lifestyle of the cardinals, and their activities on behalf of monarchs rather than the church: "Your lifestyle is such that you would appear to have been chosen, not to govern the state, but called to enjoy pleasures. You avoid neither hunting, nor games, nor the company of women. You put together parties that are more opulent than is fitting. You wear clothes that are far too expensive. You overflow with gold and silver.... We can't keep people from making requests, but we can easily refuse to entertain them. Think about who are appropriate, and I will choose from among their number...." He then gave the names of those who nominated themselves, or who had been nominated by others." When he finished, Cardinal Scarampi rose to speak. He remarked that Pius' predecessors had named nobles, eminent for learning and holy life. But he was proposing people whom Scarampi would not employ in his kitchen or in his stables. In fact, according to the cardinal, there was no need for new cardinals: "With too many of us, our value declines."
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432:
choice of Pavia as the site of a meeting between council members and the Greek delegation, to discuss church union, which caught the attention of the duke of Milan, as he had hoped. The archbishop of Milan named him
Provost of the church of S. Lorenzo in Milan, even though he had not been elected to the post by the chapter of the church and was still a layman. The Council granted him a dispensation, despite their policy against such dispensations, which they considered a feature of papal corruption. But when Aeneas was sent on a diplomatic mission to Vienna in 1438, it was reported that he had died; and the duke of Milan, who had abandoned the Council and returned to Pope Eugenius' side, gave Aeneas' provostship to another candidate. In recompense, the Council appointed him a canon in the cathedral Chapter of Trent.
709:
not been friendly toward the papacy for some years, left Mantua on 29 November 1459, even more irritated than before. Pius' efforts had failed. Both returned to the north, and in April 1460 trouble broke out again. Cusa, who was at
Bruneck and engaged in negotiations with Sigismund, was surrounded, captured by the archduke, and forced to agree to Sigismund's demands. Cusa appealed to Pius II. A restrained Pius only summoned Sigismund to appear before him and explain his conduct, but Sigismund appealed to a future council in a statement handed the pope by his proctor on 4 August 1460. On 8 August, Sigismund was excommunicated and his domains were placed under the interdict.
1128:
626:, though a Frenchman and a blood cousin of the king of France, seemed certain to be elected. On 18 August, the first scrutiny took place; Aeneas and Calandrini each received 5 votes, while no one else received more than three. Whether out of trickery or out of hatred, no cardinal gave a vote for d'Estouteville. The results contradicted the expectations. D'Estouteville then set out to frustrate the ambitions of Aeneas. The second ballot took place on August 19; the results gave Piccolomini 9 votes, and D'Estouteville 6. After intense intrigue among the cardinals, including a private meeting of the Italian cardinals, who were urged by
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989:
Venetians immediately answered the appeal. So did George
Kastriot Skanderbeg the leader of Albanian resistance, who on 27 November 1463 declared war on the Ottomans and attacked their forces near Ohrid. Pius II's planned crusade envisioned assembling 20,000 soldiers in Taranto, and another 20,000 would be gathered by Skanderbeg. They would have been marshaled in Durazzo under Skanderbeg's leadership and would have formed the central front against the Ottomans. The Pope did his best: he addressed an eloquent letter to the Ottoman ruler,
611:, were also candidates, and he thought that Calandrini might win. Aeneas and his friend Cardinal Calandrini of Bologna immediately headed from Viterbo to Rome, and when they reached the gate of the city, they were met by a friendly assembly of courtiers and common people, who shouted that one or the other of them would be made pope. On the evening of the death of Cardinal Capranica, the Milanese ambassador indicated it would be possible to carry the election of Piccolomini, who was being supported by the king of Naples.
486:, the historian of medieval Rome, wrote, "Versed in the affairs of the Empire and the Roman Curia, in which occupations he incessantly strove to acquire benefices that should raise him out of poverty, Piccolomini was not inspired by any ardent longing for virtue, nor was he stirred by the sublime genius of an exalted nature. There was nothing great in him. Endowed with fascinating gifts, this man of brilliant parts possessed no enthusiasms. We cannot even say that he pursued any aim beyond that of his own advantage."
233:
53:
2832:, p. 255. Quote: "If he could not defeat Sultan Mehmet in battle, perhaps he could persuade him by force of reason to see the error of his ways. In 1461 he drafted an extraordinary letter to the sultan in which he included a detailed refutation of the teachings of the Koran, an equally thorough exposition of the Christian faith, and a final appeal to renounce Islam and submit to baptism. It seems that the letter may never have been sent; if it was, it not surprisingly received no reply."
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993:, urging him to become a Christian. The pope even suggested that if Mehmed were to convert, he would be recognized as "Emperor of the Greeks and of the East." However, there are historians who believe that the mentioned letter was sent to the Sublime Porte. Not surprisingly, if it was delivered, the invitation was not successful. In April 1462, a public pageant was staged for the pope to receive the relics of the head of
476:, King of the Romans celebrated him as Poet Laureate, and offered him a position at court as his secretary. In January 1443, Aeneas resigned as secretary of Felix V, and was appointed secretary and protonotary in the imperial chancellery. There he obtained the patronage of the emperor's chancellor, Kaspar Schlick. Some identify the love adventure that Aeneas related in his romance
2200:, p. 176: "Tum preces multorum porrectæ funt: Imperator unum efflagitauit, cui Pontifex cupide annuebat: Rex Franciæ duos: unum rex Aragonum: Ferdinandus rex Siciliæ,& Franciscus Mediolanensis dux plures: dux Sabaudiæ unum: dux Burgundiæ unum: marchio Montis ferrati unum: Florentini & Cosmas unum." Meserve and Simonetta II, pp. 225-231. Pastor III, p. 293.
415:, the object of which is variously related even by himself. He visited England as well as Scotland, underwent many perils and vicissitudes in both countries and left an account of each. The journey to Scotland proved so tempestuous that Piccolomini swore that he would walk barefoot to the nearest shrine of Our Lady from their landing port. This proved to be
693:. In anticipation of his departure for Mantua, Pius issued the bull "Cum Concedente Deo" on 5 January 1459, in which he considered the possibility of the pope dying outside Rome; he ordered that the conclave to elect his successor should take place only in Rome, contrary to previous practice. On 11 January 1459 Pope Pius appointed Cardinal
2618:, p. 255-256. Quote: "In just five years between 149 and 1464 he transformed his birthplace, the little village of Corsignano, redesigning it on classical lines according to all the latest theories of urban planning, giving it a cathedral and a magnificent palazzo for the use of his family, and renaming it after himself: Pienza."
769:, were hostile to him personally and skeptical of his project. Pius decided to hold a consistory for the creation of new cardinals. Suggestions poured in from all sides, petitioning for at least ten new cardinals. During Lent of 1460, he began consultations with the current cardinals, whose consent was necessary.
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The
European powers, however, had not ceased their pressure for the appointment of more cardinals. The cardinals, however, were insistent that there should be no creation of non-Italians. An agreement was finally reached that there would be six new cardinals, three Italians and three "ultramontani",
708:
in 1450, without the consent of the emperor, the count of Tyrol (Sigismund), or the cathedral chapter of Brixen. A public reconciliation was arranged, but no resolution of the basic problem was achieved, but rather postponed to a Diet to be held at Trent two years in the future. Sigismund, who had
735:
After his departure from Mantua on 19 January 1460, Pius II reached his former bishopric of Siena on 30 January, where, exhausted by his exertions at Mantua, he was advised by his doctors to rest, either in the city or at the
Petriolo hot springs. There he was joined by his recent host in Mantua,
431:
Upon his return to Basel, Aeneas again served from 1436 to 1438 as secretary of
Cardinal Domenico Capranica. He actively supported the council in its conflict with the Pope, and, although still a layman, eventually obtained a share in the direction of its affairs. He gave a speech advocating the
988:
The crusade for which the
Congress of Mantua had been convoked made no progress. In November 1463, Pope Pius II tried to organize the crusade against the Ottomans, similar to what Nicholas V and Calixtus III had tried to do before him. Pius II invited all the Christian nobility to join, and the
498:
under an engagement to assist the Pope. This he did most effectually by the diplomatic dexterity with which he smoothed away differences between the papal court of Rome and the German imperial electors. He played a leading role in concluding a compromise in 1447 by which the dying Pope
Eugenius
340:, where he first followed the humanities curriculum, and then that of civil law. At Siena he studied under the Augustinian Andreas of Milan, the noted historian. His preceptor and professor of civil law was Antonio de Rosellis. He also studied law under Mariano Sozzini. He then attended the
1965:, p. 30: "Publicato scrutinio compertum est novem cardinales Eneam elegisse: Genuensem, Ursinum, Ilerdensem, Bononiensem, fancti Marci,fanctorum quatuor Coronatorum , Zamorensem , Papiensem, & Portugallense; Rothomagensem vero tantum sex, reliquos longe inferius resedisse."
1231:
Of his own work, Aeneas
Silvius wrote, "My style of writing is unpolished and bald, but it is frank, and without trappings. I never write with labour, because I do not stretch after things which are too high for me, and which I do not know; but what I have learned I write."
489:
Aeneas' character had hitherto been that of a man of the world with no strictness in morals or consistency in politics. Being sent on a mission to Rome in 1445, with the ostensible object of inducing Pope Eugene to convoke a new council, he was absolved from ecclesiastical
1224:, first published in 1584 in Rome by Archbishop Francesco Bandini Piccolomini, a distant relative. Bandini Piccolomini published it under the name of Iohannes Gobellinus, the scribe of the manuscript archetype of 1464, who was then named the author. Pius II chose to write
556:. In 1452 he accompanied Frederick to Rome, where Frederick wedded Eleanor and was crowned emperor by the pope. At the coronation, speaking in the name of the emperor, Aeneas repudiated the conciliar theory, holding that the pope and his cardinals were the best council.
2152:
Passages such as those and others where he marvels at landscapes and other natural beauties, or stories about his dog
Musetta, were to be expurged from the first edition of his Commentaries, published in 1584, as embarrassingly unfitting, coming from the pen of a pope.
819:, archbishop of Salzburg. The appointment of Weisbriach was not made public until 31 May 1462, to avoid offending the foreign powers. The five cardinals whose names were published were all Italians. On 7 March 1460, Pope Pius had to write to the Duke of Burgundy,
510:
Pope Eugenius died on 23 February 1447, and the conclave to choose his successor lasted from 4 March to 6 March 1447. Aeneas Sylvius was one of the four ambassadors chosen to be the guardians of the conclave. The new pope, Tommaso Parentucelli, chose the name
668:
From the first day of his papacy, Pius' greatest priority was freeing Europe from the threat of the Turks, through a great crusade. He had also been preparing a bull, which in the event he never published, outlining his plans for a reform of the Roman Curia.
2848:, p. 324. Quote: "One rumor stated that the Sultan himself had lost faith in Islam. Pius sent an eloquent letter setting forth the Catholic faith, urging him to convert. Instead of converting, the Sultan assuaged his opposition to Islamic law by drinking."
1110:
Despite the canonical requirement that the conclave to elect a successor should take place in the place where he died, Pius II's body was taken to Rome and interred at the Vatican, in Old St. Peter's Basilica, in the Chapel of St. Andrew. When his nephew,
3159:
Aeneae Sylvii De Picolominibus episcopi Tergestini De rebus Basileae gestis stante vel dissoluto concilio commentarius primitus e bibliotheca Vaticana in lucem editus praeposito proemio, subjectis adnotationibus cura Michaelis Catalani canonici Ecclesiae
1935:, p. 30: "Tertia die facta re diuina, cum ventum esset ad scrutinium, inuentum est Philippum cardinalem Bononiensem & Aeneam Senensem paribus vocibus ad summum Pontificatum præstolari, vtroque vocibus quinque vocato: ex reliquis nemo tres superavit."
1094:
on 18 June 1464, arriving on 18 July. He hoped to increase the morale of the crusading army. However, the armed forces melted away at Ancona for want of transport and the outbreak of pestilence, and when at last the Venetian fleet arrived, led by Doge
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did he feel that he had returned to "a civilised part of the world and the inhabitable face of the Earth", Scotland and the far north of England being "wild, bare and never visited by the sun in winter". In Scotland, he fathered a child but it died.
1040:, Pius instructed bishops to impose ecclesiastical penalties on transgressors. Pius did not condemn the concept of trading in slaves, only the enslavement of Christians, who represented a very small minority of those captured and taken to Portugal.
1102:
The cardinals at Ancona decided to put the papal galleys in the hands of the doge of Venice, on the understanding that they would be handed over to the next pope. They also sent the 48,000 gold ducats which Pius had on hand for the crusade to
566:. The ceremony took place on 12 August in a public consistory. As instructed, the envoys pressed the pope for a war against the Turks, which pleased Calixtus, who was of the same mind. He brought strong recommendations from Frederick and
3319:
1922:(Frankfurt: Aubry, 1614), p. 29: "Cumque ambo una Vrbe peterent, uniuersam curiam, & maiorem populi parte extra moenia occurrentem inuenere: affirmantibus cunctis eorum alterum in pontificem maximum electum iri."
748:
At the same time, since he had long been concerned with the content of the College of Cardinals and with the behavior of some of its members, The French faction among the cardinals, especially d'Estouteville and
3151:, nunc demum post corruptissimas editiones summa diligentia castigata & in unum corpus redacta, quorum elenchum uersa pagella indicabit: his quoque accessit gnomologia ex omnibus Syluij operibus collecta.
2751:, p. 254. Quote: "For the next three years he worked in the royal chancery in Vienna, turning out in his spare time not only a quantity of mildly pornographic poetry but also a novel in much the same vein,
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On 26 April 1463, Pius II published his most famous retracation in the bull "In Minoribus Agentes," addressed to the rector and members of the University of Cologne. In it, he withdrew his treatise against
534:
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Geschichte der ganzen österreichischen, weltlichen und klösterlichen Klerisey beyderley Geschlechts ... Aus den Sammlungen ... Josephs Wendt von Wendtenthal (etc.): Das Erzherzogthum Oesterreich Ob der
697:
Vicar-General of the city of Rome and of the Patrimony of S. Peter; and on 15 January he named Bishop Galeazzo Cavrini of Mantua his Governor of Rome. He finally set out for the north on 22 January.
2771:, p. 254. Quote: "But such an existence could not continue indefinitely, and in 1445 Aeneas's life underwent a dramatic change. First, he broke with the antipope and was formally reconciled with
3113:, qua omnis ab inclinato Romanorum imperio historia, quae coepit fere anno Christi quadringentesimoseptimo, per mille & amplius annos, miro compendio, citra obscuritatem tamen, complectitur.
1024:
wear each other out. Pius II was aware that he was nearing his end, and his malady probably prompted the feverish impatience with which, on 18 June 1464, he assumed the cross and departed for
499:
accepted the reconciliation tendered by the German princes. The documents were signed on 5 February and 7 February 1447. As a result, the council and the antipope were left without support.
1733:(1614), p. 14: "Is ut ædes sancti Petri primum ascendit, Ænea ad se accersito secretariatum ei subdiaconatumque confirmauit, atque in die coronationis ante se Crucem deferendam commisit."
712:
On 26 September 1459, he called for a new crusade against the Ottomans, and on 14 January 1460, he proclaimed the official crusade that was to last for three years. The pope influenced
570:(also King of Bohemia) for the nomination of Aeneas to the cardinalate, but delays arose from the Pope's resolution to promote his own nephews first, which he did on 17 September 1456.
823:, apologizing for having been unable to convince the cardinals to vote for the duke's almoner, Jean Jouffroy, bishop of Arras. He wrote that it was because the cardinals would have no
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1399:
In his Commentaries, he briefly mentions that he was sent to Scotland "to help a prelate come back into the King's favour" and later mentions that once in the presence of King (
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claimant to the throne of Naples, in opposition to the French House of Anjou, his next important act was to convene a congress of the representatives of Christian princes at
3361:, ed. Giuseppe Galasso et al. (Rome: Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, 2013) (Ottava appendice della Enciclopedia italiana di scienze, lettere ed arti), pp. 137–43.
2701:
Vol. VIII (Roma: Ludovico Cecchini 1876), p. 262, no. 660. Carol Richardson (1998), "The Lost Will and Testament of Cardinal Francesco Todeschini Piccolomini (1439-1503),"
1322:"audire grammaticos coepit, deinde poetas, & oratores auide sectatus, postremo ad ius ciuile se contulit: cuius professores cum aliquot annos audiuisset." Gragg, p. 12.
298:, but left it in 1443 to follow Frederick, whom he reconciled to the Roman obedience. He became Bishop of Trieste in 1447, Bishop of Siena in 1450, and a cardinal in 1456.
515:, and immediately confirmed Aeneas in his posts of papal subdeacon and secretary, and appointed him to carry the papal cross at his coronation. One of the first acts of
1213:, and in early and middle life produced numerous tracts on the political and theological controversies of his day. The pontiff even wrote an exhaustive refutation of
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5513:
1115:, died in 1503, he was buried next to Pius II. In 1506, because of the demolition of Old St. Peter's, the tombs were moved to the crypt. In 1612, when the church of
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Pius II succeeded in reconciling the Emperor and the King of Hungary, and derived great encouragement as well as pecuniary advantage from the discovery of mines of
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Finally, Pius was able to secure a positive vote on five names, and he was able to pressure the cardinals into accepting his own nomination of a sixth. These were:
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834:, who, when captured, confessed that he had planned to overthrow the papal government and plunder the cardinals and merchants. He was executed on 31 October.
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to choose the Italian Piccolomini over the French d'Estouteville, Aeneas was able to secure enough votes for his candidacy after the second ballot at the
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Pius II. Pont. Max. a calumniis vindicatus ternis retractationibus eius quibus dicta et scripta pro concilio Basileensi contra Eugenium PP. IV. eiuravit.
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Pius II. Pont. Max. a calumniis vindicatus ternis retractationibus eius quibus dicta et scripta pro concilio Basileensi contra Eugenium PP. IV. eiuravit.
1769:
Pius II. Pont. Max. a calumniis vindicatus ternis retractationibus eius quibus dicta et scripta pro concilio Basileensi contra Eugenium PP. IV. eiuravit.
1048:
Pope Pius II inaugurated an unusual urban project, perhaps the first city-planning exercise in modern Europe. He refurbished his hometown of Corsignano (
1036:
Pius condemned the enslavement of newly baptized Christians as a "great crime". in a letter of 7 October 1462, addressed to the Bishop of Rubico in the
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329:, and his mother was Vittoria Forteguerri, who had 18 children including several twins, though no more than ten were alive at one time. The plague (
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5199:
890:, whom he gradually, though momentarily, quelled. The Neapolitan War was also concluded by the success of the Pope's ally the Aragonese Ferdinand.
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In August 1455, Aeneas again travelled to Rome on an embassy which included Johann Hinderbach to proffer the obedience of Germany to the new pope,
1056:, after himself. A cathedral and palaces were built in the best style of the day to decorate the city. They survive to this day. He also issued a
6734:
8604:
957:, by which the papal authority in France had been weakened. But Louis XI had expected that Pius II would in return espouse the French cause in
1205:
The most valuable of his historical writings are his histories of Bohemia and of Emperor Frederick III. He sketched biographical treatises on
618:. Eighteen cardinals took part. The Italian cardinals were outnumbered by the foreigners. According to Aeneas' account, the wealthy cardinal
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961:, and when he found himself disappointed he virtually re-established the Pragmatic Sanction by royal ordinances. Pius II built a fortress in
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Tomassetti, pp. 159-165. The bull is wrongly dated 29 April 1461. It was 29 June, the feast of Ss. Peter and Paul. Pastor III, pp. 290-293.
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1119:
was completed, the bodies of both popes, as well as parts of their funeral monuments, were moved there and re-entombed on 1 February 1613.
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309:, which is the only autobiography of a pope ever to have been published. It appeared posthumously, in 1584, 120 years after his death.
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The History of the Popes, from the Close of the Middle Ages: Drawn from the Secret Archives of the Vatican and Other Original Sources.
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423:. The journey through the ice and snow left Aeneas afflicted with pain in his legs for the rest of his life. Only when he arrived at
1538:
Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini, "Libellus dialogorum de generalis concilii auctoritate et gestis Basileensium," in Adam F. Kollar, ed.,
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from the third-person perspective, following Caesar's example. This posthumous edition altered some content judged inappropriate.
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2791:, p. 324. Quote: "Whenever chided with his past immoral life and writings, he would reply, 'Ignore Aeneas, but listen to Pius.'"
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Calixtus III died on 6 August 1458. The leading candidate was Cardinal Domenico Capranica, but he died on 14 August, during the
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Pius II was a prominent author of poetry in his lifetime, being named imperial poet laureate in 1442. But his reputation in
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333:) finally left him with only two sisters, Laudamia and Catherina. He worked with his father in the fields for some years.
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Pius was recalled to Rome, reaching the city on 6 October 1460. His presence was urged by the disturbances occasioned by
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1167:. He also wrote numerous erotic poems. All of the erotic material was written well before he was elected to the papacy.
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Northampton. Mass.: Smith College Department of History 1937. (Smith College Studies in History, Volume 22, nos. 1–2).
634:, to be elected with 12 votes. All 18 cardinals then ratified the election. He was crowned Pope on the front steps of
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Regesta chronologico-diplomatica Friderici IV., Romanorum regis (Imperatoris III): Vom Jahre 1440 bis März 1452,
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Regesta chronologico-diplomatica Friderici IV., Romanorum regis (Imperatoris III): Vom Jahre 1440 bis März 1452,
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In October 1461, he gained what at first appeared to be a brilliant success by inducing the new king of France,
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with an international reputation. Aeneas Silvius' longest and most enduring work is the story of his life, the
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Aeneae Syluij Piccolominei Senensis, qui post adeptum pontificatum Pius eius nominis secundus appellatus est,
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465:, where he fathered a child, a son, with a Breton woman called Elizabeth. The baby died 14 months later.
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Ferrante's natural daughter was to marry Pius' nephew Antonio. Pastor, pp. 20, 27-28. Creighton (1902),
1580:
The Life of Pope Pius II: As Illustrated by Pinturicchio's Frescoes in the Piccolomini Library at Siena,
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In 1450, Aeneas was sent as ambassador by Emperor Frederick III to negotiate his marriage with Princess
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3183:(in Latin). Vol. 5 (Tomus V). Turin: Seb. Franco et Henrico Dalmazzo editoribus. pp. 145–182.
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Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini (Pius II) and Niklas von Wyle. The Tale of Two Lovers: Eurialus and Lucretia
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Historia B. Platinae de vitis pontificum Romanorum, a D.N. Jesu Christo usque ad Paulum II. venetum ...
2572:(in Latin). Vol. 5 (Tomus V). Turin: Seb. Franco et Henrico Dalmazzo editoribus. pp. 166–169.
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Leaños, Jaime (2011). "Opportunism or Self Awareness: The Misunderstood Persona of Pope Pius II," in:
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603:. The ambassador of the Duke of Milan wrote on 31 July that Cardinal Juan de Torquemada and Cardinal
2775:; then, in March 1446, he was ordained a priest. Thereafter he was a genuinely reformed character.."
1083:
and in favor of the Council of Basel. It contained the famous remark, "reject Aeneas, retain Pius" (
8245:
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7337:
7248:
7184:
7106:
7077:
6697:
6692:
6570:
6470:
6455:
6440:
6282:
6103:
5993:
5911:
5735:
5712:
5663:
5336:
3201:
3188:
2907:Æneas Silvius (Enea Silvio De' Piccolomini – Pius II.): Orator, Man of Letters, Statesman, and Pope
1683:
567:
420:
157:
2263:
Duke Philip was the only ruler who had actually offered concrete aid at Mantua. Creighton (1902),
1127:
7863:
7719:
7446:
7169:
6801:
6762:
6729:
6175:
6155:
6023:
5901:
5851:
5630:
5431:
5371:
3512:
2526:, Volume 29 (Bar-le-Duc: Typis et sumptibus Ludovici Guerin, 1876), pp. 341-342. Earle and Lowe,
2439:
The Turn of the Soul: Representations of Religious Conversion in Early Modern Art and Literature,
1062:
893:
In particular, the Pope engaged for most of his reign in what looked like a personal war against
816:
737:
635:
1488:
1370:
581:
on the Aventine. He was allowed to keep the diocese of Siena. He also acquired the bishopric of
559:
Bishop Aeneas Sylvius was a delegate of Frederick III at the Diet of Ratisbon in February 1454.
325:
territory of a noble but impoverished family. His father Silvio was a soldier and member of the
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8334:
8220:
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7238:
7179:
7174:
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6535:
6460:
6340:
6018:
5906:
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5523:
5411:
5165:
1578:
1174:, which were collected by himself, are also an important source of historical information. His
1147:
924:
862:, bishop of Urgel. The name of Burkhard von Weisbriach of Salzburg was also finally published.
678:
478:
341:
3263:
3178:
2927:
2916:
2715:
2694:(Cologne: Maternus Cholinus), p. 327. For the new inscriptions, see Vincenzo Forcella (1876),
2674:
2649:
2628:
2589:
2567:
2518:
2500:
2484:
2467:
2451:
2366:
2360:
2316:
2242:
2226:
2210:
2194:
2105:
2087:
2050:
1977:
1945:
1879:
1836:
1815:
1783:
1761:
1744:
1668:
1642:
1626:
1609:
1561:
1522:
1504:
1422:
1179:
1099:, the dying Pope could only view it from a window. He died two days later, on 14 August 1464.
875:
792:
553:
8230:
8215:
7928:
7785:
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7492:
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2583:
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1917:
1861:
1830:
1800:
1584:
1458:
1446: One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
1334:
879:
812:
704:
and Cardinal Nicholas of Cusa over the bishopric of Brixen, which had been given Nicholas by
483:
454:
In 1440, he composed a work in defense of the authority of the general council of Basel, the
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3085:
3011:
2906:
2878:
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1767:
1702:
1473:
1301:
1283:
838:
thereby preserving the balance of power. On 18 December 1461, six cardinals were announced:
468:
Piccolomini served briefly as secretary to Pope Felix, and in 1442 was sent as envoy to the
8549:
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8457:
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6008:
5888:
5791:
5508:
5503:
5426:
5376:
5307:
5285:
2989:
The Commentaries of Pope Pius II (1458–1464) and the Crisis of the Fifteenth-Century Papacy
1539:
839:
615:
594:
302:
78:
757:, who was hostile to the idea of a crusade. Two cardinals had died six months previously,
408:
8:
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2784:
2764:
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1952:: "Villelmum Cardinalem Rhotomagensem, sive dolus fuit, sive odium, nemo ea vice elegit."
1400:
1309:, (Aubry, 1614), p. 1. Gragg, p. 11. Ivan Cloutas and Vito Castiglione Minischetti, ed.,
1246:
482:(1444) with an escapade of the chancellor. Of his activities at this period in his life,
424:
337:
2951:
Reject Aeneas, Accept Pius: Selected Letters of Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini, Pope Pius II
2887:
Il ‘cardinale tedesco’. Enea Silvio Piccolomini fra impero, papato, Europa, (1442–1455).
750:
573:
Finally, on 17 December 1456, he was named a cardinal, and next day he was assigned the
8523:
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7993:
7961:
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7373:
7156:
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5831:
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5566:
5267:
5234:
5085:
5079:
4974:
4826:
4821:
4786:
4655:
4635:
4555:
4454:
4429:
4419:
4319:
4304:
3828:
3556:
3549:
3431:
2801:
2058:, Volume 29 (Bar-le-Duc: Typis et sumptibus Ludovici Guerin, 1876), pp. 178-179, no. 1.
1979:
Inter graecos latinissimus, inter latinos graecissimus: Bessarion zwischen den Kulturen
1749:(in Latin). Vol. 2 (Tomus II) (second ed.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana.
1183:
943:
784:
604:
369:
349:
170:
8089:
966:
8469:
8374:
8149:
8135:
8109:
8094:
7998:
7983:
7913:
7903:
7772:
7704:
7605:
7569:
7465:
7116:
6352:
5677:
5557:
5324:
5280:
5160:
4993:
4926:
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4811:
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4495:
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4459:
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4404:
4389:
4359:
4284:
4264:
4224:
4109:
3963:
3908:
3762:
3303:
3281:
3252:
3228:
2996:
2958:
2729:"Of his poems, we have very few left, and they are insignificant:" Creighton (1902),
2544:
2521:: A. D. 1-1571 denuo excusi et ad nostra usque tempora perducti ab Augustino Theiner,
2053:: A. D. 1-1571 denuo excusi et ad nostra usque tempora perducti ab Augustino Theiner,
1983:
1589:
Volume 1 (Rohrmann, 1838), p. 93, no. 801; and "Anhang", p. xxix, no. 17 (full text).
1258:
1187:
1104:
1049:
871:
855:
766:
762:
563:
520:
469:
440:
385:
357:
345:
196:
447:
was not enough for him to overcome his reluctance. He supported the creation of the
8359:
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4801:
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4735:
4685:
4615:
4605:
4585:
4560:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4490:
4449:
4399:
4394:
4384:
4364:
4354:
4314:
4259:
4234:
4209:
4184:
4174:
4164:
4149:
4048:
4028:
4018:
3983:
3918:
3913:
3893:
3853:
3793:
3732:
3717:
3712:
3647:
3632:
3607:
3597:
3348:
2755:, celebrating the amorous adventures of his friend, the Chancellor Caspar Schlick."
1080:
1009:
936:
932:
913:
831:
796:
780:
729:
713:
694:
448:
377:
287:
260:
66:
6218:
1835:, pp. 77-79. Pius II, "Oratio Calixtum papam offerendo oboedientiam Imperatoris,"
997:
when it was brought from Patras in the Peloponnese to Rome by Thomas Palaeologus.
404:, he successively served Capranica, who ran out of money, and then other masters.
8417:
8384:
8328:
8322:
8179:
8084:
7988:
7800:
7294:
7259:
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6724:
6719:
6644:
6639:
6580:
6505:
6255:
6185:
5717:
5658:
5208:
5019:
4986:
4906:
4816:
4791:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4695:
4630:
4595:
4580:
4515:
4505:
4480:
4434:
4414:
4379:
4369:
4349:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4299:
4294:
4244:
4229:
4154:
4134:
4114:
4099:
4094:
4074:
4038:
4023:
3943:
3928:
3923:
3888:
3878:
3863:
3823:
3813:
3798:
3788:
3778:
3642:
3587:
3491:
3394:
3368:
3330:
3326:
3157:
3148:
3134:
3096:
3072:
3068:
3058:
2936:
2935:
Gragg, Florence Alden (translator); Gabel, Leona Christine (contributor) (1937).
2896:
1555:
1191:
1096:
820:
705:
608:
516:
443:
which it imposed. Even the offer to become one of the electors of a successor to
373:
276:
95:
62:
3180:
Bullarum, diplomatum et privilegiorum sanctorum romanorum pontificum taurinensis
2569:
Bullarum, diplomatum et privilegiorum sanctorum romanorum pontificum taurinensis
451:(Amadeus, Duke of Savoy) in November 1439, and participated in his coronation.
8619:
8480:
8305:
8099:
8074:
8038:
7978:
7971:
7966:
7956:
7810:
7795:
7734:
7610:
7600:
7356:
7131:
7060:
6908:
6843:
6629:
6619:
6605:
6590:
6270:
6165:
6049:
6028:
5562:
5441:
5416:
5388:
5319:
5153:
5109:
5091:
5060:
5054:
5046:
5040:
5034:
4866:
4796:
4730:
4680:
4670:
4650:
4625:
4570:
4565:
4535:
4510:
4439:
4424:
4409:
4344:
4289:
4279:
4254:
4139:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4013:
3998:
3933:
3898:
3868:
3838:
3833:
3818:
3752:
3727:
3702:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3672:
3592:
3582:
3464:
3456:
3206:
I. Abteilung: Briefe aus der Laienzeit (1431–1445). II. Band: Amtliche Briefe.
2772:
1141:
1037:
824:
788:
574:
444:
381:
353:
252:
44:
7673:
3244:
London: Longmans, Green, and Company, 1902. "Aeneas Silvius," pp. 55–106.
1673:, Volume 1 (London: K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Company 1891), pp. 347-350.
8538:
8364:
8290:
8256:
8240:
8200:
7883:
7858:
7634:
7544:
7529:
7451:
7023:
6983:
6868:
6790:
6775:
6624:
6585:
6391:
6275:
6072:
5741:
5456:
4901:
4881:
4856:
4725:
4690:
4665:
4620:
4600:
4525:
4520:
4500:
4374:
4309:
4269:
4249:
4239:
4144:
4053:
4008:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3903:
3883:
3873:
3848:
3808:
3757:
3747:
3742:
3722:
3677:
3637:
3622:
3602:
3544:
3502:
1447:
1252:
1112:
962:
859:
851:
808:
754:
690:
389:
286:
Aeneas Silvius was an author, diplomat, and orator, and private secretary of
121:
32:
3036:"Saint John Capistran and Despot George Branković: An Impossible Compromise"
2002:
G. Bourgin, "Les cardinaux français et le diaire caméral de 1439-1486," in:
456:
Libellus dialogorum de generalis concilii auctoritate et gestis Basileensium
8474:
8349:
8205:
8169:
7908:
7830:
7674:
7420:
7415:
7410:
7398:
6998:
6933:
6863:
6853:
6780:
6680:
6649:
6425:
6374:
6142:
6084:
5981:
5752:
5669:
5625:
5620:
5610:
5421:
5348:
5115:
4931:
4911:
4896:
4876:
4861:
4851:
4710:
4705:
4645:
4590:
4274:
4219:
4214:
4169:
4159:
4058:
4033:
4003:
3938:
3858:
3783:
3697:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3612:
3448:
3336:
3193:
I. Abteilung: Briefe aus der Laienzeit (1431–1445). I. Band: Privatbriefe.
3078:
994:
883:
655:
627:
578:
280:
221:
131:
52:
2932:
11th edition, Vol. 21 (Cambridge University Press 1911), pp. 683–684.
740:. Pius described his delight with country life in very pleasing language.
8275:
8104:
8079:
8054:
8027:
8014:
7923:
7825:
7512:
7194:
7050:
6923:
6903:
6898:
6893:
6878:
6180:
6115:
5971:
5896:
5874:
5722:
5484:
5446:
4886:
4766:
4761:
4715:
4339:
4204:
4199:
4104:
4043:
3988:
3978:
3973:
3843:
3667:
3617:
3572:
2946:
2393:
N. Bisaha, "Pius II's letter to Sultan Mehmed II: A Re-examination," in:
901:, with the result of the almost complete submission of that condottiero.
887:
326:
8059:
7644:
6888:
6883:
6707:
6634:
6250:
6170:
5801:
5000:
4675:
4194:
4179:
3993:
3968:
3803:
3707:
3627:
3577:
3519:
2588:(Ithaca: Cornell University Press 2019), esp. pp. 17-32. Eugène Müntz,
1195:
1057:
773:
512:
462:
318:
192:
6993:
6988:
6958:
6654:
6417:
6401:
6386:
6230:
6120:
5998:
5988:
5856:
5635:
3737:
2944:
990:
807:(the pope's choice, whose candidacy was much resisted); Pius' nephew
725:
717:
436:
3035:
8518:
7873:
7627:
7615:
7233:
7141:
6968:
6067:
5436:
3539:
1583:
Volume 1 (London: Arundel Society, 1881), pp. 28-30. Joseph Chmel,
1156:
1067:
1066:, on 28 April 1462, prohibiting damage to ancient ruins in Rome or
950:
917:
765:. Some of the Italian cardinals, led by the Patriarch of Aquileia,
646:
638:
on 3 September 1458 by the Protodeacon, Cardinal Prospero Colonna.
412:
5177:
3359:
Il contributo italiano alla storia del pensiero: storia e politica
2541:
The Slave Trade: The History of the Atlantic Slave Trade 1440–1870
2125:(Boston: Little Brown 1989; New York: Hachette+ORM, 2009), p. 129.
8130:
7744:
7366:
6938:
5776:
5650:
5593:
3104:. Stuttgart: Sumtibus Societatis literariæ stuttgardiensis, 1842.
2976:
Vol. V (Lieda Spain: University de Lieda 2011), pp. 243–263.
1303:
Commentarii rerum memorabilium, quae temporibus suis contigerunt,
549:
545:
495:
491:
439:, shunning the ecclesiastical state because of the obligation of
336:
In 1423, at the age of 18, he left to study at the university of
700:
While at Mantua, he undertook to mediate in the dispute between
8296:
Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary
7739:
7649:
7554:
7091:
6396:
6381:
6325:
6292:
2610:, (Montepulciano: Tip. Madonna della Querce, 1915), pp. 11-17.
2155:
Mémoires d'un Pape de la Renaissance. Les Commentarii de Pie II
1311:
Mémoires d'un Pape de la Renaissance. Les Commentarii de Pie II
1263:
1206:
1152:
1091:
1090:
In spite of suffering from a fever, Pope Pius II left Rome for
1053:
1025:
1021:
1020:; Florence cynically advised the Pope to let the Turks and the
958:
909:
898:
886:
were at this time troubled by rebellious barons and marauding
721:
686:
682:
582:
416:
217:
213:
82:
411:, Eugenius IV's legate at the council, on a secret mission to
19:
This article is about the Pope. For the Austrian general, see
7189:
6357:
6321:
3268:. Volume 7, Part 1 London: G. Bell, 1900. pp. 160–217.
1214:
1164:
1017:
1013:
1005:
716:, whom he held in high regard, to start a war against Sultan
526:
On 13 August 1447, at Cologne, Bishop Aeneas wrote the first
397:
393:
322:
2918:
A History of the Papacy during the period of the Reformation
2676:
A History of the Papacy during the period of the Reformation
2502:
A History of the Papacy during the period of the Reformation
2469:
A History of the Papacy during the period of the Reformation
2365:
Volume 1 (Rohrmann, 1838), p. 391, no. 3911. Marian Fidler,
2318:
A History of the Papacy during the period of the Reformation
2107:
A History of the Papacy during the period of the Reformation
2089:
A History of the Papacy during the period of the Reformation
1644:
A History of the Papacy during the period of the Reformation
1611:
A History of the Papacy during the period of the Reformation
1563:
A History of the Papacy during the period of the Reformation
1524:
A History of the Papacy during the period of the Reformation
1506:
A History of the Papacy during the period of the Reformation
1424:
A History of the Papacy during the period of the Reformation
1220:
His most important and longest work is his autobiographical
6362:
6081:
3487:
3438:
2901:
Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 2013.
2630:
Les artes a la cour des Papes pendant le XV e le XVI siècle
2591:
Les artes a la cour des Papes pendant le XV e le XVI siècle
2437:
in: Lieke Stelling, Harald Hendrix, Todd Richardson (edd),
1976:
Märtl, Claudia; Kaiser, Christian; Ricklin, Thomas (2013).
1670:
The History of the Popes: From the Close of the Middle Ages
1210:
1001:
401:
1895:
Eubel II, p. 6, no. 4; p. 12, note 9. Pastor III, pp. 5-6.
1478:(Woodbridge Suffolk UK: Boydell & Brewer, 2021), p. 5.
419:; the nearest shrine was 10 miles (16 km) distant at
8185:
Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution
3271:
3095:
Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomineus, qui postea Pius II. P. M.,
1403:) he was granted everything he had come to Scotland for.
1333:
Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomineus, qui postea Pius II. P. M.,
1817:
History of the Popes: From the Close of the Middle Ages
1802:
History of the Popes: From the Close of the Middle Ages
1704:
History of the Popes: From the Close of the Middle Ages
980:. On 9 September 1462, Pope Pius confirmed the action.
585:(Ermel and, Prussia; now in Poland) on 12 August 1457.
2879:
Pius II (Æneas Silvius Piccolomini) the Humanist Pope.
2397:
vol. 1 (Routledge 2002), pp. 183-201; ISSN: 1476-5276.
2123:
Dracula: Prince of many faces – His life and his times
923:
Pius II was also engaged in a series of disputes with
8216:
Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary
2441:
Boston-Leiden: Brill 2012, pp. 85-108, at pp. 99-100.
1948:(Roma: Tipi del Salviucci 1883), p. 184 (quoting the
1378:, Volume 1 (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2004), p. 511.
275:; 18 October 1405 – 14 August 1464), was head of the
2696:
Inscrizioni delle chiese e d'altri edificii di Roma,
507:
He was ordained a priest in Vienna on 4 March 1446.
294:, and then Pope Eugenius IV. He participated in the
3247:Earle, Thomas Foster; Lowe K.J.P (editors) (2005).
2981:
The Laurels and the Tiara: Pope Pius II, 1458–1464.
2717:
Aeneae Silvii Piccolomini Senensis... Opera inedita
2486:
The Rise and Decline of the Medici Bank, 1397-1494,
2375:
Part 4, volume 7 (Wien: Ghelen, 1786), pp. 301-312.
2243:
Aeneae Silvii Piccolomini Senensis... Opera inedita
1946:
Aeneae Silvii Piccolomini Senensis... Opera inedita
650:
Pope Pius II depicted in a fresco, located in the "
7289:
2898:Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini, Europe (c. 1400–1458).
2705:, Vol. 66 (1998), pp. 193-214, at p. 201, note 43.
1975:
1462:. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1194:. It is generally considered to be the source for
1178:contain one of the best known descriptions of the
916:, but, when he failed to achieve success, cast an
854:, the nomination of Louis XI and Philip the Good;
548:and concluded a satisfactory arrangement with the
3176:
3166:. Fermo: apud Jos. Alexandrum Paccasassium, 1803.
2895:Bisaha, Nancy (ed.); Brown, Robert (tr.) (2013).
1545:(Vienna: Ioannis T. Trattner, 1762), pp. 691–790.
1122:
641:
8536:
8286:Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII
3486:
3090:ed. Carolus Fea. Romae: Franciscus Bourlié 1823.
3016:Volume 3 London: Kegan Paul Trench Trübner 1894.
2565:
2245:, p. 199. Meserve and Simonetta II, pp. 228-231.
1282:Piccolomini wrote a biography of Frederick III,
3272:Meserve, Margaret; Marcello Simonetta (2007) .
3203:Der Briefwechsel des Eneas Silvius Piccolomini.
3190:Der Briefwechsel des Eneas Silvius Piccolomini.
1903:
1901:
1685:Der Briefwechsel des Eneas Silvius Piccolomini.
1541:Analecta monumentorum omnis aevi Vindobonensia,
3265:History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages
2651:History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages
2453:History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages
1982:. Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter. p. 108.
1763:History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages
1742:
1628:History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages
1008:, c. 1459. However, France was estranged; the
528:Epistola retractationis, ad Magistr. Jordanum
7275:
5193:
3472:
3385:Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals
2720:(Roma: Tipi del Salviucci 1883), pp. 342-370.
2435:"The Prospect of Conversion in Safayid Iran,"
2305:Eubel II, pp. 13-14. Pastor III, pp. 297-300.
368:In 1431 he accepted the post of secretary to
16:Head of the Catholic Church from 1458 to 1464
2564:The bull "Pro Excellenti", 13 August 1462:
1898:
1554:Aeneas Sylvius, "Letter to his father," in:
1490:Handbuch Gelehrtenkultur der Frühen Neuzeit,
1475:Illegitimacy in Medieval Scotland, 1100-1500
1372:Handbuch Gelehrtenkultur der Frühen Neuzeit,
1285:Historia rerum Friderici III., imperatroris,
931:(who was excommunicated for having arrested
8590:15th-century Italian Roman Catholic bishops
2986:
2802:"Pij II (1405–1464) - Slovenska biografija"
2585:Pienza: The Creation of a Renaissance City,
2489:(Washington DC: Beard Books, 1999), p. 153.
2417:"İnalcık: Fatih'i Hıristiyan yapmak istedi"
1707:, Volume 2 (St. Louis: Herder, 1902), p. 6.
614:On 16 August, the cardinals entered into a
380:. Capranica was protesting against the new
8301:Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary
8251:Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart
7282:
7268:
7122:International Alliance of Catholic Knights
5200:
5186:
3479:
3465:
3300:Absolute Monarchs: A History of the Papacy
3051:
2605:Pienza: i suoi monumenti e la sua diocesi,
783:, bishop of Rieti and brother of Cardinal
231:
51:
2921:. Vol. II. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
2914:
2672:
2516:Pastor III, pp. 281-282. Cesare Baronio,
2498:
2465:
2314:
2241:"Vilescunt omnia numerositate." Cugnoni,
2103:
2085:
1766:. Volume 7, Part 1, p. 165, note 3. Fea,
1640:
1607:
1559:
1520:
1502:
1420:
865:
724:. This conflict at its peak involved the
3225:Vicars of Christ: A History of the Popes
2926:Garnett, Richard (1911). "Pius II," in:
1688:, p. xxv. J.N.D. Kelly and M.J. Walsh,
1437:
1435:
1126:
1107:. The crusade of Pius II was at an end.
1016:was engrossed with the attempt to seize
753:, obstructed every move that might harm
645:
2911:London: A. Constable and Company, 1908.
2648:, pp. 148-164, at p. 152. Gregorovius,
2555:, (Barry Rose Publishers, 1975), p. 52.
2015:Pastor, pp. 19-20. Gregorovius, p. 170.
2006:vol. 24 (1904), pp. 277-318, at p. 293.
8537:
5581:
3214:
3033:
2945:Izbicki, Thomas; Gerald Christianson;
2004:Mélanges d' archeologie et d' histoire
1841:, pp. 923-928, Pastor II, pp. 342-343.
1198:'s description of the ceremony in his
976:was established on 6 December 1461 by
942:In June 1461, Pius II canonized Saint
728:trying to assassinate the Sultan (see
388:for him, which had been designated by
7263:
5181:
3460:
3171:Eneae Silviae Piccolominei "Carmina".
2979:Mitchell, Rosamond Joscelyne (1962).
2254:Eubel II, p. 13. Pastor, pp. 294-297.
2121:Raymond T. McNally, Radu R Florescu,
1877:
1859:
1781:
1451:
1432:
1163:) is extant. All of his works are in
672:
588:
544:. In 1451, he undertook a mission to
533:Pope Nicholas transferred him to the
3249:Black Africans in Renaissance Europe
3130:. Mediolani: Antonius Zarotus, 1473.
3028:Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani
2955:Catholic University of America Press
2703:Papers of the British School at Rome
2528:Black Africans in Renaissance Europe
1692:, second edition (OUP 2010), p. 249.
1073:
904:Pius II also tried mediation in the
360:. He settled in Siena as a teacher.
8155:Suppression of the Society of Jesus
5207:
3251:. Cambridge University Press, 2005
3118:Basel: Apud Ioannem Bebelium, 1533.
2048:Pastor III, p. 29. Cesare Baronio,
805:Order of Hermits of Saint Augustine
348:, and where he became friends with
13:
8605:Burials at Sant'Andrea della Valle
7710:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran
2594:(Paris: Thorin 1878), pp. 300-305.
1028:to conduct the crusade in person.
772:On 4 March 1460, the Wednesday of
396:after enduring a stormy voyage to
283:from 19 August 1458 to his death.
269:Enea Silvio Bartolomeo Piccolomini
186:Enea Silvio Bartolomeo Piccolomini
14:
8646:
8635:Latin-language writers from Italy
3412:Prince-Bishop of Warmia (Ermland)
3313:
3153:Basel: Per Henrichum Petri, 1551.
2551:, see also John Francis Maxwell,
1456:". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
978:Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor
858:, son of the Count of Dreux; and
472:. On 27 July 1442, at Frankfurt,
407:In 1435, he was sent by Cardinal
21:Enea Silvio Piccolomini (general)
8517:
8505:
7836:Fourth Council of Constantinople
7791:Second Council of Constantinople
7244:
7243:
7232:
7200:Society of Saint Vincent de Paul
6748:Criticism of the Catholic Church
5159:
5148:
5147:
3443:19 August 1458 – 14 August 1464
3142:. Romae: Johann Schurener, 1475.
3136:Epistulae in cardinalatu editae.
3124:Epistolae in pontificatu editae.
2851:
2835:
2819:
2794:
2553:Slavery and the Catholic Church"
2456:. Volume 7, Part 1, pp. 205-209.
2134:Eubel II, p. 32, nos. 198, 199.
1931:Pastor III, p. 11. Piccolomini,
1441:
920:over Polish and Prussians both.
809:Francesco Todeschini-Piccolomini
743:
7806:Third Council of Constantinople
7730:First Council of Constantinople
5367:First seven ecumenical councils
3327:Commentarii rerum memorabilium
3278:The I Tatti Renaissance Library
3262:Gregorovius, Ferdinand (1900).
3200:Wolkan, Rudolf (ed.) (1909b).
3177:Tomassetti, Luigi, ed. (1860).
3069:Commentarii rerum memorabilium
2993:The University of Toronto Press
2870:
2778:
2758:
2738:
2723:
2708:
2684:
2666:
2657:
2636:
2621:
2597:
2576:
2558:
2533:
2510:
2492:
2477:
2459:
2444:
2427:
2409:
2400:
2387:
2378:
2353:
2344:
2335:
2326:
2308:
2299:
2290:
2281:
2272:
2257:
2248:
2235:
2219:
2203:
2187:
2178:
2169:
2160:
2146:
2137:
2128:
2115:
2097:
2079:
2070:
2061:
2042:
2027:
2018:
2009:
1996:
1968:
1955:
1938:
1925:
1919:Commentarii rerum memorabilium,
1910:
1889:
1871:
1853:
1844:
1823:
1808:
1793:
1775:
1754:
1736:
1723:
1710:
1695:
1676:
1661:
1652:
1634:
1619:
1601:
1592:
1571:
1548:
1532:
1514:
1496:
1481:
1466:
1410:
8045:Dissolution of the monasteries
7311:History of the Catholic Church
5942:Separation of church and state
3345:Works by or about Pope Pius II
2566:Luigi Tomassetti, ed. (1860).
2228:Commentarii rerum memorabilium
2196:Commentarii rerum memorabilium
1850:Eubel II, p. 12, nos. 1, 2, 3.
1631:Volume 7, Part 1, pp. 163-164.
1393:
1381:
1363:
1354:
1341:
1325:
1316:
1294:
1276:
1123:Literary reputation and legacy
1085:Aeneam rejicite, Pium recipite
874:between the supporters of the
642:Papal policies and initiatives
1:
8600:Italian Renaissance humanists
8595:15th-century writers in Latin
7919:Fourth Council of the Lateran
7894:Second Council of the Lateran
7503:Apostles in the New Testament
3240:Historical Essays and Reviews
3187:Wolkan, Rudolf (ed.) (1909).
2860:Historical Essays and Reviews
2732:Historical Essays and Reviews
2266:Historical Essays and Reviews
2036:Historical Essays and Reviews
1716:J.N.D. Kelly and M.J. Walsh,
1269:
1155:novel. He also composed some
1012:broke his positive promises;
955:Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges
929:Archduke Sigismund of Austria
895:Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta
759:Antonio de la Cerda y Lloscos
689:for joint action against the
658:
312:
71:
8585:15th-century Italian writers
8033:Catholic Counter-Reformation
7899:Third Council of the Lateran
7889:First Council of the Lateran
7345:Catholic ecumenical councils
3173:(Città del Vaticano 1994). .
2983:London: Harvill Press, 1962.
2974:Imago Temporis. Medium Aevum
2938:The Commentaries of Pius II.
2929:The Encyclopædia Britannica.
2857:Quoted by Creighton (1902),
2603:Giovanni Battista Mannucci,
2143:Pastor III, pp. 99-100, 396.
1961:Pastor, p. 12. Piccolomini,
1832:The Commentaries of Pius II.
1682:Ady, p. 100. Wolkan (1909),
1242:Cardinals created by Pius II
844:Jacopo Piccolomini-Ammannati
435:He refused the offer of the
7:
3237:Creighton, Mandell (1902).
3019:Pellegrini, Marco. (2015).
2915:Creighton, Mandell (1882).
2806:www.slovenska-biografija.si
2714:Josephus Cugnoni (editor),
2673:Creighton (21 March 1882).
2654:. Volume 7, Part 1, p. 171.
2627:Pastor III, p. 304. Müntz,
2499:Creighton (21 March 1882).
2466:Creighton (21 March 1882).
2315:Creighton (21 March 1882).
2104:Creighton (21 March 1882).
2086:Creighton (21 March 1882).
1944:Josephus Cugnoni (editor),
1641:Creighton (21 March 1882).
1608:Creighton (21 March 1882).
1560:Creighton (21 March 1882).
1521:Creighton (21 March 1882).
1503:Creighton (21 March 1882).
1421:Creighton (21 March 1882).
1235:
1200:Six Livres de la République
1145:rests principally upon his
677:After allying himself with
400:and then a trip across the
273:Aeneas Silvius Bartholomeus
10:
8651:
7379:History of the Roman Curia
7239:Catholic Church portal
3210:. Wien: A. Hölder, 1909.
3197:. Wien: A. Hölder, 1909.
2904:Boulting, William (1908).
2690:Onuphrio Panvinio (1568),
1718:Oxford Dictionary of Popes
1690:Oxford Dictionary of Popes
1313:, Tallandier, 2001, p. 43.
1291:, Strasburg: Spoor, 1685 .
1031:
1004:in the papal territory at
983:
592:
18:
8570:Diplomats of the Holy See
8500:
8400:
8266:
8193:
8128:
8115:European wars of religion
8012:
7947:
7849:
7771:
7662:
7585:
7445:
7434:
7426:Eastern Catholic Churches
7301:
7227:
7165:Aid to the Church in Need
7155:
7012:
6825:
6786:Vatican Television Center
6761:
6671:
6561:
6431:Eastern Catholic Churches
6412:
6301:
6194:
6141:
6066:
6037:
5962:
5887:
5822:
5767:
5686:
5556:
5470:
5402:
5347:
5266:
5243:
5215:
5143:
5070:
5010:
4949:
4940:
4754:
4468:
4067:
3771:
3565:
3498:
3445:
3436:
3428:
3418:
3409:
3401:
3391:
3382:
3374:
3367:
3057:Morrall, Eric J. (1988).
2892:. Milano: UNICOPLI 2012.
2384:Eubel II, p. 171, note 1.
1452:Weber, Nicholas (1911). "
1133:Cristofano dell'Altissimo
1043:
842:, archbishop of Ravenna;
502:
376:, then on his way to the
239:
227:
203:
181:
176:
163:
150:
142:
137:
127:
117:
109:
101:
91:
50:
43:
30:
8246:Mary of the Divine Heart
7869:Clash against the empire
7821:Second Council of Nicaea
7715:Old St. Peter's Basilica
7107:Communion and Liberation
6571:Eastern Catholic liturgy
5736:Mystici Corporis Christi
5664:Sixto-Clementine Vulgate
3063:Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1988.
2876:Ady, Cecilia M. (1913).
2663:Pastor III, pp. 214-215.
2543:, p. 72, Picador, 1997,
2350:Pastor III, pp. 137-141.
2332:Pastor III, pp. 213-239.
2287:Pastor III, pp. 110-112.
2024:Pastor III, pp. 397-403.
870:In the struggle for the
628:Cardinal Barbo of Venice
620:Guillaume d'Estouteville
461:Aeneas then was sent to
363:
8512:Vatican City portal
7864:Investiture Controversy
7720:First Council of Nicaea
5922:Philosophy of canon law
5852:Mariology of the saints
5432:Investiture Controversy
4961:During the Roman Empire
3378:Antonio Cerdà i Lloscos
3355:Enea Silvio Piccolomini
3227:, Citadel Press, 2003,
3149:Opera quae extant omnia
3052:Works of Aeneas Sylvius
3034:Andrić, Stanko (2016).
3010:Pastor, Ludwig (1894).
2987:O'Brien, Emily (2015).
2923:. pp. 235–260, 365–500.
2885:Baldi, Barbara (2012).
2166:Pastor III, pp. 17, 62.
1974:Pastor III, pp. 12-13.
1878:Eubel (21 March 2024).
1860:Eubel (21 March 2024).
1838:Opera quae extant omnia
1782:Eubel (21 March 2024).
1743:Conradus Eubel (1914).
1729:Gragg, p. 44. Pius II,
1556:Opera quae extant omnia
1472:Susan Marshall (2021),
1063:Cum almam nostram urbem
817:Burkhard von Weisbriach
654:" in Siena, painted by
344:where he studied under
241:Other popes named Pius
8524:Catholicism portal
8335:Second Vatican Council
8221:Our Lady of La Salette
8028:Protestant Reformation
8015:Protestant Reformation
7934:Second Council of Lyon
7323:Ecclesiastical history
7175:Catholic Charities USA
6809:Acta Apostolicae Sedis
6797:Vatican Polyglot Press
5847:Mariology of the popes
5485:Protestant Reformation
5166:Catholic Church Portal
5026:Conflicts with the HRE
3369:Catholic Church titles
3302:, Random House, 2011,
3111:Decadum Blondi epitome
2882:London: Methuen, 1913.
2699:(in Italian and Latin)
2582:Charles Randall Mack,
1658:Pastor I, pp. 339-348.
1249:, secretary to Pius II
1148:The Tale of Two Lovers
1136:
1117:St. Andrea della Valle
925:King George of Bohemia
866:Naples, Rimini, Poland
665:
607:, the half-brother of
568:Ladislaus V of Hungary
537:on 23 September 1450.
519:was to appoint Aeneas
479:The Tale of Two Lovers
342:university of Florence
272:
264:
256:
8231:First Vatican Council
7929:First Council of Lyon
7693:Constantine the Great
7389:Christian monasticism
6929:Good Shepherd Sisters
6771:Holy See Press Office
6009:Doctors of the Church
5842:Immaculate Conception
5797:Anointing of the Sick
5332:History of the papacy
4942:History of the papacy
3274:Pius II: Commentaries
3208:(in German and Latin)
3195:(in German and Latin)
3169:Heck, A. van (1994).
2753:Lucretia and Euryalus
2519:Annales ecclesiastici
2373:(in German and Latin)
2051:Annales ecclesiastici
1459:Catholic Encyclopedia
1180:enthronement ceremony
1159:, of which only one (
1130:
813:protonotary apostolic
791:, bishop of Spoleto;
649:
484:Ferdinand Gregorovius
292:Emperor Frederick III
8580:Italian male writers
8575:House of Piccolomini
8408:Sexual abuse scandal
8317:Mit brennender Sorge
8160:Age of Enlightenment
7939:Bernard of Clairvaux
7816:Byzantine Iconoclasm
7755:Council of Chalcedon
7535:Council of Jerusalem
7404:Role in civilization
7384:Religious institutes
7316:By country or region
6802:L'Osservatore Romano
6740:Role in civilisation
6466:Croatian and Serbian
6214:Episcopal conference
6176:St. Peter's Basilica
5534:Sexual abuse scandal
5490:Catholic Reformation
5104:Revolutionary Papacy
5098:Age of Enlightenment
3296:Norwich, John Julius
3221:Coulombe. Charles A.
3097:De viris illustribus
1881:Hierarchia catholica
1863:Hierarchia catholica
1785:Hierarchia catholica
1746:Hierarchia catholica
1335:De viris illustribus
974:Diocese of Ljubljana
840:Bartolomeo Roverella
799:de Saxoferrato, the
702:Sigismund of Austria
636:St. Peter's Basilica
595:Papal conclave, 1458
542:Eleonore of Portugal
327:House of Piccolomini
303:Renaissance humanist
8615:Christian humanists
8236:Papal infallibility
8226:Our Lady of Lourdes
8175:Shimabara Rebellion
8019:Counter-Reformation
7137:Neocatechumenal Way
7102:Charismatic Renewal
6816:Annuario Pontificio
6414:Particular churches
6090:Ecumenical councils
5862:Perpetual virginity
5697:Communitas perfecta
5641:Sermon on the Mount
4951:Antiquity and Early
4755:17th–21st centuries
4469:13th–16th centuries
3215:For further reading
2842:Charles A. Coulombe
2826:John Julius Norwich
2785:Charles A. Coulombe
2765:John Julius Norwich
2745:John Julius Norwich
2642:Carolus Fea (ed.),
2612:John Julius Norwich
2483:Raymond De Roover.
2423:. 14 November 2009.
2406:Pastor III, p. 256.
2296:Pastor III, p. 137.
2278:Pastor III, p. 396.
1255:, nephew of Pius II
1247:Gregory of Heimburg
1105:Matthias of Hungary
908:of 1454–66 between
906:Thirteen Years' War
850:, who was only 17;
846:, bishop of Pavia;
795:, bishop of Teano;
793:Niccolò Fortiguerra
652:Piccolomini library
554:George of Poděbrady
317:Aeneas was born at
59:Portrait of Pius II
8625:15th-century popes
8610:Renaissance Papacy
8555:People from Pienza
8281:Our Lady of Fátima
8070:Ignatius of Loyola
7994:Catherine of Siena
7962:Pope Boniface VIII
7781:Benedict of Nursia
7750:Council of Ephesus
7587:Ante-Nicene period
7540:Split with Judaism
7374:Crusading movement
6974:Premonstratensians
5357:Ante-Nicene period
5235:Lists of Catholics
5086:Reformation Papacy
5080:Renaissance Papacy
5022:(1012–1044 / 1048)
4975:Ostrogothic Papacy
4068:9th–12th centuries
3422:Paul von Legendorf
2067:Pastor III, p. 30.
1360:Creighton, p. 235.
1137:
944:Catherine of Siena
785:Domenico Capranica
673:Congress at Mantua
666:
605:Filippo Calandrini
589:Election to papacy
523:on 17 April 1447.
370:Domenico Capranica
350:Poggio Bracciolini
8565:Bishops of Warmia
8532:
8531:
8492:COVID-19 pandemic
8470:Pope Benedict XVI
8375:Pope John Paul II
8150:Pope Benedict XIV
8136:French Revolution
8120:Thirty Years' War
8110:Robert Bellarmine
8095:John of the Cross
7999:Pope Alexander VI
7984:Council of Vienne
7914:Francis of Assisi
7904:Pope Innocent III
7773:Early Middle Ages
7767:
7766:
7763:
7762:
7705:Arian controversy
7658:
7657:
7606:Apostolic Fathers
7257:
7256:
6667:
6666:
6060:
5883:
5882:
5575:
5552:
5551:
5544:COVID-19 pandemic
5514:French Revolution
5504:Thirty Years' War
5412:Islamic conquests
5325:Apostolic fathers
5260:
5175:
5174:
5139:
5138:
5031:Wandering Papacy
4994:Saeculum obscurum
4967:Under Constantine
3772:5th–8th centuries
3566:1st–4th centuries
3550:papal resignation
3455:
3454:
3446:Succeeded by
3419:Succeeded by
3392:Succeeded by
3308:978-1-4000-6715-2
3287:978-0-674-01164-9
3030:Volume 83 (2015).
2964:978-0-8132-1442-9
2830:Absolute Monarchs
2769:Absolute Monarchs
2749:Absolute Monarchs
2616:Absolute Monarchs
1989:978-3-11-028265-8
1369:Herbert Jaumann,
1259:Bishops of Warmia
1074:Illness and death
1052:) and renamed it
1050:province of Siena
953:, to abolish the
872:Kingdom of Naples
848:Francesco Gonzaga
763:Jaime of Portugal
521:Bishop of Trieste
470:Diet of Frankfurt
441:sexual continence
409:Niccolò Albergati
358:Guarino da Verona
346:Francesco Filelfo
279:and ruler of the
246:
245:
197:Republic of Siena
86:
8642:
8630:Bishops of Siena
8522:
8521:
8510:
8509:
8508:
8487:Patriarch Kirill
8360:Pope John Paul I
8165:Anti-clericalism
8145:Pope Innocent XI
8065:Society of Jesus
8050:Council of Trent
8004:Age of Discovery
7949:Late Middle Ages
7851:High Middle Ages
7841:East–West Schism
7725:Pope Sylvester I
7671:
7670:
7660:
7659:
7570:General epistles
7565:Pauline epistles
7498:John the Baptist
7481:Great Commission
7443:
7442:
7394:Catholic culture
7284:
7277:
7270:
7261:
7260:
7247:
7246:
7237:
7236:
6979:Redemptoristines
6827:Religious orders
6753:Anti-Catholicism
6703:Church buildings
6563:Catholic liturgy
6303:Consecrated life
6161:Apostolic Palace
6128:Synod of Bishops
6064:
6063:
6040:
5646:Ten Commandments
5579:
5578:
5561:
5462:Age of Discovery
5296:Great Commission
5264:
5263:
5248:
5202:
5195:
5188:
5179:
5178:
5163:
5151:
5150:
5071:Early Modern and
4981:Byzantine Papacy
4947:
4946:
3481:
3474:
3467:
3458:
3457:
3429:Preceded by
3405:Franz Kuhschmalz
3402:Preceded by
3375:Preceded by
3365:
3364:
3349:Internet Archive
3339:(first edition).
3291:
3209:
3196:
3184:
3165:
3141:
3129:
3117:
3103:
3081:(first edition).
3047:
3040:Byzantinoslavica
3025:
3006:
2968:
2922:
2891:
2864:
2855:
2849:
2846:Vicars of Christ
2839:
2833:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2798:
2792:
2789:Vicars of Christ
2782:
2776:
2762:
2756:
2742:
2736:
2727:
2721:
2712:
2706:
2700:
2688:
2682:
2680:
2670:
2664:
2661:
2655:
2640:
2634:
2625:
2619:
2609:
2601:
2595:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2562:
2556:
2537:
2531:
2525:
2514:
2508:
2506:
2496:
2490:
2481:
2475:
2473:
2463:
2457:
2448:
2442:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2413:
2407:
2404:
2398:
2391:
2385:
2382:
2376:
2374:
2357:
2351:
2348:
2342:
2339:
2333:
2330:
2324:
2322:
2312:
2306:
2303:
2297:
2294:
2288:
2285:
2279:
2276:
2270:
2261:
2255:
2252:
2246:
2239:
2233:
2223:
2217:
2207:
2201:
2191:
2185:
2182:
2176:
2173:
2167:
2164:
2158:
2150:
2144:
2141:
2135:
2132:
2126:
2119:
2113:
2111:
2101:
2095:
2093:
2083:
2077:
2074:
2068:
2065:
2059:
2057:
2046:
2040:
2031:
2025:
2022:
2016:
2013:
2007:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1972:
1966:
1959:
1953:
1942:
1936:
1929:
1923:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1896:
1893:
1887:
1885:
1875:
1869:
1867:
1857:
1851:
1848:
1842:
1827:
1821:
1820:II, pp. 300-304.
1812:
1806:
1797:
1791:
1789:
1779:
1773:
1758:
1752:
1750:
1740:
1734:
1727:
1721:
1714:
1708:
1699:
1693:
1680:
1674:
1665:
1659:
1656:
1650:
1648:
1638:
1632:
1623:
1617:
1615:
1605:
1599:
1596:
1590:
1575:
1569:
1567:
1552:
1546:
1536:
1530:
1528:
1518:
1512:
1510:
1500:
1494:
1485:
1479:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1430:
1428:
1414:
1408:
1397:
1391:
1390:, pp. 44, 46–47.
1385:
1379:
1377:
1367:
1361:
1358:
1352:
1345:
1339:
1329:
1323:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1298:
1292:
1290:
1280:
1184:Carinthian dukes
1081:Pope Eugenius IV
1010:Duke of Burgundy
937:Bishop of Brixen
933:Nicholas of Cusa
914:Teutonic Knights
832:Tiburzio di Maso
797:Alessandro Oliva
781:Angelo Capranica
761:and the Infante
751:Alain de Coëtivy
738:Ludovico Gonzaga
730:The Night Attack
714:Vlad III Dracula
695:Nicholas of Cusa
681:(Ferrante), the
663:
660:
622:, Archbishop of
535:diocese of Siena
494:and returned to
449:Antipope Felix V
384:'s refusal of a
378:Council of Basel
296:Council of Basel
288:Antipope Felix V
235:
210:
177:Personal details
167:17 December 1456
164:Created cardinal
76:
73:
69:
55:
28:
27:
8650:
8649:
8645:
8644:
8643:
8641:
8640:
8639:
8535:
8534:
8533:
8528:
8516:
8506:
8504:
8496:
8418:World Youth Day
8396:
8385:World Youth Day
8329:Pacem in terris
8323:Pope John XXIII
8262:
8189:
8180:Edict of Nantes
8138:
8134:
8124:
8090:Teresa of Ávila
8085:Tridentine Mass
8021:
8017:
8008:
7989:Knights Templar
7943:
7845:
7801:Gregorian chant
7759:
7685:
7682:
7679:
7677:
7666:
7654:
7581:
7450:
7438:
7430:
7297:
7295:Catholic Church
7288:
7258:
7253:
7231:
7223:
7202:
7185:Relief Services
7151:
7097:Catholic Action
7087:Military orders
7024:Confraternities
7016:of the faithful
7015:
7008:
6830:
6821:
6757:
6663:
6557:
6416:
6408:
6341:Prior, Prioress
6297:
6190:
6186:Vatican Museums
6137:
6070:
6056:
6052:
6048:
6044:
6039:
6033:
5958:
5912:Social teaching
5879:
5818:
5763:
5718:One true church
5682:
5659:Sixtine Vulgate
5655:Official Bible
5569:
5565:
5560:
5548:
5466:
5398:
5343:
5313:Petrine primacy
5256:
5252:
5247:
5239:
5211:
5209:Catholic Church
5206:
5176:
5171:
5135:
5118:(1929–present)
5072:
5066:
5020:Tusculan Papacy
5012:
5006:
4987:Frankish Papacy
4952:
4936:
4750:
4464:
4063:
3767:
3561:
3494:
3492:Catholic Church
3485:
3451:
3442:
3434:
3424:
3415:
3407:
3397:
3395:Giacomo Tebaldi
3388:
3380:
3320:Tomb of Pius II
3316:
3288:
3217:
3207:
3194:
3163:
3139:
3127:
3115:
3109:Pii Pont. Max.
3101:
3054:
3046:(1–2): 202–227.
3023:
3021:"PIO II, papa,"
3003:
2965:
2889:
2873:
2868:
2867:
2856:
2852:
2840:
2836:
2824:
2820:
2810:
2808:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2783:
2779:
2763:
2759:
2743:
2739:
2728:
2724:
2713:
2709:
2698:
2689:
2685:
2679:. Vol. II.
2671:
2667:
2662:
2658:
2641:
2637:
2626:
2622:
2607:
2602:
2598:
2581:
2577:
2563:
2559:
2538:
2534:
2530:(2005), p. 281.
2523:
2515:
2511:
2505:. Vol. II.
2497:
2493:
2482:
2478:
2472:. Vol. II.
2464:
2460:
2449:
2445:
2433:Chloë Houston,
2432:
2428:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2405:
2401:
2392:
2388:
2383:
2379:
2372:
2358:
2354:
2349:
2345:
2340:
2336:
2331:
2327:
2321:. Vol. II.
2313:
2309:
2304:
2300:
2295:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2262:
2258:
2253:
2249:
2240:
2236:
2224:
2220:
2208:
2204:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2175:Pastor, p. 293.
2174:
2170:
2165:
2161:
2151:
2147:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2120:
2116:
2110:. Vol. II.
2102:
2098:
2092:. Vol. II.
2084:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2066:
2062:
2055:
2047:
2043:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2001:
1997:
1990:
1973:
1969:
1960:
1956:
1943:
1939:
1930:
1926:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1876:
1872:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1845:
1828:
1824:
1813:
1809:
1798:
1794:
1780:
1776:
1759:
1755:
1741:
1737:
1728:
1724:
1715:
1711:
1701:Ludwig Pastor,
1700:
1696:
1681:
1677:
1667:Ludwig Pastor,
1666:
1662:
1657:
1653:
1647:. Vol. II.
1639:
1635:
1624:
1620:
1614:. Vol. II.
1606:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1577:G. W. Kitchin,
1576:
1572:
1566:. Vol. II.
1553:
1549:
1537:
1533:
1527:. Vol. II.
1519:
1515:
1509:. Vol. II.
1501:
1497:
1486:
1482:
1471:
1467:
1442:
1440:
1433:
1427:. Vol. II.
1415:
1411:
1398:
1394:
1386:
1382:
1375:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1351:, p. 1, note b.
1346:
1342:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1306:
1299:
1295:
1288:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1238:
1125:
1097:Cristoforo Moro
1076:
1046:
1034:
986:
876:House of Aragon
868:
821:Philip the Good
767:Lodovico Scampi
746:
706:Pope Nicholas V
675:
661:
644:
609:Pope Nicholas V
597:
591:
505:
374:bishop of Fermo
366:
315:
277:Catholic Church
212:
208:
199:
190:
189:18 October 1405
188:
187:
168:
155:
96:Catholic Church
87:
74:
39:
36:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8648:
8638:
8637:
8632:
8627:
8622:
8617:
8612:
8607:
8602:
8597:
8592:
8587:
8582:
8577:
8572:
8567:
8562:
8557:
8552:
8547:
8530:
8529:
8527:
8526:
8514:
8501:
8498:
8497:
8495:
8494:
8489:
8484:
8477:
8472:
8467:
8466:
8465:
8460:
8455:
8450:
8445:
8440:
8435:
8430:
8425:
8415:
8410:
8404:
8402:
8398:
8397:
8395:
8394:
8393:
8392:
8382:
8377:
8372:
8367:
8362:
8357:
8347:
8342:
8337:
8332:
8325:
8320:
8313:
8308:
8306:Lateran Treaty
8303:
8298:
8293:
8288:
8283:
8278:
8272:
8270:
8264:
8263:
8261:
8260:
8253:
8248:
8243:
8238:
8233:
8228:
8223:
8218:
8213:
8208:
8203:
8197:
8195:
8191:
8190:
8188:
8187:
8182:
8177:
8172:
8167:
8162:
8157:
8152:
8147:
8141:
8139:
8131:Baroque period
8129:
8126:
8125:
8123:
8122:
8117:
8112:
8107:
8102:
8100:Peter Canisius
8097:
8092:
8087:
8082:
8077:
8075:Francis Xavier
8072:
8067:
8062:
8057:
8052:
8047:
8042:
8039:Exsurge Domine
8035:
8030:
8024:
8022:
8013:
8010:
8009:
8007:
8006:
8001:
7996:
7991:
7986:
7981:
7979:Pope Clement V
7976:
7975:
7974:
7972:Avignon Papacy
7967:Western Schism
7964:
7959:
7957:Thomas Aquinas
7953:
7951:
7945:
7944:
7942:
7941:
7936:
7931:
7926:
7921:
7916:
7911:
7906:
7901:
7896:
7891:
7886:
7881:
7876:
7871:
7866:
7861:
7855:
7853:
7847:
7846:
7844:
7843:
7838:
7833:
7828:
7823:
7818:
7813:
7811:Saint Boniface
7808:
7803:
7798:
7796:Pope Gregory I
7793:
7788:
7783:
7777:
7775:
7769:
7768:
7765:
7764:
7761:
7760:
7758:
7757:
7752:
7747:
7742:
7737:
7735:Biblical canon
7732:
7727:
7722:
7717:
7712:
7707:
7702:
7701:
7700:
7689:
7687:
7668:
7664:Late antiquity
7656:
7655:
7653:
7652:
7647:
7642:
7637:
7632:
7631:
7630:
7625:
7624:
7623:
7618:
7613:
7611:Pope Clement I
7601:Church Fathers
7598:
7592:
7590:
7583:
7582:
7580:
7579:
7578:
7577:
7572:
7567:
7562:
7557:
7552:
7542:
7537:
7532:
7527:
7526:
7525:
7520:
7515:
7510:
7500:
7495:
7490:
7485:
7484:
7483:
7478:
7473:
7468:
7457:
7455:
7440:
7432:
7431:
7429:
7428:
7423:
7418:
7413:
7408:
7407:
7406:
7401:
7391:
7386:
7381:
7376:
7371:
7370:
7369:
7364:
7362:Biblical canon
7357:Catholic Bible
7354:
7353:
7352:
7342:
7341:
7340:
7330:
7325:
7320:
7319:
7318:
7307:
7305:
7299:
7298:
7287:
7286:
7279:
7272:
7264:
7255:
7254:
7252:
7251:
7241:
7228:
7225:
7224:
7222:
7221:
7216:
7211:
7206:
7203:
7197:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7172:
7167:
7161:
7159:
7153:
7152:
7150:
7149:
7144:
7139:
7134:
7132:Legion of Mary
7129:
7124:
7119:
7114:
7109:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7084:
7083:
7082:
7081:
7080:
7070:
7069:
7068:
7061:Lay Carmelites
7058:
7048:
7047:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7020:
7018:
7010:
7009:
7007:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6909:Conceptionists
6906:
6901:
6896:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6866:
6861:
6856:
6851:
6846:
6844:Assumptionists
6840:
6838:
6823:
6822:
6820:
6819:
6812:
6805:
6798:
6795:
6794:
6793:
6788:
6783:
6773:
6767:
6765:
6759:
6758:
6756:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6711:
6710:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6689:
6688:
6677:
6675:
6669:
6668:
6665:
6664:
6662:
6661:
6660:
6659:
6658:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6612:
6611:
6610:
6609:
6608:
6598:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6567:
6565:
6559:
6558:
6556:
6555:
6554:
6553:
6548:
6546:Syro-Malankara
6543:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6496:Italo-Albanian
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6428:
6422:
6420:
6410:
6409:
6407:
6406:
6405:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6384:
6379:
6378:
6377:
6367:
6366:
6365:
6360:
6350:
6345:
6344:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6314:
6307:
6305:
6299:
6298:
6296:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6279:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6223:
6222:
6221:
6216:
6205:
6203:
6192:
6191:
6189:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6166:Lateran Treaty
6163:
6158:
6153:
6147:
6145:
6139:
6138:
6136:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6124:
6123:
6113:
6112:
6111:
6106:
6092:
6087:
6078:
6076:
6061:
6035:
6034:
6032:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5985:
5984:
5979:
5968:
5966:
5960:
5959:
5957:
5956:
5955:
5954:
5949:
5939:
5938:
5937:
5927:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5902:Moral theology
5899:
5893:
5891:
5885:
5884:
5881:
5880:
5878:
5877:
5872:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5828:
5826:
5820:
5819:
5817:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5805:
5804:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5773:
5771:
5765:
5764:
5762:
5761:
5756:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5732:
5727:
5726:
5725:
5720:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5692:
5690:
5684:
5683:
5681:
5680:
5675:
5674:
5673:
5666:
5661:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5602:
5601:
5596:
5585:
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5414:
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3353:Stefan Bauer,
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3314:External links
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2359:Joseph Chmel,
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2184:Pastor, p. 62.
2177:
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2096:
2094:, pp. 393-396.
2078:
2076:Pastor, p. 47.
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2017:
2008:
1995:
1988:
1967:
1954:
1937:
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1884:. Vol. 2.
1870:
1866:. Vol. 2.
1852:
1843:
1822:
1807:
1792:
1788:. Vol. 2.
1774:
1753:
1735:
1722:
1720:, pp. 246-248.
1709:
1694:
1675:
1660:
1651:
1649:, pp. 250-252.
1633:
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1600:
1598:Morrall, p. 5.
1591:
1570:
1558:, p. 510-511.
1547:
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1429:, pp. 236-239.
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1188:Prince's Stone
1142:belles lettres
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1038:Canary Islands
1033:
1030:
985:
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880:House of Anjou
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856:Louis d'Albret
827:as cardinals.
789:Bernardo Eroli
745:
742:
674:
671:
643:
640:
616:papal conclave
593:Main article:
590:
587:
575:titular church
504:
501:
445:Pope Eugene IV
392:. Arriving at
382:Pope Eugene IV
365:
362:
354:Leonardo Bruni
314:
311:
244:
243:
237:
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229:
225:
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211:(aged 58)
207:14 August 1464
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154:15 August 1447
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113:14 August 1464
111:
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105:19 August 1458
103:
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93:
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88:
75: 1472-76
57:Detail of the
56:
48:
47:
45:Bishop of Rome
41:
40:
37:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
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2:
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8365:Mother Teresa
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8291:Pope Pius XII
8289:
8287:
8284:
8282:
8279:
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8259:
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8257:Rerum novarum
8254:
8252:
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8244:
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8241:Pope Leo XIII
8239:
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8211:United States
8209:
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8201:Pope Pius VII
8199:
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6791:Vatican Radio
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6776:Vatican Media
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6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6433:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6423:
6421:
6419:
6415:
6411:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6389:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6376:
6373:
6372:
6371:
6368:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6355:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6323:
6320:
6319:
6318:
6315:
6312:
6309:
6308:
6306:
6304:
6300:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6228:
6227:
6224:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6211:
6210:
6207:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6197:
6193:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6148:
6146:
6144:
6140:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6122:
6119:
6118:
6117:
6114:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6101:
6100:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6080:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6073:List of popes
6069:
6065:
6062:
6059:
6055:
6051:
6047:
6043:
6036:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5974:
5973:
5970:
5969:
5967:
5965:
5961:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5944:
5943:
5940:
5936:
5933:
5932:
5931:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5894:
5892:
5890:
5886:
5876:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5857:Mother of God
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5829:
5827:
5825:
5821:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5803:
5800:
5799:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5774:
5772:
5770:
5766:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5754:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5742:People of God
5740:
5738:
5737:
5733:
5731:
5730:Infallibility
5728:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5715:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5698:
5694:
5693:
5691:
5689:
5685:
5679:
5676:
5672:
5671:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5656:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5606:Body and soul
5604:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5591:
5590:
5587:
5586:
5584:
5580:
5577:
5574:
5573:
5568:
5564:
5559:
5555:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5509:Enlightenment
5507:
5505:
5502:
5496:
5493:
5492:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5482:
5481:
5480:Protestantism
5478:
5477:
5475:
5473:
5469:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5457:Scholasticism
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5442:Schism (1378)
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5427:Schism (1054)
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5409:
5407:
5405:
5401:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5369:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5354:
5352:
5350:
5346:
5338:
5335:
5334:
5333:
5330:
5326:
5323:
5322:
5321:
5318:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5305:
5304:
5301:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5278:
5277:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5269:
5265:
5262:
5259:
5255:
5251:
5246:
5242:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5217:
5214:
5210:
5203:
5198:
5196:
5191:
5189:
5184:
5183:
5180:
5168:
5167:
5162:
5158:
5156:
5155:
5146:
5145:
5142:
5129:
5126:
5123:
5120:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5111:
5108:
5105:
5102:
5099:
5096:
5093:
5090:
5087:
5084:
5081:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5069:
5062:
5059:
5056:
5053:
5048:
5045:
5042:
5039:
5036:
5033:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5024:
5021:
5018:
5017:
5015:
5011:High and Late
5009:
5002:
4999:
4996:
4995:
4991:
4988:
4985:
4982:
4979:
4976:
4973:
4968:
4965:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4958:
4956:
4954:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4939:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4827:Benedict XIII
4825:
4823:
4822:Innocent XIII
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4787:Alexander VII
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4759:
4757:
4753:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4656:Innocent VIII
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4636:Callixtus III
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4556:Boniface VIII
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4467:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4455:Celestine III
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4430:Alexander III
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4420:Anastasius IV
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4320:Sylvester III
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4305:Benedict VIII
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4066:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3829:Anastasius II
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3770:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3564:
3558:
3555:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3546:
3545:Pope emeritus
3543:
3541:
3538:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3503:List of popes
3501:
3500:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3482:
3477:
3475:
3470:
3468:
3463:
3462:
3459:
3450:
3441:
3440:
3433:
3432:Callixtus III
3427:
3423:
3414:
3413:
3406:
3400:
3396:
3387:
3386:
3379:
3373:
3370:
3366:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3350:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3333:
3329:
3328:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3294:
3289:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3258:
3257:0-521-81582-7
3254:
3250:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3236:
3234:
3233:0-8065-2370-0
3230:
3226:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3205:
3204:
3199:
3192:
3191:
3186:
3182:
3181:
3175:
3172:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3120:
3114:
3112:
3106:
3100:
3098:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3080:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3070:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3056:
3055:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3032:
3029:
3022:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2985:
2982:
2978:
2975:
2971:
2966:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2919:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2888:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2874:
2862:
2861:
2854:
2847:
2843:
2838:
2831:
2827:
2822:
2807:
2803:
2797:
2790:
2786:
2781:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2761:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2741:
2734:
2733:
2726:
2719:
2718:
2711:
2704:
2697:
2693:
2687:
2678:
2677:
2669:
2660:
2653:
2652:
2647:
2646:
2639:
2632:
2631:
2624:
2617:
2613:
2606:
2600:
2593:
2592:
2587:
2586:
2579:
2571:
2570:
2561:
2554:
2550:
2549:0-330-35437-X
2546:
2542:
2539:Hugh Thomas,
2536:
2529:
2522:
2520:
2513:
2504:
2503:
2495:
2488:
2487:
2480:
2471:
2470:
2462:
2455:
2454:
2450:Gregorovius,
2447:
2440:
2436:
2430:
2422:
2418:
2412:
2403:
2396:
2390:
2381:
2371:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2356:
2347:
2338:
2329:
2320:
2319:
2311:
2302:
2293:
2284:
2275:
2268:
2267:
2260:
2251:
2244:
2238:
2231:
2229:
2222:
2215:
2213:
2206:
2199:
2197:
2190:
2181:
2172:
2163:
2156:
2149:
2140:
2131:
2124:
2118:
2109:
2108:
2100:
2091:
2090:
2082:
2073:
2064:
2054:
2052:
2045:
2038:
2037:
2030:
2021:
2012:
2005:
1999:
1991:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1971:
1964:
1958:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1934:
1928:
1921:
1920:
1913:
1907:Pastor, p. 7.
1904:
1902:
1892:
1883:
1882:
1874:
1865:
1864:
1856:
1847:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1833:
1826:
1819:
1818:
1811:
1804:
1803:
1796:
1787:
1786:
1778:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1764:
1760:Gregorovius,
1757:
1748:
1747:
1739:
1732:
1726:
1719:
1713:
1706:
1705:
1698:
1691:
1687:
1686:
1679:
1672:
1671:
1664:
1655:
1646:
1645:
1637:
1630:
1629:
1625:Gregorovius,
1622:
1613:
1612:
1604:
1595:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1581:
1574:
1565:
1564:
1557:
1551:
1544:
1542:
1535:
1526:
1525:
1517:
1508:
1507:
1499:
1492:
1491:
1484:
1477:
1476:
1469:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1449:
1448:public domain
1438:
1436:
1426:
1425:
1418:
1413:
1406:
1402:
1396:
1389:
1384:
1374:
1373:
1366:
1357:
1350:
1344:
1337:
1336:
1331:Piccolomini,
1328:
1319:
1312:
1305:
1304:
1297:
1287:
1286:
1279:
1275:
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1254:
1253:Pope Pius III
1251:
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873:
863:
861:
860:Jaume Cardona
857:
853:
852:Jean Jouffroy
849:
845:
841:
835:
833:
828:
826:
825:ultramontanes
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
801:Prior General
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
777:
775:
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768:
764:
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755:King Louis XI
752:
744:New cardinals
741:
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517:Pope Nicholas
514:
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474:Frederick III
471:
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390:Pope Martin V
387:
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328:
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290:and then the
289:
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171:Callixtus III
166:
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159:
158:Juan Carvajal
153:
149:
145:
141:
136:
133:
130:
126:
123:
122:Callixtus III
120:
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112:
108:
104:
100:
97:
94:
90:
84:
80:
68:
64:
60:
54:
49:
46:
42:
34:
29:
26:
22:
8479:
8475:Pope Francis
8401:21st century
8350:Pope Paul VI
8327:
8315:
8268:20th century
8255:
8206:Pope Pius IX
8194:19th century
8170:Pope Pius VI
8037:
7909:Latin Empire
7879:Universities
7831:Pope Leo III
7698:Christianity
7683:state church
7675:Great Church
7476:Resurrection
7439:(30–325/476)
7436:Early Church
7421:Latin Church
7416:Papal States
7411:Vatican City
7219:Universities
7051:Third orders
7014:Associations
7004:Visitandines
6999:Trinitarians
6949:Mercedarians
6934:Hieronymites
6879:Camaldoleses
6864:Benedictines
6854:Augustinians
6814:
6807:
6800:
6781:Vatican News
6735:Distinctions
6541:Syro-Malabar
6426:Latin Church
6348:Grand master
6246:Metropolitan
6143:Vatican City
6038:Organisation
5917:Philosophers
5782:Confirmation
5759:In canon law
5753:Subsistit in
5751:
5747:Three states
5734:
5695:
5688:Ecclesiology
5670:Nova Vulgata
5668:
5626:Original sin
5621:Nicene Creed
5611:Divine grace
5570:
5452:Universities
5422:Papal States
5349:Great Church
5291:Resurrection
5268:Early Church
5164:
5152:
5122:World War II
5116:Vatican City
4992:
4963:(until 493)
4927:Benedict XVI
4922:John Paul II
4842:Clement XIII
4837:Benedict XIV
4812:Innocent XII
4746:Clement VIII
4721:Gregory XIII
4701:Marcellus II
4661:Alexander VI
4640:
4611:Innocent VII
4576:Benedict XII
4531:Nicholas III
4496:Alexander IV
4486:Celestine IV
4476:Honorius III
4460:Innocent III
4445:Gregory VIII
4405:Celestine II
4390:Callixtus II
4360:Alexander II
4285:Sylvester II
4265:Benedict VII
4225:Stephen VIII
4110:Benedict III
3964:Adeodatus II
3909:Boniface III
3763:Anastasius I
3437:
3410:
3383:
3358:
3337:Google Books
3332:
3325:
3299:
3273:
3264:
3248:
3239:
3224:
3202:
3189:
3179:
3170:
3158:
3146:
3135:
3123:
3108:
3094:
3086:
3079:Google Books
3074:
3067:
3059:
3043:
3039:
3027:
3024:(in Italian)
3012:
2988:
2980:
2973:
2950:
2937:
2928:
2917:
2905:
2897:
2890:(in Italian)
2886:
2877:
2871:Bibliography
2859:
2853:
2845:
2837:
2829:
2821:
2809:. Retrieved
2805:
2796:
2788:
2780:
2768:
2760:
2752:
2748:
2740:
2735:, pp. 77-78.
2731:
2725:
2716:
2710:
2702:
2695:
2691:
2686:
2675:
2668:
2659:
2650:
2644:
2638:
2629:
2623:
2615:
2608:(in Italian)
2604:
2599:
2590:
2584:
2578:
2568:
2560:
2552:
2540:
2535:
2527:
2517:
2512:
2501:
2494:
2485:
2479:
2468:
2461:
2452:
2446:
2438:
2429:
2420:
2411:
2402:
2394:
2389:
2380:
2367:
2361:
2355:
2346:
2337:
2328:
2317:
2310:
2301:
2292:
2283:
2274:
2265:
2259:
2250:
2237:
2227:
2221:
2211:
2205:
2195:
2189:
2180:
2171:
2162:
2154:
2148:
2139:
2130:
2122:
2117:
2106:
2099:
2088:
2081:
2072:
2063:
2049:
2044:
2039:, pp. 87-88.
2035:
2029:
2020:
2011:
2003:
1998:
1978:
1970:
1962:
1957:
1949:
1940:
1932:
1927:
1918:
1912:
1891:
1880:
1873:
1862:
1855:
1846:
1837:
1831:
1825:
1816:
1810:
1801:
1795:
1784:
1777:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1745:
1738:
1730:
1725:
1717:
1712:
1703:
1697:
1689:
1684:
1678:
1669:
1663:
1654:
1643:
1636:
1627:
1621:
1610:
1603:
1594:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1562:
1550:
1540:
1534:
1523:
1516:
1505:
1498:
1489:
1483:
1474:
1468:
1457:
1454:Pope Pius II
1423:
1416:
1412:
1407:, pp. 49-50.
1404:
1395:
1387:
1383:
1371:
1365:
1356:
1349:Privatbriefe
1348:
1343:
1332:
1327:
1318:
1310:
1302:
1296:
1284:
1278:
1230:
1226:Commentaries
1225:
1222:Commentaries
1221:
1219:
1204:
1199:
1192:Duke's Chair
1175:
1171:
1169:
1160:
1146:
1140:
1138:
1109:
1101:
1089:
1084:
1077:
1061:
1047:
1035:
999:
995:Saint Andrew
987:
971:
948:
941:
922:
903:
892:
884:Papal States
869:
836:
829:
778:
771:
747:
734:
711:
699:
676:
667:
656:Pinturicchio
631:
613:
600:
598:
579:Santa Sabina
572:
564:Calixtus III
561:
558:
539:
532:
527:
525:
509:
506:
488:
477:
467:
460:
455:
453:
434:
430:
406:
367:
335:
330:
316:
307:Commentaries
306:
300:
285:
281:Papal States
268:
249:Pope Pius II
248:
247:
228:Coat of arms
222:Papal States
209:(1464-08-14)
151:Consecration
146:4 March 1447
110:Papacy ended
102:Papacy began
79:Ducal Palace
58:
25:
8550:1464 deaths
8545:1405 births
8481:Laudato si'
8276:Pope Pius X
8105:Philip Neri
8080:Pope Pius V
8055:Thomas More
7924:Inquisition
7826:Charlemagne
7786:Monasticism
7596:Persecution
7488:Holy Spirit
7471:Crucifixion
7350:First seven
7209:Health care
7195:Pax Christi
7147:Schoenstatt
7112:Sant'Egidio
6944:Legionaries
6924:Franciscans
6899:Cistercians
6894:Carthusians
6849:Annonciades
6708:Altarpieces
6601:West Syriac
6596:East Syriac
6576:Alexandrian
6200:Holy orders
6181:Swiss Guard
6121:Dicasteries
6116:Roman Curia
6014:Evangelists
5972:Holy Family
5907:Personalism
5897:Natural law
5875:Josephology
5809:Holy orders
5447:Inquisition
5404:Middle Ages
5394:Monasticism
5362:Constantine
5286:Crucifixion
5130:(1945–1991)
5124:(1939–1945)
5112:(1870–1929)
5106:(1775–1848)
5094:(1585–1689)
5088:(1534–1585)
5082:(1417–1534)
5063:(1378–1417)
5057:(1309–1378)
5049:, 1228–1304
5043:, 1262–1297
5037:, 1257–1281
5028:(1048–1257)
5013:Middle Ages
4953:Middle Ages
4917:John Paul I
4892:Benedict XV
4872:Gregory XVI
4847:Clement XIV
4832:Clement XII
4802:Innocent XI
4741:Innocent IX
4736:Gregory XIV
4686:Clement VII
4616:Gregory XII
4606:Boniface IX
4586:Innocent VI
4561:Benedict XI
4551:Celestine V
4546:Nicholas IV
4541:Honorius IV
4491:Innocent IV
4450:Clement III
4400:Innocent II
4395:Honorius II
4385:Gelasius II
4365:Gregory VII
4355:Nicholas II
4315:Benedict IX
4260:Benedict VI
4235:Agapetus II
4210:Stephen VII
4185:Sergius III
4175:Benedict IV
4165:Theodore II
4150:Boniface VI
4049:Stephen III
4029:Gregory III
4019:Constantine
3984:Benedict II
3919:Adeodatus I
3914:Boniface IV
3894:Pelagius II
3854:Boniface II
3794:Celestine I
3733:Sylvester I
3718:Marcellus I
3713:Marcellinus
3648:Callixtus I
3633:Eleutherius
3608:Telesphorus
3598:Alexander I
3520:Papal names
2947:Philip Krey
2773:Eugenius IV
2212:Commentarii
1963:Commentarii
1950:Commentarii
1933:Commentarii
1731:Commentarii
1376:(in German)
1131:Pius II by
888:condottieri
726:Wallachians
662: 1507
601:Novendiales
386:cardinalate
331:iniqua lues
257:Pius PP. II
118:Predecessor
8539:Categories
8354:coronation
8060:Pope Leo X
7645:Tertullian
7575:Revelation
7550:Background
6964:Oratorians
6919:Dominicans
6889:Carmelites
6884:Camillians
6832:institutes
6645:Tridentine
6581:Antiochian
6501:Macedonian
6446:Belarusian
6336:Provincial
6251:Archbishop
6171:Roman Rota
6133:Properties
6058:By country
6054:Precedence
6019:Confessors
5999:Archangels
5989:Patriarchs
5889:Philosophy
5867:Veneration
5832:Assumption
5802:Last rites
5769:Sacraments
5713:Four marks
5524:Vatican II
5472:Modern era
5308:Succession
5073:Modern Era
5003:(974–1012)
4907:John XXIII
4817:Clement XI
4792:Clement IX
4782:Innocent X
4777:Urban VIII
4772:Gregory XV
4696:Julius III
4631:Nicholas V
4596:Gregory XI
4581:Clement VI
4516:Innocent V
4506:Clement IV
4481:Gregory IX
4435:Lucius III
4415:Eugene III
4380:Paschal II
4370:Victor III
4350:Stephen IX
4335:Damasus II
4330:Clement II
4325:Gregory VI
4300:Sergius IV
4295:John XVIII
4245:Benedict V
4230:Marinus II
4155:Stephen VI
4135:Adrian III
4115:Nicholas I
4100:Sergius II
4095:Gregory IV
4075:Stephen IV
4039:Stephen II
4024:Gregory II
3944:Theodore I
3929:Honorius I
3924:Boniface V
3889:Benedict I
3879:Pelagius I
3864:Agapetus I
3824:Gelasius I
3814:Simplicius
3799:Sixtus III
3789:Boniface I
3779:Innocent I
3643:Zephyrinus
3557:Pope-elect
3533:non-extant
3416:1457–1458
3164:(in Latin)
3140:(in Latin)
3128:(in Latin)
3116:(in Latin)
3102:(in Latin)
2524:(in Latin)
2056:(in Latin)
1805:II, p. 50.
1307:(in Latin)
1289:(in Latin)
1270:References
1196:Jean Bodin
1058:papal bull
897:, Lord of
774:Ember Days
513:Nicholas V
463:Strasbourg
319:Corsignano
313:Early life
193:Corsignano
143:Ordination
67:Berruguete
8370:Communism
8340:Ecumenism
7686:(380–451)
7678:(180–451)
7667:(313–476)
7589:(100–325)
7205:See also:
7157:Charities
7066:Discalced
6994:Trappists
6989:Theatines
6959:Olivetans
6904:Clarisses
6874:Blue nuns
6859:Basilians
6836:societies
6744:See also:
6630:Mozarabic
6620:Ambrosian
6606:Malankara
6591:Byzantine
6551:Ukrainian
6526:Ruthenian
6491:Hungarian
6476:Ethiopian
6451:Bulgarian
6418:sui iuris
6402:Postulant
6311:Religious
6266:Auxiliary
6261:Coadjutor
6231:Patriarch
6099:Cardinals
6046:Canon law
6042:Hierarchy
6024:Disciples
5947:Relations
5935:Evolution
5926:See also:
5871:See also:
5824:Mariology
5814:Matrimony
5787:Eucharist
5708:Ecumenism
5636:Salvation
5572:Catechism
5567:Tradition
5529:Communism
5377:Chalcedon
4997:(904–964)
4989:(756–857)
4983:(537–752)
4977:(493–537)
4969:(312–337)
4867:Pius VIII
4797:Clement X
4731:Urban VII
4681:Adrian VI
4671:Julius II
4651:Sixtus IV
4626:Eugene IV
4571:John XXII
4566:Clement V
4536:Martin IV
4511:Gregory X
4440:Urban III
4425:Adrian IV
4410:Lucius II
4345:Victor II
4290:John XVII
4280:Gregory V
4255:John XIII
4140:Stephen V
4130:Marinus I
4125:John VIII
4120:Adrian II
4090:Valentine
4085:Eugene II
4080:Paschal I
4014:Sisinnius
3999:Sergius I
3934:Severinus
3899:Gregory I
3869:Silverius
3839:Hormisdas
3834:Symmachus
3819:Felix III
3753:Damasus I
3728:Miltiades
3703:Eutychian
3693:Dionysius
3688:Sixtus II
3683:Stephen I
3673:Cornelius
3593:Evaristus
3588:Clement I
3583:Anacletus
3513:canonised
3508:graphical
3324:Pius II,
3160:Firmanae.
3156:Pius II.
3145:Pius II,
3133:Pius II.
3121:Pius II.
3107:Pius II,
3093:Pius II.
3084:Pius II.
3066:Pius II,
2681:, p. 475.
2507:, p. 472.
2232:, p. 177.
2225:Pius II,
2216:, p. 177.
2209:Pius II,
2193:Pius II,
1916:Pius II,
1886:, p. 262.
1790:, p. 235.
1751:, p. 247.
1616:, p. 247.
1568:, p. 246.
1529:, p. 240.
1511:, p. 239.
1493:, p. 511.
1487:Jaumann,
1419:, p. 53.
1300:Pius II,
1022:Venetians
991:Mehmet II
969:in 1461.
967:Rocca Pia
718:Mehmed II
683:Aragonese
679:Ferdinand
437:diaconate
425:Newcastle
421:Whitekirk
301:He was a
128:Successor
8380:HIV/AIDS
7874:Crusades
7628:Irenaeus
7621:Ignatius
7616:Polycarp
7466:Ministry
7454:(30–100)
7328:Timeline
7249:Category
7142:Opus Dei
7127:Scouting
7117:Focolare
6984:Servites
6969:Piarists
6914:Crosiers
6650:Anglican
6586:Armenian
6516:Romanian
6506:Maronite
6481:Georgian
6471:Eritrean
6456:Chaldean
6441:Armenian
6436:Albanian
6317:Superior
6276:Emeritus
6256:Diocesan
6109:Advisers
6068:Holy See
5994:Prophets
5952:Politics
5723:Catholic
5703:Councils
5558:Theology
5437:Crusades
5372:Nicaea I
5303:Apostles
5281:Ministry
5250:Timeline
5230:Glossary
5154:Category
5128:Cold War
4902:Pius XII
4882:Leo XIII
4857:Pius VII
4726:Sixtus V
4691:Paul III
4666:Pius III
4621:Martin V
4601:Urban VI
4526:John XXI
4521:Adrian V
4501:Urban IV
4375:Urban II
4310:John XIX
4270:John XIV
4250:Leo VIII
4240:John XII
4145:Formosus
4054:Adrian I
4009:John VII
3959:Vitalian
3954:Eugene I
3949:Martin I
3904:Sabinian
3884:John III
3874:Vigilius
3849:Felix IV
3809:Hilarius
3758:Siricius
3748:Liberius
3743:Julius I
3723:Eusebius
3678:Lucius I
3638:Victor I
3623:Anicetus
3603:Sixtus I
3540:Antipope
2949:(2006).
2863:, p. 79.
2811:19 April
2395:Crusades
2269:, p. 90.
1868:, p. 12.
1814:Pastor,
1799:Pastor,
1417:Mémoires
1405:Mémoires
1388:Mémoires
1347:Wolkan,
1338:, p. 24.
1236:See also
1190:and the
1176:Epistles
1172:Epistles
1157:comedies
1113:Pius III
1068:Campagna
951:Louis XI
918:anathema
912:and the
878:and the
632:accessio
492:censures
413:Scotland
271:(Latin:
267:), born
156:by
63:van Gent
8345:Judaism
7745:Vulgate
7555:Gospels
7530:Stephen
7447:Origins
7367:Vulgate
7303:General
7293:of the
7291:History
7214:Schools
7170:Caritas
7078:Secular
7044:Workers
6939:Jesuits
6725:Museums
6720:Library
6698:Writers
6693:Artists
6673:Culture
6640:Paul VI
6521:Russian
6511:Melkite
6353:Brother
6331:General
6271:Titular
6241:Primate
6219:Eparchy
6209:Diocese
6156:Outline
6095:College
6085:Francis
6029:Virgins
6004:Martyrs
5930:Science
5837:History
5792:Penance
5777:Baptism
5678:Worship
5651:Vulgate
5599:Kingdom
5594:Trinity
5582:General
5337:Primacy
5245:History
5225:Outline
5047:Perugia
5041:Orvieto
5035:Viterbo
4932:Francis
4912:Paul VI
4897:Pius XI
4877:Pius IX
4862:Leo XII
4852:Pius VI
4711:Pius IV
4706:Paul IV
4646:Paul II
4641:Pius II
4591:Urban V
4275:John XV
4220:Leo VII
4215:John XI
4170:John IX
4160:Romanus
4059:Leo III
4034:Zachary
4004:John VI
3939:John IV
3859:John II
3784:Zosimus
3698:Felix I
3663:Anterus
3658:Pontian
3653:Urban I
3613:Hyginus
3490:of the
3449:Paul II
3347:at the
3292:3 vols.
2157:, p. 8.
1829:Gragg,
1772:, p. 1.
1450::
1401:James I
1186:on the
1182:of the
1161:Chrysis
1032:Slavery
984:Crusade
965:called
803:of the
552:leader
550:Hussite
546:Bohemia
496:Germany
323:Sienese
261:Italian
132:Paul II
38:Pius II
8311:Nazism
8133:to the
7740:Jerome
7650:Origen
7333:Papacy
7092:Fimcap
7034:Marian
6954:Minims
6686:Marian
6536:Syriac
6531:Slovak
6461:Coptic
6397:Oblate
6392:Master
6387:Novice
6382:Hermit
6370:Sister
6326:Abbess
6293:Deacon
6288:Priest
6283:Parish
6226:Bishop
6196:Polity
5982:Joseph
5964:Saints
5631:Saints
5519:Nazism
4887:Pius X
4767:Paul V
4762:Leo XI
4716:Pius V
4340:Leo IX
4205:Leo VI
4200:John X
4105:Leo IV
4044:Paul I
3989:John V
3979:Leo II
3974:Agatho
3844:John I
3668:Fabian
3618:Pius I
3528:extant
3524:Tombs
3331:(1584)
3306:
3284:
3255:
3231:
3073:(1584)
3026:, in:
2999:
2961:
2547:
2230:(1584)
2214:(1584)
2198:(1584)
1986:
1543:vol. 2
1264:Pienza
1207:Europe
1153:erotic
1092:Ancona
1054:Pienza
1044:Pienza
1026:Ancona
963:Tivoli
959:Naples
910:Poland
899:Rimini
882:, the
815:; and
722:Turkey
687:Mantua
583:Warmia
503:Bishop
417:Dunbar
356:, and
265:Pio II
218:Marche
214:Ancona
138:Orders
92:Church
83:Urbino
8620:Popes
8413:Islam
7681:Roman
7640:Canon
7513:Peter
7461:Jesus
7190:CIDSE
7039:Youth
6763:Media
6730:Music
6655:Zaire
6635:Roman
6625:Braga
6615:Latin
6486:Greek
6358:Friar
6322:Abbot
6236:Major
6151:Index
6050:Laity
5616:Dogma
5563:Bible
5539:Islam
5495:Trent
5276:Jesus
5258:Legal
5220:Index
4676:Leo X
4195:Lando
4180:Leo V
3994:Conon
3969:Donus
3804:Leo I
3708:Caius
3628:Soter
3578:Linus
3573:Peter
3488:Popes
3389:1457
3357:, in
2369:Enns,
1215:Islam
1165:Latin
1151:, an
1018:Genoa
1014:Milan
1006:Tolfa
691:Turks
624:Rouen
398:Genoa
394:Basel
364:Basel
338:Siena
253:Latin
8463:2023
8458:2019
8453:2016
8448:2013
8443:2011
8438:2008
8433:2005
8428:2002
8423:2000
8390:1995
7560:Acts
7523:Paul
7518:John
7493:Mary
6715:Folk
6363:Monk
6104:List
6082:Pope
5977:Mary
3738:Mark
3439:Pope
3304:ISBN
3282:ISBN
3253:ISBN
3229:ISBN
2997:ISBN
2959:ISBN
2813:2020
2545:ISBN
1984:ISBN
1211:Asia
1209:and
1170:His
1002:alum
972:The
927:and
811:, a
402:Alps
204:Died
182:Born
65:and
33:Pope
7449:and
7399:Art
7029:Lay
6681:Art
6375:Nun
6097:of
5589:God
3335:at
3077:at
2421:NTV
1087:).
939:).
732:).
720:of
577:of
321:in
169:by
61:by
8541::
6834:,
6324:,
3298:,
3280:.
3276:.
3223:,
3044:74
3042:.
3038:.
2995:.
2991:.
2957:.
2953:.
2844:,
2828:,
2804:.
2787:,
2767:,
2747:,
2614:,
2419:.
1900:^
1434:^
1217:.
1202:.
1070:.
1060:,
946:.
935:,
787:;
659:c.
530:.
458:.
372:,
352:,
263::
259:,
255::
220:,
216:,
195:,
81:,
77:,
72:c.
8356:)
8352:(
7283:e
7276:t
7269:v
6829:,
6313::
6202:)
6198:(
6075:)
6071:(
5201:e
5194:t
5187:v
3480:e
3473:t
3466:v
3290:.
3259:.
3242:.
3099:.
3007:.
3005:.
2969:.
2967:.
2909:.
2815:.
1992:.
1135:.
664:.
251:(
85:)
70:(
23:.
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