Pond - Knowledge

68: 3514: 277: 643: 851: 750:). Naturally occurring vernal ponds do not usually have fish, a major higher tropic level consumer, as these ponds frequently dry up. The absence of fish is a very important characteristic of these ponds since it prevents long chained biotic interactions from establishing. Ponds without these competitive predation pressures provides breeding locations and safe havens for endangered or migrating species. Hence, introducing fish to a pond can have seriously detrimental consequences. In some parts of the world, such as California, the vernal ponds have rare and endangered plant species. On the coastal plain, they provide habitat for endangered frogs such as the 4210: 965: 570: 344: 400: 767: 2877: 990:

and turtles that migrate to and from ponds as part of their annual breeding cycle and should be kept as far away from established ponds as possible. Because of these factors, gently sloping shorelines with broad expanses of wetland plants not only provide the best conditions for wildlife, but they help protect water quality from sources in the surrounding landscapes. It is also beneficial to allow water levels to fall each year during drier periods in order to re-establish these gentile shorelines.

45: 427: 678: 5079: 4236: 4224: 265:, in part to include 'bodies of water where light penetrates to the bottom of the waterbody', 'bodies of water shallow enough for rooted water plants to grow throughout', and 'bodies of water which lack wave action on the shoreline'. Each of these definitions are difficult to measure or verify in practice and are of limited practical use, and are mostly not now used. Accordingly, some organizations and researchers have settled on technical definitions of 5068: 1093: 521: 809: 3842: 555: 295:, known as the "land of 10,000 lakes", is commonly said to distinguish lakes from ponds, bogs and other water features by this definition, but also says that a lake is distinguished primarily by wave action reaching the shore. Even among organizations and researchers who distinguish lakes from ponds by size alone, there is no universally recognized standard for the maximum size of a pond. The international 60: 138:, or simply natural undulations in undrained land) filled by runoff, groundwater, or precipitation, or all three of these. They can be further divided into four zones: vegetation zone, open water, bottom mud and surface film. The size and depth of ponds often varies greatly with the time of year; many ponds are produced by spring flooding from rivers. Ponds are usually 793:

effects on lakes and ponds. Spring overturn, summer stratification, autumn turnover, and an inverse winter stratification, ponds adjust their stratification or their vertical zonation of temperature due to these influences. These environmental factors affect pond circulation and temperature gradients within the water itself producing distant layers; the

517:. Ponds are used for breeding grounds for these species but also as shelter and even drinking/feeding locations for other wildlife. Aquaculture practices lean heavily on artificial ponds in order to grow and care for many different type of fish either for human consumption, research, species conservation or recreational sport. 893:(carbon dioxide) to be converted into forms of carbon that can easily be stored in sediments. When these new drainage ponds are constructed, concentrations of bacteria that normally break down dead organic matter, such as algae, are low. As a result, breakdown and release of nitrogen gases from these organic materials such as 1182:

David C. Richardson; Meredith A. Holgerson; Matthew J. Farragher; Kathryn K. Hoffman; Katelyn B. S. King; María B. Alfonso; Mikkel R. Andersen; Kendra Spence Cheruveil; Kristen A. Coleman; Mary Jade Farruggia; Rocio Luz Fernandez; Kelly L. Hondula; Gregorio A. López Moreira Mazacotte; Katherine Paul;

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to be 'a man-made or natural waterbody that is between 1 m (0.00010 hectares; 0.00025 acres) and 20,000 m (2.0 hectares; 4.9 acres) in area, which holds water for four months of the year or more.' Other European biologists have set the upper size limit at 5 hectares

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In landscapes where ponds are artificially constructed, they are done so to provide wildlife viewing and conservation opportunities, to treat wastewater, for sequestration and pollution containment, or for simply aesthetic purposes. For natural pond conservation and development, one way to stimulate

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and so on. The significance of this feature seems, in some cases, to have been lost when the word was carried abroad with emigrants. However, some parts of New England contain "ponds" that are actually the size of a small lake when compared to other countries. In the United States, natural pools are

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and other tectonic uplifting events have created some of the oldest lakes and ponds on the globe. These indentions have the tendency to quickly fill with groundwater if they occur below the local water table. Other tectonic rifts or depressions can fill with precipitation, local mountain runoff, or

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and sediment outwash plains. These areas may develop depressions that can fill up with excess precipitation or seeping ground water, forming a small pond. Kettle lakes and ponds are formed when ice breaks off from a larger glacier, is eventually buried by the surrounding glacial till, and over time

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to expand beyond the limitation of the pond. However, the construction of retaining walls, lawns, and other urbanized developments can severely degrade the range of pond habitats and the longevity of the pond itself. Roads and highways act in the same manor, but they also interfere with amphibians

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Many ponds undergo a regular yearly process in the same matter as larger lakes if they are deep enough and/or protected from the wind. Abiotic factors such as UV radiation, general temperature, wind speed, water density, and even size, all have important roles to play when it comes to the seasonal

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can be created to reduce nutrient runoff from reaching local streams or groundwater storages. Pollutants that enter ponds can often be mitigated by natural sedimentation and other biological and chemical activities within the water. As such, waste stabilization ponds are becoming popular low-cost

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Each zone has varied traits that sustain or harm specific organisms and biotic interactions below the surface depending on the season. Winter surface ice begins to melt in the Spring. This allows the water column to begin mixing thanks to solar convection and wind velocity. As the pond mixes, an

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to grow as sunlight still penetrates here. These algae may support yet another food web that includes aquatic insects and other small fish species. A pond, therefore, may have combinations of three different food webs, one based on larger plants, one based upon decayed plants, and one based upon

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lakes with high levels of dissolved oxygen as the water reaches an average colder temperature. Finally, winter stratification occurs inversely to summer stratification as surface ice begins to form yet again. This ice cover remains until solar radiation and convection return in the spring.

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consume the wetland plants directly as a source of food. In many other cases, pond plants will decay in the water. Many invertebrates and herbivorous zooplankton then feed on the decaying plants, and these lower trophic level organisms provide food for wetland species including fish,

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In practice, a body of water is called a pond or a lake on an individual basis, as conventions change from place to place and over time. In origin, a pond is a variant form of the word pound, meaning a confining enclosure. In earlier times, ponds were artificial and utilitarian, as

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Due to this constant change in vertical zonation, seasonal stratification causes habitats to grow and shrink accordingly. Certain species are bound to these distinct layers of the water column where they can thrive and survive with the best efficiency possible.

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overall constant temperature is reached. As temperatures increase through the summer, thermal stratification takes place. Summer stratification allows for the epilimnion to be mixed by winds, keeping a consistent warm temperature throughout this zone. Here,

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Ponds provide not only environmental values, but practical benefits to society. One increasingly crucial benefit that ponds provide is their ability to act as greenhouse gas sinks. Most natural lakes and ponds are greenhouse gas sources and aid in the

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Natural ponds are those caused by environmental occurrences. These can vary from glacial, volcanic, fluvial, or even tectonic events. Since the Pleistocene epoch, glacial processes have created most of the Northern hemispheric ponds; an example is the

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flourishes. However, those species that need cooler water with higher dissolved oxygen concentrations will favor the lower metalimnion or hypolimnion. Air temperature drops as fall approaches and a deep mixing layer occurs. Autumn turnover results in

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pools, with a direct connection to the sea to maintain full salinity, may sometimes be called 'ponds' but these are normally regarded as part of the marine environment. They do not support fresh or brackish water-based organisms, and are rather

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this is with general stream and river restoration. Many small rivers and streams feed into or from local ponds within the same watershed. When these rivers and streams flood and begin to meander, large numbers of natural ponds, including

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algae and their specific upper trophic level consumers and predators. Hence, ponds often have many different animal species using the wide array of food sources though biotic interaction. They, therefore, provide an important source of

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or buffalo as watering and bathing holes. As mentioned in the use section, ponds are important hotspots for biodiversity. Sometimes this becomes an issue with invasive or introduced species that disrupt pond ecosystem dynamics such as

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Often groups of ponds in a given landscape - so called 'pondscapes' - offer especially high biodiversity benefits compared to single ponds. A group of ponds provides a higher degree of habitat complexity and habitat connectivity.

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Many ecosystems are linked by water and ponds have been found to hold a greater biodiversity of species than larger freshwater lakes or river systems. As such, ponds are habitats for many varieties of organisms including plants,

214:. Since fish are a major predator upon amphibian larvae, ponds that dry up each year, thereby killing resident fish, provide important refugia for amphibian breeding. Ponds that dry up completely each year are often known as 984:

Ponds, depending on their orientation and size, can spread their wetland habitats into the local riparian zones or watershed boundaries. Gentle slopes of land into ponds provides an expanse of habitat for wetland plants and

485:, local fires can create depressions during periods of drought. These have the tendency to fill up with small amounts of precipitation until normal water levels return, turning these isolated ponds into open water. 335:

at 340 acres (140 ha). There are numerous examples in other states, where bodies of water less than 10 acres (40,000 m; 4.0 ha) are being called lakes. As the case of Crystal Lake shows,

662:. Because of this, many ponds and lakes contain large numbers of endemic species that have gone through adaptive radiation to become specialized to their preferred habitat. Familiar examples might include 1995: 1341:

Biggs, Jeremy; Williams, Penny; Whitfield, Mericia; Nicolet, Pascale; Weatherby, Anita (2005). "15 years of pond assessment in Britain: results and lessons learned from the work of Pond Conservation".

387:, which may also apply to a large body of water such as a lake. In the South Western parts of North American, lakes or ponds that are temporary and often dried up for most parts of the year are called 102:

and there are no official criteria distinguishing the two, although defining a pond to be less than 5 hectares (12 acres) in area, less than 5 metres (16 ft) in depth and with less than 30% with

693:, provide shelter for wildlife, and stabilize the shore of the pond. This margin is also known as the littoral zone and contains much of the photosynthetic algae and plants of this ecosystem called 1794:

Johnson, Pieter T. J.; Preston, Daniel L.; Hoverman, Jason T.; Richgels, Katherine L. D. (2013). "Biodiversity decreases disease through predictable changes in host community competence".

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Some ponds are the life blood of many small villages in arid countries such as those in sub-Saharan Africa where bathing, sanitation, fishing, socialization, and rituals are held. In the

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often called ponds. Ponds for a specific purpose keep the adjective, such as "stock pond", used for watering livestock. The term is also used for temporary accumulation of water from

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Genet, John A.; Olsen, Anthony R. (2008). "Assessing depressional wetland quantity and quality using a probabilistic sampling design in the Redwood River watershed, Minnesota, USA".

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and animals. Depth, seasonal water level variations, nutrient fluxes, amount of light reaching the ponds, the shape, the presence of visiting large mammals, the composition of any

3673: 4165: 746:. These ponds dry up for part of the year and are so called because they are typically at their peak depth in the spring (the meaning of "vernal" comes form the Latin word for 2073:

Birx-Raybuck, Devynn A.; Price, Steven J.; Dorcas, Michael E. (21 November 2009). "Pond age and riparian zone proximity influence anuran occupancy of urban retention ponds".

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Zongo, Bilassé; Zongo, Frédéric; Toguyeni, Aboubacar; Boussim, Joseph I. (1 February 2017). "Water quality in forest and village ponds in Burkina Faso (western Africa)".

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and snow melt. Temporary or vernal ponds are created this way and are important for breeding fish, insects, and amphibians, particularly in large river systems like the

391:. These playas are simply shallow depressions in dry areas that may only fill with water on certain occasion like excess local drainage, groundwater seeping, or rain. 630:, their own springs, or a combination of these sources. They were designed to retain the water, while at the same time letting some water seep away to feed the local 566:

are becoming more common in new housing developments. These ponds reduce the risk of flooding and erosion damage from excess storm water runoff in local communities.

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causes. Apart from their role as highly biodiverse, fundamentally natural, freshwater ecosystems ponds have had, and still have, many uses, including providing

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Common freshwater fish species include the Large Mouth and Small Mouth Bass, Catfish, Bluegill, and Sunfish such as the Pumpkinseed Sunfish shown above

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Adamson, David; Newell, Charles (1 February 2014). "Frequently Asked Questions about Monitored Natural Attenuation in Groundwater". Fort Belvoir, VA.

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that attack breeding amphibians, aquatic snails that carry infectious parasites that kill other species, and even rapid spreading aquatic plants like

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Manmade ponds are those created by human intervention for the sake of the local environment, industrial settings, or for recreational/ornamental use.

5230: 1285: 233:, livestock and communities, aiding in habitat restoration, serving as breeding grounds for local and migrating species, decorative components of 3698: 1289: 5235: 5202: 4852: 2339: 453:

be fed by mountain streams. Volcanic activity can also lead to lake and pond formation through collapsed lava tubes or volcanic cones. Natural

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in the ground which collects and retains a sufficient amount of water can be considered a pond, and such, can be formed by a variety of

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Bagenal, T. B.; Lowe-McConnell, R. H. (1976). "Fish Communities in Tropical Freshwaters: Their Distribution, Ecology and Evolution".

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Experimental ponds are used to test hypotheses in the fields of environmental science, chemistry, aquatic biology, and limnology.

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Some regions of the United States define a pond as a body of water with a surface area of less than 10 acres (4.0 ha).

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where faced with excessive nutrient input from fertilizers and runoff. This over-nitrifies the pond water and results in mass

276: 5192: 2652: 2484: 2416: 2384: 2315: 2201: 1980: 1948: 1916: 1671: 1317: 3703: 4952: 3801: 3663: 2218: 642: 4272: 1690:. Valk, Arnoud van der., National Wetlands Technical Council (U.S.) (1st ed.). Ames: Iowa State University. 1989. 5166: 3693: 2571: 1695: 1261: 2631:

The Flooded Forest: Guidance for policy makers and river managers in Europe on the restoration of floodplain forests

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Benjamin L. Peierls; Joseph S. Rabaey; Steven Sadro; María Laura Sánchez; Robyn L. Smyth; Jon N. Sweetman (2022).

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and upon aquatic plants. There is usually a diverse array of aquatic life, with a few examples including algae,

5595: 4155: 311:). Researchers for the British charity Pond Conservation (now called Freshwater Habitats Trust) have defined a 2021: 1181: 5631: 4962: 4677: 4401: 2479:. Holt, Jodie S., Ghersa, Claudio., Radosevich, Steven R. (3rd ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley-Interscience. 595:

temple monks care for sacred ponds used for religious practices and bathing pilgrims alike. In Europe during

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How Much Habitat is Enough? A Framework for Guiding Habitat Rehabilitation in Great Lakes Areas of Concern

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along rivers, as well as landscapes that contain many depressions, may experience spring/rainy season

5605: 5517: 3786: 3680: 730:, and herons both in the littoral zone and the limnetic zone. The open water limnetic zone may allow 2367: 1459: 1147:

STANLEY, E. G. (1 June 1975). "The Merriam-Webster Dictionary – The Oxford Illustrated Dictionary".

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For more information regarding seasonal thermal stratification of ponds and lakes, please look at "

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Ghost Ponds : Resurrecting lost ponds and species to assist aquatic biodiversity conservation

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Ecology of weeds and invasive plants: relationship to agriculture and natural resource management

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of these dissolved compounds. However, manmade farm ponds are becoming significant sinks for gas

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There are various regional names for naturally occurring ponds. In Scotland, one of the terms is

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Brönmark, Christer; Hansson, Lars-Anders (21 December 2017). "The Biology of Lakes and Ponds".

1516:"The ecology of European ponds: defining the characteristics of a neglected freshwater habitat" 1378:"Evaluation of potential sources of sauger Sander canadensis for reintroduction into Lake Erie" 444: 328: 234: 135: 38: 964: 717:) thrive here and stand as the primary producers of pond food webs. Some grazing animals like 5497: 4612: 4185: 4112: 4047: 3912: 3887: 3862: 3746: 3493: 3273: 3121: 2821: 1446: 1015: 901:

does not occur and thus, not added to our atmosphere. This process is also used with regular

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level water from surrounding soils. Highly acidic drainage ponds act as catalysis for excess

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of North America. When glaciers retreat, they may leave behind uneven ground due to bedrock

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The technical distinction between a pond and a lake has not been universally standardized.

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communities and salinity can all affect the types of plant and animal communities present.

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partitioning, and guild assignments. This varies from introduced fish species such as the

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basins, general urbanization, interception basins for pollutants and sources and sinks of

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Cutko, Andrew; Rawinski, Thomas (13 August 2007), "Flora of Northeastern Vernal Pools",

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A Retention pond guarded by concrete wall and surrounded by Taro plants in an urban area

5431: 5421: 4916: 4834: 4743: 4617: 4602: 4582: 4483: 4478: 4062: 4057: 3925: 3867: 3761: 3610: 3528: 3413: 3393: 3303: 3246: 3129: 2969: 2776: 2756: 2533: 2333: 2289: 2166: 2098: 1878: 1835: 1713: 1636: 1543: 1415: 1279: 1217: 1184: 942: 827: 822: 399: 1586:. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. 28 November 2017. 5636: 5600: 5522: 5451: 5441: 5364: 5082: 4992: 4899: 4708: 4650: 4513: 4488: 4258: 4072: 3950: 3897: 3816: 3483: 3448: 3388: 3348: 3318: 3288: 3199: 3106: 3040: 2891: 2781: 2648: 2609: 2567: 2525: 2490: 2480: 2454: 2412: 2380: 2321: 2311: 2197: 2158: 2090: 1976: 1944: 1912: 1870: 1839: 1827: 1819: 1701: 1691: 1667: 1628: 1535: 1515: 1496: 1419: 1407: 1358: 1323: 1313: 1267: 1257: 1222: 1164: 296: 225:

Ponds are frequently man made or expanded beyond their original depths and bounds by

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In North America, even larger bodies of water have been called ponds; for example,

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channels, by glacial processes, by peatland formation, in coastal dune systems, by

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Reay, D. S.; Grace, J. (2007), "Carbon dioxide: importance, sources and sinks.",

2237:"Framing a Strategy for Pond Landscape Conservation: aims, objectives and issues" 2222: 2193: 1908: 1098: 1044: 902: 747: 563: 525: 440: 2876: 5641: 5477: 5456: 5446: 5022: 4829: 4503: 4014: 3968: 3963: 3935: 3902: 3771: 3630: 3558: 3548: 3398: 3343: 3261: 3256: 3251: 3139: 3066: 3050: 2831: 2826: 2771: 2721: 2673: 2408: 2376: 1940: 1402: 1377: 1208: 1121: – pond which is constructed to treat lightly polluted water or wastewater 1118: 1077: 1021: 973: 918: 914: 887: 879: 818: 651: 540: 373: 242: 143: 2252: 2154: 2086: 1531: 932:

Some farm ponds are not used for runoff control but rather for livestock like

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by Padma Sunder Joshi, Spaces Nepal, April 2018, retrieved 11 October 2019

1475:"Koshi Tappu Ramsar Site: Updates on Ramsar Information Sheet on Wetlands" 1160: 5339: 5042: 5037: 4904: 4894: 4793: 4672: 4655: 4542: 4523: 4352: 4342: 4332: 4127: 4102: 4097: 4067: 3850: 3826: 3791: 3600: 3503: 3423: 3383: 3236: 3096: 2946: 2931: 2916: 2856: 2761: 2449: 1112: 1031: 995: 946: 922: 910: 802: 798: 784: 778: 743: 694: 324: 219: 152: 139: 131: 53: 1815: 340:

purposes can sometimes be the driving factor behind the categorization.

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Clegg, J. (1986). Observer's Book of Pond Life. Frederick Warne, London

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Science and Conservation of Vernal Pools in Northeastern North America

1185:"A functional definition to distinguish ponds from lakes and wetlands" 5558: 5553: 5369: 4824: 4798: 4533: 4347: 4322: 4302: 4132: 4037: 3821: 3585: 3578: 3553: 3463: 3168: 3091: 3032: 3012: 3007: 2964: 2941: 2846: 2796: 2791: 2604: 2587: 2554:

Dufour, Simon; Piégay, Hervé (2005), "Restoring Floodplain Forests",

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through damning and nest excavation respectively. In landscapes with

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Pond formation through seeping groundwater in South Tufa, California

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Ponds are typically shallow water bodies with varying abundances of

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Hartman, Travis; Tyson, Jeff; Page, Kevin; Stott, Wendylee (2019).

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layer of ponds. However, not all ponds have the ability to become

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methods for general wastewater treatment. They may also provide

5266: 5156: 4781: 4572: 4562: 4458: 4077: 3403: 2974: 2956: 2700: 2048:"Why Ponds are Important to the Environment (How you can help)" 933: 859: 671: 626:. These ponds were fed with rainwater, water coming in through 604: 554: 533: 514: 510: 466: 285: 195: 183: 123: 2357:

Ridgwell, A.; Edwards, U. (2007), "Geological carbon sinks.",

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Stereoscopic image of a pond in Central City Park, Macon, GA,

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Traditional Ponds – The Water Urban-ism of Newar Civilization

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Davis, Craig A.; Smith, Loren M.; Conway, Warren C. (2005).

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During the last thirty years of his life, the main focus of

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Azalea flowers around a still pond in London's Richmond Park

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Céréghino, R.; Biggs, J.; Oertli, B.; Declerck, S. (2008).

871: 667: 465:. Some ponds are solely created by animals species such as 384: 308: 191: 167: 99: 961:

that can restrict water flow and cause overbank flooding.

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Lakes are stratified into three separate sections: I. The

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at 61 acres (250,000 m; 25 ha), and nearby

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In Nepal artificial ponds were essential elements of the

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Wetlands of British Columbia: A Guide to Identification

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Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems

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Geist, Juergen; Hawkins, Stephen J. (31 August 2016).

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Keddy, Paul A. (2010), "Conservation and management",

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Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems

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A man made pond at sunset in Montgomery County, Ohio.

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Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

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A pond in winter experiencing inverse stratification

607:(small, partly self-sufficient communities) to have 2662:. Ministry of Forests, Land Management Handbook 52. 685:Often, the entire margin of the pond is fringed by 658:for a biological community commonly referred to as 222:, and these add important diversity to landscapes. 5123: 2549: 2547: 5623: 1894: 1892: 1604: 1256:(4th ed.). Harmondsworth: Frederick Warne. 650:A defining feature of a pond is the presence of 2558:, New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 306–312, 2356: 1967:, CRC Press, pp. 797–824, 1 January 1994, 1653: 1109: – Swamp dominated by pond or bald cypress 323:at 33 acres (130,000 m; 13 ha), 4853:A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia 2544: 882:. These agriculture runoff ponds receive high 845: 551:for struggling farms during times of drought. 5109: 4938:Bangladesh Haor and Wetland Development Board 4863:Ramsar Classification System for Wetland Type 4266: 3474:Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems 3184: 2695: 2681: 1930: 1889: 1432: 299:sets the upper limit for pond size as 8 2585: 2553: 1565:, Oxford University Press, 1 December 2007, 1310:Wetland ecology: principles and conservation 1284:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 280:Vegetated pond within the sand dunes of the 5257:Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub 3539:Freshwater environmental quality parameters 2310:. Likens, Gene E., 1935-. . 19 March 2009. 2209: 2184:"Regional Perspectives: Local Traditions", 1130: – Garden with water as a main feature 5116: 5102: 4273: 4259: 3191: 3177: 2688: 2674: 2507: 2338:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1288:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 611:. These are still common in Europe and in 2603: 2448: 2398: 2366: 2283: 1622: 1490: 1401: 1216: 976:of about 250 oil paintings depicting the 949:that eat native water plants or Northern 697:. Other photosynthetic organisms such as 689:, and these wetlands support the aquatic 2255:– via Taylor & Francis Online. 963: 849: 807: 765: 676: 641: 568: 553: 519: 425: 398: 342: 275: 206:. Top predators may include large fish, 66: 58: 43: 2433:"Farm Ponds Sequester Greenhouse Gases" 2234: 1146: 27:Relatively small body of standing water 14: 5624: 4958:Meadowview Biological Research Station 4890:Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands 3198: 2658:W.H. MacKenzie and J.R. Moran (2004). 2266:Hill, Matthew J.; et al. (2018). 1734:"Kettles (U.S. National Park Service)" 5097: 4254: 3727: 3726: 3210: 3172: 2669: 2470: 2468: 2430: 2361:, Wallingford: CABI, pp. 74–97, 1898: 1789: 1787: 1785: 1783: 1781: 1779: 1472: 1307: 1238: 1236: 562:As urbanization continues to spread, 261:have proposed formal definitions for 5241:Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands 5203:Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands 2403:, Wallingford: CABI, pp. 1–10, 2265: 2186:Continuum Companion to Hindu Studies 1592:10.1093/odnb/9780192683120.013.22489 1303: 1301: 1299: 1254:The new observer's book of pond life 742:Opposite to long standing ponds are 637: 624:ancient drinking water supply system 573:Siddha Pokhari, a reservoir pond in 4953:Irish Peatland Conservation Council 3802:Oceanic physical-biological process 3664:List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF) 1571:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u29423 24: 2645:Zen & the Art of Pond Building 2623: 2465: 1776: 1664:10.1093/oso/9780198713593.001.0001 1473:Karki, Jhamak B (1 January 1970). 1233: 1066:, 17th-century artificial pond in 25: 5658: 5167:Montane grasslands and shrublands 1296: 1038:, United States, associated with 761: 282:Lençóis Maranhenses National Park 248: 110:of ponds from those of lakes and 5078: 5077: 5066: 4235: 4234: 4222: 4208: 3840: 3512: 3329:Colored dissolved organic matter 2875: 2556:Forest Restoration in Landscapes 1963:"Toward Ecosystem Restoration", 1252:Clegg, John, 1909-1998. (1986). 1115: – Water feature in gardens 1091: 854:Artificial pond in front of the 316:(50,000 m; 12 acres). 174:are based both on free-floating 5283:Flooded grasslands and savannas 4449:Flooded grasslands and savannas 3674:Latin America and the Caribbean 2579: 2501: 2424: 2392: 2350: 2300: 2259: 2228: 2177: 2134: 2109: 2066: 2040: 2014: 1988: 1956: 1924: 1846: 1751: 1726: 1680: 1647: 1598: 1576: 1554: 1507: 1382:Journal of Great Lakes Research 599:times, it was typical for many 5596:Ecological land classification 5125:Biogeographic regionalisations 4156:Ecological values of mangroves 3699:North Pacific Subtropical Gyre 2629:Hughes, F.M.R. (ed.). (2003). 2475:Radosevich, Steven R. (2007). 1935:, CRC Press, pp. 71–104, 1658:. Biology of Habitats Series. 1466: 1426: 1369: 1334: 1245: 1175: 1140: 1053:, Medieval artificial pond in 978:lily pond in his flower garden 86:is a small, still, land-based 13: 1: 4973:Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust 4963:Society of Wetland Scientists 2647:Sterling Publishing Company. 2308:Encyclopedia of inland waters 2188:, Bloomsbury Academic, 2011, 1855:The Journal of Animal Ecology 1134: 72: 5262:Deserts and xeric shrublands 4588:Peatland, mire, and quagmire 4280: 4176:Marine conservation activism 4161:Fisheries and climate change 2636:Environment Canada. (2004). 2194:10.5040/9781472549419.ch-006 2143:Journal of Forestry Research 1909:10.1017/cbo9780511778179.016 434:in Niagara Falls Rock Garden 394: 106:helps in distinguishing the 7: 5503:Temperate Northern Atlantic 5193:Broadleaf and mixed forests 4858:National Wetlands Inventory 4171:Human impact on marine life 4048:Davidson Seamount § Ecology 3284:Aquatic population dynamics 1084: 1005: 846:Conservation and management 98:. A pond is smaller than a 90:formed by pooling inside a 10: 5663: 5606:Vegetation classifications 5508:Temperate Northern Pacific 4943:Delta Waterfowl Foundation 2409:10.1079/9781845931896.0001 2377:10.1079/9781845931896.0074 2022:"Why are ponds important?" 1941:10.1201/9781420005394.sec2 1403:10.1016/j.jglr.2019.09.027 1209:10.1038/s41598-022-14569-0 972:artistic production was a 856:Haus der Kulturen der Welt 666:and other aquatic plants, 539:In agriculture practices, 36: 29: 5583: 5541: 5518:Temperate Southern Africa 5470: 5414: 5403: 5383: 5310: 5275: 5249: 5211: 5180: 5149: 5140: 5131: 5061: 4985: 4930: 4880: 4871: 4843: 4812: 4759: 4731: 4691: 4295: 4288: 4202: 4141: 4013: 3949: 3911: 3858: 3849: 3838: 3787:Marine primary production 3739: 3735: 3722: 3681:List of marine ecoregions 3656: 3521: 3510: 3224: 3220: 3206: 3059: 3031: 2993: 2955: 2884: 2873: 2707: 2431:Burke, Ty (21 May 2019). 2253:10.1080/01426399908706551 2155:10.1007/s11676-017-0369-8 2117:"Water Chemistry Testing" 2087:10.1007/s11252-009-0116-9 1688:Northern prairie wetlands 1656:Oxford Scholarship Online 1532:10.1007/s10750-007-9225-8 297:Ramsar wetland convention 273:that rely on size alone. 5528:Tropical Eastern Pacific 5478:Antarctic/Southern Ocean 4922:Wetland indicator status 4033:Coastal biogeomorphology 4028:Marine coastal ecosystem 2867:Waste stabilization pond 2564:10.1007/0-387-29112-1_44 1973:10.1201/9781466571754-41 917:. Most ponds experience 37:Not to be confused with 5549:Biogeographic provinces 5513:Temperate South America 5231:Moist broadleaf forests 4633:Freshwater swamp forest 3941:Paradox of the plankton 3752:Diel vertical migration 3646:Freshwater swamp forest 3364:GIS and aquatic science 3212:General components and 1996:"Freshwater ecosystems" 1308:Keddy, Paul A. (2010). 1010:Some notable ponds are: 752:Mississippi Gopher Frog 619:may be kept or raised. 615:(notably Japan), where 491: 4968:Wetlands International 4739:List of wetland plants 3767:Large marine ecosystem 3459:Shoaling and schooling 2235:Boothby, John (1999). 1718:: CS1 maint: others ( 1492:10.3126/init.v2i1.2513 1454:Cite journal requires 981: 878:and the fight against 866: 813: 789: 701:(suspended algae) and 682: 647: 581: 559: 536: 441:Prairie Pothole Region 435: 404: 359: 329:Concord, Massachusetts 288: 235:landscape architecture 94:, either naturally or 79: 64: 56: 5611:Zoogeographic regions 5569:Global 200 ecoregions 5498:Temperate Australasia 5236:Dry broadleaf forests 4613:Salt pannes and pools 4186:Marine protected area 4113:Salt pannes and pools 3888:Marine larval ecology 3863:Census of Marine Life 3747:Deep scattering layer 3704:San Francisco Estuary 3669:Africa and Madagascar 3494:Underwater camouflage 3274:Aquatic biomonitoring 3214:freshwater ecosystems 2822:Salt evaporation pond 2342:) CS1 maint: others ( 1584:Pond, Edward (d 1629) 1016:Big Pond, Nova Scotia 967: 853: 811: 769: 705:(organisms including 680: 645: 572: 557: 524:A small agricultural 523: 430:Ornamental pond with 429: 402: 346: 279: 259:freshwater biologists 231:water for agriculture 70: 62: 47: 32:Pond (disambiguation) 5632:Lacustrine landforms 5591:Altitudinal zonation 5533:Western Indo-Pacific 5493:Eastern Indo-Pacific 5488:Central Indo-Pacific 3921:Marine bacteriophage 3883:Marine invertebrates 3077:Big fish–little pond 3046:Freshwater ecosystem 2980:Puddles on a surface 2450:10.1029/2019EO124083 2401:Greenhouse gas sinks 2359:Greenhouse gas sinks 2272:Conservation Letters 737:biological diversity 30:For other uses, see 5564:Lists of ecoregions 5221:Tropical rainforest 5073:Wetlands portal 4704:Constructed wetland 4289:Types and landforms 3797:Ocean fertilization 3606:Trophic state index 3564:Lake stratification 3294:Aquatic respiration 3087:Constructed wetland 1816:10.1038/nature11883 1808:2013Natur.494..230J 1394:2019JGLR...45.1299H 1201:2022NatSR..1210472R 1161:10.1093/nq/22-6-242 1040:Henry David Thoreau 840:Lake Stratification 589:Indian subcontinent 104:emergent vegetation 5601:Floristic kingdoms 5365:Hydrothermal vents 5226:Coniferous forests 5188:Coniferous forests 4917:Salt marsh die-off 4835:Salt marsh dieback 4744:List of fen plants 4583:Palustrine wetland 4484:Intertidal wetland 4479:Interdunal wetland 4063:Intertidal wetland 4058:Intertidal ecology 3926:Marine prokaryotes 3868:Deep-sea community 3762:Iron fertilization 3685:Specific examples 3611:Upland and lowland 3529:Freshwater biology 3394:Microbial food web 3304:Aquatic toxicology 3247:Aquatic adaptation 3200:Aquatic ecosystems 2970:Coffee ring effect 2777:Infiltration basin 2757:Facultative lagoon 2285:10.1111/conl.12447 2241:Landscape Research 2221:2021-03-22 at the 2054:. 31 December 2018 2028:. 30 December 2013 1439:10.21236/ada627131 1189:Scientific Reports 982: 867: 823:primary production 814: 790: 683: 648: 582: 560: 537: 436: 405: 360: 289: 80: 65: 57: 5619: 5618: 5579: 5578: 5523:Tropical Atlantic 5399: 5398: 5306: 5305: 5198:Deciduous forests 5091: 5090: 4993:Aquatic ecosystem 4981: 4980: 4900:Ramsar Convention 4727: 4726: 4709:Converted wetland 4651:Peat swamp forest 4514:Inland salt marsh 4248: 4247: 4229:Oceans portal 4198: 4197: 4194: 4193: 4073:Hydrothermal vent 4009: 4008: 3898:Seashore wildlife 3729:Marine ecosystems 3718: 3717: 3714: 3713: 3484:Thermal pollution 3449:Ramsar Convention 3389:Microbial ecology 3349:Fisheries science 3289:Aquatic predation 3166: 3165: 3107:Pond of Abundance 3041:Aquatic ecosystem 2653:978-1-4027-4274-3 2486:978-0-470-16894-3 2418:978-1-84593-189-6 2386:978-1-84593-189-6 2317:978-0-12-370626-3 2203:978-1-4411-0334-5 1982:978-0-429-10199-1 1950:978-0-8493-3675-1 1918:978-0-511-77817-9 1802:(7436): 230–233. 1673:978-0-19-871359-3 1319:978-1-139-22365-2 1149:Notes and Queries 915:greenhouse gasses 638:Pond biodiversity 16:(Redirected from 5654: 5412: 5411: 5147: 5146: 5138: 5137: 5118: 5111: 5104: 5095: 5094: 5081: 5080: 5071: 5070: 5069: 5053:Will-o'-the-wisp 4986:Related articles 4878: 4877: 4678:Whitewater river 4628:Coniferous swamp 4509:Freshwater marsh 4402:Clearwater river 4318:Blackwater river 4293: 4292: 4275: 4268: 4261: 4252: 4251: 4238: 4237: 4231: 4227: 4226: 4217: 4215:Lakes portal 4213: 4212: 4211: 4181:Marine pollution 3873:Deep-water coral 3856: 3855: 3844: 3777:Marine chemistry 3737: 3736: 3724: 3723: 3641:Freshwater marsh 3534:Freshwater biome 3516: 3232:Acoustic ecology 3222: 3221: 3208: 3207: 3193: 3186: 3179: 3170: 3169: 2879: 2752:Evaporation pond 2690: 2683: 2676: 2667: 2666: 2643:Herda DJ (2008) 2618: 2617: 2607: 2605:10.1002/aqc.2702 2583: 2577: 2576: 2551: 2542: 2541: 2522:10.1672/06-150.1 2505: 2499: 2498: 2472: 2463: 2462: 2452: 2428: 2422: 2421: 2396: 2390: 2389: 2370: 2354: 2348: 2347: 2337: 2329: 2304: 2298: 2297: 2287: 2263: 2257: 2256: 2232: 2226: 2213: 2207: 2206: 2181: 2175: 2174: 2149:(5): 1039–1048. 2138: 2132: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2113: 2107: 2106: 2075:Urban Ecosystems 2070: 2064: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2044: 2038: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2018: 2012: 2011: 2009: 2007: 1992: 1986: 1985: 1960: 1954: 1953: 1928: 1922: 1921: 1896: 1887: 1886: 1850: 1844: 1843: 1791: 1774: 1773: 1771: 1769: 1755: 1749: 1748: 1746: 1744: 1730: 1724: 1723: 1717: 1709: 1684: 1678: 1677: 1651: 1645: 1644: 1626: 1602: 1596: 1595: 1580: 1574: 1573: 1558: 1552: 1551: 1511: 1505: 1504: 1494: 1470: 1464: 1463: 1457: 1452: 1450: 1442: 1430: 1424: 1423: 1405: 1388:(6): 1299–1309. 1373: 1367: 1366: 1338: 1332: 1331: 1305: 1294: 1293: 1283: 1275: 1249: 1243: 1240: 1231: 1230: 1220: 1179: 1173: 1172: 1144: 1124: 1101: 1096: 1095: 1094: 513:, and even some 243:greenhouse gases 77: 74: 21: 5662: 5661: 5657: 5656: 5655: 5653: 5652: 5651: 5647:Bodies of water 5622: 5621: 5620: 5615: 5575: 5537: 5466: 5406: 5395: 5391:Endolithic zone 5379: 5312: 5302: 5271: 5245: 5213: 5207: 5176: 5142: 5127: 5122: 5092: 5087: 5067: 5065: 5057: 4977: 4948:Ducks Unlimited 4926: 4885:Clean Water Act 4867: 4845:Classifications 4839: 4808: 4755: 4723: 4687: 4638:Mangrove forest 4284: 4279: 4249: 4244: 4221: 4220: 4209: 4207: 4206: 4190: 4151:Coral bleaching 4137: 4118:Seagrass meadow 4015:Marine habitats 4005: 3979:Coral reef fish 3945: 3931:Marine protists 3907: 3845: 3836: 3807:Ocean turbidity 3782:Marine food web 3731: 3710: 3652: 3591:River ecosystem 3544:Freshwater fish 3517: 3508: 3314:Bioluminescence 3299:Aquatic science 3216: 3202: 3197: 3167: 3162: 3055: 3027: 2989: 2951: 2927:Spent fuel pool 2922:Reflecting pool 2892:Anchialine pool 2880: 2871: 2703: 2694: 2640:. 2nd ed. 81 p. 2626: 2624:Further reading 2621: 2584: 2580: 2574: 2552: 2545: 2506: 2502: 2487: 2473: 2466: 2429: 2425: 2419: 2397: 2393: 2387: 2368:10.1.1.371.7116 2355: 2351: 2331: 2330: 2318: 2306: 2305: 2301: 2264: 2260: 2233: 2229: 2223:Wayback Machine 2214: 2210: 2204: 2183: 2182: 2178: 2139: 2135: 2125: 2123: 2115: 2114: 2110: 2071: 2067: 2057: 2055: 2046: 2045: 2041: 2031: 2029: 2020: 2019: 2015: 2005: 2003: 2000:Forest Research 1994: 1993: 1989: 1983: 1962: 1961: 1957: 1951: 1929: 1925: 1919: 1901:Wetland Ecology 1897: 1890: 1851: 1847: 1792: 1777: 1767: 1765: 1757: 1756: 1752: 1742: 1740: 1732: 1731: 1727: 1711: 1710: 1698: 1686: 1685: 1681: 1674: 1652: 1648: 1603: 1599: 1582: 1581: 1577: 1560: 1559: 1555: 1512: 1508: 1471: 1467: 1455: 1453: 1444: 1443: 1431: 1427: 1374: 1370: 1355:10.1002/aqc.745 1339: 1335: 1320: 1306: 1297: 1277: 1276: 1264: 1250: 1246: 1241: 1234: 1180: 1176: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1122: 1099:Wetlands portal 1097: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1082: 1045:Hampstead Ponds 1028:, United States 1008: 903:denitrification 898: 891: 848: 764: 739:in landscapes. 654:which provides 640: 564:retention ponds 541:treatment ponds 494: 445:elastic rebound 397: 251: 136:prairie pothole 75: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5660: 5650: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5617: 5616: 5614: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5587: 5585: 5581: 5580: 5577: 5576: 5574: 5573: 5572: 5571: 5566: 5556: 5551: 5545: 5543: 5539: 5538: 5536: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5474: 5472: 5468: 5467: 5465: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5418: 5416: 5409: 5405:Biogeographic 5401: 5400: 5397: 5396: 5394: 5393: 5387: 5385: 5381: 5380: 5378: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5316: 5314: 5308: 5307: 5304: 5303: 5301: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5279: 5277: 5273: 5272: 5270: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5253: 5251: 5247: 5246: 5244: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5217: 5215: 5209: 5208: 5206: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5184: 5182: 5178: 5177: 5175: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5153: 5151: 5144: 5135: 5129: 5128: 5121: 5120: 5113: 5106: 5098: 5089: 5088: 5086: 5085: 5075: 5062: 5059: 5058: 5056: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5023:Drainage basin 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4989: 4987: 4983: 4982: 4979: 4978: 4976: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4934: 4932: 4928: 4927: 4925: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4913: 4912: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4881: 4875: 4869: 4868: 4866: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4849: 4847: 4841: 4840: 4838: 4837: 4832: 4830:Paludification 4827: 4822: 4816: 4814: 4810: 4809: 4807: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4790: 4789: 4784: 4782:Sapric or muck 4779: 4769: 4763: 4761: 4760:Soil mechanics 4757: 4756: 4754: 4753: 4746: 4741: 4735: 4733: 4729: 4728: 4725: 4724: 4722: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4695: 4693: 4689: 4688: 4686: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4659: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4539: 4538: 4537: 4536: 4531: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4504:Brackish marsh 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4435: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4393: 4392: 4382: 4377: 4376: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4299: 4297: 4290: 4286: 4285: 4278: 4277: 4270: 4263: 4255: 4246: 4245: 4243: 4242: 4232: 4218: 4203: 4200: 4199: 4196: 4195: 4192: 4191: 4189: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4147: 4145: 4139: 4138: 4136: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4019: 4017: 4011: 4010: 4007: 4006: 4004: 4003: 3998: 3997: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3969:Saltwater fish 3966: 3964:Marine reptile 3961: 3955: 3953: 3947: 3946: 3944: 3943: 3938: 3936:Marine viruses 3933: 3928: 3923: 3917: 3915: 3913:Microorganisms 3909: 3908: 3906: 3905: 3903:Wild fisheries 3900: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3859: 3853: 3847: 3846: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3817:Thorson's rule 3814: 3809: 3804: 3799: 3794: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3774: 3772:Marine biology 3769: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3743: 3741: 3733: 3732: 3720: 3719: 3716: 3715: 3712: 3711: 3709: 3708: 3707: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3683: 3678: 3677: 3676: 3671: 3660: 3658: 3654: 3653: 3651: 3650: 3649: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3631:Brackish marsh 3628: 3618: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3588: 3583: 3582: 3581: 3571: 3566: 3561: 3559:Lake ecosystem 3556: 3551: 3549:Hyporheic zone 3546: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3525: 3523: 3519: 3518: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3481: 3476: 3471: 3466: 3461: 3456: 3451: 3446: 3441: 3436: 3431: 3426: 3421: 3416: 3411: 3406: 3401: 3399:Microbial loop 3396: 3391: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3371: 3366: 3361: 3356: 3351: 3346: 3344:Eutrophication 3341: 3336: 3331: 3326: 3324:Cascade effect 3321: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3281: 3276: 3271: 3270: 3269: 3264: 3259: 3252:Aquatic animal 3249: 3244: 3239: 3234: 3228: 3226: 3218: 3217: 3204: 3203: 3196: 3195: 3188: 3181: 3173: 3164: 3163: 3161: 3160: 3155: 3147: 3142: 3140:Water aeration 3137: 3132: 3127: 3119: 3114: 3109: 3104: 3099: 3094: 3089: 3084: 3079: 3074: 3069: 3067:Aerated lagoon 3063: 3061: 3057: 3056: 3054: 3053: 3051:Lake ecosystem 3048: 3043: 3037: 3035: 3029: 3028: 3026: 3025: 3020: 3015: 3010: 3005: 2999: 2997: 2991: 2990: 2988: 2987: 2982: 2977: 2972: 2967: 2961: 2959: 2953: 2952: 2950: 2949: 2944: 2939: 2934: 2929: 2924: 2919: 2914: 2909: 2904: 2899: 2894: 2888: 2886: 2882: 2881: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2869: 2864: 2859: 2854: 2849: 2844: 2839: 2834: 2829: 2824: 2819: 2814: 2812:Retention pond 2809: 2804: 2802:Polishing pond 2799: 2794: 2789: 2784: 2779: 2774: 2772:Immersion pond 2769: 2764: 2759: 2754: 2749: 2744: 2742:Detention pond 2739: 2734: 2729: 2724: 2722:Balancing lake 2719: 2713: 2711: 2705: 2704: 2693: 2692: 2685: 2678: 2670: 2664: 2663: 2656: 2641: 2634: 2625: 2622: 2620: 2619: 2598:(5): 942–962. 2578: 2572: 2543: 2516:(2): 324–335. 2500: 2485: 2464: 2423: 2417: 2391: 2385: 2349: 2316: 2299: 2258: 2227: 2208: 2202: 2176: 2133: 2108: 2081:(2): 181–190. 2065: 2039: 2013: 1987: 1981: 1955: 1949: 1923: 1917: 1888: 1845: 1775: 1750: 1725: 1696: 1679: 1672: 1646: 1597: 1575: 1553: 1506: 1479:The Initiation 1465: 1456:|journal= 1425: 1368: 1349:(6): 693–714. 1333: 1318: 1295: 1262: 1244: 1232: 1174: 1155:(6): 242–243. 1138: 1136: 1133: 1132: 1131: 1125: 1119:Treatment pond 1116: 1110: 1103: 1102: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1080: 1078:Czech Republic 1071: 1061: 1048: 1042: 1029: 1022:Christian Pond 1019: 1012: 1007: 1004: 970:Claude Monet's 919:eutrophication 896: 889: 880:climate change 847: 844: 819:photosynthesis 763: 762:Stratification 760: 652:standing water 639: 636: 526:retention pond 493: 490: 396: 393: 374:surface runoff 250: 249:Classification 247: 164:aquatic plants 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5659: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5629: 5627: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5588: 5586: 5582: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5561: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5546: 5544: 5540: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5475: 5473: 5469: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5419: 5417: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5402: 5392: 5389: 5388: 5386: 5382: 5376: 5375:Demersal zone 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5317: 5315: 5309: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5280: 5278: 5274: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5254: 5252: 5248: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5218: 5216: 5210: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5185: 5183: 5179: 5173: 5172:Alpine tundra 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5154: 5152: 5150:Polar/montane 5148: 5145: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5119: 5114: 5112: 5107: 5105: 5100: 5099: 5096: 5084: 5076: 5074: 5064: 5063: 5060: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5033:Riparian zone 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4990: 4988: 4984: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4935: 4933: 4931:Organizations 4929: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4911: 4908: 4907: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4882: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4870: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4850: 4848: 4846: 4842: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4817: 4815: 4811: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4788: 4787:Tropical peat 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4774: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4764: 4762: 4758: 4752: 4751: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4736: 4734: 4730: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4696: 4694: 4690: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4668:Várzea forest 4666: 4664: 4661: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4625: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4526: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4501: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4419: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4391: 4388: 4387: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4358:Polygonal bog 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4330: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4300: 4298: 4294: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4276: 4271: 4269: 4264: 4262: 4257: 4256: 4253: 4241: 4233: 4230: 4225: 4219: 4216: 4205: 4204: 4201: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4140: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4123:Sponge ground 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4088:Marine biomes 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4012: 4002: 3999: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3989:Demersal fish 3987: 3985: 3984:Deep-sea fish 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3971: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3959:Marine mammal 3957: 3956: 3954: 3952: 3948: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3910: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3860: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3848: 3843: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3744: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3725: 3721: 3705: 3702: 3700: 3697: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3666: 3665: 3662: 3661: 3659: 3655: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3623: 3622: 3619: 3617: 3614: 3612: 3609: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3592: 3589: 3587: 3584: 3580: 3577: 3576: 3575: 3572: 3570: 3567: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3527: 3526: 3524: 3520: 3515: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3489:Trophic level 3487: 3485: 3482: 3480: 3477: 3475: 3472: 3470: 3467: 3465: 3462: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3454:Sediment trap 3452: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3440: 3437: 3435: 3432: 3430: 3429:Phytoplankton 3427: 3425: 3422: 3420: 3417: 3415: 3412: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3390: 3387: 3385: 3382: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3345: 3342: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3332: 3330: 3327: 3325: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3302: 3300: 3297: 3295: 3292: 3290: 3287: 3285: 3282: 3280: 3279:Aquatic plant 3277: 3275: 3272: 3268: 3265: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3254: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3243: 3242:Anoxic waters 3240: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3230: 3229: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3194: 3189: 3187: 3182: 3180: 3175: 3174: 3171: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3148: 3146: 3143: 3141: 3138: 3136: 3135:Swimming hole 3133: 3131: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3120: 3118: 3115: 3113: 3110: 3108: 3105: 3103: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3093: 3090: 3088: 3085: 3083: 3082:Body of water 3080: 3078: 3075: 3073: 3070: 3068: 3065: 3064: 3062: 3058: 3052: 3049: 3047: 3044: 3042: 3039: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3030: 3024: 3021: 3019: 3018:Goldfish pond 3016: 3014: 3011: 3009: 3006: 3004: 3001: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2992: 2986: 2983: 2981: 2978: 2976: 2973: 2971: 2968: 2966: 2963: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2954: 2948: 2945: 2943: 2940: 2938: 2937:Swimming pool 2935: 2933: 2930: 2928: 2925: 2923: 2920: 2918: 2915: 2913: 2910: 2908: 2905: 2903: 2902:Infinity pool 2900: 2898: 2895: 2893: 2890: 2889: 2887: 2883: 2878: 2868: 2865: 2863: 2860: 2858: 2855: 2853: 2850: 2848: 2845: 2843: 2840: 2838: 2835: 2833: 2832:Settling pond 2830: 2828: 2827:Sediment pond 2825: 2823: 2820: 2818: 2815: 2813: 2810: 2808: 2805: 2803: 2800: 2798: 2795: 2793: 2790: 2788: 2785: 2783: 2780: 2778: 2775: 2773: 2770: 2768: 2765: 2763: 2760: 2758: 2755: 2753: 2750: 2748: 2745: 2743: 2740: 2738: 2735: 2733: 2730: 2728: 2725: 2723: 2720: 2718: 2715: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2699:, pools, and 2698: 2691: 2686: 2684: 2679: 2677: 2672: 2671: 2668: 2661: 2657: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2639: 2635: 2632: 2628: 2627: 2615: 2611: 2606: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2582: 2575: 2573:0-387-25525-7 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2550: 2548: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2504: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2482: 2478: 2471: 2469: 2460: 2456: 2451: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2427: 2420: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2395: 2388: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2369: 2364: 2360: 2353: 2345: 2341: 2335: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2313: 2309: 2303: 2295: 2291: 2286: 2281: 2278:(5): e12447. 2277: 2273: 2269: 2262: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2231: 2224: 2220: 2217: 2212: 2205: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2180: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2137: 2122: 2121:www.ponds.org 2118: 2112: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2069: 2053: 2052:Pond Informer 2049: 2043: 2027: 2023: 2017: 2002:. 29 May 2018 2001: 1997: 1991: 1984: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1959: 1952: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1927: 1920: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1895: 1893: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1849: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1790: 1788: 1786: 1784: 1782: 1780: 1764: 1760: 1754: 1739: 1735: 1729: 1721: 1715: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1697:0-8138-0037-4 1693: 1689: 1683: 1675: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1650: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1601: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1579: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1557: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1520:Hydrobiologia 1517: 1510: 1502: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1469: 1461: 1448: 1440: 1436: 1429: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1372: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1337: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1315: 1311: 1304: 1302: 1300: 1291: 1287: 1281: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1263:0-7232-3338-1 1259: 1255: 1248: 1239: 1237: 1228: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1178: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1143: 1139: 1129: 1126: 1120: 1117: 1114: 1111: 1108: 1105: 1104: 1100: 1089: 1079: 1075: 1074:Rožmberk Pond 1072: 1069: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1051:Kuttam Pokuna 1049: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1037: 1036:Massachusetts 1033: 1030: 1027: 1023: 1020: 1017: 1014: 1013: 1011: 1003: 1001: 997: 991: 988: 979: 975: 971: 966: 962: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 935: 930: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 892: 885: 881: 877: 873: 865: 861: 857: 852: 843: 841: 836: 832: 829: 824: 820: 810: 806: 804: 800: 796: 787: 786: 781: 780: 775: 774: 768: 759: 755: 753: 749: 745: 740: 738: 733: 729: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 707:cyanobacteria 704: 700: 699:phytoplankton 696: 692: 688: 679: 675: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 644: 635: 633: 629: 625: 620: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 585: 580: 576: 571: 567: 565: 556: 552: 550: 547: 542: 535: 531: 527: 522: 518: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 489: 486: 484: 483:organic soils 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 451: 446: 442: 433: 428: 424: 422: 418: 414: 410: 401: 392: 390: 386: 381: 379: 375: 370: 366: 358: 357:New York City 354: 350: 345: 341: 339: 334: 330: 326: 322: 317: 314: 310: 306: 303:(80,000 302: 298: 294: 287: 283: 278: 274: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 246: 244: 240: 239:flood control 236: 232: 228: 227:anthropogenic 223: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 160: 158: 154: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 88:body of water 85: 69: 61: 55: 51: 46: 40: 33: 19: 5542:Subdivisions 5432:Australasian 5422:Afrotropical 5384:Other biomes 5360:Benthic zone 5355:Pelagic zone 5350:Neritic zone 5340:Kelp forests 5319: 5212:Tropical and 5018:List of bogs 4873:Conservation 4804:Ombrotrophic 4748: 4719:Water-meadow 4643: 4597: 4454:Grass valley 4444:Flood-meadow 4407:Cypress dome 4338:Cataract bog 4313:Beach meadow 4143:Conservation 3994:Pelagic fish 3974:Coastal fish 3878:Marine fungi 3616:Water garden 3573: 3499:Water column 3444:Productivity 3419:Pelagic zone 3379:Macrobenthos 3369:Hydrobiology 3339:Ecohydrology 3151:Water Lilies 3150: 3145:Water garden 3125:(M C Escher) 3122: 3072:Bakki shower 2907:Natural pool 2807:Raceway pond 2737:Cooling pond 2727:Ballast pond 2708: 2696: 2659: 2644: 2637: 2630: 2595: 2591: 2581: 2555: 2513: 2509: 2503: 2476: 2440: 2436: 2426: 2400: 2394: 2358: 2352: 2307: 2302: 2275: 2271: 2261: 2247:(1): 67–83. 2244: 2240: 2230: 2211: 2185: 2179: 2146: 2142: 2136: 2124:. 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Retrieved 1737: 1728: 1687: 1682: 1655: 1649: 1624:10.1650/7584 1614: 1610: 1600: 1583: 1578: 1562: 1556: 1523: 1519: 1509: 1485:(1): 10–16. 1482: 1478: 1468: 1447:cite journal 1428: 1385: 1381: 1371: 1346: 1342: 1336: 1309: 1253: 1247: 1195:(1): 10472. 1192: 1188: 1177: 1152: 1148: 1142: 1128:Water garden 1107:Cypress dome 1064:Rani Pokhari 1055:Anuradhapura 1009: 996:vernal pools 992: 983: 931: 923:algae blooms 868: 837: 833: 815: 791: 783: 777: 771: 756: 744:vernal ponds 741: 713:, and other 684: 674:, and fish. 664:water lilies 649: 621: 586: 583: 561: 538: 495: 487: 479:crocodilians 437: 421:terraforming 419:, and human 406: 382: 377: 361: 349:Central Park 347:The Pond in 321:Crystal Lake 318: 312: 290: 270: 266: 262: 255:Limnologists 252: 224: 220:beaver ponds 216:vernal pools 161: 96:artificially 83: 81: 5452:Neotropical 5442:Indomalayan 5415:Terrestrial 5345:Coral reefs 5214:subtropical 5141:Terrestrial 5043:Telmatology 5038:River delta 4905:Ramsar site 4895:Marsh organ 4794:Hydric soil 4673:Vernal pool 4656:Shrub swamp 4524:Tidal marsh 4353:Plateau bog 4343:Coastal bog 4333:Blanket bog 4128:Sponge reef 4103:Rocky shore 4098:Oyster reef 4068:Kelp forest 3951:Vertebrates 3851:Marine life 3827:Viral shunt 3792:Marine snow 3694:Maharashtra 3601:Stream pool 3504:Zooplankton 3424:Photic zone 3384:Meiobenthos 3237:Algal bloom 3097:Hydric soil 2985:Seep puddle 2947:Vernal pool 2932:Stream pool 2917:Plunge pool 2782:Kettle pond 2762:Garden pond 2126:16 November 2058:16 November 2032:16 November 2006:16 November 1768:16 November 1743:16 November 1738:www.nps.gov 1563:Who Was Who 1113:Garden pond 1032:Walden Pond 1002:, develop. 987:wet meadows 947:Common Carp 941:structure, 803:hypolimnion 799:metalimnion 785:Hypolimnion 779:Metalimnion 728:dragonflies 703:periphytons 695:macrophytes 455:floodplains 325:Walden Pond 153:tidal pools 146:in nature. 142:but may be 132:vernal pool 116:floodplains 76: 1877 54:Netherlands 5626:Categories 5559:Ecoregions 5554:Bioregions 5462:Palearctic 5370:Cold seeps 5330:Intertidal 5003:Bog butter 4699:Bog garden 4692:Artificial 4663:Wet meadow 4529:High marsh 4519:Salt marsh 4422:Fen-meadow 4390:Alder carr 4373:Upland bog 4368:String bog 4363:Raised bog 4108:Salt marsh 4043:Coral reef 3832:Whale fall 3812:Photophore 3689:Everglades 3657:Ecoregions 3596:Stream bed 3569:Macrophyte 3522:Freshwater 3354:Food chain 3267:Water bird 3112:Pond liner 3102:Phytotelma 3033:Ecosystems 3003:Beaver dam 2912:Ocean pool 2897:Brine pool 2862:Waste pond 2837:Solar pond 1965:Everglades 1861:(2): 616. 1617:(2): 457. 1611:The Condor 1526:(1): 1–6. 1135:References 951:Snakeheads 927:fish kills 925:and local 876:mitigation 828:isothermal 795:epilimnion 773:Epilimnion 609:fish ponds 549:reservoirs 546:irrigation 530:Swarzynice 499:amphibians 477:and other 475:alligators 417:ecological 413:geological 409:depression 369:mill ponds 365:stew ponds 307:; 20 212:alligators 188:water bugs 140:freshwater 118:as cutoff 92:depression 5437:Holarctic 5427:Antarctic 5335:Mangroves 5181:Temperate 4825:Hydrosere 4813:Processes 4799:Marsh gas 4644:Myristica 4534:Low marsh 4348:Kermi bog 4323:Bofedales 4303:Backswamp 4133:Tide pool 4038:Cold seep 3822:Upwelling 3586:Rheotaxis 3579:Fish pond 3554:Limnology 3479:Substrate 3464:Siltation 3334:Dead zone 3092:Full pond 3013:Fish pond 3008:Duck pond 2965:Bird bath 2942:Tide pool 2847:Stew pond 2797:Mill pond 2792:Melt pond 2614:1052-7613 2530:0277-5212 2495:181348071 2459:2324-9250 2363:CiteSeerX 2334:cite book 2326:351296306 2163:1007-662X 2095:1083-8155 1875:0021-8790 1840:205232648 1824:0028-0836 1763:nsidc.org 1714:cite book 1633:0010-5422 1540:0018-8158 1501:2091-0088 1420:209565712 1412:0380-1330 1363:1052-7613 1328:801405617 1280:cite book 1169:1471-6941 1068:Kathmandu 1059:Sri Lanka 782:III. 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