347:
20:
335:
107:
35:
131:
organisms can also be dependent on overall nutrient limitation, not just macro elements. This is especially the case in the 'feast/famine' cycle method for induction of PHA production, wherein carbon is periodically added and depleted to cause famine, which encourages cells to produce PHA during 'feast' as a storage method for periods of famine.
260:
As raw material for the fermentation, carbohydrates such as glucose and sucrose can be used, but also vegetable oil or glycerine from biodiesel production. Researchers in industry are working on methods with which transgenic crops will be developed that express PHA synthesis routes from bacteria and
130:
The biosynthesis of PHA is usually caused by deficiency conditions (e.g. lack of macro elements such as phosphorus, nitrogen, trace elements, or lack of oxygen) and the excess supply of carbon sources. However, the prevalence of PHA production within either a mono-culture or a set of mixed-microbial
126:
can be placed in a suitable medium and fed appropriate nutrients so that it multiplies rapidly. Once the population has reached a substantial level, the nutrient composition can be changed to force the micro-organism to synthesize PHA. The yield of PHA obtained from the intracellular granule
280:
PHA polymers are thermoplastic, can be processed on conventional processing equipment, and are, depending on their composition, ductile and more or less elastic. They differ in their properties according to their chemical composition (homo-or copolyester, contained hydroxy fatty acids).
323:(PP), has a good resistance to moisture and aroma barrier properties. Polyhydroxybutyric acid synthesized from pure PHB is relatively brittle and stiff. PHB copolymers, which may include other fatty acids such as beta-hydroxyvaleric acid, may be elastic.
155:
PHA synthases are the key enzymes of PHA biosynthesis. They use the coenzyme A - thioester of (r)-hydroxy fatty acids as substrates. The two classes of PHA synthases differ in the specific use of hydroxy fatty acids of short or medium chain length.
431:, tacks, staples, screws (including interference screws), bone plates and bone plating systems, surgical mesh, repair patches, slings, cardiovascular patches, orthopedic pins (including bone.lling augmentation material),
1060:
Mohapatra, S.; Sarkar, B.; Samantaray, D. P.; Daware, A.; Maity, S.; Pattnaik, S.; Bhattacharjee, S. (2017). "Bioconversion of fish solid waste into PHB using
Bacillus subtilis based submerged fermentation process".
981:
Amelia, Tan Suet May; Govindasamy, Sharumathiy; Tamothran, Arularasu
Muthaliar; Vigneswari, Sevakumaran; Bhubalan, Kesaven (2019), Kalia, Vipin Chandra (ed.), "Applications of PHA in Agriculture",
98:
of PHA can also be changed by blending, modifying the surface or combining PHA with other polymers, enzymes and inorganic materials, making it possible for a wider range of applications.
207:
Another even larger scale synthesis can be done with the help of soil organisms. For lack of nitrogen and phosphorus they produce a kilogram of PHA per three kilograms of sugar.
416:
There are potential applications for PHA produced by micro-organisms within the agricultural, medical and pharmaceutical industries, primarily due to their biodegradability.
851:
Cataldi, P. (July 2020). "Multifunctional
Biocomposites Based on Polyhydroxyalkanoate and Graphene/Carbon Nanofiber Hybrids for Electrical and Thermal Applications".
596:
953:
200:
72:
can be combined within this family to give materials with extremely different properties. These plastics are biodegradable and are used in the production of
134:
Polyesters are deposited in the form of highly refractive granules in the cells. Depending upon the microorganism and the cultivation conditions, homo- or
222:
In the industrial production of PHA, the polyester is extracted and purified from the bacteria by optimizing the conditions of microbial fermentation of
667:
Jacquel, Nicolas; Lo, Chi-Wei; Wei, Yu-Hong; Wu, Ho-Shing; Wang, Shaw S. (2008). "Isolation and purification of bacterial poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates)".
163:
Poly (HA SCL) from hydroxy fatty acids with short chain lengths including three to five carbon atoms are synthesized by numerous bacteria, including
1098:
Mohapatra, Swati; Maity, Sudipta; Dash, Hirak Ranjan; Das, Surajit; Pattnaik, Swati; Rath, Chandi Charan; Samantaray, Deviprasad (December 2017).
261:
so produce PHA as energy storage in their tissues. Several companies are working to develop methods of producing PHA from waste water, including
204:, synthesize copolyester from the above two types of hydroxy fatty acids, or at least possess enzymes that are capable of part of this synthesis.
563:
Bhubalan, Kesaven; Lee, Wing-Hin; Sudesh, Kumar (2011-05-03), Domb, Abraham J.; Kumar, Neeraj; Ezra, Aviva (eds.), "Polyhydroxyalkanoate",
410:
242:
776:
808:
182:
Poly (HA MCL) from hydroxy fatty acids with medium chain lengths including six to 14 carbon atoms, can be made for example, by
998:
705:
635:
580:
547:
492:
Lu, Jingnan; Tappel, Ryan C.; Nomura, Christopher T. (2009-08-05). "Mini-Review: Biosynthesis of Poly(hydroxyalkanoates)".
346:
300:
can lie in the range of a few to 70%. Processability, impact strength and flexibility improves with a higher percentage of
334:
413:(small business category) for their development and commercialisation of a cost-effective method for manufacturing PHAs.
138:
with different hydroxyalkanoic acids are generated. PHA granules are then recovered by disrupting the cells. Recombinant
600:
369:
as a means to create plastics from non-fossil fuel sources. Furthermore, active research is being carried out for the
249:
obtained via fermentation that was named "Biopol". It was sold under the name "Biopol" and distributed in the U.S. by
964:
402:(poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)) is less stiff and tougher, and it may be used as packaging material.
68:. When produced by bacteria they serve as both a source of energy and as a carbon store. More than 150 different
1021:
Chen, Guo-Qiang; Wu, Qiong (2005). "The application of polyhydroxyalkanoates as tissue engineering materials".
272:
PHAs are processed mainly via injection molding, extrusion and extrusion bubbles into films and hollow bodies.
837:
238:
148:
str. pBE2C1AB were used in production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) and it was shown that they could use
365:
with novel properties, much interest exists to develop the use of PHA-based materials. PHA fits into the
265:
subsidiary
Anoxkaldnes. and start-ups, Micromidas, Mango Materials, Full Cycle Bioplastics, Newlight and
57:
961:
The
Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Awards Program: Summary of 2005 Award Entries and Recipients
752:
382:
301:
1183:
729:
1168:
695:
1173:
448:
194:
792:
8:
1178:
1146:"A Strategic Review on Use of Polyhydroxyalkanoates as an Immunostimulant in Aquaculture"
211:
176:
165:
122:
24:
120:
To induce PHA production in a laboratory setting, a culture of a micro-organism such as
1128:
1099:
1086:
1034:
1004:
878:
860:
517:
424:
391:
210:
The simplest and most commonly occurring form of PHA is the fermentative production of
184:
1145:
1133:
1078:
1038:
1008:
994:
882:
701:
649:
641:
631:
576:
543:
509:
370:
171:
140:
112:
521:
1123:
1115:
1090:
1070:
1030:
986:
909:
870:
838:"Paques Biomaterials investeert 58 miljoen in demo-installatie en fabriek in Emmen"
676:
623:
568:
501:
432:
358:
95:
1074:
898:"Solubility of polyhydroxyalkanoates by experiment and thermodynamic correlations"
990:
896:
Jacquel, Nicolas; Lo, Chi-Wei; Wu, Ho-Shing; Wei, Yu-Hong; Wang, Shaw S. (2007).
420:
309:
289:
1119:
313:
680:
572:
505:
1162:
645:
513:
378:
366:
320:
297:
231:
88:
80:
627:
19:
1137:
1082:
1042:
874:
653:
386:
1153:
456:
285:
135:
106:
73:
34:
471:
substitutes, bone graft substitutes, bone dowels, wound dressings, and
468:
362:
305:
914:
897:
822:
809:"Full Cycle Bioplastics Turns Bacteria Waste into "Nature's Plastic""
464:
440:
406:
374:
266:
254:
84:
50:
980:
865:
472:
460:
250:
54:
614:
Kim, Y. B.; Lenz, R. W. (2001). "Polyesters from microorganisms".
451:
repair devices, pericardial patches, bulking and filling agents,
227:
69:
53:
produced in nature by numerous microorganisms, including through
1059:
565:
Biodegradable
Polymers in Clinical Use and Clinical Development
444:
304:
in the material. PHAs are soluble in halogenated solvents such
288:
stable, in contrast to other bioplastics from polymers such as
262:
214:, which consists of 1000 to 30000 hydroxy fatty acid monomers.
127:
inclusions can be as high as 80% of the organism's dry weight.
436:
428:
223:
65:
61:
954:"The Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Awards Program"
756:
452:
399:
149:
963:. Environmental Protection Agency: 8. 2005. Archived from
152:
waste as carbon source for lower cost of PHA production.
38:
Chemical structures of P3HB, PHV and their copolymer PHBV
1144:
Adhithya Sankar
Santhosh; Mridul Umesh (December 2020).
439:, guided tissue repair/regeneration devices, articular
983:
929:
467:
cell implants, spinal fusion cages, skin substitutes,
1152:, Vol. 8 No. 1 (2021), 14 December 2020 , Page 1-18.
1097:
777:
Mango
Materials selected for Phase II STTR NASA award
116:
bacteria can be used to produce polyhydroxyalkanoates
419:
Fixation and orthopaedic applications have included
835:
616:Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology
567:, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 247–315,
562:
1160:
727:
750:
538:Doi, Yoshiharu; Steinbuchel, Alexander (2002).
895:
666:
597:"Polyhydroxyalkanoates for tissue engineering"
537:
491:
319:PHB is similar in its material properties to
411:Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Award
753:"Micromidas to test sludge-to-plastic tech"
693:
533:
531:
459:scaffolds, meniscus regeneration devices,
352:Structure of poly-4-hydroxybutyrate (P4HB)
296:, and show a low permeation of water. The
1127:
1104:and biopolymer: Prospects and challenges"
913:
864:
687:
595:Michael, Anne John (September 12, 2004).
340:Structure of poly-3-hydroxyvalerate (PHV)
23:Structure of poly-(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate (
985:, Springer Singapore, pp. 347–361,
793:How Close Are We to Reinventing Plastic?
217:
105:
33:
18:
1154:https://doi.org/10.22037/afb.v8i1.31255
850:
613:
594:
528:
159:The resulting PHA is of the two types:
1161:
1020:
728:Seb Egerton-Read (September 9, 2015).
275:
1108:Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports
13:
1053:
1035:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.04.036
14:
1195:
292:, partial ca. temperatures up to
751:Martin Lamonica (May 27, 2010).
542:. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH.
345:
333:
91:ranging from 40 to 180 °C.
1014:
974:
946:
922:
889:
844:
829:
815:
801:
786:
770:
669:Biochemical Engineering Journal
326:
101:
744:
721:
660:
607:
588:
556:
485:
443:repair devices, nerve guides,
94:The mechanical properties and
1:
1075:10.1080/09593330.2017.1291759
853:ACS Applied Polymer Materials
823:"Paques biomaterials website"
697:Compostable Polymer Materials
694:Ewa Rudnik (3 January 2008).
478:
991:10.1007/978-981-13-3759-8_13
239:Imperial Chemical Industries
7:
1120:10.1016/j.bbrep.2017.10.001
730:"A New Way to Make Plastic"
10:
1200:
1150:Applied Food Biotechnology
836:Provincie Drenthe (2022).
383:polyethylene terephthalate
192:A few bacteria, including
681:10.1016/j.bej.2007.11.029
573:10.1002/9781118015810.ch8
506:10.1080/15583720903048243
405:In June 2005, US company
212:poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate
1063:Environmental Technology
700:. Elsevier. p. 21.
361:and potential to create
628:10.1007/3-540-40021-4_2
409:, Inc. received the US
398:A PHA copolymer called
243:poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-
875:10.1021/acsapm.0c00539
117:
39:
31:
218:Industrial production
109:
43:Polyhydroxyalkanoates
37:
22:
603:on January 28, 2007.
449:atrial septal defect
423:, suture fasteners,
201:Thiococcus pfennigii
195:Aeromonas hydrophila
29:polyhydroxyalkanoate
781:BioplasticsMagazine
463:and tendon grafts,
276:Material properties
267:Paques Biomaterials
247:-3-hydroxyvalerate)
166:Cupriavidus necator
123:Cupriavidus necator
110:Certain strains of
79:They can be either
392:Pseudomonas putida
185:Pseudomonas putida
118:
40:
32:
1000:978-981-13-3758-1
930:"Homepage - P4SB"
915:10.1002/aic.11274
707:978-0-08-045371-2
637:978-3-540-41141-3
582:978-1-118-01581-0
549:978-3-527-30225-3
433:adhesion barriers
389:) into PHA using
371:biotransformation
172:Alcaligenes latus
146:Bacillus subtilis
141:Bacillus subtilis
113:Bacillus subtilis
1191:
1141:
1131:
1094:
1047:
1046:
1018:
1012:
1011:
978:
972:
971:
969:
958:
950:
944:
943:
941:
940:
926:
920:
919:
917:
893:
887:
886:
868:
859:(8): 3525–3534.
848:
842:
841:
833:
827:
826:
819:
813:
812:
805:
799:
790:
784:
774:
768:
767:
765:
763:
748:
742:
741:
739:
737:
725:
719:
718:
716:
714:
691:
685:
684:
664:
658:
657:
611:
605:
604:
599:. Archived from
592:
586:
585:
560:
554:
553:
535:
526:
525:
489:
447:repair devices,
427:repair devices,
359:biodegradability
349:
337:
295:
144:str. pBE2C1 and
96:biocompatibility
87:materials, with
16:Polyester family
1199:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1159:
1158:
1056:
1054:Further reading
1051:
1050:
1029:(33): 6565–78.
1019:
1015:
1001:
979:
975:
967:
956:
952:
951:
947:
938:
936:
928:
927:
923:
908:(10): 2704–14.
894:
890:
849:
845:
834:
830:
821:
820:
816:
811:. 11 July 2019.
807:
806:
802:
795:(Dec 18, 2019)
791:
787:
779:(10. Aug 2017)
775:
771:
761:
759:
749:
745:
735:
733:
726:
722:
712:
710:
708:
692:
688:
665:
661:
638:
612:
608:
593:
589:
583:
561:
557:
550:
536:
529:
494:Polymer Reviews
490:
486:
481:
353:
350:
341:
338:
329:
310:dichloromethane
293:
290:polylactic acid
278:
220:
104:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1197:
1187:
1186:
1184:Thermoplastics
1181:
1176:
1171:
1157:
1156:
1142:
1095:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1013:
999:
973:
970:on 2012-07-08.
945:
921:
888:
843:
828:
814:
800:
785:
769:
743:
720:
706:
686:
659:
636:
606:
587:
581:
555:
548:
527:
500:(3): 226–248.
483:
482:
480:
477:
355:
354:
351:
344:
342:
339:
332:
328:
325:
314:dichloroethane
277:
274:
237:In the 1980s,
219:
216:
190:
189:
180:
103:
100:
89:melting points
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1196:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1164:
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1143:
1139:
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1125:
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1117:
1113:
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1080:
1076:
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1017:
1010:
1006:
1002:
996:
992:
988:
984:
977:
966:
962:
955:
949:
935:
931:
925:
916:
911:
907:
903:
902:AIChE Journal
899:
892:
884:
880:
876:
872:
867:
862:
858:
854:
847:
839:
832:
824:
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773:
758:
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747:
731:
724:
709:
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541:
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511:
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430:
426:
422:
417:
414:
412:
408:
403:
401:
396:
394:
393:
388:
384:
380:
379:plastic waste
376:
372:
368:
367:green economy
364:
360:
348:
343:
336:
331:
330:
324:
322:
321:polypropylene
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
298:crystallinity
291:
287:
282:
273:
270:
268:
264:
258:
256:
252:
248:
246:
240:
235:
233:
232:vegetable oil
229:
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202:
197:
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187:
186:
181:
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137:
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128:
125:
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115:
114:
108:
99:
97:
92:
90:
86:
82:
81:thermoplastic
77:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
56:
52:
48:
44:
36:
30:
26:
21:
1169:Biomaterials
1149:
1111:
1107:
1101:
1066:
1062:
1026:
1023:Biomaterials
1022:
1016:
982:
976:
965:the original
960:
948:
937:. Retrieved
933:
924:
905:
901:
891:
856:
852:
846:
831:
817:
803:
796:
788:
780:
772:
760:. Retrieved
746:
734:. Retrieved
723:
711:. Retrieved
696:
689:
675:(1): 15–27.
672:
668:
662:
619:
615:
609:
601:the original
590:
564:
558:
539:
497:
493:
487:
418:
415:
404:
397:
390:
387:polyurethane
356:
327:Applications
318:
283:
279:
271:
259:
244:
236:
221:
209:
206:
199:
193:
191:
183:
170:
164:
158:
154:
145:
139:
136:copolyesters
133:
129:
121:
119:
111:
102:Biosynthesis
93:
78:
58:fermentation
46:
42:
41:
28:
1174:Bioplastics
1069:(24): 1–8.
934:www.p4sb.eu
762:October 23,
736:October 23,
732:. Circulate
540:Biopolymers
457:bone marrow
363:bioplastics
357:Due to its
85:elastomeric
74:bioplastics
1179:Polyesters
1163:Categories
1114:: 206–13.
939:2017-10-26
866:2005.08525
479:References
395:bacteria.
306:chloroform
253:and later
241:developed
51:polyesters
1009:139827723
883:218673849
646:0724-6145
622:: 51–79.
514:1558-3724
473:hemostats
441:cartilage
407:Metabolix
375:upcycling
284:They are
255:Metabolix
55:bacterial
1138:29090283
1102:Bacillus
1083:28162048
1043:15946738
654:11217417
522:96937618
461:ligament
455:valves,
425:meniscus
302:valerate
251:Monsanto
70:monomers
1129:5651552
1091:1080507
713:10 July
421:sutures
381:(e.g.,
228:glucose
1136:
1126:
1089:
1081:
1041:
1007:
997:
881:
797:Seeker
704:
652:
644:
634:
579:
546:
520:
512:
465:ocular
445:tendon
437:stents
429:rivets
294:180 °C
263:Veolia
66:lipids
62:sugars
1087:S2CID
1005:S2CID
968:(PDF)
957:(PDF)
879:S2CID
861:arXiv
518:S2CID
469:dural
377:" of
230:, or
224:sugar
27:), a
1134:PMID
1079:PMID
1039:PMID
995:ISBN
783:.com
764:2015
757:CNET
738:2015
715:2012
702:ISBN
650:PMID
642:ISSN
632:ISBN
577:ISBN
544:ISBN
510:ISSN
453:vein
400:PHBV
385:and
198:and
169:and
150:malt
49:are
47:PHAs
25:P3HB
1124:PMC
1116:doi
1071:doi
1031:doi
987:doi
910:doi
871:doi
677:doi
624:doi
569:doi
502:doi
312:or
177:PHB
83:or
64:or
60:of
45:or
1165::
1148:.
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