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1661:; they live a more solitary lifestyle than the other great apes. Bornean orangutans are generally more solitary than Sumatran orangutans. Most social bonds occur between adult females and their dependent and weaned offspring. Resident females live with their offspring in defined home ranges that overlap with those of other adult females, which may be their immediate relatives. One to several resident female home ranges are encompassed within the home range of a resident male, who is their main mating partner. Interactions between adult females range from friendly to avoidance to antagonistic. Flanged males are hostile to both other flanged males and unflanged males, while unflanged males are more peaceful towards each other.
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infant has with its mother declines. When an orangutan reaches the age of one-and-a-half years, its climbing skills improve and it will travel through the canopy holding hands with other orangutans, a behaviour known as "buddy travel". After two years of age, juvenile orangutans will begin to move away from their mothers temporarily. They reach adolescence at six or seven years of age and are able to live alone but retain some connections with their mothers. Females may nurse their offspring for up to eight years, which is more than any other mammal. Typically, orangutans live over 30 years both in the wild and in captivity.
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according to the task at hand, and preference was given to oral tool use. This preference was also found in an experimental study of captive orangutans. Orangutans have been observed to use sticks to poke at catfish, causing them to leap out of the water so the orangutan can grab them. Orangutan have also been documented to keep tools for later. When building a nest, orangutans appear to be able to determine which branches would better support their body weight.
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1989:-like vocalisations in response to physical contact such as wrestling, play chasing or tickling. This suggests that laughter derived from a common origin among primate species and therefore evolved before the origin of humans. Orangutans can learn to mimic new sounds by purposely controlling the vibrations of their vocal folds, a trait that led to speech in humans.
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his home range. Both resident and transient orangutans aggregate on large fruiting trees to feed. The fruits tend to be abundant, so competition is low and individuals may engage in social interactions. Orangutans will also form travelling groups with members moving between different food sources. They are often consortships between an adult male and a female.
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with a series of low frequency noises known collectively as the "rolling call". When uncomfortable, an orangutan will produce a "kiss squeak", which involves sucking in air through pursed lips. Mothers produce throatscrapes to keep in contact with their offspring. Infants make soft hoots when distressed. When building a nest, orangutans will produce smacks or
1933:
2034:
relatively tolerant of each other; this creates favourable conditions for the spreading of new behaviours. Further evidence that highly social orangutans are more likely to exhibit cultural behaviours came from a study of leaf-carrying behaviours of formerly captive orangutans that were being rehabilitated on the island of Kaja in Borneo.
2611:
In May 2017, the BOS rescued an albino orangutan from captivity in a remote village in Kapuas Hulu, on the island of
Kalimantan in Indonesian Borneo. According to volunteers at BOS, albino orangutans are extremely rare (one in ten thousand). This is the first albino orangutan the organisation has seen in 25 years of activity.
2043:
differences were cultural: first, the extent of the differences increased with distance, suggesting cultural diffusion was occurring, and second, the size of the orangutans' cultural repertoire increased according to the amount of social contact present within the group. Social contact facilitates cultural transmission.
1912:
orangutan then does the same to smaller, leafier branches to create a "mattress". After this, the ape stands and braids the tips of branches into the mattress. Doing this increases the stability of the nest. Orangutans make their nests more comfortable by creating "pillows", "blankets", "roofs" and "bunk-beds".
1418:
for a strong grip on branches as they travel high in the trees. The resting configuration of the fingers is curved, creating a suspensory hook grip. With the thumb out of the way, the fingers (and hands) can grip securely around objects with a small diameter by resting the tops of the fingers against
2021:
in ex-captive populations. Orangutans in Suaq
Balimbing were recorded to develop a tool kit for use in foraging which consisted of both insect-extraction sticks for use in the hollows of trees and seed-extraction sticks for harvesting seeds from hard-husked fruit. The orangutans adjusted their tools
501:
adult males develop distinctive cheek pads or flanges and make long calls that attract females and intimidate rivals; younger subordinate males do not and more resemble adult females. Orangutans are the most solitary of the great apes: social bonds occur primarily between mothers and their dependent
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Anthropometamorphosis: man transform'd: or, The artificiall changling, historically presented, in the mad and cruel gallantry, foolish bravery, ridiculous beauty, filthy finenesse, and loathsome loveliness of most nations, fashioning and altering their bodies from the mould intended by nature; with
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A female orangutan was rescued from a village brothel in Kareng Pangi village, Central
Kalimantan, in 2003. The orangutan was shaved and chained for sexual purposes. Since being freed, the orangutan, named Pony, has been living with the BOS. She has been re-socialised to live with other orangutans.
2042:
the listener into believing they are larger animals. In 2003, researchers from six different orangutan field sites who used the same behavioural coding scheme compared the behaviours of the animals from each site. They found each orangutan population used different tools. The evidence suggested the
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Females do most of the caring of the young. The mother will carry the infant while travelling, suckle it and sleep with it. During its first four months, the infant is almost never without physical contact and clings to its mother's belly. In the following months, the amount of physical contact the
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and establish their home ranges by age 11. Females tend to live near their birth range, while males disperse farther but may still visit their birth range within their larger home range. They enter a transient phase, which lasts until a male can challenge and displace a dominant, resident male from
950:
that the
Sumatran and Bornean species diverged 4.9 to 2.9 mya. By contrast, the 2011 genome study suggested that these two species diverged as recently as circa 400,000 years ago. The study also found that orangutans evolved at a slower pace than both chimpanzees and humans. A 2017 genome
1800:
Mother orangutans and offspring also use several different gestures and expressions such as beckoning, stomping, lower lip pushing, object shaking and "presenting" a body part. These communicate goals such as "acquire object", "climb on me", "climb on you", "climb over", "move away", "play change:
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Compared to their relatives in Borneo, Sumatran orangutans are more slender with paler and longer hair and a longer face. Tapanuli orangutans resemble
Sumatran orangutans more than Bornean orangutans in body build and hair colour. They have shaggier hair, smaller skulls, and flatter faces than the
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Orangutans communicate with various vocals and sounds. Males will make long calls, both to attract females and to advertise themselves to other males. These calls have three components; they begin with grumbles, peak with pulses and end with bubbles. Both sexes will try to intimidate conspecifics
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and construct elaborate sleeping nests each night from branches and foliage. The apes' learning abilities have been studied extensively. There may be distinctive cultures within populations. Orangutans have been featured in literature and art since at least the 18th century, particularly in works
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to signal fertility. A female first gives birth around 15 years of age and they have a six to nine year interbirth interval, the longest among the great apes. Gestation is around nine months long and infants are born at a weight of 1.5–2 kg (3.3–4.4 lb). Usually only a single infant is
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in other parts of Borneo and in
Sumatra. While some communities hunted them for food and decoration, others placed taboos on such practices. In central Borneo, some traditional folk beliefs consider it bad luck to look an orangutan in the face. Some folk tales involve orangutans mating with and
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trade and bones are secretly sold in souvenir shops in several cities in
Indonesian Borneo. Conflicts between locals and orangutans also pose a threat. Orangutans that have lost their homes often raid agricultural areas and end up being killed by villagers. Locals may also be motivated to kill
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fruit. The orangutans of Suaq
Balimbing were found to be avid users of insect and seed-extraction tools when compared to other wild orangutans. The scientists suggested these differences are cultural as they do not correlate with habitat. The orangutans at Suaq Balimbing are closely spaced and
1911:
Construction of a night nest is done by following a sequence of steps. Initially, a suitable tree is located. Orangutans are choosy about sites, though nests can be found in many tree species. To establish a foundation, the ape grabs the large branches under it and bends them so they join. The
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variety of Malay, but the age of the Old
Javanese sources mentioned above make Old Malay a more likely origin for the term. Cribb and colleagues (2014) suggest that Bontius' account referred not to apes (as this description was from Java where the apes were not known to be from) but to humans
3547:
Locke, D. P.; Hillier, L. W.; Warren, W. C.; Worley, K. C.; Nazareth, L. V.; Muzny, D. M.; Yang, S. P.; Wang, Z.; Chinwalla, A. T.; Minx, P.; Mitreva, M.; Cook, L.; Delehaunty, K. D.; Fronick, C.; Schmidt, H.; Fulton, L. A.; Fulton, R. S.; Nelson, J. O.; Magrini, V.; Pohl, C.; Graves, T. A.;
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Estimates in the 2000s found that around 6,500 Sumatran orangutans and around 54,000 Bornean orangutans remain in the wild. A 2016 study estimates a population of 14,613 Sumatran orangutans in the wild, twice that of previous population estimates, while 2016 estimates suggest 104,700 Bornean
1907:
specialised for either day or night use. These are carefully constructed; young orangutans learn from observing their mother's nest-building behaviour. In fact, nest-building allows young orangutans to become less dependent on their mother. From six months of age onwards, orangutans practise
1595:
Orangutans also include leaves in their diet, which take up 25% of their average foraging time. Leaves are eaten more when fruit is less available, but even during times of fruit abundance, orangutans will eat leaves 11–20% of the time. They appear to depend on the leaf and stem material of
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Most of the day is spent feeding, resting, and travelling. They start the day feeding for two to three hours in the morning. They rest during midday, then travel in the late afternoon. When evening arrives, they prepare their nests for the night. Potential predators of orangutans include
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van
Noordwijk, Maria A.; Sauren, Simone E.B.; Nuzuar; Abulani, Ahbam; Morrogh-Bernard, Helen C.; Atmoko, S. Suci Utami; van Schaik, Carel P. (2009). "Development of Independence". In Wich, Serge A.; Atmoko, S. Suci Utami; Setia, Tatang Mitra; van Schaik, Carel P. (eds.).
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orangutans for food or because of their perceived danger. Mother orangutans are killed so their infants can be sold as pets. Between 2012 and 2017, the Indonesian authorities, with the aid of the Orangutan Information Center, seized 114 orangutans, 39 of which were pets.
1364:; females typically stand 115 cm (45 in) tall and weigh around 37 kg (82 lb), while adult males stand 137 cm (54 in) tall and weigh 75 kg (165 lb). Compared to humans, they have proportionally long arms, a male orangutan having an
951:
study found that the Bornean and Tapanuli orangutans diverged from Sumatran orangutans about 3.4 mya, and from each other around 2.4 mya. Millions of years ago, orangutans travelled from mainland Asia to Sumatra and then Borneo as the islands were connected by
654:. He reported that Malays claimed the ape could talk, but preferred not to "lest he be compelled to labour". The word appeared in several German-language descriptions of Indonesian zoology in the 17th century. It has been argued that the word comes specifically from the
496:
of the great apes, orangutans spend most of their time in trees. They have proportionally long arms and short legs, and have reddish-brown hair covering their bodies. Adult males weigh about 75 kg (165 lb), while females reach about 37 kg (82 lb).
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Little was known about orangutan behaviour until the field studies of Birutė Galdikas, who became a leading authority on the apes. When she arrived in Borneo in 1971, Galdikas settled into a primitive bark-and-thatch hut at a site she dubbed Camp Leakey, in
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orangutans exist in the wild. A 2018 study found that Bornean orangutans declined by 148,500 individuals from 1999 to 2015. Fewer than 800 Tapanuli orangutans are estimated to still exist, which puts the species among the most endangered of the great apes.
5418:
Wich, Serge A.; de Vries, Hans; Ancrenaz, Marc; Perkins, Lori; Shumaker, Robert W.; Suzuki, Akira; van Schaik, Carel P. (2009). "Orangutan life history variation". In Wich, Serge A.; Atmoko, S. Suci Utami; Setia, Tatang Mitra; van Schaik, Carel P. (eds.).
1883:. This may be because they cannot ensure they will sire a female's next offspring, because she does not immediately begin ovulating again after her infant dies. There is evidence that females with offspring under six years old generally avoid adult males.
1939:
1937:
1935:
1970:. Without any training, the orangutans succeeded in pulling off an object to get food in the first session. Over the course of 30 sessions, the apes succeeded more quickly, having learned to coordinate. An adult orangutan has been documented to pass the
2469:
Galdikas reported that her cook was sexually assaulted by a captive male orangutan. The ape may have suffered from a skewed species identity and forced copulation is a standard mating strategy for low-ranking male orangutans. American animal trafficker
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groups have urged a stop to such acts, considering them abusive. Starting in the 1960s, zoos became more concerned with education and orangutans' exhibits were designed to mimic their natural environment and let them display their natural behaviours.
1447:
2158:, who observed the animals and dissected some specimens, gave the first scientific description of the orangutan. Camper mistakenly thought that flanged and unflanged male orangutans were different species, a misconception corrected after his death.
1938:
4888:
Atmoko, S. Suci Utami; Singleton, Ian; van Noordwijk, Maria A.; van Schaik, Carel P.; Setia, Tatang Mitra (2009). "Male–male relationships in orangutans". In Wich, Serge A.; Atmoko, S. Suci Utami; Setia, Tatang Mitra; van Schaik, Carel P. (eds.).
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figures of those transformations. To which artificial and affected deformations are added, all the native and national monstrosities that have appeared to disfigure the humane fabrick. With a vindication of the regular beauty and honesty of nature
4686:
Zimmermann, N; Pirovino, M; Zingg, R; Clauss, M; Kaup, F. J.; Heistermann, M; Hatt, J. M.; Steinmetz, H. W. (2011). "Upper respiratory tract disease in captive orangutans (Pongo sp.): prevalence in 20 European zoos and predisposing factors".
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the inside of the palm, thus creating a double-locked grip. Their feet have four long toes and an opposable big toe, giving them hand-like dexterity. The hip joints also allow for their legs to rotate similarly to their arms and shoulders.
6924:
2513:, which prohibits their unlicensed trade under international law. The Bornean orangutan range has become more fragmented, with few or no apes documented in the southeast. The largest remaining population is found in the forest around the
1843:
by not developing the distinctive cheek pads, pronounced throat pouches, long fur, or long calls until a resident dominant male is absent. The transformation from unflanged to flanged can occur quickly. Flanged males attract females in
5765:
2267:(1895), the protagonist Reuben Power travels to Borneo and captures an orangutan to train it to speak so he can "know what a beast like that might think of us". Orangutans are featured prominently in the 1963 science fiction novel
2340:
features an intelligent orangutan which serves a university professor but has sinister motives; he plots against humanity and stalks a female student assistant. Other stories have portrayed orangutans helping humans, such as
1936:
7973:
Wich, Serge A.; Singleton, Ian; Nowak, Matthew G.; Utami Atmoko, Sri Suci; Nisam, Gonda; Arif, Sugesti Mhd.; Putra, Rudi H.; Ardi, Rio; Fredriksson, Gabriella; Usher, Graham; Gaveau, David L. A.; Kühl, Hjalmar S. (2016).
4585:
Foitová, Ivona; Huffman, Michael A.; Wisnu, Nurcahyo; Olšanský, Milan (2009). "Parasites and their impacts on orangutan health". In Wich, Serge A.; Atmoko, S. Suci Utami; Setia, Tatang Mitra; van Schaik, Carel P. (eds.).
1985:: mother orangutans remain silent in the presence of a perceived threat but when it passes, the mother produces an alarm call to their offspring to teach them about the danger. Orangutans and other great apes show
3972:
Wang, Cui-Bin; Zhao, Ling-Xia; Jin, Chang-Zhu; Wang, Yuan; Qin, Da-Gong; Pan, Wen-Shi (December 2014). "New discovery of Early Pleistocene orangutan fossils from Sanhe Cave in Chongzuo, Guangxi, southern China".
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1701:
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Cheyne, S. M.; Thompson, C. J.; Phillips, A. C.; Hill, R. M.; Limin, S. H. (2007). "Density and population estimate of gibbons (Hylobates albibarbis) in the Sabangau catchment, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia".
4034:
Ibrahim, Yasamin Kh.; Tshen, Lim Tze; Westaway, Kira E.; Cranbrook, Earl of; Humphrey, Louise; Muhammad, Ros Fatihah; Zhao, Jian-xin; Peng, Lee Chai (December 2013). "First discovery of Pleistocene orangutan
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van Schaik, C. P.; Ancrenaz, M.; Borgen, G.; Galdikas, B.; Knott, C. D.; Singleton, I.; Suzuki, A.; Utami, S. S.; Merrill, M.; et al. (2003). "Orangutan cultures and the evolution of material culture".
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Wild orangutans in Tuanan, Borneo, were reported to use tools in acoustic communication. They use leaves to amplify the kiss squeak sounds they produce. The apes may employ this method of amplification to
1760:
1731:
1702:
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1486:, while drier forests away from the flooded areas have fewer apes. Population density also decreases at higher elevations. Orangutans occasionally enter grasslands, cultivated fields, gardens, young
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935:
between 24.1 and 19.7 million years ago (mya), and the orangutans diverged from the African great ape lineage between 19.3 and 15.7 mya. Israfil and colleagues (2011) estimated based on
6908:
3696:"Unresolved molecular phylogenies of gibbons and siamangs (Family: Hylobatidae) based on mitochondrial, Y-linked, and X-linked loci indicate a rapid Miocene radiation or sudden vicariance event"
2029:
and biological anthropologist Cheryl D. Knott further investigated tool use in different wild orangutan populations. They compared geographic variations in tool use related to the processing of
4008:
Schwartz, J. H.; Vu The Long; Nguyen Lan Cuong; Le Trung Kha; Tattersall, I. (1995). "A review of the Pleistocene hominoid fauna of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (excluding Hylobatidae)".
2259:. The novel satirises the class and political system of Britain. Oran's purity and status as a "natural man" stands in contrast to the immorality and corruption of the "civilised" humans. In
1340:
date to between 66 and 57,000 years ago. The range of orangutans had contracted significantly by the end of the Pleistocene, most likely because of the reduction of forest habitat during the
2239:(The Bell of Nature, 1772) is told from the point of view of a human-orangutan hybrid who calls himself the "metaphysician of the woods". Around 50 years later, the anonymously written work
6444:
Russon, A. E.; Compost, A.; Kuncoro, P.; Ferisa, A. (2014). "Orangutan Fish Eating, Primate Aquatic Fauna Eating, and Their Implications for the Origins of Ancestral Hominin Fish Eating".
908:), despite populations being six to seven times higher in Borneo. The researchers hope these data may help conservationists preserve the endangered ape, as well as learn more about human
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1855:
on her, the occurrence of which is unusually high among mammals. Females prefer to mate with the fitter flanged males, forming pairs with them and benefiting from their protection. Non-
959:
when sea levels were much lower. The present range of Tapanuli orangutans is thought to be close to where ancestral orangutans first entered what is now Indonesia from mainland Asia.
1446:
1981:
Studies in the wild indicate that flanged male orangutans plan their movements in advance and signal them to other individuals. Experiments have also suggested that orangutans can
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Nater, Alexander; Mattle-Greminger, Maja P.; Nurcahyo, Anton; Nowak, Matthew G.; Manuel, Marc de; Desai, Tariq; Groves, Colin; Pybus, Marc; Sonay, Tugce Bilgin (2 November 2017).
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Scott, A. M.; Knott, C. D.; Susanto, T. W. (2019). "Are Male Orangutans a Threat to Infants? Evidence of Mother–Offspring Counterstrategies to Infanticide in Bornean Orangutans (
2114:. Animal rights groups like Great Ape Project Argentina argued the ruling should apply to all species in captivity, and legal specialists from the Argentina's Federal Chamber of
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1934:
284:
261:
1271:, which lived 5–7 mya in Thailand, is believed to be the closest known relative of the living orangutans and inhabited similar environments. The largest known primate,
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Europeans became aware of the existence of the orangutan in the 17th century. Explorers in Borneo hunted them extensively during the 19th century. In 1779, Dutch anatomist
8235:
4774:
Teboekhorst, I.; Schürmann, C.; Sugardjito, J. (1990). "Residential status and seasonal movements of wild orang-utans in the Gunung Leuser Reserve (Sumatera, Indonesia)".
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1598:
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Wich, S. A.; Swartz, K. B.; Hardus, M. E.; Lameira, A. R.; Stromberg, E.; Shumaker, R. W. (2008). "A case of spontaneous acquisition of a human sound by an orangutan".
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who had been observing Rakus at a nature preserve, "Five days later the facial wound was closed, while within a few weeks it had healed, leaving only a small scar".
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1723:
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810:
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7346:
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Xu, X.; Arnason, U. (1996). "The mitochondrial DNA molecule of sumatran orangutan and a molecular proposal for two (Bornean and Sumatran) species of orangutan".
1426:. Compared to other great apes, they infrequently descend to the ground where they are more cumbersome. Unlike gorillas and chimpanzees, orangutans are not true
1264:, which lived in India and Pakistan from 12.5 mya until 8.5 mya. These animals likely lived in drier and cooler environments than orangutans do today.
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6319:
Fox, E. A.; Sitompul, A. F.; van Schaik, C. P. (1999). "Intelligent tool use in wild Sumatran orangutans". In Parker, S; Mitchell, R. W.; Miles, H. L. (eds.).
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593:, meaning "forest". The locals originally used the term for actual forest-dwelling humans, but the word underwent a semantic extension to include apes of the
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5322:"Female reproductive strategies in orangutans, evidence for female choice and counterstrategies to infanticide in a species with frequent sexual coercion"
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have been found in Vietnam, and multiple fossil subspecies have been described from several parts of southeastern Asia. It is unclear if these belong to
7133:
2235:
Orangutans first appeared in Western fiction in the 18th century and have been used to comment on human society. Written by the pseudonymous A. Ardra,
1963:", which involves an individual aiding another with the expectation of being paid back. Orangutans are the first nonhuman species documented to do so.
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van Schaik, C. P.; Fox, E. A.; Sitompul, A. F. (1996). "Manufacture and use of tools in wild Sumatran orangutans – implications or human evolution".
2402:. He rejected the company of other animals, aside from a dog, and preferred to be with humans. He was occasionally taken on coach rides clothed in a
2094:, orangutans, and gorillas not to be used for animal experiments. In December 2014, a court in Argentina ruled that an orangutan named Sandra at the
757:
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Mitani, J. C.; Grether, G. F.; Rodman, P. S.; Priatna, D. (1991). "Associations among wild orang-utans: sociality, passive aggregations or chance".
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2517:, but this environment is at risk. The Sumatran orangutan is found only in the northern part of Sumatra, most of the population inhabiting the
682:
are found in many languages. This spelling (and pronunciation) has remained in use in English up to the present but has come to be regarded as
2174:. Galdikas became an outspoken advocate for orangutans and the preservation of their rainforest habitat, which is rapidly being devastated by
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Russon, AE; Handayani, DP; Kuncoro, P; Ferisa, A. (2007). "Orangutan leaf-carrying for nest-building: toward unraveling cultural processes".
1563:, which can take up 57–80% of their foraging time. Even during times of scarcity, fruit is 16% of their feeding time. Fruits with soft pulp,
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Liao, Wei; Harrison, Terry; Yao, Yanyan; Liang, Hua; Tian, Chun; Feng, Yuexing; Li, Sheng; Bae, Christopher J.; Wang, Wei (September 2022).
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of an orangutan is underdeveloped. Females and juveniles have relatively circular skulls and thin faces while mature males have a prominent
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of about 2 m (6 ft 7 in), and short legs. They are covered in long reddish hair that starts out bright orange and darkens to
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694:. In Malay, the term was first attested in 1840, not as an indigenous name but referring to how the English called the animal. The word '
7912:
2086:
In June 2008, Spain would become the first country to recognise the rights of some non-human great apes, based on the guidelines of the
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2458:, an orangutan of the San Diego Zoo, became world famous in the 1980s for multiple escapes from his enclosures. He was nicknamed "the
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Bradon-Jones, D.; Eudey, A. A.; Geissmann, T.; Groves, C. P.; Melnick, D. J.; Morales, J. C.; Shekelle, M.; Stewart, C. B. (2004).
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By the early 19th century, orangutans were being kept in captivity. In 1817, an orangutan joined several other animals in London's
1994:
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Rubis, June Mary (2020). "The orang utan is not an indigenous name: knowing and naming the maias as a decolonizing epistemology".
2638:
in Sumatra. In Malaysia, conservation areas include Semenggoh Wildlife Centre and Matang Wildlife Centre also in Sarawak, and the
13233:
8506:
8149:
3139:
764:
8409:
8225:
5631:
Didik, Prasetyo; Ancrenaz, Marc; Morrogh-Bernard, Helen C.; Atmoko, S. Suci Utami; Wich, Serge A.; van Schaik, Carel P. (2009).
2838:
9254:
9152:
7942:
Wich, S A; Meijaard, E; Marshall, A J; Husson, S; et al. (2002). "Distribution and conservation status of the orang-utan (
7262:
2595:
Several organisations are working for the rescue, rehabilitation and reintroduction of orangutans. The largest of these is the
8378:
5172:"Orangutan information broadcast via consonant-like and vowel-like calls breaches mathematical models of linguistic evolution"
3227:
13251:
9162:
8350:
7399:
7174:
6328:
5644:
4898:
4450:
4363:
4187:
3703:
3400:
2959:
2880:
2256:
1399:. The cheek pads are made mostly of fatty tissue and are supported by the musculature of the face. The throat pouches act as
13238:
7214:
Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences
6292:
Galdikas, B. M. F. (1982). "Orang-Utan tool use at Tanjung Putting Reserve, Central Indonesian Borneo (Kalimantan Tengah)".
4859:
Galdikas, B. M. F. (1984). "Adult female sociality among wild orangutans at Tanjung Puting Reserve". In Small, M. F. (ed.).
631:
refers only to the apes and not forest-dwelling humans. The word is not originally Javanese, but was borrowed from an early
9842:
7051:
Race and Aesthetics in the Anthropology of Petrus Camper (1722–1789) (Studies in the History of Ideas in the Low Countries)
4993:
van Schaik, C. P.; Preuschoft, S.; Watts, D. P. (2004). "Great ape social systems". In Russon, A. E.; Begun, D. R. (eds.).
3738:
3483:
2478:
to orphaned orangutan babies in hopes of keeping them alive long enough to sell to a trader, which would be an instance of
2505:
of mammals. They are legally protected from capture, harm or killing in both Malaysia and Indonesia, and are listed under
2243:
is narrated by a pure orangutan in captivity in the US, writing a letter critiquing Boston society to her friend in Java.
2098:
must be moved to a sanctuary in Brazil to provide her "partial or controlled freedom". Sandra has since been relocated to
1997:, was recorded spontaneously whistling after hearing a caretaker. She appears to whistle without expecting a food reward.
1376:
with age, while the skin is grey-black. Though largely hairless, males' faces can develop some hair, giving them a beard.
8262:
8171:
5280:
4968:
2627:
5912:
Chalmeau, Raphaël; Lardeux, Karine; Brandibas, Pierre; Gallo, Alain (1997). "Cooperative problem solving by orangutans (
3548:
Markovic, C.; Cree, A.; Dinh, H. H.; Hume, J.; Kovar, C. L.; Fowler, G. R.; Lunter, G.; Meader, S.; et al. (2011).
2547:
when she began studying them in 1971. By the 2000s, orangutan habitats decreased rapidly because of logging, mining and
533:. Human activities have caused severe declines in populations and ranges. Threats to wild orangutan populations include
9084:
8323:
7137:
7116:
7058:
5432:
5014:
4928:
4872:
4603:
4569:
3675:
3166:
2647:
6978:
7463:
7436:
4212:
3800:
1955:
has a touch-screen computer on which their two Sumatran orangutans play games. A 2008 study of two orangutans at the
1797:. Orangutan calls display consonant- and vowel-like components and they maintain their meaning over great distances.
7643:
6571:
van Casteren, A.; Sellers, W. I.; Thorpe, S. K. S.; Coward, S.; Crompton, R. H.; Myatt, J. P.; Ennos, A. R. (2012).
3790:
13348:
8288:
8203:
3197:
2533:
730:
7315:
4619:
Morrogh-Bernard HC, Foitová I, Yeen Z, Wilkin P, de Martin R, Rárová L, Doležal K, Nurcahyo W, Olšanský M (2017).
126:
13358:
13264:
9094:
7023:
6633:
van Schaik, Carel P.; Knott, Cheryl D. (2001). "Geographic variation in tool use onNeesia fruits in orangutans".
4736:
4265:
1621:, which involves consuming soil and other earth substances. They will uproot soil from the ground as well as eat
831:
was confirmed as a full species based on molecular evidence published in 1996, and three distinct populations on
13333:
8811:
8464:
3307:
2951:
2479:
1860:
721:, which describes two anthropoid "monsters" named Pongo and Engeco. He is now believed to have been describing
8432:
1555:
Although orangutans may consume leaves, shoots, and bird eggs, fruit is the most important part of their diet.
896:
to have its genome sequenced. Subsequently, the Bornean species had its genome sequenced. Bornean orangutans (
581:
The name "orangutan" (also written orang-utan, orang utan, orangutang, and ourang-outang) is derived from the
449:, orangutans were originally considered to be one species. From 1996, they were divided into two species: the
13303:
9423:
2869:
Malay Words and Malay Things: Lexical Souvenirs from an Exotic Archipelago in German Publications Before 1700
2471:
2308:
2225:
2215:
1852:
17:
5736:"Do some taxa have better domain-general cognition than others? A meta-analysis of nonhuman primate studies"
4814:
Singleton, I.; van Schaik, C. P. (2002). "The Social Organisation of a population of Sumatran orang-utans".
2615:
2220:
502:
offspring. Fruit is the most important component of an orangutan's diet, but they will also eat vegetation,
9463:
5140:
2777:
2651:
2643:
2639:
1967:
13343:
13246:
13155:
11255:
9794:
8499:
5951:
Suárez, S. D.; Gallup, G. G. (1981). "Self-recognition in chimpanzees and orangutans, but not gorillas".
5831:
4949:
Delgado, R. A. Jr.; van Schaik, C. P. (2000). "The behavioral ecology and conservation of the orangutan (
2631:
2623:
2317:
7597:
4525:
Galdikas, Birute M. F. (1988). "Orangutan Diet, Range, and Activity at Tanjung Puting, Central Borneo".
2603:
and which operates projects such as the Nyaru Menteng Rehabilitation Program founded by conservationist
1575:
and berries. Orangutans are thought to be the sole fruit disperser for some plant species including the
13160:
9789:
9291:
9281:
9247:
9167:
9019:
6852:"Active self-treatment of a facial wound with a biologically active plant by a male Sumatran orangutan"
5002:
4776:
4041:
3150:
2496:
2269:
1982:
1879:
born; twins are a rare occurrence. Unlike many other primates, male orangutans do not seem to practise
473:), was identified definitively in 2017. The orangutans are the only surviving species of the subfamily
31:
6480:
2138:
Orangutans were known to the native people of Sumatra and Borneo for millennia. The apes are known as
526:
and they have been kept in captive facilities around the world since at least the early 19th century.
9286:
9131:
9099:
9049:
9004:
7767:
4560:
Rodman, P. S. (1988). "Diversity and consistency in ecology and behavior". In Schwartz, J. H. (ed.).
2691:
2596:
2426:
2342:
1956:
1904:
868:
12342:
4228:
Hilloowala, R. A.; Trent, R. B. (1988). "Supraorbital ridge and masticatory apparatus I: Primates".
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2559:
plantations in response to international demand. Hunting is also a major problem, as is the illegal
2255:
features Sir Oran Haut Ton, an orangutan who lives among English people and becomes a candidate for
518:
9835:
7555:
7424:
7162:
Centralizing Fieldwork: Critical Perspectives from Primatology, Biological, and Social Anthropology
3937:
2872:
2718:
2414:
who was dressed in human clothing and learned to drink tea. She is remembered for her meeting with
2260:
1859:
females do not usually resist copulation with unflanged males, as the chance of conception is low.
817:
by Lacépède in 1799. The populations on the two islands were suggested to be separate species when
9029:
8484:
2642:
in Sabah. Major conservation centres headquartered outside the orangutans' home countries include
2604:
1336:
that date to 60,000 years ago. The youngest remains from South China, which are teeth assigned to
152:
13064:
12100:
11918:
11325:
9276:
9125:
9104:
5630:
5144:
5118:
4077:
3291:
2696:
2313:
1960:
1479:
683:
646:
In Western sources, the first printed attestation of the word for the apes is in Dutch physician
635:
at least a thousand years ago. Hence the ultimate origin of the term "orangutan" as denoting the
570:
7573:
Nowak, Matthew G.; Rianti, Puji; Wich, Serge A.; Meijaard, Erik; Fredriksson, Gabriella (2017).
4179:
4173:
3613:
1948:
1302:
is found as part of the faunal complex in the Pleistocene cave assemblage in Vietnam, alongside
13290:
13085:
11379:
11083:
10464:
9764:
9014:
8492:
5006:
4887:
4595:
4584:
3423:
Nater, A.; Mattle-Greminger, M. P.; Nurcahyo, A.; Nowak, M. G.; et al. (2 November 2017).
3392:
2619:
2434:
2081:
1277:, was also a member of Ponginae and lived in China, from 2 mya to 300,000 years ago.
8340:
7710:
7391:
6748:"Tool use in wild orang-utans modifies sound production: a functionally deceptive innovation?"
5635:. In Wich, Serge A.; Atmoko, S. Suci Utami; Setia, Tatang Mitra; van Schaik, Carel P. (eds.).
5632:
5320:
Knott, Cheryl Denise; Thompson, Melissa Emery; Stumpf, Rebecca M; McIntyre, Matthew H (2009).
5219:
Knox, A; Markx, J; How, E; Azis, A; Hobaiter, C; an Veen, F. J. F; Morrogh-Bernard, H (2019).
510:, insects and bird eggs. They can live over 30 years, both in the wild and in captivity.
13285:
12165:
9616:
9383:
9240:
6670:
van Schaik, CP; Van Noordwijk, MA; Wich, SA. (2006). "Innovation in wild Bornean orangutans (
6573:"Nest-building orangutans demonstrate engineering know-how to produce safe, comfortable beds"
3931:
Harrison, Terry; Jin, Changzhu; Zhang, Yingqi; Wang, Yuan; Zhu, Min (December 2014). "Fossil
3824:
Bhandari, A.; Kay, R. F.; Williams, B. A.; Tiwari, B. N.; Bajpai, S.; Heironymus, T. (2018).
3527:
2548:
2298:
2099:
1880:
1543:
as an anti-inflammatory balm. Captive animals may suffer an upper respiratory tract disease.
1499:
956:
566:
530:
13277:
7852:
Davis, J. T.; Mengersen, K.; Abram, N. K.; Ancrenaz, M.; Wells, J. A.; Meijaard, E. (2013).
7428:
7160:
3826:"First record of the Miocene hominoid Sivapithecus from Kutch, Gujarat state, western India"
3664:
Our vanishing relative: the status of wild orang-utans at the close of the twentieth century
1848:
with their characteristic long calls, which may also suppress development in younger males.
1826:
13181:
13132:
11399:
9503:
9363:
9074:
9009:
8969:
7993:
7865:
7806:
6805:
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6355:
6203:
6095:
6036:
5688:
5582:
4640:
4482:
3982:
3946:
3837:
3563:
3316:
2655:
2587:
Zoologische Gesellschaft Frankfurt Programm Director Peter Pratje works with orangutans in
2429:
and to perform tricks. Notable orangutan "character actors" include: Jacob and Rosa of the
2073:
2039:
1947:
Orangutans are among the most intelligent non-human primates. Experiments suggest they can
1665:
1625:
from tree trunks. Orangutans also visit the sides of cliffs or earth depressions for their
1551:
1383:
volume is 397 cm. The cranium is elevated relative to the face, which is incurved and
1341:
10546:
7792:
7574:
7493:
5274:
Fox, E. A. (2002). "Female tactics to reduce sexual harassment in the Sumatran orangutan (
2151:
kidnapping humans. There are even stories of hunters being captured by female orangutans.
8:
13328:
12842:
12223:
11502:
11420:
11365:
9828:
9691:
9671:
9586:
9571:
9528:
9518:
9513:
9483:
9418:
9348:
9064:
9054:
8315:
7795:"Quantifying Killing of Orangutans and Human-Orangutan Conflict in Kalimantan, Indonesia"
6346:
4816:
4442:
4432:
4428:
4351:
4263:
Winkler, L. A. (1989). "Morphology and relationships of the orangutan fatty cheek pads".
4039:
sp.) fossils in Peninsular Malaysia: Biogeographic and paleoenvironmental implications".
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3496:
2993:
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2052:
1986:
1794:
1658:
1467:
1463:
1423:
1333:
785:
691:
546:
522:
that comment on human society. Field studies of the apes were pioneered by primatologist
498:
493:
7997:
7869:
7810:
7535:
Ancrenaz, M.; Gumal, M.; Marshall, A. J.; Meijaard, E.; Wich, S. A.; Husson, S. (2016).
6884:
6851:
6809:
6588:
6570:
6529:
6359:
6207:
6099:
6040:
5692:
5586:
5569:
Smith, Tanya M.; Austin, Christine; Hinde, Katie; Vogel, Erin R.; Arora, Manish (2017).
5030:
van Schaik, C. P. (1999). "The socioecology of fission-fusion sociality in orangutans".
4644:
4486:
3986:
3950:
3935:
from the Early Pleistocene Gigantopithecus fauna of Chongzuo, Guangxi, southern China".
3841:
3567:
3320:
3285:
1866:
690:
and the shift from -ng to -n has been taken to suggest the term entered English through
12485:
11675:
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9804:
9749:
9546:
9508:
9398:
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8804:
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8599:
8068:
8014:
7975:
7888:
7853:
7829:
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7691:
7080:
6829:
6772:
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6728:
6607:
6572:
6548:
6513:
6426:
6379:
6274:
6226:
6191:
6172:
6118:
6083:
6059:
6022:
6003:
5933:
5889:
5862:
5757:
5711:
5676:
5605:
5570:
5551:
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5472:
5400:
5348:
5321:
5297:
5256:
5196:
5171:
5092:
5057:
5032:
4972:
4841:
4793:
4753:
4712:
4663:
4620:
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4405:
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4290:
4245:
4147:
4105:
3860:
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3584:
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3500:
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3117:
3079:
3042:
2799:
2438:
2430:
2278:
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2199:
2115:
1990:
1927:
1851:
Unflanged males wander widely in search of oestrous females and upon finding one, will
1294:
1028:
1014:
881:
877:
849:
819:
466:
458:
360:
333:
319:
313:
147:
8994:
8145:
7793:
Meijaard, E.; Buchori, B.; Hadiprakarsa, Y.; Utami-Atmoko, S. S.; et al. (2011).
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6305:
5964:
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Lameira, A. R.; Hardus, M. E.; Shumaker, R. W.; Wich, S. A.; Menken, S. B. J. (2015).
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4789:
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2018:
1814:
523:
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9809:
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9759:
9734:
9686:
9651:
9523:
9498:
9468:
9448:
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9408:
9378:
9353:
9089:
8932:
8828:
8608:
8405:
8346:
8319:
8127:
8119:
8060:
8039:"Global demand for natural resources eliminated more than 100,000 Bornean Orangutans"
8019:
7893:
7834:
7683:
7536:
7469:
7459:
7432:
7395:
7380:
7297:
7289:
7239:
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6871:
6821:
6777:
6720:
6652:
6612:
6553:
6461:
6418:
6371:
6324:
6266:
6231:
6164:
6123:
6064:
6023:"Wild Orangutan Males Plan and Communicate Their Travel Direction One Day in Advance"
5995:
5894:
5863:"Calculated reciprocity after all: computation behind token transfers in orang-utans"
5812:
5735:
5716:
5674:
5640:
5610:
5555:
5502:
5449:
5428:
5421:
5392:
5353:
5260:
5201:
5122:
5049:
5010:
4995:
4924:
4917:
4894:
4868:
4864:
4833:
4704:
4700:
4668:
4599:
4588:
4565:
4500:
4446:
4410:
4396:
4359:
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4208:
4183:
4134:
4109:
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3910:
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2406:
and hat and even given drinks at an inn where he behaved politely for the hosts. The
2385:
2365:
2356:
2087:
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1921:
1581:
1483:
1373:
1361:
1285:
984:
936:
917:
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632:
450:
307:
278:
134:
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6383:
6176:
6007:
5937:
5761:
5404:
5301:
5096:
5061:
4976:
4913:
4845:
4797:
4546:
4294:
4249:
3504:
3023:
Tan, Peter (October 1998). "Malay loan words across different dialects of English".
2976:
13173:
12972:
12616:
12509:
12192:
11975:
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11881:
11818:
10905:
10821:
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9681:
9631:
9566:
9393:
9388:
9188:
8958:
8382:
8109:
8099:
8072:
8050:
8009:
8001:
7984:
7955:
7883:
7873:
7824:
7814:
7695:
7675:
7592:
7550:
7387:
7347:"The missing lynx and five other animal escapees including Ken Allen the Orangutan"
7221:
7008:
6879:
6863:
6813:
6767:
6759:
6732:
6712:
6703:
6683:
6644:
6602:
6592:
6543:
6533:
6453:
6410:
6363:
6301:
6258:
6221:
6211:
6154:
6113:
6103:
6054:
6044:
5987:
5960:
5925:
5884:
5876:
5804:
5747:
5706:
5696:
5600:
5590:
5541:
5533:
5492:
5484:
5384:
5343:
5333:
5289:
5246:
5236:
5191:
5183:
5084:
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4964:
4825:
4785:
4745:
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4658:
4648:
4534:
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4400:
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4330:
4274:
4237:
4139:
4089:
4050:
4013:
3990:
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3109:
3071:
3034:
2789:
2712:
2518:
2175:
2095:
2057:
2026:
1602:
during times of low fruit abundance. Other food items consumed by the apes include
1539:
1521:
1487:
1475:
1471:
1400:
947:
909:
857:, came with a surprising twist: it is more closely related to the Bornean species,
614:
6278:
5787:
de Blois, S. T.; Novak, M. A.; Bond, M. (1998). "Object Permanence in Orangutans (
4716:
3113:
2421:
Zoos and circuses in the Western world would continue to use orangutans and other
1863:
has been recorded in the context of both affiliative and aggressive interactions.
1352:
888:
The Sumatran orangutan genome was sequenced in January 2011. Following humans and
13123:
12895:
12864:
12856:
12740:
12640:
12495:
12465:
12082:
11928:
11865:
11695:
11645:
11631:
11624:
11578:
11372:
11167:
10837:
10790:
10724:
10039:
9744:
9706:
9701:
9696:
9666:
9641:
9636:
9611:
9591:
9581:
9403:
9338:
9178:
8903:
8893:
8669:
8660:
7878:
7851:
7819:
6485:
6457:
6049:
5867:
5701:
5221:"Gesture use in communication between mothers and offspring in wild Orang-Utans (
4093:
4054:
3994:
3958:
3850:
3158:
3062:
2683:
2588:
2462:" and was the subject of a fan club, T-shirts, bumper stickers and a song titled
2399:
2346:
2322:
2303:
2005:
1875:
1670:
1430:, instead bending their digits and walking on the sides of their hands and feet.
1427:
1415:
1273:
924:
790:
655:
647:
7534:
7226:
7209:
5808:
3716:
1332:
and mainland Southeast Asia and South China. Teeth of orangutans are known from
13021:
12982:
12913:
12770:
12760:
12730:
12707:
12697:
12687:
12599:
12548:
12533:
12518:
12455:
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12424:
12091:
12071:
11686:
11413:
11390:
10848:
9711:
9676:
9656:
9626:
9601:
9576:
9561:
9458:
9358:
9315:
7166:
6867:
6687:
6538:
6216:
5978:
Robert, S. (1986). "Ontogeny of mirror behavior in two species of great apes".
5752:
5537:
5241:
5220:
4653:
4438:
2659:
2514:
2415:
2163:
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1975:
1874:
Unlike females of other non-human great ape species, orangutans do not exhibit
1622:
1495:
1392:
1312:
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1244:
750:
738:
699:
582:
433:
326:
13137:
9453:
8381:. Australian Department of the Environment and Water Resources. Archived from
8178:
8104:
8087:
8055:
8038:
7679:
7210:"Going the whole orang: Darwin, Wallace and the natural history of orangutans"
6716:
6262:
6159:
6142:
5929:
5488:
5293:
5113:
Munn, C.; Fernandez, M. (1997). "Infant development". In Sodaro, Carol (ed.).
4495:
4470:
4335:
4318:
3694:
Israfil, H.; Zehr, S. M.; Mootnick, A. R.; Ruvolo, M.; Steiper, M. E. (2011).
3441:
3424:
3281:
3038:
2794:
1978:. Mirror tests with a 2-year-old orangutan failed to reveal self-recognition.
824:
13322:
13000:
12835:
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12555:
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11554:
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10656:
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9646:
9473:
9221:
8797:
8778:
8123:
7583:
7541:
7502:
7235:
7205:
6920:
6909:"Orangutan seen treating wound with medicinal herb in first for wild animals"
6875:
6443:
6397:
O'Malley, R. C.; McGrew, W. C. (2000). "Oral tool use by captive orangutans (
5417:
4314:
3786:
3025:
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2502:
2459:
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2010:
1638:
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714:
664:
609:
550:
503:
291:
77:
8088:"Morphometric, Behavioral, and Genomic Evidence for a New Orangutan Species"
7473:
6850:
Laumer, Isabelle B.; Rahman, Arif; Rahmaeti, Tri; et al. (2 May 2024).
6817:
6597:
5126:
4172:
van Schaik, C.; MacKinnon, J. (2001). "Orangutans". In MacDonald, D. (ed.).
3810:
3795:(3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 183–84.
3425:"Morphometric, Behavioral, and Genomic Evidence for a New Orangutan Species"
1895:
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6270:
6235:
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6068:
5999:
5991:
5898:
5880:
5720:
5614:
5595:
5506:
5396:
5371:
Fox, Elizabeth A (2001). "Homosexual behavior in wild Sumatran orangutans (
5357:
5338:
5205:
5187:
5053:
4992:
4837:
4708:
4672:
4504:
4414:
4286:
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3734:
3593:
3460:
3135:
2706:
2635:
2600:
2293:
2203:
2191:
1626:
1396:
1344:. Though they may have survived into the Holocene in Cambodia and Vietnam.
1260:
1254:
944:
940:
725:, but in the 18th century, the terms orangutan and pongo were used for all
270:
7301:
6375:
5816:
3336:
2377:
2050:
in 2022, a male Sumatran orangutan, known to researchers as Rakus, chewed
1213:
13220:
13147:
13117:
12938:
12121:
12002:
11985:
11749:
11355:
11265:
11130:
11093:
11013:
10952:
10673:
10126:
9438:
9413:
9232:
9034:
8989:
8858:
8693:
7639:
7458:. Steven Lehrer. Lubbock, Tex.: Texas Tech University Press. p. 37.
7453:
6020:
3625:
2522:
2403:
2336:
2195:
2061:
1971:
1952:
1908:
nest-building and gain proficiency by the time they are three years old.
1537:
are reported in young individuals. Orangutans also use the plant species
1384:
1380:
1230:
The three orangutan species are the only extant members of the subfamily
1132:
952:
671:
482:
437:
429:
344:
52:
8379:"Tax Deductible Organisations (Register of Environmental Organisations)"
7711:"Endangered Orangutans: Fires, Poaching and Palm Oil: Facts and Details"
7614:"Endangered Orangutans Gain From Eco-Friendly Shifts in Palm Oil Market"
5860:
4997:
The Evolution of Thought: Evolutionary Origins of Great Ape Intelligence
4730:
Rijksen, H. D. (December 1978). "A field study on Sumatran orang utans (
4378:
3575:
3250:
3189:
2744:
2506:
1649:
13212:
12414:
12206:
11533:
11520:
11470:
11406:
11345:
11248:
11231:
11123:
11066:
11039:
11002:
10972:
10962:
10687:
10413:
10295:
9999:
9944:
9896:
9851:
9428:
9330:
9320:
9183:
8874:
8714:
8555:
8114:
7976:"Land-cover changes predict steep declines for the Sumatran orangutan (
7323:
6367:
5637:
Orangutans: Geographic Variation in Behavioral Ecology and Conservation
5423:
Orangutans: Geographic Variation in Behavioral Ecology and Conservation
5251:
5045:
4919:
Orangutans: Geographic Variation in Behavioral Ecology and Conservation
4891:
Orangutans: Geographic Variation in Behavioral Ecology and Conservation
4757:
4590:
Orangutans: Geographic Variation in Behavioral Ecology and Conservation
4538:
4241:
4151:
3905:
3884:
3451:
3328:
2701:
2560:
2407:
2327:
2292:
Orangutans are sometimes portrayed as antagonists, notably in the 1832
2282:
2183:
1784:
1611:
1589:
1568:
1388:
889:
573:
organisations are dedicated to the survival of orangutans in the wild.
562:
409:
353:
214:
97:
62:
6746:
Hardus, M. E.; Lameira, A. R.; van Schaik, C. P.; Wich, S. A. (2009).
6648:
6414:
5546:
4829:
3083:
13225:
13194:
12883:
12813:
12656:
12606:
12243:
12233:
12156:
12009:
11899:
11798:
11564:
11318:
11221:
10435:
10197:
9913:
9779:
9716:
9556:
9493:
9173:
8635:
8565:
8516:
8479:
7959:
7491:
5388:
2528:
2475:
2455:
2425:
as sources for entertainment, training them to behave like humans at
2351:
2286:
2107:
2060:
the mashed plant material to an open wound on his face. According to
1856:
1560:
1478:. Populations are more concentrated near riverside habitats, such as
1406:
1379:
Orangutans have small ears and noses; the ears are unlobed. The mean
1329:
1328:
had a far more extensive range than at present, extending throughout
1235:
1022:
893:
854:
726:
667:, who was the first to use the term in a publication a decade later.
660:
640:
413:
405:
234:
164:
102:
13079:
4143:
4017:
2896:
Dellios, Paulette (2008). "A lexical odyssey from the Malay World".
13199:
13102:
12949:
12925:
12718:
12677:
12623:
12562:
12135:
11285:
11178:
10878:
10803:
10703:
10288:
9928:
9869:
9142:
8683:
8574:
8537:
8514:
8230:
7916:
6143:"Reconstructing the Evolution of Laughter in Great Apes and Humans"
6027:
4749:
3075:
2677:
2567:
2556:
2540:
2187:
2179:
2166:. She studied orangutans for the next four years and developed her
2111:
1966:
In a 1997 study, two captive adult orangutans were tested with the
1845:
1618:
1586:
1507:
1365:
1289:
1231:
746:
623:
619:
554:
538:
534:
474:
417:
244:
184:
92:
87:
72:
67:
57:
8406:"Rehabilitation not enough to solve orangutan crisis in Indonesia"
8085:
4379:
Oishi, M.; Ogihara, N.; Endo, H.; Ichihara, N.; Asari, M. (2009).
3422:
2551:
by roads. A major factor has been the conversion of vast areas of
2126:
1414:
Orangutan hands have four long fingers but a dramatically shorter
1249:
13298:
13010:
12903:
12630:
12270:
12199:
11451:
11444:
11306:
11201:
10983:
10864:
10810:
10630:
10491:
10448:
9881:
9754:
9739:
9596:
9538:
9137:
9120:
8887:
8645:
8549:
5861:
Dufour, V.; Pelé, M.; Neumann, M.; Thierry, B.; Call, J. (2008).
4319:"Male bimaturism and reproductive success in Sumatran orangutans"
3792:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
2539:
Birutė Galdikas wrote that orangutans were already threatened by
2363:. More comical portrayals of the orangutan include the 1996 film
2143:
1840:
1517:
1395:, large cheek pads or flanges, extensive throat pouches and long
1324:
or, in fact, represent distinct species. During the Pleistocene,
1307:
1105:
932:
913:
912:. Similarly to gorillas and chimpanzees, orangutans have 48
722:
558:
514:
478:
425:
204:
107:
82:
30:
This article is about the group of primates. For other uses, see
8226:"Orangutan shaved, made up and prostituted to men for six years"
7293:
6794:
6141:
Ross, Marina Davila; Owren, Michael J; Zimmermann, Elke (2009).
4969:
10.1002/1520-6505(2000)9:5<201::AID-EVAN2>3.0.CO;2-Y
4618:
4471:"Newly discovered orangutan species is also the most endangered"
4010:
Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History
3473:
2982:. Internet Archive (2nd ed.). London: W. Hunt. p. 437.
1839:
Males become sexually mature at around age 15. They may exhibit
1422:
Orangutans move through the trees by both vertical climbing and
12580:
12404:
12213:
12114:
11835:
11032:
10748:
10578:
10565:
10517:
9875:
9863:
9621:
9488:
9443:
9368:
9302:
8954:
8864:
8705:
8543:
8531:
8474:
7288:. Caldwell, Idaho: The Caxton Printers, Ltd. pp. 102–103.
2778:"The Word 'Orangutan': Old Malay Origin or European Concoction"
2614:
Other major conservation centres in Indonesia include those at
2422:
2331:
2091:
1772:
1743:
1714:
1657:
The social structure of the orangutan can be best described as
1634:
1630:
1369:
1056:
928:
832:
718:
421:
224:
194:
174:
13186:
7972:
6084:"Time-space–displaced responses in the orangutan vocal system"
4773:
4381:"Dimensions of forelimb muscles in orangutans and chimpanzees"
4313:
Utami, S. S.; Goossens, B.; Bruford, M. W.; de Ruiter, J. R.;
737:
for the genus in 1799. Battel's "Pongo", in turn, is from the
698:' in modern Malay and Indonesian was borrowed from English or
9907:
9820:
9661:
9606:
9551:
9310:
9203:
9193:
8845:
8744:
8459:
7854:"It's Not Just Conflict That Motivates Killing of Orangutans"
6189:
5911:
5677:"Speech-Like Rhythm in a Voiced and Voiceless Orangutan Call"
4685:
4350:
Rose, M. D. (1988). "Functional Anatomy of the Cheirdia". In
4312:
4033:
3060:
Cannon, Garland (1992). "Malay(sian) borrowings in English".
2510:
2501:
All three species are critically endangered according to the
2118:
considered the ruling applicable only to non-human hominids.
1607:
1572:
1503:
1455:
1152:
507:
486:
441:
7913:"The military family that kept a pet orangutan in Indonesia"
7568:
7566:
6700:
3550:"Comparative and demographic analysis of orang-utan genomes"
670:
The word was first attested in English in 1693 by physician
12990:
12023:
9198:
8839:
8729:
7319:
6745:
6669:
5832:"Orangutans play video games (for research) at Georgia zoo"
5319:
4171:
2171:
1576:
1564:
1157:
702:
in the 20th century—explaining the missing initial 'h' of '
618:, a ninth- or early tenth-century Javanese adaption of the
542:
8342:
A Critical Companion to Zoosemiotics: People, Paths, Ideas
7941:
6849:
5950:
5470:
5074:
2945:
12373:
12360:
12310:
9264:
8820:
7563:
3823:
3693:
3661:
3287:
Manuel de mammalogie ou Histoire naturelle des mammifères
2948:
Wild Man from Borneo: A Cultural History of the Orangutan
2578:
2167:
1768:
1739:
1710:
1239:
8037:
Voigt, M; Wich, S. A.; Ancrenaz, M; et al. (2018).
7419:
Among Orangutans: Red Apes and the Rise of Human Culture
7024:"Argentine orangutan granted unprecedented legal rights"
6192:"Orangutans show active voicing through a membranophone"
4078:"Evidence for the latest fossil Pongo in southern China"
3546:
8789:
7572:
7530:
7528:
7526:
7524:
7109:
Encyclopedia of World Scientists: From Around the World
6248:
5733:
5450:"First Sighting of Bornean Orangutan Twins in the Wild"
5326:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
3757:"New Species of Orangutan Is Rarest Great Ape on Earth"
2871:. Frankfurter Forschungen zu Südostasien. Vol. 3.
2775:
717:, an English sailor held prisoner by the Portuguese in
6021:
van Schaik, Carel P.; Damerius, L.; Isler, K. (2013).
5734:
Deaner, R. O.; van Schaik, C. P.; Johnson, V. (2006).
5447:
4734:, Lesson 1827): Ecology, Behaviour and Conservation".
3657:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3647:
3145:. In Taylor, Andrea B.; Goldsmith, Michele L. (eds.).
2418:
who compared her reactions to those of a human child.
659:
suffering some serious medical condition (most likely
477:, which diverged genetically from the other hominids (
7487:
7485:
7483:
7382:
Demonic Males: Apes and the Origins of Human Violence
7286:
Al G. Barnes, Master Showman, as told by Al G. Barnes
6948:"Spanish parliament approves 'human rights' for apes"
6343:
6318:
5568:
3889:: a giant ape from the Pleistocene of Asia revisited"
2946:
Cribb, Robert; Gilbert, Helen; Tiffin, Helen (2014).
2017:
Tool use in orangutans was observed by primatologist
1610:, bird eggs, insects and small vertebrates including
892:, the Sumatran orangutan became the third species of
597:
genus at an early stage in the development of Malay.
13028:
13017:
13006:
12996:
12978:
12968:
12957:
12909:
12891:
12823:
12793:
12776:
12766:
12756:
12746:
12736:
12726:
12703:
12693:
12683:
12673:
12636:
12612:
12588:
12506:
12491:
12481:
12471:
12461:
12451:
12441:
12430:
12420:
12410:
12400:
12390:
12276:
12259:
12249:
12239:
12229:
12219:
12181:
12171:
12141:
12046:
12029:
11991:
11981:
11964:
11954:
11944:
11934:
11924:
11907:
11846:
11831:
11671:
11642:
11612:
11575:
11560:
11550:
11440:
11361:
11351:
11341:
11331:
11314:
11291:
11281:
11271:
11261:
11244:
11227:
11217:
11207:
11163:
11153:
11143:
11119:
11109:
11099:
11089:
11079:
11055:
11045:
11021:
10998:
10968:
10958:
10948:
10938:
10928:
10918:
10787:
10721:
10684:
10653:
10637:
10626:
10616:
10606:
10595:
10497:
10480:
10470:
10430:
10419:
10409:
9909:
8259:"Extremely Rare Albino Orangutan Found in Indonesia"
7521:
4956:
Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews
4075:
3930:
3386:
2673:
2334:
to teach him how to make fire. The 1986 horror film
1801:
decrease intensity", "resume play" and "stop that".
663:) and that his use of the word was misunderstood by
7598:
10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T120588639A120588662.en
6140:
5471:Beaudrot, LH; Kahlenberg, SM; Marshall, AJ (2009).
4813:
3644:
8287:. Sustainable Travel International. Archived from
7492:Singleton, I.; Wich, S. A.; Griffiths, M. (2008).
7480:
7455:Bring 'em back alive : the best of Frank Buck
7416:
7379:
7134:"Palm oil frenzy threatens to wipe out orangutans"
7106:
6396:
5420:
4994:
4916:
4858:
4587:
4178:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp.
3249:
2743:
1653:Orangutans are the least social of the great apes.
1567:or seed-walls are consumed the most, particularly
1292:, consisting of teeth ascribed to extinct species
8309:
8177:. Orangutan Protection Foundation. Archived from
8036:
7910:
7742:"Hundreds of Orangutans Killed Annually for Meat"
7204:
7021:
6628:
6626:
5786:
5626:
5624:
5519:
5029:
4988:
4986:
4948:
4809:
4807:
4769:
4767:
4520:
4518:
4516:
4514:
4427:
2895:
2281:derived from it. They are typically portrayed as
13320:
8582:
7946:spp.) on Borneo and Sumatra: how many remain?".
7377:
7158:
5218:
5115:Orangutan Species Survival Plan Husbandry Manual
4944:
4942:
4940:
4861:Female Primates: Studies by Women Primatologists
3689:
3687:
3147:Gorilla Biology: A Multidisciplinary Perspective
2433:in Hamburg, Germany, in the early 20th century;
2013:using a tool to extract orange-juice concentrate
1629:. Orangutans may eat soils for their anti-toxic
1356:Adult male (left) and female Tapanuli orangutans
1258:, which lived in India from 9.2 to 8.6 mya; and
652:Historiae naturalis et medicae Indiae orientalis
7200:
7198:
7131:
6945:
6632:
6323:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 99–116.
4227:
3971:
3389:Orangutans: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation
3059:
1804:
847:). The description in 2017 of a third species,
8256:
7556:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T17975A17966347.en
6788:
6739:
6623:
6511:
5670:
5668:
5621:
5571:"Cyclical nursing patterns in wild orangutans"
5448:Goossens, B; Mohd, D; Kapar; Kahar, S (2011).
5225:) from the Sabangau Peat-Swamp Forest, Borneo"
4983:
4804:
4764:
4511:
4262:
2521:. The Tapanuli orangutan is found only in the
9836:
9248:
8805:
8500:
8465:AZA's Orangutan Conservation Education Center
8261:. National Geographic Society. Archived from
7744:. National Geographic Society. Archived from
7616:. National Geographic Society. Archived from
7261:. National Geographic Society. Archived from
6514:"An Orangutan Hangs Up a Tool for Future Use"
6242:
5829:
5112:
4937:
4907:
4559:
4308:
4306:
4304:
4205:An Introduction to Human Evolutionary Anatomy
4127:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4119:
3882:
3759:. National Geographic Society. Archived from
3684:
3298:
2866:
2599:(BOS) Foundation, founded by conservationist
2474:claimed to have seen human mothers acting as
1983:communicate about things that are not present
7611:
7378:Wrangham, Richard W; Peterson, Dale (1996).
7195:
7067:
5639:. Oxford University Press. pp. 270–75.
5315:
5313:
5311:
5108:
5106:
4893:. Oxford University Press. pp. 227–29.
4167:
4165:
4163:
4161:
2898:Studia Universitatis Petru Maior. Philologia
2782:Bijdragen tot de Land-, Taal- en Volkenkunde
1387:. Compared to chimpanzees and gorillas, the
927:, within apes (superfamily Hominoidea), the
7935:
7408:
7371:
7250:
6481:"Orangutans use simple tools to catch fish"
6081:
5665:
5427:. Oxford University Press. pp. 67–68.
4564:. Oxford University Press. pp. 31–51.
4349:
4132:Groves, Colin P. (1971). "Pongo pygmaeus".
3748:
3532:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of May 2024 (
2828:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2658:work with the palm oil industry to improve
1959:showed orangutans may practise "calculated
1306:, though it is known only from teeth. Some
608:, in a variety of premodern sources in the
529:All three orangutan species are considered
489:) between 19.3 and 15.7 million years ago.
10576:
9843:
9829:
9262:
9255:
9241:
8812:
8798:
8507:
8493:
8338:
8030:
7414:
6976:
5977:
4464:
4462:
4301:
4202:
4116:
3274:
3128:
1633:minerals, since their diet contains toxic
1506:. The most common orangutan parasites are
513:Orangutans are among the most intelligent
343:
125:
13354:Taxa named by Bernard Germain de Lacépède
12371:
12309:
11531:
11469:
8312:Ethical Debates in Orangutan Conservation
8113:
8103:
8054:
8013:
7966:
7887:
7877:
7828:
7818:
7739:
7596:
7554:
7344:
7225:
6883:
6771:
6636:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
6606:
6596:
6547:
6537:
6478:
6225:
6215:
6158:
6117:
6107:
6082:Lameira, Adriano R.; Call, Josep (2018).
6058:
6048:
5888:
5751:
5710:
5700:
5604:
5594:
5545:
5496:
5473:"Why male orangutans do not kill infants"
5347:
5337:
5308:
5250:
5240:
5195:
5103:
4662:
4652:
4494:
4434:The Red Ape: Orangutans and Human Origins
4404:
4334:
4158:
3904:
3859:
3849:
3724:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3583:
3540:
3450:
3440:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3304:
2793:
2662:and encourages the industry to establish
2654:. Conservation organisations such as the
2650:, which was founded by Galdikas, and the
2106:, as it is the only accredited orangutan
773:
8430:
7277:
7125:
6845:
6843:
6321:The Mentality of Gorillas and Orangutans
6291:
6190:Lameira, A. R.; Shumaker, R. W. (2019).
5267:
4923:. Oxford University Press. p. 199.
4524:
4421:
4358:. Oxford University Press. p. 301.
3372:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3095:
3093:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2764:
2582:
2527:
2376:
2219:
2125:
2121:
2004:
1931:
1894:
1865:
1648:
1550:
1441:
1437:
1405:
1351:
1212:
867:
627:. In these Old Javanese texts, the word
8433:"New deal for orangutans in Kalimantan"
7283:
7073:
5169:
4729:
4459:
3883:Zhang, Yingqi; Harrison, Terry (2017).
3754:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2000:
1617:In some areas, orangutans may practise
713:, comes from a 16th-century account by
612:language. The earliest of these is the
14:
13321:
8403:
8152:from the original on 28 September 2020
7256:
7048:
7022:Giménez, Emiliano (23 December 2014).
5971:
5944:
4196:
4131:
3781:
3600:
3409:
3290:(in French). Roret, Libraire. p.
3280:
3134:
2974:
2889:
2579:Conservation centres and organisations
2198:, Galdikas is considered to be one of
1410:Skeleton of subadult Bornean orangutan
420:. They are now found only in parts of
13084:
13083:
12358:
11518:
10563:
9894:
9824:
9236:
9148:Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor
8793:
8488:
7359:from the original on 25 December 2018
7208:; Kjærgaard, Peter C. (1 June 2015).
6989:from the original on 13 November 2012
6906:
6840:
5133:
4468:
4029:
4027:
3926:
3924:
3755:Goldman, Jason G. (2 November 2017).
3704:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
3611:
3467:
3351:
3099:
3090:
2490:
861:than to its fellow Sumatran species,
13304:8BE3221A-62FE-4604-B27D-B9151BCE14DB
9158:Orangutan–human last common ancestor
7451:
5918:International Journal of Primatology
5526:International Journal of Primatology
5411:
5229:International Journal of Primatology
5170:Lameira, A. R.; et al. (2021).
4881:
4527:International Journal of Primatology
4343:
3836:(11): 10.1371/journal.pone.0206314.
3775:
3662:Rijksen H. D.; Meijaard, E. (1999).
3632:from the original on 27 January 2011
3514:from the original on 6 December 2010
3484:International Journal of Primatology
3230:from the original on 5 December 2018
3200:from the original on 5 December 2018
2908:
2853:
2841:from the original on 4 November 2012
2738:
2736:
1454:Wild orangutan in the Danum Valley (
971:Phylogeny of superfamily Hominoidea
916:chromosomes, in contrast to humans,
780:Orangutan–human last common ancestor
519:use a variety of sophisticated tools
13339:Species endangered by the pet trade
8412:from the original on 5 January 2012
8238:from the original on 3 October 2020
8196:"Ny projektledare på Nyaru Menteng"
8172:"10 Years: Nyaru Menteng 1999–2009"
7911:Jacobson, Phillip (29 March 2017).
7774:from the original on 3 January 2012
7584:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
7542:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
7503:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
7345:Middleton, Duncan (7 August 2016).
7159:MacClancy, J.; Fuentes, A. (2010).
7132:McDowell, Robin (18 January 2009).
6958:from the original on 26 August 2009
5768:from the original on 19 August 2021
5477:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
5370:
5281:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
5273:
5151:from the original on 3 October 2020
4594:. Oxford University Press. p.
3262:from the original on 19 August 2021
3022:
2628:Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National Park
1943:An orangutan imitating human speech
1546:
823:was described by French naturalist
24:
9153:Gorilla–human last common ancestor
9085:Kinshasa Declaration on Great Apes
8460:Orangutan Foundation International
8359:from the original on 30 April 2016
7183:from the original on 30 April 2016
7136:. Associated Press. Archived from
6752:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
5653:from the original on 24 April 2016
4024:
3921:
3614:"Orang-utans join the genome gang"
3612:Singh, Ranjeet (26 January 2011).
3497:10.1023/B:IJOP.0000014647.18720.32
2810:from the original on 12 April 2021
2648:Orangutan Foundation International
2134:presenting her book about the apes
1783:Problems playing these files? See
1683:
1347:
1221:, an extinct relative of orangutan
25:
13370:
9163:Gibbon–human last common ancestor
8453:
8202:. 26 January 2012. Archived from
7923:from the original on 14 June 2020
7770:. Antara News. 7 September 2011.
7030:from the original on 3 April 2021
5797:Journal of Comparative Psychology
4621:"Self-medication by orang-utans (
3893:Yearbook of Physical Anthropology
2733:
2566:Orangutans may be killed for the
1949:track the displacement of objects
457:, with three subspecies) and the
13063:
12341:
11501:
10545:
9217:
9216:
8968:
8774:
8773:
8424:
8404:Butler, R. A. (20 August 2009).
8397:
8371:
8332:
8303:
8285:"Viewing Orangutans in the Wild"
8277:
8250:
8218:
8188:
8164:
8138:
8079:
7904:
7845:
7786:
7760:
7733:
7721:from the original on 12 May 2019
7708:
7702:
7658:
7632:
7612:Neme, Laurel (11 October 2014).
7605:
7445:
7338:
7308:
7152:
7100:
7042:
7015:
7001:
6970:
6946:Glendinning, L. (26 June 2008).
6939:
6493:from the original on 8 July 2013
5842:from the original on 2 July 2007
4701:10.1111/j.1600-0684.2011.00490.x
4625:) using bioactive properties of
4469:Reese, April (2 November 2017).
4397:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01125.x
3004:from the original on 7 July 2016
2776:Sastrawan, Wayan Jarrah (2020).
2676:
2534:palm oil production in Indonesia
2410:housed a female orangutan named
1825:
1813:
1757:
1728:
1699:
1676:
1403:chambers for making long calls.
1252:in southern China and Thailand;
1225:
1059: (family Hylobatidae)
151:
50:
10564:
9095:Great Apes Survival Partnership
9045:Iowa Primate Learning Sanctuary
7646:from the original on 8 May 2020
7088:from the original on 4 May 2013
7074:de Waal, Frans (January 1995).
6927:from the original on 2 May 2024
6900:
6694:
6663:
6564:
6505:
6472:
6437:
6390:
6337:
6312:
6285:
6183:
6134:
6075:
6014:
5980:American Journal of Primatology
5905:
5854:
5830:Turner, Dorie (12 April 2007).
5823:
5780:
5727:
5562:
5513:
5464:
5441:
5377:American Journal of Primatology
5364:
5212:
5163:
5068:
5023:
4852:
4737:The Quarterly Review of Biology
4723:
4679:
4612:
4578:
4553:
4372:
4266:American Journal of Primatology
4256:
4221:
4207:. Academic Press. p. 193.
4069:
4001:
3965:
3876:
3817:
3387:Payne, J; Prundente, C (2008).
3242:
3212:
3182:
3140:"A history of gorilla taxonomy"
3053:
2485:
2372:
1915:
1360:Orangutans display significant
12359:
11519:
9895:
9850:
8257:Brady, Heather (18 May 2017).
7740:Than, Ker (16 November 2011).
7642:. Sumatran Orangutan Society.
7257:Zimmer, Carl (21 April 2015).
7111:. Facts on File. p. 260.
7049:Meijer, Miriam Claude (2014).
5147:– Department of Anthropology.
4689:Journal of Medical Primatology
3476:"Asian primate classification"
3308:Journal of Molecular Evolution
3016:
2986:
2968:
2822:
2326:added a jazzy orangutan named
2090:, which are that chimpanzees,
1899:An orangutan lying in its nest
1673:is uncommon among orangutans.
1644:
541:and retaliation for consuming
13:
1:
9424:Kasakela chimpanzee community
8431:Marusiak, J. (28 June 2011).
8345:. Springer. pp. 218–19.
7259:"When Darwin Met Another Ape"
6306:10.1016/S0047-2484(82)80028-6
5965:10.1016/s0047-2484(81)80016-4
5633:"Nest building in orangutans"
5089:10.1016/S0003-3472(05)80603-7
4790:10.1016/S0003-3472(05)80782-1
4203:Aiello, L.; Dean, C. (1990).
3114:10.1080/09502386.2020.1780281
2727:
2389:
2361:What the Orangutan Told Alice
2309:The Murders in the Rue Morgue
2226:The Murders in the Rue Morgue
2216:Orangutans in popular culture
2209:
2202:, named after anthropologist
2067:
1035:– Sumatra south of Lake Toba)
835:were elevated to subspecies (
9464:Mitumba chimpanzee community
7879:10.1371/journal.pone.0075373
7820:10.1371/journal.pone.0027491
7768:"Stop orangutan skull trade"
6907:Davis, Nicola (2 May 2024).
6458:10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.06.007
6050:10.1371/journal.pone.0074896
5702:10.1371/journal.pone.0116136
5141:"Orangutan call repertoires"
4094:10.1016/j.jhevol.2022.103233
4055:10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.09.005
3995:10.1016/j.quaint.2014.06.020
3959:10.1016/j.quaint.2014.01.013
3851:10.1371/journal.pone.0206314
3159:10.1017/CBO9780511542558.004
2652:Australian Orangutan Project
2644:Frankfurt Zoological Society
2640:Sepilok Orang Utan Sanctuary
2616:Tanjung Puting National Park
2441:in the 1910s and 1920s; and
1968:cooperative pulling paradigm
1805:Reproduction and development
576:
7:
7640:"On the edge of extinction"
7227:10.1016/j.shpsc.2015.02.006
7107:Oaks, Elizabeth H. (2007).
6977:Singer, P. (18 July 2008).
6479:Bower, B. (18 April 2011).
5809:10.1037/0735-7036.112.2.137
4953:): a tale of two islands".
4175:The Encyclopedia of Mammals
3717:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.11.005
3258:. Oxford University Press.
2952:University of Hawai'i Press
2835:Online Etymology Dictionary
2669:
2632:Gunung Leuser National Park
2624:Gunung Palung National Park
2318:animated musical adaptation
1870:Mother orangutan with young
1280:The oldest known record of
731:Bernard Germain de Lacépède
678:, and variants ending with
604:appears in its older form,
10:
13375:
9292:List of fictional primates
9282:List of individual monkeys
9168:List of fictional primates
9020:Neanderthal genome project
8470:Orangutan Language Project
8310:Palmer, Alexandra (2020).
7591:: e.T120588639A120588662.
7415:van Schaik, Carel (2004).
6868:10.1038/s41598-024-58988-7
6688:10.1163/156853906778017944
6539:10.1038/s41598-018-31331-7
6446:Journal of Human Evolution
6294:Journal of Human Evolution
6217:10.1038/s41598-019-48760-7
5953:Journal of Human Evolution
5753:10.1177/147470490600400114
5538:10.1007/s10764-019-00097-8
5242:10.1007/s10764-019-00095-w
5003:Cambridge University Press
4654:10.1038/s41598-017-16621-w
4082:Journal of Human Evolution
4042:Journal of Human Evolution
3151:Cambridge University Press
2497:Endangerment of orangutans
2494:
2480:human–animal breastfeeding
2213:
2071:
1925:
1919:
1890:
1458:, Malaysia, Borneo island)
1248:, which occurred 8–2
931:diverged during the early
777:
48:Early Pleistocene – Recent
32:Orangutan (disambiguation)
29:
13092:
13060:
12948:
12933:
12924:
12882:
12822:
12811:
12717:
12669:
12665:
12654:
12579:
12505:
12386:
12382:
12367:
12354:
12339:
12305:
12155:
12090:
12081:
11898:
11845:
11827:
11816:
11739:
11712:
11685:
11653:
11641:
11611:
11574:
11546:
11542:
11527:
11514:
11499:
11465:
11389:
11305:
11177:
11012:
10982:
10914:
10903:
10847:
10820:
10798:
10786:
10720:
10683:
10652:
10591:
10587:
10572:
10559:
10542:
10516:
10447:
10405:
10396:
10392:
10354:
10164:
10037:
9961:
9923:
9903:
9890:
9858:
9725:
9537:
9329:
9301:
9287:Monkeys and apes in space
9271:
9212:
9113:
9100:International Primate Day
9063:
9050:Borneo Orangutan Survival
9005:Chimpanzee genome project
8977:
8966:
8827:
8769:
8727:
8691:
8682:
8643:
8634:
8573:
8564:
8526:
8515:Extant species of family
8105:10.1016/j.cub.2017.09.047
8056:10.1016/j.cub.2018.01.053
7680:10.1007/s10329-007-0063-0
6717:10.1007/s10071-006-0058-z
6263:10.1007/s10329-008-0117-y
6160:10.1016/j.cub.2009.05.028
5489:10.1007/s00265-009-0827-1
5294:10.1007/s00265-002-0495-x
4496:10.1038/nature.2017.22934
4315:van Hooff, J. A. R. A. M.
3442:10.1016/j.cub.2017.09.047
3039:10.1017/S026607840001052X
2795:10.1163/22134379-bja10016
2750:Oxford English Dictionary
2692:International Primate Day
2597:Borneo Orangutan Survival
2100:The Center for Great Apes
1951:both visible and hidden.
1599:Borassodendron borneensis
1585:which contains the toxic
1559:Orangutans are primarily
1310:described under the name
1150:
1130:
1123:
1103:
1096:
1077:
1070:
1054:
1047:
970:
964:
366:
359:
351:
342:
304:
299:
276:
269:
148:Scientific classification
146:
133:
124:
41:
8819:
8475:The Orangutan Foundation
7425:Harvard University Press
5791:) and Squirrel Monkeys (
3975:Quaternary International
3938:Quaternary International
3789:; Reeder, D. M. (eds.).
2873:Otto Harrassowitz Verlag
2449:in the 1930s and 1940s.
2289:, the science minister.
2261:Frank Challice Constable
1832:Unflanged male orangutan
853:, from Sumatra south of
786:described scientifically
784:The orangutan was first
589:, meaning "person", and
465:). A third species, the
13349:Fauna of Southeast Asia
9277:List of individual apes
9126:List of individual apes
9105:Nonhuman Rights Project
8339:Martinelli, D. (2010).
8148:. Masarang Foundation.
7076:"The Loneliest of Apes"
6979:"Of great apes and men"
6818:10.1126/science.1078004
6598:10.1073/pnas.1200902109
6512:Mulcahy, N. J. (2018).
5930:10.1023/A:1026337006136
5740:Evolutionary Psychology
5119:Chicago Zoological Park
4336:10.1093/beheco/13.5.643
3499:(inactive 3 May 2024).
2697:List of individual apes
2464:The Ballad of Ken Allen
2382:The Female Orang – Utan
2224:1870 illustration for "
1470:, particularly lowland
1219:Sivapithecus sivalensis
1080:orangutans (genus
1021:– Sumatra northwest of
1009:– southwest populations
997:– northwest populations
995:Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus
904:than in Sumatran ones (
811:Christian Emmanuel Hopp
809:in 1760 by his student
709:The name of the genus,
432:they ranged throughout
13359:Taxa described in 1799
9015:Gladys Kalema-Zikusoka
8006:10.1126/sciadv.1500789
7284:Robeson, Dave (1935).
7053:. Rodopi. p. 42.
6764:10.1098/rspb.2009.1027
6672:Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii
6109:10.1126/sciadv.aau3401
5992:10.1002/ajp.1350100202
5881:10.1098/rsbl.2008.0644
5596:10.1126/sciadv.1601517
5522:Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii
5454:Asian Primates Journal
5339:10.1098/rspb.2009.1552
5223:Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii
5188:10.1098/rsbl.2021.0302
4279:10.1002/ajp.1350170405
3887:Gigantopithecus blacki
3393:New Holland Publishers
3282:Lesson, René-Primevère
2867:Mahdi, Waruno (2007).
2620:Sebangau National Park
2592:
2536:
2395:
2265:The Curse of Intellect
2232:
2135:
2082:Great ape research ban
2014:
1993:, an orangutan at the
1944:
1900:
1871:
1820:Flanged male orangutan
1688:
1654:
1556:
1462:Orangutans are mainly
1459:
1411:
1357:
1238:also includes extinct
1222:
1007:Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii
957:recent glacial periods
885:
774:Taxonomy and phylogeny
13334:Primates of Indonesia
13286:Paleobiology Database
9030:Lone Drøscher Nielsen
8098:(22): 3487–3498.e10.
7549:: e.T17975A17966347.
5373:Pongo pygmaeus abelii
5276:Pongo pygmaeus abelii
4732:Pongo pygmaeus abelii
3435:(22): 3487–3498.e10.
2975:Bulwer, John (1653).
2605:Lone Drøscher Nielsen
2586:
2531:
2380:
2299:Count Robert of Paris
2237:Tintinnabulum naturae
2223:
2130:Orangutan researcher
2129:
2122:Orangutans and humans
2008:
1942:
1920:Further information:
1898:
1869:
1687:
1652:
1554:
1490:, and shallow lakes.
1453:
1438:Ecology and behaviour
1409:
1355:
1216:
871:
686:. The loss of "h" in
531:critically endangered
9010:Human Genome Project
8618:Tapanuli orangutan (
8600:Sumatran orangutan (
8480:Orangutan Land Trust
8316:Taylor & Francis
8234:. 28 November 2018.
8184:on 15 February 2010.
7452:Buck, Frank (2000).
5575:Evolutionary Biology
3626:10.1038/news.2011.50
2656:Orangutan Land Trust
2525:forest of Sumatra.
2388:sitting in a chair)
2257:Member of Parliament
2074:Great ape personhood
2009:An orangutan at the
2001:Tool use and culture
1861:Homosexual behaviour
1841:arrested development
1342:Last Glacial Maximum
1001:Pongo pygmaeus morio
729:. French naturalist
639:ape was most likely
440:. Classified in the
12224:Paradolichopithecus
9572:Charles the Gorilla
9055:Primate archaeology
8609:Bornean orangutan (
8385:on 10 February 2007
8265:on 17 February 2020
7998:2016SciA....2E0789W
7870:2013PLoSO...875373D
7811:2011PLoSO...627491M
7715:factsanddetails.com
7577:Pongo tapanuliensis
6810:2003Sci...299..102V
6589:2012PNAS..109.6873V
6530:2018NatSR...812900M
6403:Folia Primatologica
6360:1996NW.....83..186V
6347:Naturwissenschaften
6208:2019NatSR...912289L
6100:2018SciA....4.3401L
6041:2013PLoSO...874896V
5693:2015PLoSO..10k6136L
5587:2017SciA....3E1517S
4867:. pp. 217–35.
4817:Folia Primatologica
4645:2017NatSR...716653M
4487:2017Natur.551..151R
3987:2014QuInt.354...68W
3951:2014QuInt.354...59H
3842:2018PLoSO..1306314B
3576:10.1038/nature09687
3568:2011Natur.469..529L
3321:1996JMolE..43..431X
2875:. pp. 170–81.
2330:, who tries to get
2247:Thomas Love Peacock
2053:Fibraurea tinctoria
2027:Carel P. van Schaik
1659:solitary but social
1468:tropical rainforest
1434:other two species.
1334:Peninsular Malaysia
1033:Pongo tapanuliensis
813:and given the name
561:), and the illegal
547:habitat destruction
352:Range of the three
320:Pongo tapanuliensis
27:Genus of Asian apes
13344:Tool-using mammals
11850:Victoriapithecidae
11792:Plesiopliopithecus
11730:Platodontopithecus
9547:Alfred the Gorilla
9263:Notable non-human
8985:Great ape language
8943:Tapanuli orangutan
8923:Sumatran orangutan
8206:on 10 January 2014
8200:Save the Orangutan
8049:(5): P761–769.E5.
7140:on 20 January 2009
7081:The New York Times
6856:Scientific Reports
6518:Scientific Reports
6368:10.1007/BF01143062
6196:Scientific Reports
5145:Universität Zürich
5121:. pp. 59–66.
5046:10.1007/BF02557703
4633:Scientific Reports
4562:Orang-utan biology
4539:10.1007/BF02740195
4385:Journal of Anatomy
4356:Orang-utan Biology
4323:Behavioral Ecology
4242:10.1007/BF02447216
3906:10.1002/ajpa.23150
3329:10.1007/BF02337514
3153:. pp. 15–34.
2664:conservation areas
2630:in Borneo and the
2593:
2537:
2532:Deforestation for
2491:Status and threats
2439:Universal City Zoo
2431:Tierpark Hagenbeck
2396:
2349:'s fantasy novels
2270:Planet of the Apes
2233:
2136:
2015:
1945:
1928:Great ape language
1901:
1872:
1689:
1655:
1557:
1460:
1412:
1358:
1223:
1155: (genus
1135: (genus
1029:Tapanuli orangutan
1015:Sumatran orangutan
1003:– east populations
965:Taxonomy of genus
925:molecular evidence
886:
827:in 1827. In 2001,
467:Tapanuli orangutan
459:Sumatran orangutan
334:Pongo weidenreichi
13314:
13313:
13273:Open Tree of Life
13086:Taxon identifiers
13077:
13076:
13073:
13072:
13058:
13057:
13054:
13053:
13050:
13049:
13046:
13045:
13042:
13041:
12807:
12806:
12650:
12649:
12350:
12349:
12337:
12336:
12333:
12332:
12329:
12328:
12301:
12300:
12297:
12296:
11812:
11811:
11808:
11807:
11714:Dionysopithecidae
11616:Propliopithecidae
11510:
11509:
11497:
11496:
11493:
11492:
11489:
11488:
11461:
11460:
10899:
10898:
10895:
10894:
10555:
10554:
10540:
10539:
10536:
10535:
10512:
10511:
10388:
10387:
9818:
9817:
9230:
9229:
9090:Great Ape Project
8933:Bornean orangutan
8787:
8786:
8765:
8764:
8761:
8760:
8757:
8756:
8738:
8699:
8670:Western gorilla (
8661:Eastern gorilla (
8654:
8630:
8629:
8593:
8520:
8352:978-90-481-9248-9
8291:on 3 October 2020
7748:on 3 October 2020
7401:978-0-395-69001-7
7176:978-1-84545-690-0
6758:(1673): 3689–94.
6649:10.1002/ajpa.1045
6415:10.1159/000021756
6330:978-0-521-03193-6
5646:978-0-19-921327-6
4900:978-0-19-921327-6
4830:10.1159/000060415
4627:Dracaena cantleyi
4452:978-0-8133-4064-7
4429:Schwartz, Jeffrey
4365:978-0-19-504371-6
4352:Schwartz, Jeffrey
4189:978-0-87196-871-5
4135:Mammalian Species
3402:978-0-262-16253-1
3178:on 26 March 2009.
2961:978-0-8248-3714-3
2882:978-3-447-05492-8
2829:Harper, Douglas.
2366:Dunston Checks In
2116:Criminal Cassatio
2088:Great Ape Project
2078:Great Ape Project
2048:field observation
1940:
1922:Primate cognition
1762:
1733:
1704:
1582:Strychnos ignatii
1540:Dracaena cantleyi
1484:peat swamp forest
1451:
1362:sexual dimorphism
1286:Early Pleistocene
1211:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1197:
1196:
1188:
1187:
1179:
1178:
1170:
1169:
1045: Hominoidea
985:Bornean orangutan
902:genetic diversity
802:. It was renamed
749:from the region:
451:Bornean orangutan
428:, but during the
399:
398:
394:
387:
380:
373:
265:
135:Bornean orangutan
16:(Redirected from
13366:
13307:
13306:
13294:
13293:
13281:
13280:
13268:
13267:
13255:
13254:
13242:
13241:
13229:
13228:
13216:
13215:
13203:
13202:
13190:
13189:
13177:
13176:
13164:
13163:
13151:
13150:
13141:
13140:
13128:
13127:
13126:
13113:
13112:
13111:
13081:
13080:
13068:
13067:
13030:
13019:
13008:
12998:
12980:
12973:Australopithecus
12970:
12959:
12931:
12930:
12911:
12893:
12825:
12820:
12819:
12795:
12778:
12768:
12758:
12748:
12738:
12728:
12705:
12695:
12685:
12675:
12667:
12666:
12663:
12662:
12638:
12614:
12590:
12510:Dendropithecidae
12508:
12493:
12483:
12473:
12463:
12453:
12443:
12432:
12422:
12412:
12402:
12392:
12384:
12383:
12380:
12379:
12369:
12368:
12356:
12355:
12345:
12307:
12306:
12278:
12261:
12251:
12241:
12231:
12221:
12183:
12173:
12143:
12088:
12087:
12048:
12031:
11993:
11983:
11966:
11956:
11946:
11936:
11926:
11912:Cercopithecoides
11909:
11882:Victoriapithecus
11848:
11833:
11825:
11824:
11819:Cercopithecoidea
11673:
11651:
11650:
11644:
11614:
11577:
11562:
11552:
11544:
11543:
11540:
11539:
11529:
11528:
11516:
11515:
11505:
11467:
11466:
11442:
11363:
11353:
11343:
11333:
11316:
11293:
11283:
11273:
11263:
11246:
11229:
11219:
11209:
11165:
11155:
11145:
11121:
11111:
11101:
11091:
11081:
11057:
11047:
11023:
11000:
10970:
10960:
10950:
10940:
10930:
10920:
10912:
10911:
10822:Proteopithecidae
10796:
10795:
10789:
10723:
10686:
10655:
10639:
10628:
10618:
10608:
10597:
10589:
10588:
10585:
10584:
10574:
10573:
10561:
10560:
10550:
10549:
10499:
10482:
10472:
10432:
10421:
10411:
10403:
10402:
10394:
10393:
9921:
9920:
9911:
9905:
9904:
9892:
9891:
9845:
9838:
9831:
9822:
9821:
9795:Nonja (Malaysia)
9257:
9250:
9243:
9234:
9233:
9220:
9219:
9189:Mythic humanoids
8972:
8947:P. tapanuliensis
8814:
8807:
8800:
8791:
8790:
8777:
8776:
8737:
8734:
8698:
8689:
8688:
8653:
8650:
8641:
8640:
8620:P. tapanuliensis
8592:
8589:
8580:
8579:
8571:
8570:
8518:
8509:
8502:
8495:
8486:
8485:
8448:
8447:
8445:
8443:
8428:
8422:
8421:
8419:
8417:
8401:
8395:
8394:
8392:
8390:
8375:
8369:
8368:
8366:
8364:
8336:
8330:
8329:
8307:
8301:
8300:
8298:
8296:
8281:
8275:
8274:
8272:
8270:
8254:
8248:
8247:
8245:
8243:
8222:
8216:
8215:
8213:
8211:
8192:
8186:
8185:
8183:
8176:
8168:
8162:
8161:
8159:
8157:
8142:
8136:
8135:
8117:
8107:
8083:
8077:
8076:
8058:
8034:
8028:
8027:
8017:
7985:Science Advances
7970:
7964:
7963:
7960:10.5167/uzh-3914
7939:
7933:
7932:
7930:
7928:
7908:
7902:
7901:
7891:
7881:
7849:
7843:
7842:
7832:
7822:
7790:
7784:
7783:
7781:
7779:
7764:
7758:
7757:
7755:
7753:
7737:
7731:
7730:
7728:
7726:
7706:
7700:
7699:
7662:
7656:
7655:
7653:
7651:
7636:
7630:
7629:
7627:
7625:
7609:
7603:
7602:
7600:
7570:
7561:
7560:
7558:
7537:"Pongo pygmaeus"
7532:
7519:
7518:
7516:
7514:
7489:
7478:
7477:
7449:
7443:
7442:
7422:
7412:
7406:
7405:
7388:Houghton Mifflin
7385:
7375:
7369:
7368:
7366:
7364:
7342:
7336:
7335:
7333:
7331:
7322:. Archived from
7312:
7306:
7305:
7281:
7275:
7274:
7272:
7270:
7254:
7248:
7247:
7229:
7202:
7193:
7192:
7190:
7188:
7169:. pp. 6–7.
7156:
7150:
7149:
7147:
7145:
7129:
7123:
7122:
7104:
7098:
7097:
7095:
7093:
7071:
7065:
7064:
7046:
7040:
7039:
7037:
7035:
7019:
7013:
7012:
7005:
6999:
6998:
6996:
6994:
6974:
6968:
6967:
6965:
6963:
6943:
6937:
6936:
6934:
6932:
6904:
6898:
6897:
6887:
6847:
6838:
6837:
6804:(5603): 102–05.
6792:
6786:
6785:
6775:
6743:
6737:
6736:
6704:Animal Cognition
6698:
6692:
6691:
6667:
6661:
6660:
6630:
6621:
6620:
6610:
6600:
6568:
6562:
6561:
6551:
6541:
6509:
6503:
6502:
6500:
6498:
6476:
6470:
6469:
6441:
6435:
6434:
6394:
6388:
6387:
6341:
6335:
6334:
6316:
6310:
6309:
6289:
6283:
6282:
6246:
6240:
6239:
6229:
6219:
6187:
6181:
6180:
6162:
6138:
6132:
6131:
6121:
6111:
6094:(11): eaau3401.
6088:Science Advances
6079:
6073:
6072:
6062:
6052:
6018:
6012:
6011:
5975:
5969:
5968:
5948:
5942:
5941:
5909:
5903:
5902:
5892:
5858:
5852:
5851:
5849:
5847:
5827:
5821:
5820:
5793:Saimiri Sciureus
5784:
5778:
5777:
5775:
5773:
5755:
5731:
5725:
5724:
5714:
5704:
5672:
5663:
5662:
5660:
5658:
5628:
5619:
5618:
5608:
5598:
5566:
5560:
5559:
5549:
5517:
5511:
5510:
5500:
5468:
5462:
5461:
5445:
5439:
5438:
5426:
5415:
5409:
5408:
5389:10.1002/ajp.1051
5368:
5362:
5361:
5351:
5341:
5332:(1678): 105–13.
5317:
5306:
5305:
5271:
5265:
5264:
5254:
5244:
5216:
5210:
5209:
5199:
5167:
5161:
5160:
5158:
5156:
5137:
5131:
5130:
5110:
5101:
5100:
5077:Animal Behaviour
5072:
5066:
5065:
5027:
5021:
5020:
5000:
4990:
4981:
4980:
4946:
4935:
4934:
4922:
4911:
4905:
4904:
4885:
4879:
4878:
4856:
4850:
4849:
4811:
4802:
4801:
4784:(6): 1098–1109.
4777:Animal Behaviour
4771:
4762:
4761:
4727:
4721:
4720:
4683:
4677:
4676:
4666:
4656:
4639:(16653): 16653.
4616:
4610:
4609:
4593:
4582:
4576:
4575:
4557:
4551:
4550:
4522:
4509:
4508:
4498:
4466:
4457:
4456:
4425:
4419:
4418:
4408:
4376:
4370:
4369:
4347:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4310:
4299:
4298:
4260:
4254:
4253:
4225:
4219:
4218:
4200:
4194:
4193:
4169:
4156:
4155:
4129:
4114:
4113:
4073:
4067:
4066:
4031:
4022:
4021:
4005:
3999:
3998:
3969:
3963:
3962:
3928:
3919:
3918:
3908:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3863:
3853:
3821:
3815:
3814:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3737:. Archived from
3728:
3700:
3691:
3682:
3681:
3659:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3609:
3598:
3597:
3587:
3562:(7331): 529–33.
3544:
3538:
3537:
3531:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3513:
3480:
3471:
3465:
3464:
3454:
3444:
3420:
3407:
3406:
3384:
3349:
3348:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3253:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3194:Etymology Online
3186:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3171:. Archived from
3144:
3136:Groves, Colin P.
3132:
3126:
3125:
3102:Cultural Studies
3097:
3088:
3087:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3009:
2998:Alpha Dictionary
2990:
2984:
2983:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2943:
2906:
2905:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2864:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2797:
2773:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2747:
2740:
2713:Orangutan Island
2686:
2681:
2680:
2666:for orangutans.
2519:Leuser Ecosystem
2394:
2391:
2241:The Orang Outang
2186:, and unnatural
2096:Buenos Aires Zoo
2056:vine leaves and
1941:
1876:sexual swellings
1853:force copulation
1829:
1817:
1795:blow raspberries
1764:
1763:
1735:
1734:
1706:
1705:
1686:
1547:Diet and feeding
1522:Balantidium coli
1500:clouded leopards
1488:secondary forest
1476:secondary forest
1452:
1338:P. weidenreichi,
1318:P. pygmaeus
1313:P. hooijeri
1217:Fossil skull of
1126:
1125:
1099:
1098:
1073:
1072:
1050:
1049:
1042:
1041:
962:
961:
910:genetic diseases
898:P. pygmaeus
850:P. tapanuliensis
800:Homo troglodytes
633:Malayic language
615:Kakawin Ramayana
557:cultivation and
471:P. tapanuliensis
392:
385:
378:
371:
347:
260:
156:
155:
129:
119:
49:
45:Temporal range:
39:
38:
21:
13374:
13373:
13369:
13368:
13367:
13365:
13364:
13363:
13319:
13318:
13315:
13310:
13302:
13297:
13289:
13284:
13276:
13271:
13263:
13258:
13250:
13245:
13237:
13232:
13224:
13219:
13211:
13206:
13198:
13193:
13185:
13180:
13172:
13167:
13159:
13154:
13146:
13144:
13136:
13131:
13122:
13121:
13116:
13107:
13106:
13101:
13088:
13078:
13069:
13062:
13038:
12944:
12920:
12896:Chororapithecus
12878:
12865:Pierolapithecus
12857:Hispanopithecus
12816:
12803:
12741:Gigantopithecus
12713:
12659:
12646:
12641:Yuanmoupithecus
12575:
12570:Turkanapithecus
12501:
12496:Samburupithecus
12466:Nacholapithecus
12376:
12363:
12346:
12325:
12293:
12264:Procynocephalus
12151:
12083:Cercopithecinae
12077:
11929:Dolichopithecus
11894:
11866:Nsungwepithecus
11841:
11821:
11804:
11757:Barberapithecus
11735:
11723:Dionysopithecus
11708:
11696:Epipliopithecus
11681:
11659:Krishnapithecus
11646:Pliopithecoidea
11637:
11632:Propliopithecus
11625:Aegyptopithecus
11607:
11579:Oligopithecidae
11570:
11536:
11523:
11506:
11485:
11457:
11385:
11301:
11173:
11148:Proteropithecia
11008:
10978:
10908:
10891:
10886:Ucayalipithecus
10843:
10816:
10791:Parapithecoidea
10782:
10763:Myanmarpithecus
10725:Amphipithecidae
10716:
10711:Phenacopithecus
10679:
10648:
10581:
10568:
10551:
10544:
10532:
10508:
10443:
10384:
10350:
10160:
10040:Anaptomorphinae
10033:
9957:
9917:
9899:
9886:
9854:
9849:
9819:
9814:
9790:Nonja (Austria)
9721:
9592:Guy the Gorilla
9533:
9325:
9297:
9296:
9267:
9261:
9231:
9226:
9208:
9179:Human evolution
9109:
9066:
9059:
8995:Birutė Galdikas
8973:
8964:
8904:Western gorilla
8894:Eastern gorilla
8830:
8823:
8818:
8788:
8783:
8753:
8735:
8733:
8723:
8697:
8678:
8651:
8649:
8626:
8590:
8588:
8560:
8522:
8513:
8456:
8451:
8441:
8439:
8429:
8425:
8415:
8413:
8402:
8398:
8388:
8386:
8377:
8376:
8372:
8362:
8360:
8353:
8337:
8333:
8326:
8318:. p. 127.
8308:
8304:
8294:
8292:
8283:
8282:
8278:
8268:
8266:
8255:
8251:
8241:
8239:
8224:
8223:
8219:
8209:
8207:
8194:
8193:
8189:
8181:
8174:
8170:
8169:
8165:
8155:
8153:
8144:
8143:
8139:
8092:Current Biology
8084:
8080:
8043:Current Biology
8035:
8031:
7992:(3): e1500789.
7971:
7967:
7940:
7936:
7926:
7924:
7909:
7905:
7850:
7846:
7791:
7787:
7777:
7775:
7766:
7765:
7761:
7751:
7749:
7738:
7734:
7724:
7722:
7709:Hays, Jeffrey.
7707:
7703:
7663:
7659:
7649:
7647:
7638:
7637:
7633:
7623:
7621:
7620:on 29 June 2020
7610:
7606:
7571:
7564:
7533:
7522:
7512:
7510:
7490:
7481:
7466:
7450:
7446:
7439:
7413:
7409:
7402:
7376:
7372:
7362:
7360:
7343:
7339:
7329:
7327:
7326:on 3 March 2010
7316:"Animal Actors"
7314:
7313:
7309:
7282:
7278:
7268:
7266:
7255:
7251:
7203:
7196:
7186:
7184:
7177:
7157:
7153:
7143:
7141:
7130:
7126:
7119:
7105:
7101:
7091:
7089:
7072:
7068:
7061:
7047:
7043:
7033:
7031:
7020:
7016:
7007:
7006:
7002:
6992:
6990:
6975:
6971:
6961:
6959:
6944:
6940:
6930:
6928:
6905:
6901:
6848:
6841:
6793:
6789:
6744:
6740:
6699:
6695:
6668:
6664:
6631:
6624:
6583:(18): 6873–77.
6569:
6565:
6510:
6506:
6496:
6494:
6477:
6473:
6442:
6438:
6395:
6391:
6342:
6338:
6331:
6317:
6313:
6290:
6286:
6247:
6243:
6188:
6184:
6153:(13): 1106–11.
6147:Current Biology
6139:
6135:
6080:
6076:
6019:
6015:
5976:
5972:
5949:
5945:
5910:
5906:
5868:Biology Letters
5859:
5855:
5845:
5843:
5828:
5824:
5785:
5781:
5771:
5769:
5732:
5728:
5673:
5666:
5656:
5654:
5647:
5629:
5622:
5581:(5): e1601517.
5567:
5563:
5518:
5514:
5483:(11): 1549–62.
5469:
5465:
5446:
5442:
5435:
5416:
5412:
5369:
5365:
5318:
5309:
5272:
5268:
5217:
5213:
5176:Biology Letters
5168:
5164:
5154:
5152:
5139:
5138:
5134:
5111:
5104:
5073:
5069:
5028:
5024:
5017:
4991:
4984:
4947:
4938:
4931:
4912:
4908:
4901:
4886:
4882:
4875:
4857:
4853:
4812:
4805:
4772:
4765:
4728:
4724:
4684:
4680:
4617:
4613:
4606:
4583:
4579:
4572:
4558:
4554:
4523:
4512:
4467:
4460:
4453:
4426:
4422:
4377:
4373:
4366:
4348:
4344:
4311:
4302:
4261:
4257:
4230:Human Evolution
4226:
4222:
4215:
4201:
4197:
4190:
4170:
4159:
4144:10.2307/3503852
4130:
4117:
4074:
4070:
4032:
4025:
4006:
4002:
3970:
3966:
3929:
3922:
3899:(S63): 153–77.
3881:
3877:
3822:
3818:
3803:
3780:
3776:
3766:
3764:
3763:on 23 July 2018
3753:
3749:
3744:on 10 May 2012.
3741:
3698:
3692:
3685:
3678:
3660:
3645:
3635:
3633:
3610:
3601:
3545:
3541:
3525:
3524:
3517:
3515:
3511:
3478:
3472:
3468:
3429:Current Biology
3421:
3410:
3403:
3385:
3352:
3303:
3299:
3279:
3275:
3265:
3263:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3233:
3231:
3224:Merriam-Webster
3218:
3217:
3213:
3203:
3201:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3175:
3169:
3142:
3133:
3129:
3098:
3091:
3063:American Speech
3058:
3054:
3021:
3017:
3007:
3005:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2973:
2969:
2962:
2944:
2909:
2894:
2890:
2883:
2865:
2854:
2844:
2842:
2827:
2823:
2813:
2811:
2774:
2765:
2755:
2753:
2745:"orangutan, n."
2742:
2741:
2734:
2730:
2684:Primates portal
2682:
2675:
2672:
2589:Bukit Tigapuluh
2581:
2553:tropical forest
2499:
2493:
2488:
2400:Exeter Exchange
2392:
2375:
2347:Terry Pratchett
2323:The Jungle Book
2304:Edgar Allan Poe
2279:media franchise
2218:
2212:
2200:Leakey's Angels
2132:Birutė Galdikas
2124:
2084:
2072:Main articles:
2070:
2019:Birutė Galdikas
2003:
1995:US National Zoo
1932:
1930:
1924:
1918:
1893:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1822:
1821:
1818:
1807:
1790:
1789:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1765:
1758:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1736:
1729:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1707:
1700:
1697:
1690:
1684:
1679:
1671:Social grooming
1647:
1549:
1442:
1440:
1428:knuckle-walkers
1416:opposable thumb
1350:
1348:Characteristics
1295:P. weidenreichi
1274:Gigantopithecus
1228:
1207:
1198:
1189:
1180:
1171:
791:Systema Naturae
788:in 1758 in the
782:
776:
648:Jacobus Bontius
579:
524:Birutė Galdikas
388:
381:
374:
337:
330:
323:
317:
311:
295:
282:
259:
150:
137:
120:
118:
117:
116:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
47:
46:
43:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
13372:
13362:
13361:
13356:
13351:
13346:
13341:
13336:
13331:
13312:
13311:
13309:
13308:
13295:
13282:
13269:
13256:
13243:
13230:
13217:
13204:
13191:
13178:
13165:
13152:
13142:
13129:
13114:
13098:
13096:
13090:
13089:
13075:
13074:
13071:
13070:
13061:
13059:
13056:
13055:
13052:
13051:
13048:
13047:
13044:
13043:
13040:
13039:
13037:
13036:
13026:
13022:Sahelanthropus
13015:
13004:
12994:
12987:
12983:Graecopithecus
12976:
12966:
12954:
12952:
12946:
12945:
12943:
12942:
12934:
12928:
12922:
12921:
12919:
12918:
12914:Nakalipithecus
12907:
12900:
12888:
12886:
12880:
12879:
12877:
12876:
12869:
12861:
12853:
12846:
12839:
12831:
12829:
12817:
12812:
12809:
12808:
12805:
12804:
12802:
12801:
12791:
12784:
12774:
12771:Lufengpithecus
12764:
12761:Khoratpithecus
12754:
12744:
12734:
12731:Ankarapithecus
12723:
12721:
12715:
12714:
12712:
12711:
12708:Ouranopithecus
12701:
12698:Nakalipithecus
12691:
12688:Graecopithecus
12681:
12670:
12660:
12655:
12652:
12651:
12648:
12647:
12645:
12644:
12634:
12627:
12620:
12610:
12603:
12596:
12585:
12583:
12577:
12576:
12574:
12573:
12566:
12559:
12552:
12549:Rangwapithecus
12545:
12537:
12534:Nyanzapithecus
12530:
12522:
12519:Dendropithecus
12514:
12512:
12503:
12502:
12500:
12499:
12489:
12479:
12469:
12459:
12456:Morotopithecus
12449:
12439:
12435:Kamoyapithecus
12428:
12425:Griphopithecus
12418:
12408:
12398:
12387:
12377:
12372:
12365:
12364:
12352:
12351:
12348:
12347:
12340:
12338:
12335:
12334:
12331:
12330:
12327:
12326:
12324:
12323:
12322:
12321:
12315:
12313:
12303:
12302:
12299:
12298:
12295:
12294:
12292:
12291:
12284:
12281:Soromandrillus
12274:
12267:
12257:
12247:
12237:
12227:
12217:
12210:
12203:
12196:
12189:
12179:
12169:
12161:
12159:
12153:
12152:
12150:
12149:
12139:
12132:
12125:
12118:
12111:
12104:
12101:Allenopithecus
12096:
12094:
12092:Cercopithecini
12085:
12079:
12078:
12076:
12075:
12072:Trachypithecus
12068:
12061:
12054:
12044:
12037:
12027:
12020:
12013:
12006:
11999:
11989:
11979:
11972:
11962:
11952:
11942:
11932:
11922:
11915:
11904:
11902:
11896:
11895:
11893:
11892:
11889:Zaltanpithecus
11885:
11878:
11870:
11862:
11854:
11852:
11843:
11842:
11840:
11839:
11828:
11822:
11817:
11814:
11813:
11810:
11809:
11806:
11805:
11803:
11802:
11795:
11788:
11781:
11774:
11767:
11760:
11753:
11745:
11743:
11737:
11736:
11734:
11733:
11726:
11718:
11716:
11710:
11709:
11707:
11706:
11699:
11691:
11689:
11687:Pliopithecidae
11683:
11682:
11680:
11679:
11669:
11662:
11654:
11648:
11639:
11638:
11636:
11635:
11628:
11620:
11618:
11609:
11608:
11606:
11605:
11598:
11591:
11583:
11581:
11572:
11571:
11569:
11568:
11558:
11547:
11537:
11532:
11525:
11524:
11512:
11511:
11508:
11507:
11500:
11498:
11495:
11494:
11491:
11490:
11487:
11486:
11484:
11483:
11482:
11481:
11475:
11473:
11463:
11462:
11459:
11458:
11456:
11455:
11448:
11438:
11431:
11428:Leontopithecus
11424:
11417:
11410:
11403:
11395:
11393:
11391:Callitrichidae
11387:
11386:
11384:
11383:
11376:
11369:
11359:
11349:
11339:
11329:
11322:
11311:
11309:
11303:
11302:
11300:
11299:
11289:
11279:
11269:
11259:
11252:
11242:
11235:
11225:
11215:
11205:
11198:
11191:
11183:
11181:
11175:
11174:
11172:
11171:
11161:
11151:
11141:
11134:
11127:
11117:
11107:
11097:
11087:
11077:
11070:
11063:
11053:
11043:
11036:
11029:
11018:
11016:
11010:
11009:
11007:
11006:
10996:
10988:
10986:
10980:
10979:
10977:
10976:
10966:
10956:
10946:
10936:
10926:
10915:
10909:
10904:
10901:
10900:
10897:
10896:
10893:
10892:
10890:
10889:
10882:
10875:
10868:
10861:
10853:
10851:
10849:Parapithecidae
10845:
10844:
10842:
10841:
10834:
10831:Proteopithecus
10826:
10824:
10818:
10817:
10815:
10814:
10807:
10799:
10793:
10784:
10783:
10781:
10780:
10773:
10766:
10759:
10752:
10745:
10737:
10729:
10727:
10718:
10717:
10715:
10714:
10707:
10700:
10692:
10690:
10681:
10680:
10678:
10677:
10670:
10662:
10660:
10650:
10649:
10647:
10646:
10635:
10624:
10614:
10604:
10592:
10582:
10577:
10570:
10569:
10557:
10556:
10553:
10552:
10543:
10541:
10538:
10537:
10534:
10533:
10531:
10530:
10529:
10528:
10522:
10520:
10514:
10513:
10510:
10509:
10507:
10506:
10495:
10488:
10478:
10475:Hesperotarsius
10468:
10461:
10453:
10451:
10445:
10444:
10442:
10441:
10428:
10417:
10406:
10400:
10390:
10389:
10386:
10385:
10383:
10382:
10375:
10368:
10360:
10358:
10352:
10351:
10349:
10348:
10341:
10334:
10327:
10320:
10313:
10306:
10299:
10292:
10285:
10278:
10271:
10264:
10257:
10250:
10243:
10236:
10233:Gunnelltarsius
10229:
10222:
10215:
10208:
10201:
10194:
10187:
10180:
10172:
10170:
10162:
10161:
10159:
10158:
10151:
10144:
10137:
10130:
10123:
10116:
10109:
10102:
10099:Pseudotetonius
10095:
10088:
10081:
10074:
10067:
10060:
10053:
10045:
10043:
10035:
10034:
10032:
10031:
10024:
10017:
10010:
10003:
9996:
9989:
9982:
9975:
9967:
9965:
9963:Microchoerinae
9959:
9958:
9956:
9955:
9948:
9941:
9933:
9924:
9918:
9908:
9901:
9900:
9888:
9887:
9885:
9884:
9878:
9872:
9866:
9859:
9856:
9855:
9848:
9847:
9840:
9833:
9825:
9816:
9815:
9813:
9812:
9807:
9802:
9797:
9792:
9787:
9782:
9777:
9772:
9767:
9762:
9757:
9752:
9747:
9742:
9737:
9731:
9729:
9723:
9722:
9720:
9719:
9714:
9709:
9704:
9699:
9694:
9689:
9684:
9679:
9674:
9669:
9664:
9659:
9654:
9649:
9644:
9639:
9634:
9629:
9624:
9619:
9614:
9609:
9604:
9599:
9594:
9589:
9584:
9579:
9574:
9569:
9564:
9559:
9554:
9549:
9543:
9541:
9535:
9534:
9532:
9531:
9526:
9521:
9516:
9511:
9506:
9501:
9496:
9491:
9486:
9481:
9476:
9471:
9466:
9461:
9459:Marquis Chimps
9456:
9451:
9446:
9441:
9436:
9431:
9426:
9421:
9416:
9411:
9406:
9401:
9396:
9391:
9386:
9381:
9376:
9371:
9366:
9361:
9359:Pierre Brassau
9356:
9351:
9346:
9341:
9335:
9333:
9327:
9326:
9324:
9323:
9318:
9313:
9307:
9305:
9299:
9298:
9295:
9294:
9289:
9284:
9279:
9273:
9272:
9269:
9268:
9260:
9259:
9252:
9245:
9237:
9228:
9227:
9225:
9224:
9213:
9210:
9209:
9207:
9206:
9201:
9196:
9191:
9186:
9181:
9176:
9171:
9165:
9160:
9155:
9150:
9145:
9140:
9135:
9129:
9123:
9117:
9115:
9111:
9110:
9108:
9107:
9102:
9097:
9092:
9087:
9082:
9077:
9071:
9069:
9061:
9060:
9058:
9057:
9052:
9047:
9042:
9037:
9032:
9027:
9022:
9017:
9012:
9007:
9002:
8997:
8992:
8987:
8981:
8979:
8975:
8974:
8967:
8965:
8963:
8962:
8961:: Hylobatidae)
8952:
8951:
8950:
8940:
8930:
8913:
8912:
8911:
8901:
8884:
8883:
8882:
8879:P. troglodytes
8872:
8855:
8854:
8853:
8835:
8833:
8825:
8824:
8817:
8816:
8809:
8802:
8794:
8785:
8784:
8782:
8781:
8770:
8767:
8766:
8763:
8762:
8759:
8758:
8755:
8754:
8752:
8751:
8741:
8739:
8725:
8724:
8722:
8721:
8717:P. troglodytes
8712:
8702:
8700:
8686:
8680:
8679:
8677:
8676:
8667:
8657:
8655:
8638:
8632:
8631:
8628:
8627:
8625:
8624:
8615:
8606:
8596:
8594:
8577:
8568:
8562:
8561:
8559:
8558:
8552:
8546:
8540:
8534:
8527:
8524:
8523:
8512:
8511:
8504:
8497:
8489:
8483:
8482:
8477:
8472:
8467:
8462:
8455:
8454:External links
8452:
8450:
8449:
8423:
8396:
8370:
8351:
8331:
8325:978-0429576638
8324:
8302:
8276:
8249:
8217:
8187:
8163:
8146:"Willie Smits"
8137:
8078:
8029:
7965:
7934:
7903:
7864:(10): e75373.
7844:
7805:(11): e27491.
7785:
7759:
7732:
7701:
7657:
7631:
7604:
7562:
7520:
7479:
7464:
7444:
7437:
7407:
7400:
7370:
7337:
7307:
7276:
7265:on 7 June 2020
7249:
7206:van Wyhe, John
7194:
7175:
7167:Berghahn Books
7151:
7124:
7118:978-0816041305
7117:
7099:
7066:
7060:978-9042004344
7059:
7041:
7014:
7000:
6969:
6938:
6899:
6839:
6787:
6738:
6711:(2): 189–202.
6693:
6662:
6643:(4): 331–342.
6622:
6563:
6504:
6471:
6436:
6399:Pongo pygmaeus
6389:
6336:
6329:
6311:
6284:
6241:
6182:
6133:
6074:
6013:
5970:
5943:
5914:Pongo pygmaeus
5904:
5853:
5822:
5789:Pongo Pygmaeus
5779:
5726:
5687:(1): e116136.
5664:
5645:
5620:
5561:
5512:
5463:
5440:
5434:978-0199213276
5433:
5410:
5363:
5307:
5266:
5235:(3): 393–416.
5211:
5162:
5132:
5102:
5067:
5022:
5016:978-0521039925
5015:
4982:
4951:Pongo pygmaeus
4936:
4930:978-0199213276
4929:
4906:
4899:
4880:
4874:978-0845134030
4873:
4851:
4803:
4763:
4750:10.1086/410942
4722:
4695:(6): 365–375.
4678:
4623:Pongo pygmaeus
4611:
4605:978-0199213276
4604:
4577:
4571:978-0195043716
4570:
4552:
4510:
4458:
4451:
4439:Westview Press
4420:
4371:
4364:
4342:
4300:
4255:
4220:
4213:
4195:
4188:
4157:
4115:
4068:
4023:
4000:
3964:
3920:
3875:
3816:
3801:
3774:
3747:
3683:
3677:978-0792357551
3676:
3643:
3599:
3539:
3466:
3408:
3401:
3350:
3297:
3273:
3241:
3211:
3181:
3168:978-0521792813
3167:
3127:
3089:
3076:10.2307/455451
3052:
3015:
2985:
2967:
2960:
2907:
2888:
2881:
2852:
2821:
2763:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2716:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2671:
2668:
2660:sustainability
2580:
2577:
2515:Sabangau River
2495:Main article:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2416:Charles Darwin
2374:
2371:
2359:'s 2004 novel
2249:'s 1817 novel
2214:Main article:
2211:
2208:
2190:. Along with
2164:Tanjung Puting
2123:
2120:
2069:
2066:
2062:primatologists
2025:Primatologist
2002:
1999:
1976:self-awareness
1917:
1914:
1892:
1889:
1831:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1780:
1766:
1756:
1751:
1750:
1737:
1727:
1722:
1721:
1708:
1698:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1646:
1643:
1639:phenolic acids
1548:
1545:
1535:S. stercoralis
1531:S. fuelleborni
1529:, the species
1439:
1436:
1393:sagittal crest
1349:
1346:
1322:P. abelii
1304:Giganopithecus
1267:Khoratpithecus
1245:Lufengpithecus
1227:
1224:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1129:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1053:
1048:
1046:
1040:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1026:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1004:
998:
989:Pongo pygmaeus
973:
972:
969:
906:P. abelii
837:P. p. pygmaeus
775:
772:
733:used the term
578:
575:
571:rehabilitation
434:Southeast Asia
408:native to the
397:
396:
386:Billberg, 1828
364:
363:
357:
356:
354:extant species
349:
348:
340:
339:
327:Pongo hooijeri
308:Pongo pygmaeus
302:
301:
297:
296:
283:
279:Pongo pygmaeus
274:
273:
267:
266:
252:
248:
247:
242:
238:
237:
232:
228:
227:
222:
218:
217:
212:
208:
207:
202:
198:
197:
192:
188:
187:
182:
178:
177:
172:
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
144:
143:
140:Pongo pygmaeus
131:
130:
122:
121:
113:
112:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
44:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
13371:
13360:
13357:
13355:
13352:
13350:
13347:
13345:
13342:
13340:
13337:
13335:
13332:
13330:
13327:
13326:
13324:
13317:
13305:
13300:
13296:
13292:
13287:
13283:
13279:
13274:
13270:
13266:
13261:
13257:
13253:
13248:
13244:
13240:
13235:
13231:
13227:
13222:
13218:
13214:
13209:
13205:
13201:
13196:
13192:
13188:
13183:
13179:
13175:
13170:
13166:
13162:
13157:
13153:
13149:
13143:
13139:
13134:
13130:
13125:
13119:
13115:
13110:
13104:
13100:
13099:
13097:
13095:
13091:
13087:
13082:
13066:
13035:
13034:
13027:
13024:
13023:
13016:
13013:
13012:
13005:
13003:
13002:
13001:Kenyanthropus
12995:
12993:
12992:
12988:
12985:
12984:
12977:
12975:
12974:
12967:
12964:
12963:
12956:
12955:
12953:
12951:
12947:
12941:
12940:
12936:
12935:
12932:
12929:
12927:
12923:
12916:
12915:
12908:
12906:
12905:
12901:
12898:
12897:
12890:
12889:
12887:
12885:
12881:
12875:
12874:
12870:
12867:
12866:
12862:
12859:
12858:
12854:
12852:
12851:
12847:
12845:
12844:
12840:
12838:
12837:
12836:Anoiapithecus
12833:
12832:
12830:
12828:
12827:Dryopithecini
12821:
12818:
12815:
12810:
12800:
12799:
12792:
12790:
12789:
12785:
12783:
12782:
12775:
12773:
12772:
12765:
12763:
12762:
12755:
12753:
12752:
12745:
12743:
12742:
12735:
12733:
12732:
12725:
12724:
12722:
12720:
12716:
12710:
12709:
12702:
12700:
12699:
12692:
12690:
12689:
12682:
12680:
12679:
12672:
12671:
12668:
12664:
12661:
12658:
12653:
12643:
12642:
12635:
12633:
12632:
12628:
12626:
12625:
12621:
12619:
12618:
12611:
12609:
12608:
12604:
12602:
12601:
12597:
12595:
12594:
12587:
12586:
12584:
12582:
12578:
12572:
12571:
12567:
12565:
12564:
12560:
12558:
12557:
12556:Rukwapithecus
12553:
12551:
12550:
12546:
12543:
12542:
12538:
12536:
12535:
12531:
12528:
12527:
12526:Micropithecus
12523:
12521:
12520:
12516:
12515:
12513:
12511:
12504:
12498:
12497:
12490:
12488:
12487:
12480:
12478:
12477:
12476:Otavipithecus
12470:
12468:
12467:
12460:
12458:
12457:
12450:
12448:
12447:
12446:Kenyapithecus
12440:
12437:
12436:
12429:
12427:
12426:
12419:
12417:
12416:
12409:
12407:
12406:
12399:
12397:
12396:
12389:
12388:
12385:
12381:
12378:
12375:
12370:
12366:
12362:
12357:
12353:
12344:
12319:
12318:
12317:
12316:
12314:
12312:
12308:
12304:
12290:
12289:
12288:Theropithecus
12285:
12283:
12282:
12275:
12273:
12272:
12268:
12266:
12265:
12258:
12256:
12255:
12254:Procercocebus
12248:
12246:
12245:
12238:
12236:
12235:
12228:
12226:
12225:
12218:
12216:
12215:
12211:
12209:
12208:
12204:
12202:
12201:
12197:
12195:
12194:
12190:
12188:
12187:
12186:Gorgopithecus
12180:
12178:
12177:
12170:
12168:
12167:
12163:
12162:
12160:
12158:
12154:
12148:
12147:
12140:
12138:
12137:
12133:
12131:
12130:
12126:
12124:
12123:
12119:
12117:
12116:
12115:Cercopithecus
12112:
12110:
12109:
12108:Allochrocebus
12105:
12103:
12102:
12098:
12097:
12095:
12093:
12089:
12086:
12084:
12080:
12074:
12073:
12069:
12067:
12066:
12062:
12060:
12059:
12058:Semnopithecus
12055:
12053:
12052:
12045:
12043:
12042:
12041:Rhinopithecus
12038:
12036:
12035:
12028:
12026:
12025:
12021:
12019:
12018:
12014:
12012:
12011:
12007:
12005:
12004:
12000:
11998:
11997:
11996:Parapresbytis
11990:
11988:
11987:
11980:
11978:
11977:
11973:
11971:
11970:
11963:
11961:
11960:
11953:
11951:
11950:
11943:
11941:
11940:
11939:Kuseracolobus
11933:
11931:
11930:
11923:
11921:
11920:
11916:
11914:
11913:
11906:
11905:
11903:
11901:
11897:
11891:
11890:
11886:
11884:
11883:
11879:
11876:
11875:
11871:
11868:
11867:
11863:
11861:
11860:
11856:
11855:
11853:
11851:
11844:
11838:
11837:
11830:
11829:
11826:
11823:
11820:
11815:
11801:
11800:
11796:
11794:
11793:
11789:
11787:
11786:
11785:Laccopithecus
11782:
11780:
11779:
11775:
11773:
11772:
11771:Egarapithecus
11768:
11766:
11765:
11761:
11759:
11758:
11754:
11752:
11751:
11747:
11746:
11744:
11742:
11738:
11732:
11731:
11727:
11725:
11724:
11720:
11719:
11717:
11715:
11711:
11705:
11704:
11700:
11698:
11697:
11693:
11692:
11690:
11688:
11684:
11678:
11677:
11670:
11668:
11667:
11663:
11661:
11660:
11656:
11655:
11652:
11649:
11647:
11640:
11634:
11633:
11629:
11627:
11626:
11622:
11621:
11619:
11617:
11610:
11604:
11603:
11602:Talahpithecus
11599:
11597:
11596:
11595:Oligopithecus
11592:
11590:
11589:
11585:
11584:
11582:
11580:
11573:
11567:
11566:
11559:
11557:
11556:
11555:Micropithecus
11549:
11548:
11545:
11541:
11538:
11535:
11530:
11526:
11522:
11517:
11513:
11504:
11479:
11478:
11477:
11476:
11474:
11472:
11468:
11464:
11454:
11453:
11449:
11447:
11446:
11439:
11437:
11436:
11432:
11430:
11429:
11425:
11423:
11422:
11418:
11416:
11415:
11411:
11409:
11408:
11404:
11402:
11401:
11397:
11396:
11394:
11392:
11388:
11382:
11381:
11377:
11375:
11374:
11370:
11368:
11367:
11360:
11358:
11357:
11350:
11348:
11347:
11340:
11338:
11337:
11330:
11328:
11327:
11323:
11321:
11320:
11313:
11312:
11310:
11308:
11304:
11298:
11297:
11290:
11288:
11287:
11280:
11278:
11277:
11276:Protopithecus
11270:
11268:
11267:
11260:
11258:
11257:
11253:
11251:
11250:
11243:
11241:
11240:
11236:
11234:
11233:
11226:
11224:
11223:
11216:
11214:
11213:
11206:
11204:
11203:
11199:
11197:
11196:
11192:
11190:
11189:
11185:
11184:
11182:
11180:
11176:
11170:
11169:
11162:
11160:
11159:
11152:
11150:
11149:
11142:
11140:
11139:
11138:Plecturocebus
11135:
11133:
11132:
11128:
11126:
11125:
11118:
11116:
11115:
11114:Miocallicebus
11108:
11106:
11105:
11098:
11096:
11095:
11088:
11086:
11085:
11078:
11076:
11075:
11071:
11069:
11068:
11064:
11062:
11061:
11054:
11052:
11051:
11044:
11042:
11041:
11037:
11035:
11034:
11030:
11028:
11027:
11020:
11019:
11017:
11015:
11011:
11005:
11004:
10997:
10995:
10994:
10990:
10989:
10987:
10985:
10981:
10975:
10974:
10967:
10965:
10964:
10957:
10955:
10954:
10947:
10945:
10944:
10937:
10935:
10934:
10927:
10925:
10924:
10917:
10916:
10913:
10910:
10907:
10902:
10888:
10887:
10883:
10881:
10880:
10876:
10874:
10873:
10869:
10867:
10866:
10862:
10860:
10859:
10855:
10854:
10852:
10850:
10846:
10840:
10839:
10835:
10833:
10832:
10828:
10827:
10825:
10823:
10819:
10813:
10812:
10808:
10806:
10805:
10801:
10800:
10797:
10794:
10792:
10785:
10779:
10778:
10777:Siamopithecus
10774:
10772:
10771:
10767:
10765:
10764:
10760:
10758:
10757:
10753:
10751:
10750:
10746:
10743:
10742:
10741:Bugtipithecus
10738:
10736:
10735:
10734:Amphipithecus
10731:
10730:
10728:
10726:
10719:
10713:
10712:
10708:
10706:
10705:
10701:
10699:
10698:
10694:
10693:
10691:
10689:
10682:
10676:
10675:
10671:
10669:
10668:
10664:
10663:
10661:
10658:
10657:Afrotarsiidae
10651:
10644:
10643:
10636:
10633:
10632:
10625:
10623:
10622:
10621:Aseanpithecus
10615:
10613:
10612:
10605:
10602:
10601:
10594:
10593:
10590:
10586:
10583:
10580:
10575:
10571:
10567:
10562:
10558:
10548:
10526:
10525:
10524:
10523:
10521:
10519:
10515:
10504:
10503:
10496:
10494:
10493:
10489:
10487:
10486:
10479:
10477:
10476:
10469:
10467:
10466:
10465:Cephalopachus
10462:
10460:
10459:
10455:
10454:
10452:
10450:
10446:
10439:
10437:
10429:
10426:
10425:
10424:Afrotarsiidae
10418:
10416:
10415:
10408:
10407:
10404:
10401:
10399:
10395:
10391:
10381:
10380:
10376:
10374:
10373:
10369:
10367:
10366:
10362:
10361:
10359:
10357:
10356:Tarkadectinae
10353:
10347:
10346:
10342:
10340:
10339:
10335:
10333:
10332:
10328:
10326:
10325:
10321:
10319:
10318:
10314:
10312:
10311:
10307:
10305:
10304:
10300:
10298:
10297:
10293:
10291:
10290:
10286:
10284:
10283:
10279:
10277:
10276:
10272:
10270:
10269:
10265:
10263:
10262:
10258:
10256:
10255:
10251:
10249:
10248:
10244:
10242:
10241:
10237:
10235:
10234:
10230:
10228:
10227:
10226:Ekwiiyemakius
10223:
10221:
10220:
10216:
10214:
10213:
10209:
10207:
10206:
10202:
10200:
10199:
10195:
10193:
10192:
10188:
10186:
10185:
10181:
10179:
10178:
10177:Ageitodendron
10174:
10173:
10171:
10168:
10163:
10157:
10156:
10152:
10150:
10149:
10145:
10143:
10142:
10138:
10136:
10135:
10131:
10129:
10128:
10124:
10122:
10121:
10117:
10115:
10114:
10110:
10108:
10107:
10103:
10101:
10100:
10096:
10094:
10093:
10089:
10087:
10086:
10082:
10080:
10079:
10075:
10073:
10072:
10068:
10066:
10065:
10061:
10059:
10058:
10057:Anaptomorphus
10054:
10052:
10051:
10047:
10046:
10044:
10041:
10036:
10030:
10029:
10025:
10023:
10022:
10018:
10016:
10015:
10011:
10009:
10008:
10004:
10002:
10001:
9997:
9995:
9994:
9990:
9988:
9987:
9983:
9981:
9980:
9976:
9974:
9973:
9969:
9968:
9966:
9964:
9960:
9954:
9953:
9949:
9947:
9946:
9942:
9939:
9938:
9934:
9931:
9930:
9926:
9925:
9922:
9919:
9915:
9906:
9902:
9898:
9893:
9889:
9883:
9879:
9877:
9873:
9871:
9867:
9865:
9861:
9860:
9857:
9853:
9846:
9841:
9839:
9834:
9832:
9827:
9826:
9823:
9811:
9808:
9806:
9803:
9801:
9798:
9796:
9793:
9791:
9788:
9786:
9783:
9781:
9778:
9776:
9773:
9771:
9768:
9766:
9763:
9761:
9758:
9756:
9753:
9751:
9748:
9746:
9743:
9741:
9738:
9736:
9733:
9732:
9730:
9728:
9724:
9718:
9715:
9713:
9710:
9708:
9705:
9703:
9700:
9698:
9695:
9693:
9690:
9688:
9685:
9683:
9680:
9678:
9675:
9673:
9670:
9668:
9665:
9663:
9660:
9658:
9655:
9653:
9650:
9648:
9645:
9643:
9640:
9638:
9635:
9633:
9630:
9628:
9625:
9623:
9620:
9618:
9615:
9613:
9610:
9608:
9605:
9603:
9600:
9598:
9595:
9593:
9590:
9588:
9585:
9583:
9580:
9578:
9575:
9573:
9570:
9568:
9565:
9563:
9560:
9558:
9555:
9553:
9550:
9548:
9545:
9544:
9542:
9540:
9536:
9530:
9527:
9525:
9522:
9520:
9517:
9515:
9512:
9510:
9507:
9505:
9502:
9500:
9497:
9495:
9492:
9490:
9487:
9485:
9482:
9480:
9477:
9475:
9474:J. Fred Muggs
9472:
9470:
9467:
9465:
9462:
9460:
9457:
9455:
9452:
9450:
9447:
9445:
9442:
9440:
9437:
9435:
9432:
9430:
9427:
9425:
9422:
9420:
9417:
9415:
9412:
9410:
9407:
9405:
9402:
9400:
9397:
9395:
9392:
9390:
9387:
9385:
9382:
9380:
9377:
9375:
9372:
9370:
9367:
9365:
9362:
9360:
9357:
9355:
9352:
9350:
9347:
9345:
9342:
9340:
9337:
9336:
9334:
9332:
9328:
9322:
9319:
9317:
9314:
9312:
9309:
9308:
9306:
9304:
9300:
9293:
9290:
9288:
9285:
9283:
9280:
9278:
9275:
9274:
9270:
9266:
9258:
9253:
9251:
9246:
9244:
9239:
9238:
9235:
9223:
9215:
9214:
9211:
9205:
9202:
9200:
9197:
9195:
9192:
9190:
9187:
9185:
9182:
9180:
9177:
9175:
9172:
9169:
9166:
9164:
9161:
9159:
9156:
9154:
9151:
9149:
9146:
9144:
9141:
9139:
9136:
9133:
9132:Apes in space
9130:
9127:
9124:
9122:
9119:
9118:
9116:
9112:
9106:
9103:
9101:
9098:
9096:
9093:
9091:
9088:
9086:
9083:
9081:
9078:
9076:
9073:
9072:
9070:
9068:
9067:social status
9062:
9056:
9053:
9051:
9048:
9046:
9043:
9041:
9038:
9036:
9033:
9031:
9028:
9026:
9023:
9021:
9018:
9016:
9013:
9011:
9008:
9006:
9003:
9001:
8998:
8996:
8993:
8991:
8988:
8986:
8983:
8982:
8980:
8978:Study of apes
8976:
8971:
8960:
8956:
8953:
8948:
8944:
8941:
8938:
8934:
8931:
8928:
8924:
8921:
8920:
8919:
8918:
8914:
8909:
8905:
8902:
8899:
8895:
8892:
8891:
8890:
8889:
8885:
8880:
8876:
8873:
8870:
8866:
8863:
8862:
8861:
8860:
8856:
8851:
8847:
8844:
8843:
8842:
8841:
8837:
8836:
8834:
8832:
8826:
8822:
8815:
8810:
8808:
8803:
8801:
8796:
8795:
8792:
8780:
8772:
8771:
8768:
8750:
8748:
8743:
8742:
8740:
8732:
8731:
8726:
8720:
8718:
8713:
8711:
8709:
8704:
8703:
8701:
8696:
8695:
8690:
8687:
8685:
8681:
8675:
8673:
8668:
8666:
8664:
8659:
8658:
8656:
8648:
8647:
8642:
8639:
8637:
8633:
8623:
8621:
8616:
8614:
8612:
8607:
8605:
8603:
8598:
8597:
8595:
8587:
8586:
8581:
8578:
8576:
8572:
8569:
8567:
8563:
8557:
8553:
8551:
8547:
8545:
8541:
8539:
8535:
8533:
8529:
8528:
8525:
8521:
8510:
8505:
8503:
8498:
8496:
8491:
8490:
8487:
8481:
8478:
8476:
8473:
8471:
8468:
8466:
8463:
8461:
8458:
8457:
8438:
8434:
8427:
8411:
8407:
8400:
8384:
8380:
8374:
8358:
8354:
8348:
8344:
8343:
8335:
8327:
8321:
8317:
8313:
8306:
8290:
8286:
8280:
8264:
8260:
8253:
8237:
8233:
8232:
8227:
8221:
8205:
8201:
8197:
8191:
8180:
8173:
8167:
8151:
8147:
8141:
8133:
8129:
8125:
8121:
8116:
8111:
8106:
8101:
8097:
8093:
8089:
8082:
8074:
8070:
8066:
8062:
8057:
8052:
8048:
8044:
8040:
8033:
8025:
8021:
8016:
8011:
8007:
8003:
7999:
7995:
7991:
7987:
7986:
7981:
7979:
7969:
7961:
7957:
7954:(3): 329–39.
7953:
7949:
7945:
7938:
7922:
7918:
7914:
7907:
7899:
7895:
7890:
7885:
7880:
7875:
7871:
7867:
7863:
7859:
7855:
7848:
7840:
7836:
7831:
7826:
7821:
7816:
7812:
7808:
7804:
7800:
7796:
7789:
7773:
7769:
7763:
7747:
7743:
7736:
7720:
7716:
7712:
7705:
7697:
7693:
7689:
7685:
7681:
7677:
7673:
7669:
7661:
7645:
7641:
7635:
7619:
7615:
7608:
7599:
7594:
7590:
7586:
7585:
7580:
7578:
7569:
7567:
7557:
7552:
7548:
7544:
7543:
7538:
7531:
7529:
7527:
7525:
7509:
7505:
7504:
7499:
7497:
7488:
7486:
7484:
7475:
7471:
7467:
7465:0-89672-430-1
7461:
7457:
7456:
7448:
7440:
7438:9780674015777
7434:
7430:
7426:
7421:
7420:
7411:
7403:
7397:
7393:
7389:
7384:
7383:
7374:
7358:
7354:
7353:
7348:
7341:
7325:
7321:
7317:
7311:
7303:
7299:
7295:
7291:
7287:
7280:
7264:
7260:
7253:
7245:
7241:
7237:
7233:
7228:
7223:
7219:
7215:
7211:
7207:
7201:
7199:
7182:
7178:
7172:
7168:
7164:
7163:
7155:
7139:
7135:
7128:
7120:
7114:
7110:
7103:
7087:
7083:
7082:
7077:
7070:
7062:
7056:
7052:
7045:
7029:
7025:
7018:
7010:
7004:
6988:
6984:
6980:
6973:
6957:
6953:
6949:
6942:
6926:
6922:
6918:
6914:
6910:
6903:
6895:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6877:
6873:
6869:
6865:
6861:
6857:
6853:
6846:
6844:
6835:
6831:
6827:
6823:
6819:
6815:
6811:
6807:
6803:
6799:
6791:
6783:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6765:
6761:
6757:
6753:
6749:
6742:
6734:
6730:
6726:
6722:
6718:
6714:
6710:
6706:
6705:
6697:
6689:
6685:
6682:(7): 839–76.
6681:
6677:
6673:
6666:
6658:
6654:
6650:
6646:
6642:
6638:
6637:
6629:
6627:
6618:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6590:
6586:
6582:
6578:
6574:
6567:
6559:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6531:
6527:
6523:
6519:
6515:
6508:
6492:
6488:
6487:
6482:
6475:
6467:
6463:
6459:
6455:
6451:
6447:
6440:
6432:
6428:
6424:
6420:
6416:
6412:
6409:(5): 334–41.
6408:
6404:
6400:
6393:
6385:
6381:
6377:
6373:
6369:
6365:
6361:
6357:
6354:(4): 186–88.
6353:
6349:
6348:
6340:
6332:
6326:
6322:
6315:
6307:
6303:
6299:
6295:
6288:
6280:
6276:
6272:
6268:
6264:
6260:
6256:
6252:
6245:
6237:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6209:
6205:
6201:
6197:
6193:
6186:
6178:
6174:
6170:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6152:
6148:
6144:
6137:
6129:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6101:
6097:
6093:
6089:
6085:
6078:
6070:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6042:
6038:
6035:(9): e74896.
6034:
6030:
6029:
6024:
6017:
6009:
6005:
6001:
5997:
5993:
5989:
5986:(2): 109–17.
5985:
5981:
5974:
5966:
5962:
5959:(2): 175–88.
5958:
5954:
5947:
5939:
5935:
5931:
5927:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5908:
5900:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5882:
5878:
5875:(2): 172–75.
5874:
5870:
5869:
5864:
5857:
5841:
5837:
5833:
5826:
5818:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5803:(2): 137–52.
5802:
5798:
5794:
5790:
5783:
5767:
5763:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5745:
5741:
5737:
5730:
5722:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5694:
5690:
5686:
5682:
5678:
5671:
5669:
5652:
5648:
5642:
5638:
5634:
5627:
5625:
5616:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5576:
5572:
5565:
5557:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5532:(3): 435–55.
5531:
5527:
5523:
5516:
5508:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5467:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5444:
5436:
5430:
5425:
5424:
5414:
5406:
5402:
5398:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5383:(3): 177–81.
5382:
5378:
5374:
5367:
5359:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5323:
5316:
5314:
5312:
5303:
5299:
5295:
5291:
5288:(2): 93–101.
5287:
5283:
5282:
5277:
5270:
5262:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5226:
5224:
5215:
5207:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5166:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5136:
5128:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5109:
5107:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5071:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5039:
5035:
5034:
5026:
5018:
5012:
5008:
5004:
4999:
4998:
4989:
4987:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4963:(1): 201–18.
4962:
4958:
4957:
4952:
4945:
4943:
4941:
4932:
4926:
4921:
4920:
4910:
4902:
4896:
4892:
4884:
4876:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4855:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4818:
4810:
4808:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4778:
4770:
4768:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4744:(4): 493–94.
4743:
4739:
4738:
4733:
4726:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4682:
4674:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4628:
4624:
4615:
4607:
4601:
4597:
4592:
4591:
4581:
4573:
4567:
4563:
4556:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4521:
4519:
4517:
4515:
4506:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4481:(7679): 151.
4480:
4476:
4472:
4465:
4463:
4454:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4435:
4430:
4424:
4416:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4391:(4): 373–82.
4390:
4386:
4382:
4375:
4367:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4346:
4337:
4332:
4329:(5): 643–52.
4328:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4309:
4307:
4305:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4273:(4): 305–19.
4272:
4268:
4267:
4259:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4236:(5): 343–50.
4235:
4231:
4224:
4216:
4214:0-12-045590-0
4210:
4206:
4199:
4191:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4176:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4136:
4128:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4072:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4049:(6): 770–97.
4048:
4044:
4043:
4038:
4030:
4028:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4004:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3968:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3939:
3934:
3927:
3925:
3916:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3888:
3879:
3871:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3820:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3802:0-801-88221-4
3798:
3794:
3793:
3788:
3787:Wilson, D. E.
3784:
3783:Groves, C. P.
3778:
3762:
3758:
3751:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3711:(3): 447–55.
3710:
3706:
3705:
3697:
3690:
3688:
3679:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3595:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3556:
3551:
3543:
3535:
3529:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3485:
3477:
3470:
3462:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3404:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3315:(5): 431–37.
3314:
3310:
3309:
3301:
3293:
3289:
3288:
3283:
3277:
3261:
3257:
3252:
3245:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3215:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3185:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3141:
3137:
3131:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3108:(5): 811–30.
3107:
3103:
3096:
3094:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3070:(2): 134–62.
3069:
3065:
3064:
3056:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3027:
3026:English Today
3019:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2989:
2981:
2980:
2971:
2963:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2903:
2899:
2892:
2884:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2825:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2788:(4): 532–41.
2787:
2783:
2779:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2751:
2746:
2739:
2737:
2732:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2679:
2674:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2612:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2590:
2585:
2576:
2572:
2569:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2549:fragmentation
2546:
2545:deforestation
2542:
2535:
2530:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2503:IUCN Red List
2498:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2460:hairy Houdini
2457:
2452:
2451:Animal rights
2448:
2447:San Diego Zoo
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2344:
2343:The Librarian
2339:
2338:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2310:
2305:
2302:and the 1841
2301:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2275:Pierre Boulle
2272:
2271:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2253:
2248:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2231:
2230:Daniel Vierge
2227:
2222:
2217:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2182:plantations,
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2159:
2157:
2156:Petrus Camper
2152:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2133:
2128:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2104:United States
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2041:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2020:
2012:
2011:San Diego Zoo
2007:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1977:
1974:, indicating
1973:
1969:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1929:
1923:
1913:
1909:
1906:
1897:
1888:
1884:
1882:
1877:
1868:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1847:
1842:
1828:
1816:
1802:
1798:
1796:
1788:
1786:
1774:
1770:
1767:Throatscrape
1754:
1745:
1741:
1725:
1716:
1712:
1696:
1677:Communication
1674:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1660:
1651:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1627:mineral licks
1624:
1623:shelter tubes
1620:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1600:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1553:
1544:
1542:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1527:Strongyloides
1524:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1514:
1513:Strongyloides
1510:of the genus
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1457:
1435:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1417:
1408:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1354:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1268:
1263:
1262:
1257:
1256:
1251:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1226:Fossil record
1220:
1215:
1202:
1201:
1193:
1192:
1184:
1183:
1175:
1174:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108: (genus
1107:
1101:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1075:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
992:
990:
986:
983:
982:
981:
980:
975:
974:
968:
963:
960:
958:
954:
949:
946:
942:
938:
937:mitochondrial
934:
930:
926:
923:According to
921:
919:
918:which have 46
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
883:
879:
875:
872:Flanged male
870:
866:
864:
860:
856:
852:
851:
846:
845:P. p. wurmbii
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
821:
816:
812:
808:
807:
801:
797:
796:Carl Linnaeus
793:
792:
787:
781:
771:
769:
766:
762:
759:
755:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
715:Andrew Battel
712:
707:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
668:
666:
665:Nicolaes Tulp
662:
657:
653:
649:
644:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
625:
621:
617:
616:
611:
607:
603:
598:
596:
592:
588:
584:
574:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
551:deforestation
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
527:
525:
520:
516:
511:
509:
505:
500:
495:
490:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
395:
391:
384:
379:Fischer, 1813
377:
370:
365:
362:
358:
355:
350:
346:
341:
338:
336:
335:
329:
328:
322:
321:
316:
315:
310:
309:
303:
298:
293:
290:
289:Simia satyrus
286:
281:
280:
275:
272:
268:
263:
258:
257:
253:
250:
249:
246:
243:
240:
239:
236:
233:
230:
229:
226:
223:
220:
219:
216:
213:
210:
209:
206:
203:
200:
199:
196:
193:
190:
189:
186:
183:
180:
179:
176:
173:
170:
169:
166:
163:
160:
159:
154:
149:
145:
141:
136:
132:
128:
123:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
40:
37:
33:
19:
18:Pongo (genus)
13316:
13093:
13033:Paranthropus
13031:
13020:
13009:
12999:
12989:
12981:
12971:
12962:Ardipithecus
12960:
12937:
12912:
12902:
12894:
12873:Rudapithecus
12871:
12863:
12855:
12850:Dryopithecus
12848:
12841:
12834:
12798:Sivapithecus
12796:
12787:
12786:
12781:Meganthropus
12779:
12769:
12759:
12751:Indopithecus
12749:
12739:
12729:
12706:
12696:
12686:
12676:
12639:
12631:Symphalangus
12629:
12622:
12615:
12605:
12598:
12593:Bunopithecus
12591:
12568:
12561:
12554:
12547:
12541:Oreopithecus
12539:
12532:
12524:
12517:
12494:
12484:
12474:
12464:
12454:
12444:
12433:
12423:
12413:
12403:
12395:Afropithecus
12393:
12286:
12279:
12269:
12262:
12252:
12242:
12232:
12222:
12212:
12205:
12198:
12191:
12184:
12176:Dinopithecus
12174:
12164:
12146:Nanopithecus
12144:
12134:
12129:Erythrocebus
12127:
12120:
12113:
12106:
12099:
12070:
12063:
12056:
12049:
12039:
12034:Rhinocolobus
12032:
12022:
12015:
12008:
12003:Piliocolobus
12001:
11994:
11984:
11974:
11969:Microcolobus
11967:
11959:Mesopithecus
11957:
11949:Libypithecus
11947:
11937:
11927:
11917:
11910:
11887:
11880:
11874:Prohylobates
11872:
11864:
11859:Noropithecus
11857:
11834:
11797:
11790:
11783:
11776:
11769:
11762:
11755:
11748:
11741:Crouzeliidae
11728:
11721:
11703:Pliopithecus
11701:
11694:
11674:
11664:
11657:
11630:
11623:
11600:
11593:
11588:Catopithecus
11586:
11563:
11553:
11450:
11443:
11433:
11426:
11419:
11412:
11405:
11398:
11378:
11371:
11364:
11354:
11344:
11336:Dolichocebus
11334:
11324:
11317:
11294:
11284:
11274:
11264:
11254:
11247:
11237:
11230:
11220:
11210:
11200:
11193:
11186:
11166:
11156:
11146:
11136:
11129:
11122:
11112:
11104:Mazzonicebus
11102:
11092:
11082:
11072:
11065:
11060:Cebupithecia
11058:
11048:
11038:
11031:
11026:Antillothrix
11024:
11001:
10991:
10971:
10961:
10951:
10941:
10933:Perupithecus
10931:
10921:
10884:
10877:
10872:Parapithecus
10870:
10863:
10856:
10836:
10829:
10809:
10802:
10775:
10768:
10761:
10754:
10747:
10739:
10732:
10709:
10702:
10695:
10672:
10665:
10642:Phileosimias
10640:
10629:
10619:
10609:
10600:Altiatlasius
10598:
10502:Xanthorhysis
10500:
10490:
10485:Oligotarsius
10483:
10473:
10463:
10456:
10433:
10422:
10412:
10398:Tarsiiformes
10377:
10370:
10363:
10343:
10336:
10329:
10322:
10315:
10308:
10301:
10294:
10287:
10280:
10273:
10266:
10261:Macrotarsius
10259:
10252:
10245:
10238:
10231:
10224:
10217:
10210:
10203:
10196:
10189:
10182:
10175:
10153:
10146:
10139:
10132:
10125:
10118:
10113:Strigorhysis
10111:
10106:Sphacorhysis
10104:
10097:
10090:
10085:Chlororhysis
10083:
10076:
10069:
10062:
10055:
10048:
10026:
10019:
10012:
10005:
9998:
9991:
9986:Microchoerus
9984:
9977:
9970:
9950:
9943:
9937:Altiatlasius
9935:
9927:
9726:
9479:Nim Chimpsky
9080:Research ban
9040:Elgin Center
9025:Willie Smits
9000:Jane Goodall
8946:
8936:
8926:
8916:
8915:
8907:
8897:
8886:
8878:
8868:
8857:
8849:
8838:
8746:
8728:
8716:
8715:Chimpanzee (
8707:
8692:
8671:
8662:
8644:
8619:
8610:
8601:
8591:(Orangutans)
8584:
8583:
8519:(great apes)
8440:. Retrieved
8437:Eco-Business
8436:
8426:
8414:. Retrieved
8408:. Mongabay.
8399:
8387:. Retrieved
8383:the original
8373:
8361:. Retrieved
8341:
8334:
8311:
8305:
8293:. Retrieved
8289:the original
8279:
8267:. Retrieved
8263:the original
8252:
8240:. Retrieved
8229:
8220:
8208:. Retrieved
8204:the original
8199:
8190:
8179:the original
8166:
8154:. Retrieved
8140:
8095:
8091:
8081:
8046:
8042:
8032:
7989:
7983:
7978:Pongo abelii
7977:
7968:
7951:
7947:
7943:
7937:
7925:. Retrieved
7906:
7861:
7857:
7847:
7802:
7798:
7788:
7776:. Retrieved
7762:
7750:. Retrieved
7746:the original
7735:
7723:. Retrieved
7714:
7704:
7674:(1): 50–56.
7671:
7667:
7660:
7648:. Retrieved
7634:
7622:. Retrieved
7618:the original
7607:
7588:
7582:
7576:
7546:
7540:
7511:. Retrieved
7507:
7501:
7496:Pongo abelii
7495:
7454:
7447:
7418:
7410:
7381:
7373:
7361:. Retrieved
7352:BBC Newsbeat
7350:
7340:
7328:. Retrieved
7324:the original
7310:
7285:
7279:
7267:. Retrieved
7263:the original
7252:
7217:
7213:
7185:. Retrieved
7161:
7154:
7142:. Retrieved
7138:the original
7127:
7108:
7102:
7090:. Retrieved
7079:
7069:
7050:
7044:
7032:. Retrieved
7017:
7003:
6991:. Retrieved
6983:The Guardian
6982:
6972:
6960:. Retrieved
6952:The Guardian
6951:
6941:
6929:. Retrieved
6913:The Guardian
6912:
6902:
6859:
6855:
6801:
6797:
6790:
6755:
6751:
6741:
6708:
6702:
6696:
6679:
6675:
6671:
6665:
6640:
6634:
6580:
6576:
6566:
6521:
6517:
6507:
6495:. Retrieved
6484:
6474:
6449:
6445:
6439:
6406:
6402:
6398:
6392:
6351:
6345:
6339:
6320:
6314:
6297:
6293:
6287:
6257:(1): 56–64.
6254:
6250:
6244:
6202:(1): 12289.
6199:
6195:
6185:
6150:
6146:
6136:
6091:
6087:
6077:
6032:
6026:
6016:
5983:
5979:
5973:
5956:
5952:
5946:
5924:(1): 23–32.
5921:
5917:
5913:
5907:
5872:
5866:
5856:
5844:. Retrieved
5835:
5825:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5788:
5782:
5770:. Retrieved
5743:
5739:
5729:
5684:
5680:
5655:. Retrieved
5636:
5578:
5574:
5564:
5529:
5525:
5521:
5515:
5480:
5476:
5466:
5457:
5453:
5443:
5422:
5413:
5380:
5376:
5372:
5366:
5329:
5325:
5285:
5279:
5275:
5269:
5232:
5228:
5222:
5214:
5179:
5175:
5165:
5153:. Retrieved
5135:
5114:
5083:(1): 33–46.
5080:
5076:
5070:
5040:(1): 69–86.
5037:
5031:
5025:
4996:
4960:
4954:
4950:
4918:
4909:
4890:
4883:
4865:Alan R. Liss
4860:
4854:
4821:
4815:
4781:
4775:
4741:
4735:
4731:
4725:
4692:
4688:
4681:
4636:
4632:
4626:
4622:
4614:
4589:
4580:
4561:
4555:
4530:
4526:
4478:
4474:
4433:
4423:
4388:
4384:
4374:
4355:
4345:
4326:
4322:
4270:
4264:
4258:
4233:
4229:
4223:
4204:
4198:
4174:
4133:
4085:
4081:
4071:
4046:
4040:
4036:
4012:(76): 1–24.
4009:
4003:
3978:
3974:
3967:
3942:
3936:
3932:
3896:
3892:
3886:
3878:
3833:
3829:
3819:
3791:
3777:
3765:. Retrieved
3761:the original
3750:
3739:the original
3708:
3702:
3663:
3634:. Retrieved
3617:
3559:
3553:
3542:
3528:cite journal
3516:. Retrieved
3488:
3482:
3469:
3432:
3428:
3388:
3312:
3306:
3300:
3286:
3276:
3264:. Retrieved
3255:
3251:"pongo, n.1"
3244:
3232:. Retrieved
3223:
3214:
3202:. Retrieved
3193:
3184:
3173:the original
3146:
3130:
3105:
3101:
3067:
3061:
3055:
3033:(4): 44–50.
3030:
3024:
3018:
3006:. Retrieved
2997:
2988:
2977:
2970:
2947:
2904:(4): 141–44.
2901:
2897:
2891:
2868:
2843:. Retrieved
2834:
2824:
2812:. Retrieved
2785:
2781:
2754:. Retrieved
2752:. March 2022
2749:
2720:Skullduggery
2719:
2711:
2707:Orang Pendek
2636:Bukit Lawang
2613:
2609:
2601:Willie Smits
2594:
2591:, Indonesia.
2573:
2565:
2538:
2500:
2486:Conservation
2468:
2463:
2420:
2397:
2393: 1830s
2381:
2373:In captivity
2364:
2360:
2350:
2335:
2321:
2307:
2306:short story
2297:
2294:Walter Scott
2291:
2268:
2264:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2236:
2234:
2204:Louis Leakey
2192:Jane Goodall
2188:forest fires
2160:
2153:
2147:
2139:
2137:
2085:
2051:
2045:
2036:
2030:
2024:
2016:
1980:
1965:
1946:
1916:Intelligence
1910:
1902:
1885:
1873:
1850:
1838:
1799:
1791:
1782:
1753:Throatscrape
1709:Nest smack,
1663:
1656:
1616:
1612:slow lorises
1597:
1594:
1580:
1561:fruit-eaters
1558:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1520:
1511:
1492:
1466:and inhabit
1461:
1432:
1421:
1413:
1378:
1359:
1337:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1311:
1303:
1299:
1293:
1284:is from the
1281:
1279:
1272:
1265:
1261:Sivapithecus
1259:
1255:Indopithecus
1253:
1243:
1229:
1218:
1156:
1151:
1136:
1131:
1109:
1104:
1081:
1079:
1078:
1055:
1032:
1019:Pongo abelii
1018:
1006:
1000:
994:
988:
978:
976:
966:
953:land bridges
922:
905:
900:) have less
897:
887:
862:
858:
848:
844:
840:
836:
828:
818:
814:
803:
799:
789:
783:
767:
760:
753:
742:
734:
710:
708:
703:
695:
687:
679:
676:Orang-Outang
675:
674:in the form
669:
651:
645:
636:
628:
622:
613:
610:Old Javanese
605:
601:
599:
594:
590:
586:
580:
567:conservation
528:
512:
491:
470:
462:
454:
445:
444:
401:
400:
393:Lesson, 1840
389:
382:
375:
368:
367:
332:
325:
318:
314:Pongo abelii
312:
306:
305:
288:
277:
271:Type species
255:
254:
221:Infraorder:
139:
36:
13221:iNaturalist
13118:Wikispecies
12581:Hylobatidae
12271:Rungwecebus
12136:Miopithecus
12122:Chlorocebus
12051:Sawecolobus
11986:Paracolobus
11750:Anapithecus
11666:Paidopithex
11421:Leontocebus
11356:Panamacebus
11266:Paralouatta
11202:Brachyteles
11094:Insulacebus
11014:Pitheciidae
10953:Canaanimico
10906:Platyrrhini
10858:Abuqatrania
10674:Afrotarsius
10579:Simiiformes
10566:Simiiformes
10518:Simiiformes
10372:Tarkadectes
10212:Diablomomys
10191:Brontomomys
10127:Teilhardina
10071:Arapahovius
10064:Anemorhysis
10028:Vectipithex
10021:Quercyloris
10014:Pseudoloris
9993:Nannopithex
9979:Melaneremia
9617:John Daniel
9454:Macaco Tião
9439:Little Mama
9414:Jo Mendi II
9331:Chimpanzees
9170:(non-human)
9134:(non-human)
9128:(non-human)
9035:Ian Redmond
8990:Dian Fossey
8937:P. pygmaeus
8898:G. beringei
8869:P. paniscus
8831:ape species
8708:P. paniscus
8663:G. beringei
8611:P. pygmaeus
8363:16 December
8115:10230/34400
7363:25 December
7269:24 February
7187:16 December
7092:26 February
6993:10 November
6962:10 November
6862:(1): 8932.
5657:16 December
5460:(1): 10–12.
5252:10023/18054
5005:. pp.
4824:(1): 1–20.
4533:(1): 1–35.
4441:. pp.
3452:10230/34400
3008:20 December
2994:"Orangutan"
2831:"Orangutan"
2722:(1970 film)
2523:Batang Toru
2427:tea parties
2404:smock-frock
2283:bureaucrats
2196:Dian Fossey
2184:gold miners
2170:thesis for
1972:mirror test
1961:reciprocity
1957:Leipzig Zoo
1953:Zoo Atlanta
1905:build nests
1903:Orangutans
1881:infanticide
1664:Orangutans
1645:Social life
1472:dipterocarp
1385:prognathous
1381:endocranial
1133:chimpanzees
955:during the
890:chimpanzees
859:P. pygmaeus
841:P. p. morio
825:René Lesson
672:John Bulwer
483:chimpanzees
455:P. pygmaeus
438:South China
430:Pleistocene
410:rainforests
241:Subfamily:
225:Simiiformes
13329:Orangutans
13323:Categories
12415:Equatorius
12374:Hominoidea
12361:Hominoidea
12320:see below↓
12311:Hominoidea
12207:Mandrillus
12193:Lophocebus
12166:Cercocebus
12017:Procolobus
11778:Fanchangia
11534:Catarrhini
11521:Catarrhini
11480:see below↓
11471:Catarrhini
11407:Callithrix
11346:Killikaike
11249:Mohanamico
11232:Chilecebus
11158:Soriacebus
11124:Nuciruptor
11084:Homunculus
11074:Chiropotes
11067:Cheracebus
11050:Carlocebus
11040:Callicebus
11003:Tremacebus
10973:Lagonimico
10963:Branisella
10943:Szalatavus
10770:Pondaungia
10688:Eosimiidae
10527:see below↓
10414:Archicebus
10296:Shoshonius
10240:Hemiacodon
10219:Dyseolemur
10205:Chumashius
10148:Trogolemur
10141:Tetonoides
10050:Absarokius
10000:Necrolemur
9945:Bownomomys
9897:Haplorhini
9852:Haplorhini
9765:Joe Martin
9727:Orangutans
9429:Kokomo Jr.
9321:Panbanisha
9184:Monkey Day
9174:Great apes
9075:Personhood
8908:G. gorilla
8875:Chimpanzee
8850:H. sapiens
8747:H. sapiens
8672:G. gorilla
8652:(Gorillas)
8556:Haplorhini
8554:Suborder:
8517:Hominidae
8389:16 January
7778:16 January
7587:. 2017.3.
7513:28 January
7427:. p.
7390:. p.
7330:28 January
7144:18 January
6524:(1): 1–6.
5746:: 149–96.
5547:2144/39274
4138:(4): 1–6.
4088:: 103233.
3767:6 November
3636:27 January
3491:: 97–164.
3256:OED Online
3204:4 December
2728:References
2702:Monkey Day
2507:Appendix I
2476:wet nurses
2472:Frank Buck
2435:Joe Martin
2408:London Zoo
2357:Dale Smith
2328:King Louie
2252:Melincourt
2210:In fiction
2068:Personhood
1926:See also:
1785:media help
1738:Raspberry
1695:Nest smack
1590:strychnine
1480:freshwater
1424:suspension
1389:brow ridge
884:orangutans
778:See also:
727:great apes
692:Portuguese
565:. Several
406:great apes
402:Orangutans
383:Macrobates
372:Oken, 1816
215:Haplorhini
211:Suborder:
42:Orangutans
12884:Gorillini
12814:Homininae
12657:Hominidae
12607:Hylobates
12486:Proconsul
12244:Pliopapio
12234:Parapapio
12157:Papionini
12024:Pygathrix
12010:Presbytis
11900:Colobinae
11799:Pliobates
11764:Crouzelia
11565:Saadanius
11400:Callimico
11319:Acrecebus
11296:Stirtonia
11239:Lagothrix
11222:Cartelles
11168:Xenothrix
10923:Parvimico
10449:Tarsiidae
10436:Omomyidae
10331:Washakius
10317:Uintanius
10268:Nesomomys
10198:Chipetaia
10184:Asiomomys
10167:Omomyinae
10120:Tatmanius
10078:Aycrossia
10007:Paraloris
9972:Indusomys
9914:Omomyidae
9862:Kingdom:
9780:Ken Allen
9717:Willie B.
9692:Snowflake
9672:Pattycake
9587:Gargantua
9557:Binti Jua
9494:Panpanzee
9065:Legal and
8927:P. abelii
8917:Orangutan
8636:Homininae
8602:P. abelii
8566:Hominidae
8530:Kingdom:
8124:0960-9822
7236:1369-8486
7220:: 53–63.
6921:0261-3077
6876:2045-2322
6676:Behaviour
6452:: 50–63.
6300:: 19–33.
5836:USA Today
5556:198190605
5261:195329265
4110:251879262
3981:: 68–74.
3945:: 59–67.
3266:4 October
3234:4 October
3122:221192990
3047:144326996
2804:228828226
2561:pet trade
2456:Ken Allen
2352:Discworld
2287:Dr. Zaius
2108:sanctuary
2046:During a
1857:ovulating
1724:Raspberry
1571:but also
1508:nematodes
1504:wild dogs
1401:resonance
1374:chocolate
1330:Sundaland
1236:subfamily
1023:Lake Toba
894:great ape
863:P. abelii
855:Lake Toba
829:P. abelii
820:P. abelii
745:or other
696:orangutan
684:incorrect
661:cretinism
656:Banjarese
641:Old Malay
629:urangutan
606:urangutan
602:orangutan
600:The word
577:Etymology
563:pet trade
492:The most
463:P. abelii
414:Indonesia
235:Hominidae
171:Kingdom:
165:Eukaryota
13252:12100803
13145:BioLib:
13103:Wikidata
12950:Hominina
12926:Hominini
12843:Danuvius
12719:Ponginae
12678:Buronius
12624:Nomascus
12563:Simiolus
11452:Saguinus
11414:Cebuella
11366:Patasola
11286:Solimoea
11188:Alouatta
11179:Atelidae
11131:Pithecia
10879:Qatrania
10804:Arsinoea
10704:Eosimias
10338:Wyomomys
10303:Steinius
10289:Rooneyia
10247:Jemezius
10155:Walshina
10134:Tetonius
10092:Gazinius
9952:Kohatius
9929:Altanius
9882:Primates
9876:Mammalia
9870:Chordata
9868:Phylum:
9864:Animalia
9539:Gorillas
9384:Gregoire
9222:Category
9143:Bushmeat
8779:Category
8736:(Humans)
8706:Bonobo (
8684:Hominini
8575:Ponginae
8550:Primates
8544:Mammalia
8538:Chordata
8536:Phylum:
8532:Animalia
8416:26 March
8410:Archived
8357:Archived
8269:29 April
8242:29 April
8236:Archived
8231:The Week
8150:Archived
8132:29103940
8065:29456144
8024:26973868
7921:Archived
7917:Mongabay
7898:24130707
7858:PLOS ONE
7839:22096582
7799:PLOS ONE
7772:Archived
7719:Archived
7688:17899314
7668:Primates
7644:Archived
7474:43207125
7357:Archived
7294:35012032
7244:25861859
7181:Archived
7086:Archived
7028:Archived
7009:"Sandra"
6987:Archived
6956:Archived
6925:Archived
6894:38698007
6885:11066025
6834:25139547
6826:12511649
6782:19656794
6725:17160669
6657:11275962
6617:22509022
6558:30150738
6497:5 August
6491:Archived
6466:25038033
6431:19354930
6423:11093037
6384:27180148
6271:19052691
6251:Primates
6236:31444387
6177:17892549
6169:19500987
6128:30443595
6069:24040357
6028:PLoS One
6008:85330986
6000:31979488
5938:44204663
5899:19126529
5846:12 April
5840:Archived
5766:Archived
5762:16702785
5721:25569211
5681:PLOS ONE
5651:Archived
5615:28560319
5507:19701484
5405:21561581
5397:11746281
5358:19812079
5302:13583879
5206:34582737
5155:23 April
5149:Archived
5127:40349739
5097:40824300
5062:13366732
5054:23179533
5033:Primates
4977:84778685
4846:13557435
4838:12065937
4798:54322235
4709:21770970
4673:29192145
4547:40513842
4505:29120449
4431:(1987).
4415:19619166
4317:(2002).
4295:83661029
4287:31964053
4250:83923845
4102:36030625
4063:24210657
4018:2246/259
3915:28105715
3870:30427876
3830:PLOS ONE
3811:62265494
3785:(2005).
3735:21074627
3668:Springer
3630:Archived
3594:21270892
3509:Archived
3505:29045930
3461:29103940
3284:(1827).
3260:Archived
3228:Archived
3198:Archived
3138:(2002).
3002:Archived
2839:Archived
2814:12 April
2808:Archived
2756:4 August
2670:See also
2568:bushmeat
2557:palm oil
2541:poaching
2316:'s 1967
2277:and the
2180:palm oil
2112:Americas
1987:laughter
1846:oestrous
1666:disperse
1619:geophagy
1587:alkaloid
1579:species
1525:. Among
1516:and the
1474:and old
1464:arboreal
1366:arm span
1290:Chongzuo
1242:such as
1232:Ponginae
1106:gorillas
945:X-linked
941:Y-linked
882:Tapanuli
878:Sumatran
806:pygmaeus
768:yimpungu
747:cognates
723:gorillas
624:Ramayana
620:Sanskrit
555:palm oil
539:bushmeat
535:poaching
515:primates
499:Dominant
494:arboreal
479:gorillas
475:Ponginae
418:Malaysia
376:Lophotus
361:Synonyms
300:Species
292:Linnaeus
287:, 1799 (
285:Lacépède
262:Lacépède
245:Ponginae
231:Family:
205:Primates
195:Mammalia
185:Chordata
181:Phylum:
175:Animalia
161:Domain:
13299:ZooBank
13213:5219531
13011:Orrorin
12904:Gorilla
12600:Hoolock
11976:Nasalis
11919:Colobus
11445:Micodon
11380:Sapajus
11373:Saimiri
11307:Cebidae
11256:Oreonax
11212:Caipora
11033:Cacajao
10984:Aotidae
10865:Apidium
10838:Serapia
10811:Biretia
10697:Bahinia
10667:Afrasia
10631:Nosmips
10611:Amamria
10492:Tarsius
10458:Carlito
10379:Tarkops
10345:Yaquius
10310:Stockia
10282:Ourayia
10254:Loveina
9880:Order:
9874:Class:
9755:Chantek
9740:Ah Meng
9687:Shabani
9652:Michael
9597:Harambe
9504:Santino
9364:Bubbles
9303:Bonobos
9138:Bigfoot
9121:Primate
9114:Related
8888:Gorilla
8745:Human (
8646:Gorilla
8548:Order:
8542:Class:
8442:3 April
8210:2 April
8073:3756682
8015:4783118
7994:Bibcode
7889:3793980
7866:Bibcode
7830:3214049
7807:Bibcode
7696:1792717
7034:15 June
7026:. CNN.
6806:Bibcode
6798:Science
6773:2817314
6733:6875716
6608:3344992
6585:Bibcode
6549:6110832
6526:Bibcode
6376:8643126
6356:Bibcode
6227:6707206
6204:Bibcode
6119:6235548
6096:Bibcode
6060:3770631
6037:Bibcode
5890:2665816
5817:9642783
5772:19 June
5712:4287529
5689:Bibcode
5606:5435413
5583:Bibcode
5498:2728907
5349:2842634
5197:8478518
4758:2826733
4664:5709421
4641:Bibcode
4483:Bibcode
4406:2766055
4354:(ed.).
4152:3503852
3983:Bibcode
3947:Bibcode
3861:6235281
3838:Bibcode
3726:3046308
3585:3060778
3564:Bibcode
3345:3355899
3337:8875856
3317:Bibcode
3220:"pongo"
3190:"pongo"
2445:of the
2423:simians
2355:and in
2176:loggers
2144:Sarawak
2110:in the
2102:in the
2092:bonobos
2058:applied
2040:deceive
1891:Nesting
1775:format.
1746:format.
1717:format.
1635:tannins
1518:ciliate
1397:canines
1308:fossils
1269:piriyai
1234:. This
1110:Gorilla
1057:gibbons
933:Miocene
929:gibbons
914:diploid
874:Bornean
650:' 1631
559:logging
517:. They
426:Sumatra
390:Satyrus
294:, 1760)
251:Genus:
201:Order:
191:Class:
114:↓
13278:417949
13239:572839
13200:1PONGG
13109:Q41050
12405:Ekembo
12200:Macaca
12065:Simias
11836:Alophe
11195:Ateles
10756:Krabia
10749:Ganlea
10324:Utahia
10275:Omomys
9805:Sandra
9750:Bonnie
9682:Samson
9632:Kokomo
9622:Jumoke
9567:Bokito
9529:Washoe
9519:Travis
9514:Sultan
9489:Pankun
9484:Oliver
9444:Loulis
9419:Julius
9369:Cheeta
9349:Azalea
8959:family
8955:Gibbon
8865:Bonobo
8829:Extant
8349:
8322:
8295:10 May
8156:11 May
8130:
8122:
8071:
8063:
8022:
8012:
7927:11 May
7896:
7886:
7837:
7827:
7752:11 May
7725:12 May
7694:
7686:
7650:1 July
7624:1 July
7472:
7462:
7435:
7398:
7302:598387
7300:
7292:
7242:
7234:
7173:
7115:
7057:
6919:
6892:
6882:
6874:
6832:
6824:
6780:
6770:
6731:
6723:
6655:
6615:
6605:
6556:
6546:
6464:
6429:
6421:
6382:
6374:
6327:
6279:708682
6277:
6269:
6234:
6224:
6175:
6167:
6126:
6116:
6067:
6057:
6006:
5998:
5936:
5897:
5887:
5815:
5760:
5719:
5709:
5643:
5613:
5603:
5554:
5505:
5495:
5431:
5403:
5395:
5356:
5346:
5300:
5259:
5204:
5194:
5125:
5095:
5060:
5052:
5013:
5007:193–94
4975:
4927:
4897:
4871:
4844:
4836:
4796:
4756:
4717:997385
4715:
4707:
4671:
4661:
4602:
4568:
4545:
4503:
4475:Nature
4449:
4413:
4403:
4362:
4293:
4285:
4248:
4211:
4186:
4180:420–23
4150:
4108:
4100:
4061:
3913:
3868:
3858:
3809:
3799:
3733:
3723:
3674:
3618:Nature
3592:
3582:
3555:Nature
3503:
3459:
3399:
3343:
3335:
3165:
3120:
3084:455451
3082:
3045:
2958:
2879:
2802:
2332:Mowgli
2314:Disney
2296:novel
2080:, and
2031:Neesia
1991:Bonnie
1773:Vorbis
1744:Vorbis
1715:Vorbis
1631:kaolin
1573:drupes
1496:tigers
1370:maroon
1153:humans
977:Genus
943:, and
833:Borneo
804:Simia
761:mpungu
743:mpongi
719:Angola
585:words
487:humans
485:, and
422:Borneo
369:Faunus
264:, 1799
13291:40897
13226:43581
13187:42005
13174:63NZX
13148:32343
13138:Pongo
13124:Pongo
13094:Pongo
12788:Pongo
12617:Junzi
12214:Papio
11326:Cebus
10993:Aotus
10365:Tarka
9810:Tonda
9785:Manis
9775:Karta
9770:Karen
9760:Jenny
9735:Abang
9707:Trudy
9702:Titus
9697:Timmy
9667:Ozzie
9662:Ndume
9642:Massa
9637:Louis
9612:Jenny
9607:Jambo
9582:Fatou
9552:Babec
9509:Sarah
9404:Jimmy
9399:Jiggs
9374:Congo
9354:Bonzo
9344:Ayumu
9316:Nyota
9311:Kanzi
9204:Yowie
9194:Yeren
8846:Human
8585:Pongo
8182:(PDF)
8175:(PDF)
8069:S2CID
7944:Pongo
7692:S2CID
6931:2 May
6830:S2CID
6729:S2CID
6486:Wired
6427:S2CID
6380:S2CID
6275:S2CID
6173:S2CID
6004:S2CID
5934:S2CID
5758:S2CID
5552:S2CID
5401:S2CID
5298:S2CID
5257:S2CID
5182:(9).
5093:S2CID
5058:S2CID
4973:S2CID
4842:S2CID
4794:S2CID
4754:JSTOR
4713:S2CID
4543:S2CID
4291:S2CID
4246:S2CID
4148:JSTOR
4106:S2CID
4037:Pongo
3933:Pongo
3742:(PDF)
3699:(PDF)
3518:1 May
3512:(PDF)
3501:S2CID
3479:(PDF)
3341:S2CID
3176:(PDF)
3143:(PDF)
3118:S2CID
3080:JSTOR
3043:S2CID
2845:4 May
2800:S2CID
2511:CITES
2443:Jiggs
2412:Jenny
2386:Jenny
2285:like
2228:" by
2148:mawas
2140:maias
1608:honey
1565:arils
1456:Sabah
1326:Pongo
1300:Pongo
1282:Pongo
1082:Pongo
979:Pongo
967:Pongo
815:Pongo
765:Yombi
763:, or
754:pungu
751:Lumbu
741:word
739:Kongo
735:Pongo
711:Pongo
704:hutan
700:Dutch
688:hutan
637:Pongo
595:Pongo
591:hutan
587:orang
583:Malay
553:(for
543:crops
537:(for
508:honey
446:Pongo
442:genus
256:Pongo
13265:9599
13260:NCBI
13234:ITIS
13208:GBIF
13195:EPPO
13161:4537
13156:BOLD
12991:Homo
11676:Kapi
11435:Mico
9712:Toto
9677:Pogo
9657:Nico
9627:Koko
9602:Ivan
9577:Colo
9562:Bobo
9524:Viki
9499:Sami
9469:Moja
9449:Lucy
9434:Lana
9409:Jinx
9379:Enos
9265:apes
9199:Yeti
8840:Homo
8821:Apes
8730:Homo
8444:2012
8418:2012
8391:2014
8365:2015
8347:ISBN
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