25:
374:
the depressed classes. The legacy of the Poona Pact endures in India's political landscape. The reserved seats in
Parliament and assemblies, allocated based on the population of SCs, aim to provide political representation. However, the current system has faced criticism for diluting the influence of Dalit MPs, as they often represent constituencies where Dalits are a minority.
348:. Importantly, it guaranteed that no disabilities would be attached to individuals based on their membership in the Depressed Classes concerning elections to local bodies or appointments to public services. Efforts were to be made to secure fair representation for the Depressed Classes in these realms, with consideration for educational qualifications.
373:
The Poona Pact represented a clash between two contrasting views: Gandhi's emphasis on caste reform through social and spiritual means and
Ambedkar's insistence on addressing caste as a political issue. Ambedkar argued that political democracy would be meaningless without the equal participation of
219:
to depressed classes for the election of members of provincial legislative assemblies in
British India. He wrote that separate electorates would "vivisect and disrupt" Hinduism. Ambedkar, for his part, argued that upper-caste reformers could not represent the depressed classes and that they needed
382:
Controversies surrounding the Poona Pact include debates about whether Gandhi coerced
Ambedkar into the agreement. Scholars like Perry Anderson and Arundhati Roy have raised questions about the dynamics of the negotiations. However, it is important to recognize that the Pact solidified Ambedkar's
180:
As tensions escalated, negotiations between Gandhi and
Ambedkar became inevitable. The crux of the disagreement was Ambedkar's demand for separate electorates for the depressed classes, a proposition Gandhi vehemently opposed. Gandhi's resistance stemmed from his belief that such separation would
364:
The system of representation through reserved seats and primary elections would persist until otherwise determined by mutual agreement between the concerned communities. The provision aimed to maintain flexibility for potential adjustments based on evolving circumstances or consensus among the
335:
after 15 years. Gandhi suggested a shorter five-year referendum timeline. The agreed-upon compromise stated that the system of primary elections for panel candidates would conclude after the first ten years, unless terminated earlier by mutual agreement between the communities involved in the
184:
The turning point came on 24 September 1932, when the Poona Pact was signed by 23 representatives, including Madan Mohan
Malaviya on behalf of Hindus, and Gandhi and Ambedkar representing the depressed classes. The Pact deviated from the Communal Award by allocating 148 seats instead of the
159:
The backdrop of the Poona Pact can be traced to the
Communal Award of August 1932, which reserved 71 seats in the central legislature for the depressed classes. The Poona Pact was resulted following the separate electorates proposed by British Government under
314:. This electoral college would then choose a panel of four candidates for each reserved seat through a single vote method. The top four candidates in the primary elections would become the final candidates for the general electorate's consideration.
223:
The pact finally settled upon 147 electoral seats. Nearly twice as many seats were reserved for
Depressed Classes under the Poona Pact than what had been offered by MacDonald's Separate Electorate. 8 January 1933 was observed as 'Temple Entry Day'.
155:
In 1909, the allocation of seats based on identity in legislative bodies was made for the first time with the Indian
Council Act. The depressed classes were provided some seats in 1919 before seeing further increase in 1925.
317:
The same principle of joint electorates and primary elections applied to the representation of the
Depressed Classes in the Central Legislature. In this context, 18% of the seats allotted to the general electorate for
330:
A significant point of contention during the negotiations was the duration of the primary election system and reserved seats. Ambedkar proposed automatic termination after a decade, with reserved seats subject to a
232:
The Poona Pact of 1932, a pivotal agreement between Mahatma Gandhi and B.R. Ambedkar, laid down crucial provisions shaping the political representation of the Depressed Classes, now referred to as Scheduled Castes.
172:
disagreed with separate electorate for the Depressed Classes and not for other groups. He began his fast unto death, vehemently opposing this award, viewing it as a British attempt to divide Hindus.
1099:
1329:
241:
The agreement stipulated the allocation of reserved seats for the Depressed Classes from the general electorate across various provinces. The distribution was as follows:
345:
356:
In every province, a portion of the educational grant was earmarked to provide adequate educational facilities specifically for members of the Depressed Classes.
310:, with a unique procedural difference. All members of the Depressed Classes listed in the general electoral roll of a constituency would collectively form an
883:
2529:
456:
1171:
344:
The pact ensured that the franchise for the Depressed Classes in the Central and Provincial Legislatures aligned with the recommendations of the
188:
Although Ambedkar was in favor of communal awards, he agreed to sign The Poona Pact. The Poona Pact was signed at 5 pm on 24 September 1932 at
2260:
1911:
2300:
1953:
676:
2285:
878:
2335:
2290:
2275:
1393:
204:
2305:
2484:
2325:
2320:
1282:
1277:
1227:
1083:
1078:
1073:
815:
2250:
1414:
2459:
2330:
2270:
1511:
1010:
944:
548:
523:
481:
2227:
1189:
2454:
2315:
597:
89:
2310:
984:
979:
954:
934:
61:
2479:
2358:
2255:
1161:
108:
1629:
888:
287:
68:
2424:
2242:
1496:
1398:
853:
257:
212:
1936:
1166:
959:
46:
787:
135:
that increased the political representation of the depressed classes, now known as Scheduled Castes (SC). The
1194:
964:
863:
165:
75:
1971:
1585:
1220:
808:
2469:
858:
412:
42:
139:
was an agreement between nominal Hindus and the Depressed Classes and was signed by 23 people including
1692:
949:
57:
2394:
2389:
1944:
1135:
969:
263:
2534:
1963:
1800:
1272:
1156:
2544:
2539:
2524:
2444:
2363:
2207:
2132:
2112:
2036:
1926:
1765:
1213:
898:
848:
801:
294:
These numbers were determined based on the total strength of the Provincial Councils outlined in
35:
2519:
2474:
2449:
2434:
2368:
2167:
2162:
1541:
1481:
1434:
1287:
1252:
736:
631:
407:
16:
1932 political truce between Indian independence leaders Babasaheb Ambedkar and Mohandas Gandhi
476:. International Review of Social History Supplements. Cambridge University Press. p. 59.
437:
1941:
1875:
1865:
1740:
1635:
1419:
1383:
1346:
1324:
1125:
974:
893:
843:
824:
471:
402:
1895:
1309:
1267:
1016:
873:
189:
140:
8:
2439:
2147:
2117:
2077:
2026:
2011:
1770:
1667:
1652:
1581:
1558:
1368:
1351:
1115:
1063:
216:
82:
2419:
2404:
2092:
2087:
2082:
1931:
1921:
1850:
1815:
1810:
1785:
1672:
1662:
1594:
1489:
1429:
1262:
1027:
2107:
2217:
2031:
1870:
1835:
1795:
1750:
1713:
1531:
1456:
1363:
1356:
1314:
1068:
756:
717:
651:
605:
544:
519:
477:
311:
281:
269:
251:
245:
2494:
2489:
2409:
2137:
2072:
1890:
1855:
1619:
1378:
1319:
939:
748:
643:
307:
295:
208:
2384:
2192:
2152:
2097:
2067:
2021:
2006:
2001:
1976:
1830:
1820:
1805:
1657:
1536:
868:
777:
564:
383:
leadership of the depressed classes and made them a formidable political force.
2353:
2187:
2172:
2142:
2102:
1986:
1981:
1880:
1860:
1845:
1840:
1745:
1706:
1678:
1518:
1504:
1373:
1236:
1037:
924:
903:
397:
392:
275:
196:, India. Gandhi was not one of the signatories of the Poona Pact, but his son,
161:
144:
132:
128:
782:
752:
647:
497:
2513:
2429:
2414:
2399:
2182:
2177:
2046:
1996:
1991:
1780:
1775:
1719:
1699:
1575:
1297:
1120:
1022:
760:
721:
655:
609:
319:
197:
185:
originally allotted 80 for the depressed classes in legislative assemblies.
2212:
2197:
2157:
2051:
1947:
1885:
1760:
1292:
1257:
1032:
417:
164:
for the Depressed Classes, Muslims, Sikhs, Indian Christians and others in
2464:
2127:
2122:
2041:
1790:
1735:
1624:
1614:
1568:
1524:
1466:
1130:
705:
2202:
2016:
1916:
1755:
1471:
1451:
1304:
1140:
332:
1684:
1446:
1441:
1336:
322:
in the Central Legislature were reserved for the Depressed Classes.
24:
1825:
1647:
1604:
1424:
1388:
1047:
1599:
1205:
1000:
908:
793:
1042:
211:, responding to arguments made by Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar in the
1642:
1564:
1461:
306:
Elections to these reserved seats were to be conducted through
207:
to protest against the decision made by British prime minister
169:
1609:
1005:
838:
193:
473:
Complicating Categories: Gender, Class, Race and Ethnicity
301:
203:
Gandhi, then imprisoned by the British, had embarked on a
677:"Poona Pact 1932 (B.R Ambedkar and M.K Gandhi) Archives"
706:"The Poona Pact and the Issue of Dalit Representation"
227:
699:
697:
339:
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
541:Gandhi: The Years that Changed the World 1915-1948
516:Gandhi: The Years that Changed the World 1915-1948
694:
538:
513:
377:
2511:
175:
1221:
809:
469:
595:
127:of 1932 was a negotiated settlement between
2530:Indian independence movement in Maharashtra
737:"Gandhi, Ambedkar and the Poona pact, 1932"
632:"Gandhi, Ambedkar and the Poona pact, 1932"
557:
359:
325:
181:perpetuate divisions within Hindu society.
1228:
1214:
816:
802:
741:South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies
710:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
636:South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies
457:"gandhi-ambedkar-and-the-1932-poona-pact"
351:
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1084:National Commission for Scheduled Tribes
1079:National Commission for Scheduled Castes
1074:National Commission for Backward Classes
302:Joint Electorates and Primary Elections
2512:
2460:Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Centre, Matale
1512:The Story of My Experiments with Truth
143:, on behalf of Hindus and Gandhi, and
1209:
1011:Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
797:
734:
671:
669:
667:
665:
629:
1190:2011 Socio Economic and Caste Census
703:
596:Balakrishnan, Uday (13 April 2020).
591:
589:
587:
585:
451:
449:
447:
445:
368:
147:on behalf of The Depressed Classes.
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
2455:Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park
463:
228:Provisions of the Poona Pact (1932)
13:
1235:
955:2006 Dalit protests in Maharashtra
935:Mandal Commission protests of 1990
879:Court Cases related to Reservation
823:
662:
14:
2556:
2359:International Day of Non-Violence
2256:National Salt Satyagraha Memorial
771:
582:
565:"Original text of the Poona pact"
442:
236:
1630:The Kingdom of God Is Within You
889:Reservation policy in Tamil Nadu
470:Boris, E.; Janssens, A. (1999).
340:Franchise and Non-Discrimination
23:
2425:Gandhi Memorial Museum, Madurai
1942:Indian currency (Gandhi Series,
854:Caste-related violence in India
728:
436:UGGC NET/SET/JRF History, page
34:needs additional citations for
1937:Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith
1498:Hind Swaraj (Indian Home Rule)
945:2006 anti-reservation protests
623:
532:
507:
490:
430:
378:Controversies and Perspectives
1:
1954:Indian 10 Rupee postage stamp
1330:Second Round Table Conference
1195:2022 Bihar caste-based survey
864:Vandalism of Ambedkar statues
735:Kumar, Ravinder (June 1985).
630:Kumar, Ravinder (June 1985).
598:"Ambedkar and the Poona Pact"
423:
166:second round table conference
150:
1364:Gujarat Vidyapith University
1278:Indian independence movement
788:Third Round Table Conference
778:Poona Pact from ambedkar.org
543:. Penguin. pp. 428–29.
176:Negotiations and Compromises
7:
2470:Mohandas Gandhi High School
2052:Leela (great-granddaughter)
1851:Chakravarti Rajagopalachari
859:Economically Weaker Section
413:Scheduled Castes and Tribes
386:
10:
2561:
1972:Karamchand Gandhi (father)
1693:Raghupati Raghava Raja Ram
950:1996 Bathani Tola Massacre
539:Guha, Ramachandra (2018).
514:Guha, Ramachandra (2018).
2377:
2346:
2235:
2226:
2060:
1962:
1904:
1728:
1550:
1480:
1407:
1243:
1182:
1149:
1136:Republican Party of India
1108:
1092:
1056:
993:
917:
831:
753:10.1080/00856408508723068
648:10.1080/00856408508723068
145:Dr Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar
2485:Roads named after Gandhi
1801:Umar Hajee Ahmed Jhaveri
1283:Non-cooperation movement
1183:Caste Census and Surveys
360:Duration and Flexibility
346:Lothian Committee Report
326:Duration and Termination
2113:Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai
2047:Tushar (great-grandson)
2027:Gopalkrishna (grandson)
1927:Gandhi Peace Foundation
1766:Brij Krishna Chandiwala
980:Bhima Koregaon protests
899:Dalit Buddhist movement
849:Caste politics in India
213:Round Table Conferences
2475:National Gandhi Museum
2450:Mahatma Gandhi College
2435:Gandhi Temple, Bhatara
2369:Season for Nonviolence
2168:Maria Lacerda de Moura
2163:Martin Luther King Jr.
1542:Gandhi Heritage Portal
1374:India ashrams (Kochrab
1288:Chauri Chaura incident
1253:Indian Ambulance Corps
1167:Other Backward Classes
1017:Other Backward Classes
884:IIT reservation policy
408:Other Backward Classes
352:Educational Facilities
2032:Ramchandra (grandson)
1876:Rettamalai Srinivasan
1866:Anugrah Narayan Sinha
1636:The Masque of Anarchy
1420:Composite nationalism
1415:Practices and beliefs
1347:Natal Indian Congress
975:Maratha Kranti Morcha
960:2008 Gurjar agitation
894:Self-Respect Movement
844:Caste system in India
832:Caste and reservation
704:Basu, Swaraj (2000).
681:Constitution of India
200:, did sign the pact.
1896:Kishorlal Mashruwala
1685:Gandhi's translation
1310:Dharasana Satyagraha
1268:Champaran Satyagraha
1172:Including Muslim OBC
874:Reservation in India
217:separate electorates
190:Yerwada Central Jail
141:Madan Mohan Malaviya
43:improve this article
2440:Kaba Gandhi No Delo
2148:Lal Bahadur Shastri
2118:Govind Vallabh Pant
2022:Rajmohan (grandson)
2017:Ela (granddaughter)
1912:Artistic depictions
1771:Sudhakar Chaturvedi
1668:Henry Stephens Salt
1653:Sermon on the Mount
1582:Henry David Thoreau
1559:A Letter to a Hindu
1369:Harijan Sevak Sangh
1116:Bahujan Samaj Party
1064:Kalelkar Commission
985:April 2018 protests
220:their own leaders.
2093:C. Rajagopalachari
2088:Brajkishore Prasad
2083:Abdul Ghaffar Khan
2042:Kanu (grandnephew)
1945:Gandhi New Series,
1932:Gandhi Peace Prize
1922:Gandhi Peace Award
1816:Abdul Ghaffar Khan
1811:Hermann Kallenbach
1786:Dada Dharmadhikari
1663:Shrimad Rajchandra
1595:Civil disobedience
1587:Civil Disobedience
1263:Bardoli Satyagraha
1028:Affirmative action
365:involved parties.
2507:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2286:Parliament Square
2218:Vallabhbhai Patel
2007:Samaldas (nephew)
2002:Maganlal (cousin)
1871:Sri Krishna Sinha
1836:Vallabhbhai Patel
1821:Acharya Kripalani
1796:Shiv Prasad Gupta
1751:Shankarlal Banker
1714:Vaishnava Jana To
1532:Seven Social Sins
1325:Gandhi–Irwin Pact
1315:Vaikom Satyagraha
1203:
1202:
1069:Mandal Commission
965:Patidar agitation
550:978-0-141-04423-1
525:978-0-141-04423-1
483:978-0-521-78641-6
403:Gandhi–Irwin Pact
369:Impact and legacy
312:electoral college
308:joint electorates
270:Central Provinces
252:Bombay with Sindh
119:
118:
111:
93:
2552:
2495:Satyagraha House
2490:Sabarmati Ashram
2410:Gandhi Promenade
2336:Washington, D.C.
2291:Tavistock Square
2276:Pietermaritzburg
2233:
2232:
2138:Jawaharlal Nehru
2073:Aung San Suu Kyi
1891:Ravishankar Vyas
1856:Bibi Amtus Salam
1620:Parsee Rustomjee
1320:Aundh Experiment
1273:Kheda Satyagraha
1230:
1223:
1216:
1207:
1206:
1162:Scheduled Tribes
1157:Scheduled Castes
940:Namantar Andolan
818:
811:
804:
795:
794:
783:Britannica entry
765:
764:
732:
726:
725:
701:
692:
691:
689:
687:
673:
660:
659:
627:
621:
620:
618:
616:
593:
580:
579:
577:
575:
561:
555:
554:
536:
530:
529:
511:
505:
504:
502:
494:
488:
487:
467:
461:
460:
453:
440:
434:
296:Ramsay MacDonald
288:United Provinces
264:Bihar and Orissa
209:Ramsay MacDonald
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2535:History of Pune
2510:
2509:
2508:
2499:
2420:Gandhi Memorial
2395:Gandhi Mandapam
2385:Aga Khan Palace
2373:
2342:
2222:
2193:Rajendra Prasad
2153:Lanza del Vasto
2108:François Bayrou
2098:Eknath Easwaran
2068:14th Dalai Lama
2056:
2037:Kanu (grandson)
2012:Arun (grandson)
1977:Kasturba (wife)
1958:
1900:
1831:Mohanlal Pandya
1806:J. C. Kumarappa
1724:
1546:
1537:Navajivan Trust
1476:
1403:
1245:
1239:
1234:
1204:
1199:
1178:
1145:
1104:
1088:
1052:
1023:Forward classes
989:
913:
869:Anti-Brahminism
827:
822:
790:Indohistory.com
774:
769:
768:
747:(1–2): 87–101.
733:
729:
702:
695:
685:
683:
675:
674:
663:
642:(1–2): 87–101.
628:
624:
614:
612:
594:
583:
573:
571:
563:
562:
558:
551:
537:
533:
526:
512:
508:
500:
498:"The Epic Fast"
496:
495:
491:
484:
468:
464:
455:
454:
443:
435:
431:
426:
389:
380:
371:
362:
354:
342:
328:
304:
239:
230:
205:fast unto death
178:
153:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2558:
2548:
2547:
2545:B. R. Ambedkar
2542:
2540:Mahatma Gandhi
2537:
2532:
2527:
2525:1932 documents
2522:
2505:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2354:Gandhi Jayanti
2350:
2348:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
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2273:
2265:
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2258:
2253:
2245:
2239:
2237:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2188:Nelson Mandela
2185:
2180:
2175:
2173:Mehdi Bazargan
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2143:Joan Bondurant
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2103:Draupadi Murmu
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1968:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1881:V. A. Sundaram
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1861:Sonja Schlesin
1858:
1853:
1848:
1846:Mithuben Petit
1843:
1841:Narhari Parikh
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1746:Jamnalal Bajaj
1743:
1738:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1710:
1707:Hari Tuma Haro
1703:
1696:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1679:Unto This Last
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1579:
1572:
1562:
1554:
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99:November 2016
91:
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63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2445:Kirti Mandir
2364:Martyrs' Day
2271:Johannesburg
2213:Vinoba Bhave
2198:Ramjee Singh
2158:Maulana Azad
2133:James Lawson
1997:Devdas (son)
1992:Ramdas (son)
1948:Indian rupee
1886:Abbas Tyabji
1761:Vinoba Bhave
1677:
1634:
1628:
1586:
1574:
1525:
1517:
1510:
1503:
1497:
1490:
1482:Publications
1341:
1293:Purna Swaraj
1258:Tolstoy Farm
1033:Creamy layer
929:
744:
740:
730:
713:
709:
684:. Retrieved
680:
639:
635:
625:
613:. Retrieved
602:The Hindu-IN
601:
572:. Retrieved
569:ambedkar.org
568:
559:
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534:
515:
509:
492:
472:
465:
432:
418:Lucknow Pact
381:
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336:settlement.
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154:
136:
124:
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120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
58:"Poona Pact"
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2465:Mani Bhavan
2347:Observances
2208:Sane Guruji
2128:James Bevel
2123:Ho Chi Minh
1791:Kanu Gandhi
1736:Swami Anand
1625:Leo Tolstoy
1615:John Ruskin
1569:nonviolence
1526:Young India
1467:Eleven vows
1435:trusteeship
1244:Life events
1131:Ranvir Sena
1057:Commissions
1013:(SC and ST)
716:: 986–998.
574:29 November
518:. Penguin.
2514:Categories
2405:Bookstores
2203:Steve Biko
2078:Abhay Bang
2061:Influenced
1917:Gandhigiri
1756:Sarla Behn
1729:Associates
1673:Tirukkuṛaḷ
1551:Influences
1472:Gandhi cap
1452:Satyagraha
1408:Philosophy
1352:Quit India
1342:Poona Pact
1305:Salt March
1141:Karni Sena
930:Poona Pact
686:30 January
615:30 January
424:References
333:referendum
290:: 20 seats
284:: 30 seats
272:: 20 seats
266:: 18 seats
254:: 25 seats
248:: 30 seats
215:, to give
151:Background
137:Poona Pact
125:Poona Pact
69:newspapers
2316:Milwaukee
2261:New Delhi
2228:Memorials
1447:Sarvodaya
1442:Education
1430:Economics
1389:Sevagram)
1379:Sabarmati
1337:Padayatra
761:0085-6401
722:2249-1937
656:0085-6401
610:0971-751X
278:: 7 seats
260:: 8 seats
2480:Raj Ghat
2331:San Jose
2321:New York
1826:Mirabehn
1648:Pacifism
1605:Hinduism
1457:Swadeshi
1425:Gandhism
1048:Gramanya
387:See also
2311:Houston
2236:Statues
1658:Shravan
1600:Fasting
1589:(essay)
1491:Harijan
1001:Adivasi
918:History
909:Periyar
83:scholar
2306:Denver
2247:India
1964:Family
1905:Legacy
1643:Narmad
1565:Ahimsa
1462:Swaraj
1357:speech
759:
720:
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608:
547:
522:
480:
282:Bengal
258:Punjab
246:Madras
170:Gandhi
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
2378:Other
2301:Davis
2297:U.S.
2251:Patna
2243:Ghana
1610:Khadi
1150:Lists
1019:(OBC)
1006:Dalit
994:Terms
839:Caste
501:(PDF)
276:Assam
194:Poona
90:JSTOR
76:books
1298:flag
1093:Laws
1043:Jāti
757:ISSN
718:ISSN
688:2024
652:ISSN
617:2024
606:ISSN
576:2017
545:ISBN
520:ISBN
478:ISBN
131:and
123:The
62:news
2282:UK
1633:) (
749:doi
644:doi
438:241
192:in
45:by
2516::
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714:61
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696:^
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584:^
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444:^
168:.
1950:)
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112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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