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which include: a loss of abundance and diversity of flowers, and a decline in suitable habitat for them to build nests; long-term exposure to agrochemicals, including pesticides such as neonicotinoids; and infection by parasites and pathogens, many inadvertently spread by the actions of humans. change may impact further on particular pollinators... Moreover, the co-operative element of various different stress factors should be noted; thus, for example, exposure to pesticides is known to diminish detoxification mechanisms and also immune responses, hence lowering the resistance of bees to parasitic infections. wild non-bee insects – principally moths and butterflies – where data are available, the picture is also one of significant population losses. Alarmingly, a recent study in
Germany indicated that a decline in the biomass of flying insects had occurred by 76% in less than three decades, as sampled in nature reserves across the country. Accordingly, to fully answer the question ... 'pollinator decline - an ecological calamity in the making?' will require many more detailed, more geographically encompassing, more species-inclusive, and longer-term studies, but the available evidence points to a clear 'probably', and the precautionary principle would suggest this is not a prospect we can afford to ignore.
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billion people who are already consuming less than the recommended amount would further decline. Similarly, 173 million people would become deficient in folate, and 1.23 million people would further lessen their intake. Additionally, the global fruit supply would decrease by 22.9%, the global vegetable supply would decrease by 16.3%, and the global supply of nuts and seeds would decrease by 22.1%. This would lead to 1.42 million additional deaths each year from diseases, as well as 27 million disability-adjusted life years. In a less extreme scenario wherein only 50% of pollinators die off, 700,000 additional deaths would occur each year, as well as 13.2 million disability-adjusted years.
20:
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others, exposure to pathogens, parasites, and pesticides; habitat fragmentation and loss; climate change; market forces; intra- and inter-specific competition with native and invasive species; and genetic alterations. Careful evaluation of the literature allows some causes to be assigned, but explanations are ambiguous or elusive for other species losses. ... The best evidence of specific pollinator decline is seen in the western honey bee,
242:. At present, eating plants which are pollinated by animals is responsible for only 9%, 20%, and 29% of calcium, fluoride, and iron intake, respectively, with most coming from meat and dairy. 74% of all globally produced lipids are found in oils from plants that are animal pollinated, as well as 98% of vitamin C.
273:
Some international initiatives highlight the need for public participation and awareness of pollinator conservation. Pollinators and their health have become growing concerns for the public. Around 18 states within
America have responded to these concerns by creating legislation to address the issue.
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know whether or not a wholesale decline in flying pollinators ... is occurring across the world is very difficult, due to an insufficiency of geographically widespread and long-term data. Bees, as the best documented species, can be seen to be suffering from chronic exposure to a range of stressors,
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It is difficult to determine whether North
American pollinator species are declining, and no less challenging is determining the causes of putative declines or local extirpations. Many explanations have been invoked to account for declines in pollinator populations in North America, including, among
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populations might in the future potentially be at possible risk of malnutrition, assuming humans did not change their diet or have access to supplements, but concluded that this cannot be reliably predicted. According to their model, the size of the effect that pollinator decline had on a population
2425:
Environmentalists hailed a 'victory for bees' today after the
European Union voted for a ban on the nerve-agent pesticides blamed for the dramatic decline global bee populations. ... Dr Lynn Dicks, a research associate at the University of Cambridge, said that despite the contradictory studies, the
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The expected direct reduction in total agricultural production in the US in the absence of animal pollination is expected to be 3 to 8%, with smaller impacts on agricultural production diversity. Of all the possible consequences, the most important effect of pollinator decline for humans in Brazil,
194:
A study which examined how fifteen plant species said to be dependent on animals for pollination would be impacted by pollinator decline, by excluding pollinators from them with domes, found that while most species do not suffer any impacts from decline in terms of reduced fertilization rates (seed
42:
worldwide that began being recorded at the end of the 20th century. Multiple lines of evidence exist for the reduction of wild pollinator populations at the regional level, especially within Europe and North
America. Similar findings from studies in South America, China and Japan make it reasonable
203:
on US food crops calculated that it helped to produce US$ 14.6 billion in monetary value. In 2009 another study calculated the worldwide value of the 100 crops that need pollinators at €153 billion (not including production costs). Despite the dire predictions, the theorised decline in pollinators
173:
Seven out of the ten most important crops in the world, in terms of volume, are pollinated by wind (maize, rice and wheat) or have vegetative propagation (banana, sugar cane, potato, beet, and cassava) and thus do not require animal pollinators for food production. Additionally crops such as sugar
54:
The picture for domesticated pollinator species is less clear. Although the number of managed honey bee colonies in Europe and North
America declined by 25% and 59% between 1985-2005 and 1947-2005 respectively, overall global stocks increased due to major hive number increases in countries such as
90:
A 2017 German study, using 1,500 samples from 63 sites, indicated that the biomass of flying insects in that area had declined by three-quarters in the previous 25 years. One 2009 study stated that while the bee population had increased by 45% over the past 50 years, the amount of crops which use
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More studies also identified vitamin A as the most pollinator-dependent nutrient. Another 2015 study also modeled what would happen should 100% of pollinators die off. In that scenario, 71 million people in low-income countries would become deficient in vitamin A, and the vitamin A intake of 2.2
281:
A 2021 global assessment of the drivers of pollinator decline found that "global policy responses should focus on reducing pressure from changes in land cover and configuration, land management and pesticides, as these were considered very important drivers in most regions".
94:
In mathematical models of the networks linking different plants and their many pollinators, such a network can continue to function very well under increasingly harsh conditions, but when conditions become extremely harsh, the entire network fails simultaneously.
265:
published "the
Economic Challenge Posed by Declining Pollinator Populations" fact sheet, which stated that the 2015 budget proposal recommended congress appropriate approximately $ 50 million for pollinator habitat maintenance and to double the area in the
2412:
1519:, the primary commercial pollinator of agricultural crops in North America and the most widely used, actively managed pollinator in the world. The population losses among honey bees are elucidated in a large body of literature...
792:
Forister, Matthew L.; Jahner, Joshua P.; Casner, Kayce L.; Wilson, Joseph S.; Shapiro, Arthur M. (2011). "The race is not to the swift: Long-term data reveal pervasive declines in
California's low-elevation butterfly fauna".
1121:
Potts, Simon G.; Imperatriz-Fonseca, Vera; Ngo, Hien T.; Aizen, Marcelo A.; Biesmeijer, Jacobus C.; Breeze, Thomas D.; Dicks, Lynn V.; Garibaldi, Lucas A.; Hill, Rosemary; Settele, Josef; Vanbergen, Adam J. (December 2016).
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China and
Argentina. Nevertheless, in the time managed honeybee hives increased by 45% demand for animal pollinated crops tripled, highlighting the danger of relying on domesticated populations for pollination services.
80:
The declines in abundance and diversity of insect pollinators over the twentieth century have been documented in highly industrialized regions of the world, particularly northwestern Europe and eastern North
America.
114:
Although the existence of pollinator decline can be difficult to determine, a number of possible reasons for the theoretical concept have been proposed, such as exposure to pathogens, parasites, and pesticides;
886:
Potts, Simon G.; Roberts, Stuart P. M.; Dean, Robin; Marris, Gay; Brown, Mike A.; Jones, Richard; Neumann, Peter; Settele, Josef (1 January 2010). "Declines of managed honey bees and beekeepers in Europe".
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and do not require insects. Nonetheless, an estimated 87.5% of the world's flowering plant species are animal-pollinated, and 60% of crop plant species use animal pollinators. This includes the majority of
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Honey bees are an invasive species throughout most of the world where they have been introduced, and the constant growth in the amount of these pollinators may possibly cause a decrease in native species.
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Semmens, Brice X.; Semmens, Darius J.; Thogmartin, Wayne E.; Wiederholt, Ruscena; López-Hoffman, Laura; Diffendorfer, Jay E.; Pleasants, John M.; Oberhauser, Karen S.; Taylor, Orley R. (September 2016).
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Schmid-Hempel, Regula; Eckhardt, Michael; Goulson, David; Heinzmann, Daniel; Lange, Carlos; Plischuk, Santiago; Escudero, Luisa R.; Salathé, Rahel; Scriven, Jessica J.; Schmid-Hempel, Paul (July 2014).
2404:
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Council, National Research; Studies, Division on Earth Life; Resources, Board on Agriculture Natural; Sciences, Board on Life; America, Committee on the Status of Pollinators in North (2007).
87:
has attracted much public attention. According to a 2013 blog the winter losses of beehives had increased in recent years in Europe and the United States, with a hive failure rate up to 50%.
1878:
Roubik, D.W., 1995. "Pollination of Cultivated Plants in the Tropics". In: Agricultural Services Bulletin 118. Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. Pages 142–148
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has had no effect on food production, with yields of both animal-pollinated and non-animal-pollinated crops increasing at the same rate, over the period of supposed pollinator decline.
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according to one 2016 study, would be the drop in income from high-value cash crops, and would impact the agricultural sector the most. A 2000 study about the economic effects of the
657:
Inoue, Maki N.; Yokoyama, Jun; Washitani, Izumi (1 April 2008). "Displacement of Japanese native bumblebees by the recently introduced Bombus terrestris (L.) (Hymenoptera: Apidae)".
510:
Potts, Simon G.; Biesmeijer, Jacobus C.; Kremen, Claire; Neumann, Peter; Schweiger, Oliver; Kunin, William E. (June 2010). "Global pollinator declines: trends, impacts and drivers".
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for others. Since plants are the primary food source for animals, the possible reduction or disappearance of pollinators has been referred to as an "armageddon" by some journalists.
2085:
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Novais, Samuel M. A.; Nunes, Cássio A.; Santos, Natália B.; D'Amico, Ana R.; Fernandes, G. Wilson; Quesada, Maurício; Braga, Rodrigo F.; Neves, Ana Carolina O. (30 November 2016).
1733:
278:, the enacted legislation in those states addresses five specific areas relating to pollinator decline: awareness, research, pesticides, habitat protection and beekeeping.
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bond quickly with volatile scent molecules of flowers, which consequently travel shorter distances intact. Pollinators must thus travel longer distances to find flowers.
2465:
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Xie, Zhenghua; Williams, Paul H.; Tang, Ya (1 December 2008). "The effect of grazing on bumblebees in the high rangelands of the eastern Tibetan Plateau of Sichuan".
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bees had increased by 300%; although there is absolutely no evidence this has caused any problems, the authors propose it might cause "future pollination problems".
2632:, Malcolm Sanford, Proceedings of the Florida Agricultural Conference and Trade Show, Lakeland, FL, September 29–30, 1998, J. Ferguson, et al. eds., pp. 45–47.
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EU was right to err on the side of caution. 'This is a victory for the precautionary principle, which is supposed to underlie environmental regulation,' she said.
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due to alterations in the seasonal behaviour of species. Climate change can cause bees to emerge at times in the year when flowering plants were not available.
1202:
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745:"Long‐term changes to the frequency of occurrence of British moths are consistent with opposing and synergistic effects of climate and land‐use changes"
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Powney, Gary D.; Carvell, Claire; Edwards, Mike; Morris, Roger K. A.; Roy, Helen E.; Woodcock, Ben A.; Isaac, Nick J. B. (26 March 2019).
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dedicated to pollinator health, as well as recommending to "increase funding for surveys to determine the impacts on pollinator losses".
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One study estimated that 70% of dietary vitamin A worldwide is found in crops that are animal pollinated, as well as 55% of
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Potts, Simon G.; Biesmeijer, Jacobus C.; Kremen, Claire; Neumann, Peter; Schweiger, Oliver; Kunin, William E. (June 2010).
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has been suggested a number of times as a possible reason for the possible decline in flying insects. One study found that
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depends on the local diet, and vitamin A is the most likely nutrient to become deficient, as it is already deficient.
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to suggest that declines are occurring around the globe. The majority of studies focus on bees, particularly
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declined steeply worldwide after the 1990s, shrinking by a quarter in 2006–2015 compared to before 1990.
2650:) VIII International Symposium on Pollination; Pollination: Integrator of Crops and Native Plant Systems
1245:"The Global Stock of Domesticated Honey Bees Is Growing Slower Than Agricultural Demand for Pollination"
986:"The Global Stock of Domesticated Honey Bees Is Growing Slower Than Agricultural Demand for Pollination"
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Efforts are being made to sustain pollinator diversity in agricultural and natural ecosystems by some
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A 2015 study looked at the nutritional consequences of pollinator decline. It investigated if four
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vanEngelsdorp, Dennis; Hayes, Jerry Jr.; Underwood, Robyn M.; Pettis, Jeffery (30 December 2008).
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2572:"A global-scale expert assessment of drivers and risks associated with pollinator decline"
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1705:"Flowers' fragrance diminished by air pollution, University of Virginia study indicates"
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1074:"Bee declines driven by combined stress from parasites, pesticides, and lack of flowers"
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463:"Bee declines driven by combined stress from parasites, pesticides, and lack of flowers"
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191:. According to the USDA 80% of insect crop pollination in the US is due to honey bees.
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The Economic Impacts of Pollinator Declines: An Approach to Assessing the Consequences
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Pollinators participate in the sexual reproduction of many plants by ensuring
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Pollinators may also face an increased risk of extinction because of
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31:
2050:"The Value of Honey Bees As Pollinators of U.S. Crops in 2000"
230:
3908:
3667:
2463:
2044:
1993:
1071:
460:
404:
Soroye, Peter; Newbold, Tim; Kerr, Jeremy (7 February 2020).
180:
144:
16:
Reduction in abundance of insect and other animal pollinators
2083:
1756:
1536:"Pollinator Decline – An Ecological Calamity in the Making?"
1298:
1032:
509:
62:, essential for some species and a major factor in ensuring
4252:
2485:
2278:
2402:
2345:
1529:
1527:
1429:
Zattara, Eduardo E.; Aizen, Marcelo A. (22 January 2021).
1301:"The nested assembly of plant–animal mutualistic networks"
791:
336:
2647:
1357:
1201:
Editor, Damian Carrington Environment (18 October 2017).
1035:"Global pollinator declines: trends, impacts and drivers"
2686:
2683:
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, retrieved 31 August 2015
1691:
10.1890/1540-9295(2004)002[0191:ELP]2.0.CO;2
742:
2565:
1524:
2643:
Pollinator biodiversity a co-ordinated global approach
1243:
Aizen, Marcelo A.; Harder, Lawrence D. (9 June 2009).
885:
656:
621:
143:
to find the fragrances of flowers. Pollutants such as
3071:
Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal
1943:
339:"Widespread losses of pollinating insects in Britain"
2997:
Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments
984:
Aizen, Marcelo A.; Harder, Lawrence D. (June 2009).
250:
Several scholars have called for application of the
207:
2646:, Eardley, C. 2001. Acta Hort. (ISHS) 561:331-332(
2154:"Do Pollinators Contribute to Nutritional Health?"
2151:
403:
4332:
4125:List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction
2687:The North America Pollinator Protection Campaign
2498:
2464:Office of the Press Secretary (June 20, 2014).
2440:"Native Pollinators in Agricultural Ecosystems"
2128:"Agriculture unaffected by pollinator declines"
1606:"Light pollution a reason for insect decline!?"
1305:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
586:
4023:List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events
1715:
3028:Existential risk from artificial intelligence
2869:
2855:
2783:North American Pollinator Protection Campaign
2718:
2629:Pollination, the Forgotten Agricultural Input
1752:
1750:
1721:
2541:Legislatures, National Conference of State.
2403:McDonald-Gibson, Charlotte (29 April 2013).
1676:
1428:
1238:
1236:
3076:Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal
1351:
1242:
983:
3179:Climate change and civilizational collapse
2862:
2848:
2732:
2725:
2711:
1747:
691:
2658:, Peter G. Kevan and Truman P. Phillips,
2363:
2322:
2304:
2252:
2195:
2177:
2125:
2021:
2011:
1971:
1961:
1923:2016 International Congress of Entomology
1916:
1855:
1792:
1782:
1569:
1551:
1464:
1454:
1379:
1334:
1324:
1260:
1233:
1155:
1089:
1001:
957:
947:
862:
768:
563:
478:
429:
372:
362:
276:National Conference of State Legislatures
4182:Centre for the Study of Existential Risk
4120:Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction
2540:
1835:
1679:Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment
229:
109:
18:
2699:Great Britain; retrieved 31 August 2015
2396:
1481:
4333:
1533:
1200:
1190:. Yale Environment 360. 30 April 2013.
2843:
2706:
2457:
2274:
2272:
3199:Tipping points in the climate system
2437:
1925:. Entomological Society of America.
1895:. Washington College. Archived from
102:-data of over a century, found that
3194:Extinction risk from climate change
3093:New World Order (conspiracy theory)
2499:Byrne, A.; Fitzpatrick, U. (2009).
2126:Petherick, Anna (16 October 2008).
13:
4154:List of fictional doomsday devices
2621:
2269:
2212:
2145:
14:
4367:
3174:Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis
2674:
1546:(2). SAGE Publications: 121–160.
1039:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
512:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
208:Possible nutritional consequences
30:is the reduction in abundance of
4290:
4289:
4277:
3435:Decline in amphibian populations
2697:The Bumblebee Conservation Trust
2667:Brazilian Pollinators Initiative
2225:Proceedings: Biological Sciences
1866:10.1111/j.1600-0706.2010.18644.x
1553:10.3184/003685018x15202512854527
1402:
3786:Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse
3283:Land surface effects on climate
3256:Human impact on the environment
2887:Future of an expanding universe
2778:Canadian Pollination Initiative
2559:
2534:
2492:
2431:
2415:from the original on 1 May 2013
2339:
2119:
2077:
2038:
1987:
1937:
1910:
1881:
1872:
1809:
1697:
1670:
1648:
1623:
1598:
1534:Rhodes, Christopher J. (2018).
1422:
1396:
1292:
1194:
1180:
1114:
1065:
1026:
915:
889:Journal of Apicultural Research
879:
821:
785:
736:
168:
2576:Nature Ecology & Evolution
2105:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.06.014
1950:Journal of Pollination Ecology
685:
659:Journal of Insect Conservation
650:
615:
589:Journal of Insect Conservation
580:
538:
503:
454:
397:
1:
3732:Interpretations of Revelation
3534:Cosmological phase transition
3440:Decline in insect populations
2892:Ultimate fate of the universe
2365:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)61085-6
2048:; Nicholas Calderone (2000).
321:
316:Decline in insect populations
174:beet, spinach and onions are
4187:Future of Humanity Institute
3584:Potentially hazardous object
3484:Interplanetary contamination
2693:US; retrieved 31 August 2015
2306:10.1371/journal.pone.0021363
2179:10.1371/journal.pone.0114805
1784:10.1371/journal.pone.0167292
1722:Gosden, Emily (2014-03-29).
1456:10.1016/j.oneear.2020.12.005
949:10.1371/journal.pone.0004071
624:Systematics and Biodiversity
268:Conservation Reserve Program
245:
7:
4067:Nemesis (hypothetical star)
3216:Global terrestrial stilling
285:
127:; and genetic alterations.
69:
10:
4372:
3579:Asteroid impact prediction
3554:Heat death of the universe
2964:Mutual assured destruction
2588:10.1038/s41559-021-01534-9
1917:Berenbaum, May R. (2016).
1051:10.1016/j.tree.2010.01.007
749:Journal of Applied Ecology
524:10.1016/j.tree.2010.01.007
364:10.1038/s41467-019-08974-9
296:Pesticide toxicity to bees
211:
73:
4271:
4205:
4197:Nuclear Threat Initiative
4174:
4130:List of apocalyptic films
4107:
3973:2011 end times prediction
3965:
3705:Prophecy of Seventy Weeks
3700:Abomination of desolation
3636:
3574:Asteroid impact avoidance
3511:
3422:
3404:List of extinction events
3379:
3372:
3338:
3246:Environmental degradation
3142:
3133:
3048:
3033:Technological singularity
2902:
2877:
2871:Global catastrophic risks
2806:
2770:
2740:
1963:10.26786/1920-7603(2013)5
1262:10.1016/j.cub.2009.03.071
1003:10.1016/j.cub.2009.03.071
671:10.1007/s10841-007-9071-z
636:10.1017/S1477200008002843
601:10.1007/s10841-008-9180-3
552:Journal of Animal Ecology
195:set), three species did.
104:the number of bee species
4192:Future of Life Institute
4094:Resurrection of the dead
4087:Post-tribulation rapture
3469:Colony collapse disorder
2750:Colony collapse disorder
292:Bees and toxic chemicals
85:Colony collapse disorder
76:Colony collapse disorder
3018:Artificial intelligence
1326:10.1073/pnas.1633576100
1091:10.1126/science.1255957
761:10.1111/1365-2664.12256
714:10.1126/science.1127863
565:10.1111/1365-2656.12185
480:10.1126/science.1255957
431:10.1126/science.aax8591
252:precautionary principle
4147:List of disaster films
3988:Apocalyptic literature
3088:Malthusian catastrophe
3014:Synthetic intelligence
2798:The Pollinator Pathway
2788:Pollinator Partnership
2734:Pollination management
2237:10.1098/rspb.2014.1799
1931:10.1603/ICE.2016.94268
901:10.3896/IBRA.1.49.1.02
235:
24:
3529:Coronal mass ejection
2991:Electromagnetic pulse
2952:Kinetic energy weapon
2819:Habitat fragmentation
2761:Vanishing of the Bees
2691:Coevolution Institute
2520:10.1051/apido/2009017
1893:Natural Lands Project
343:Nature Communications
233:
110:Possible explanations
22:
4356:Environmental issues
3931:War of Gog and Magog
3608:Near-Earth supernova
3358:Human overpopulation
3162:Mass mortality event
3056:Anthropogenic hazard
2660:Conservation Ecology
2358:(10007): 1964–1972.
2093:Ecological Economics
263:Obama administration
261:groups. In 2014 the
214:Vitamin A deficiency
23:A dead carpenter bee
4003:Blood moon prophecy
3796:Number of the Beast
3394:Holocene extinction
3340:Earth Overshoot Day
3288:Ocean acidification
3251:Habitat destruction
3241:Ecological collapse
2947:Kinetic bombardment
2882:Future of the Earth
2824:Natural landscaping
2814:Butterfly gardening
2543:"Pollinator Health"
2297:2011PLoSO...621363E
2170:2015PLoSO..10k4805E
1775:2016PLoSO..1167292N
1729:The Daily Telegraph
1447:2021OEart...4..114Z
1317:2003PNAS..100.9383B
1148:10.1038/nature20588
1140:2016Natur.540..220P
940:2008PLoSO...3.4071V
847:2016NatSR...623265S
706:2006Sci...313..351B
422:2020Sci...367..685S
355:2019NatCo..10.1018P
311:Insect biodiversity
117:habitat destruction
4318:Doomsday scenarios
3884:Beast of the Earth
3776:Book of Revelation
3564:Virtual black hole
3544:False vacuum decay
3494:Pollinator decline
3457:Biological warfare
3447:Biotechnology risk
3298:Resource depletion
2793:Seeds of Diversity
2755:Honey bee diseases
2742:Pollinator decline
2662:v.5, i.1 June 2001
2568:Buchori, Damayanti
2231:(1794): 20141799.
2057:Cornell University
2013:10.1093/aob/mcp076
1666:Utrecht university
1660:2020-02-20 at the
1225:has generic name (
835:Scientific Reports
236:
28:Pollinator decline
25:
4328:
4327:
4159:Zombie apocalypse
4060:Postmillennialism
3855:Great Tribulation
3628:Stellar collision
3589:Near-Earth object
3539:Geomagnetic storm
3507:
3506:
3430:Biodiversity loss
3414:Genetic pollution
3368:
3367:
3157:Biodiversity loss
3120:Societal collapse
3098:Nuclear holocaust
3083:Economic collapse
3066:Doomsday argument
2984:Antimatter weapon
2837:
2836:
2829:Wildlife corridor
2582:(10): 1453–1461.
2486:National Archives
1635:www.photonics.com
1610:www.igb-berlin.de
1517:Apis mellifera L.
1509:978-0-309-10289-6
1372:10.1111/ele.12236
1311:(16): 9383–9387.
1134:(7632): 220–229.
1084:(6229): 1255957.
855:10.1038/srep23265
807:10.1890/11-0382.1
801:(12): 2222–2235.
700:(5785): 351–354.
473:(6229): 1255957.
416:(6478): 685–688.
301:Biodiversity loss
274:According to the
64:genetic diversity
60:cross-pollination
34:and other animal
4363:
4293:
4292:
4284:World portal
4282:
4281:
4243:Financial crisis
4072:Nibiru cataclysm
4050:Premillennialism
3894:Dhul-Suwayqatayn
3862:Son of perdition
3850:Olivet Discourse
3826:Whore of Babylon
3452:Biological agent
3399:Human extinction
3389:Extinction event
3377:
3376:
3348:Overexploitation
3278:Land consumption
3273:Land degradation
3140:
3139:
3002:Micro black hole
2910:Chemical warfare
2864:
2857:
2850:
2841:
2840:
2727:
2720:
2713:
2704:
2703:
2616:
2615:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2505:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2483:
2481:
2470:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2438:Vandever, Mark.
2435:
2429:
2428:
2422:
2420:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2367:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2326:
2308:
2276:
2267:
2266:
2256:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2199:
2181:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2090:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2065:
2059:. Archived from
2054:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2025:
2015:
2006:(9): 1579–1588.
2000:Annals of Botany
1991:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1975:
1965:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1885:
1879:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1859:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1822:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1796:
1786:
1754:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1741:
1732:. Archived from
1719:
1713:
1712:
1711:. 10 April 2008.
1701:
1695:
1694:
1674:
1668:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1642:
1637:. September 2018
1627:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1573:
1555:
1540:Science Progress
1531:
1522:
1521:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1468:
1458:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1383:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1338:
1328:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1264:
1240:
1231:
1230:
1224:
1220:
1218:
1210:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1159:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1093:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1005:
981:
972:
971:
961:
951:
919:
913:
912:
883:
877:
876:
866:
825:
819:
818:
789:
783:
782:
772:
740:
734:
733:
689:
683:
682:
654:
648:
647:
619:
613:
612:
584:
578:
577:
567:
542:
536:
535:
507:
501:
500:
482:
458:
452:
451:
433:
401:
395:
394:
376:
366:
334:
176:self-pollinating
125:invasive species
4371:
4370:
4366:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4331:
4330:
4329:
4324:
4303:Future problems
4276:
4267:
4201:
4170:
4137:Climate fiction
4103:
3978:2012 phenomenon
3961:
3867:Sheep and Goats
3754:2 Thessalonians
3632:
3549:Gamma-ray burst
3503:
3418:
3409:Genetic erosion
3364:
3334:
3325:Water pollution
3293:Ozone depletion
3189:Desertification
3129:
3044:
2979:Doomsday device
2959:Nuclear warfare
2898:
2873:
2868:
2838:
2833:
2802:
2766:
2736:
2731:
2677:
2624:
2622:Further reading
2619:
2564:
2560:
2551:
2549:
2539:
2535:
2503:
2497:
2493:
2479:
2477:
2468:
2462:
2458:
2448:
2446:
2436:
2432:
2418:
2416:
2409:The Independent
2401:
2397:
2344:
2340:
2277:
2270:
2217:
2213:
2150:
2146:
2136:
2134:
2124:
2120:
2088:
2082:
2078:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2052:
2043:
2039:
1992:
1988:
1978:
1976:
1942:
1938:
1915:
1911:
1902:
1900:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1873:
1857:10.1.1.464.6928
1840:
1836:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1810:
1769:(5): e0167292.
1755:
1748:
1739:
1737:
1720:
1716:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1675:
1671:
1662:Wayback Machine
1653:
1649:
1640:
1638:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1615:
1613:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1532:
1525:
1510:
1486:
1482:
1427:
1423:
1413:
1411:
1401:
1397:
1360:Ecology Letters
1356:
1352:
1297:
1293:
1283:
1281:
1255:(11): 915–918.
1249:Current Biology
1241:
1234:
1222:
1221:
1212:
1211:
1199:
1195:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1119:
1115:
1070:
1066:
1031:
1027:
996:(11): 915–918.
990:Current Biology
982:
975:
920:
916:
884:
880:
826:
822:
790:
786:
741:
737:
690:
686:
655:
651:
620:
616:
585:
581:
543:
539:
508:
504:
459:
455:
402:
398:
335:
328:
324:
288:
248:
216:
210:
171:
133:Light pollution
112:
78:
72:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4369:
4359:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4322:
4321:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4298:Apocalypticism
4287:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4209:
4207:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4178:
4176:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4168:
4167:
4166:
4156:
4151:
4150:
4149:
4142:Disaster films
4139:
4134:
4133:
4132:
4127:
4117:
4115:Alien invasion
4111:
4109:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4090:
4089:
4084:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4063:
4062:
4057:
4055:Amillennialism
4052:
4042:
4040:Millenarianism
4037:
4036:
4035:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3993:Apocalypticism
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3969:
3967:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3947:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3918:
3917:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3889:Dhu al-Qarnayn
3886:
3881:
3871:
3870:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3835:Great Apostasy
3832:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3773:
3768:
3767:
3766:
3761:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3735:
3734:
3724:
3714:
3709:
3708:
3707:
3702:
3692:
3682:
3680:Last Judgement
3677:
3676:
3675:
3670:
3660:
3659:
3658:
3653:
3642:
3640:
3638:Eschatological
3634:
3633:
3631:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3581:
3576:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3515:
3513:
3509:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3437:
3426:
3424:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3385:
3383:
3374:
3370:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3353:Overpopulation
3350:
3344:
3342:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3330:Water scarcity
3327:
3322:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3305:
3303:Sea level rise
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3269:
3268:
3266:on marine life
3263:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3221:Global warming
3218:
3213:
3211:Global dimming
3208:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3169:Cascade effect
3166:
3165:
3164:
3154:
3148:
3146:
3144:Climate change
3137:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3095:
3090:
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3011:
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2974:Doomsday Clock
2971:
2966:
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2925:Cyberterrorism
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2899:
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2807:Related topics
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2675:External links
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2672:
2671:
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2651:
2639:
2633:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2558:
2533:
2514:(3): 194–210.
2491:
2474:whitehouse.gov
2456:
2430:
2395:
2338:
2268:
2211:
2164:(1): e114805.
2144:
2118:
2099:(3): 810–821.
2076:
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1986:
1936:
1909:
1880:
1871:
1850:(3): 321–326.
1834:
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1746:
1714:
1696:
1685:(4): 191–198.
1669:
1647:
1622:
1612:. 19 June 2018
1597:
1523:
1508:
1500:10.17226/11761
1480:
1441:(1): 114–123.
1421:
1403:Shah, Karina.
1395:
1366:(3): 350–359.
1350:
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1193:
1179:
1113:
1064:
1045:(6): 345–353.
1025:
973:
914:
878:
820:
784:
755:(4): 949–957.
735:
684:
665:(2): 135–146.
649:
630:(2): 101–189.
614:
595:(6): 695–703.
579:
558:(4): 823–837.
537:
518:(6): 345–353.
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4313:Risk analysis
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4258:Social crisis
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4099:World to come
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4045:Millennialism
4043:
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4033:Messianic Age
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4026:
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4021:
4019:
4018:Gog and Magog
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4008:Earth Changes
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3845:New Jerusalem
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3821:War in Heaven
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3816:Two witnesses
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3685:Second Coming
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3184:Deforestation
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3125:World War III
3123:
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3109:
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3040:Transhumanism
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3019:
3015:
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3005:
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2903:Technological
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2342:
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2316:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2291:(6): e21363.
2290:
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2282:
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2250:
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2242:
2238:
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2110:
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2098:
2094:
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2080:
2066:on 2014-07-22
2062:
2058:
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2029:
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2019:
2014:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1990:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1940:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1899:on 2019-07-15
1898:
1894:
1890:
1889:"Pollinators"
1884:
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1751:
1736:on 2014-03-29
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1409:New Scientist
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995:
991:
987:
980:
978:
969:
965:
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950:
945:
941:
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934:(12): e4071.
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137:air pollution
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46:
41:
37:
33:
29:
21:
4275:
4218:Cyberwarfare
3936:Third Temple
3791:Lake of fire
3601:Rogue planet
3569:Impact event
3559:Proton decay
3512:Astronomical
3493:
3462:Bioterrorism
3308:Supervolcano
3206:Flood basalt
3152:Anoxic event
3061:Collapsology
3049:Sociological
2920:Cyberwarfare
2759:
2741:
2666:
2654:
2642:
2635:
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2579:
2575:
2561:
2550:. Retrieved
2547:www.ncsl.org
2546:
2536:
2511:
2507:
2494:
2484:– via
2478:. Retrieved
2472:
2459:
2447:. Retrieved
2443:
2433:
2424:
2417:. Retrieved
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2398:
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2228:
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2161:
2157:
2147:
2135:. Retrieved
2131:
2121:
2096:
2092:
2079:
2068:. Retrieved
2061:the original
2040:
2003:
1999:
1989:
1979:10 September
1977:. Retrieved
1973:10261/101893
1956:(7): 46–56.
1953:
1949:
1939:
1922:
1912:
1901:. Retrieved
1897:the original
1892:
1883:
1874:
1847:
1843:
1837:
1825:. Retrieved
1811:
1766:
1762:
1738:. Retrieved
1734:the original
1727:
1717:
1708:
1699:
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1672:
1650:
1639:. Retrieved
1634:
1625:
1614:. Retrieved
1609:
1600:
1591:
1543:
1539:
1516:
1513:
1490:
1483:
1466:11336/183742
1438:
1434:
1424:
1412:. Retrieved
1408:
1398:
1363:
1359:
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1308:
1304:
1294:
1284:10 September
1282:. Retrieved
1252:
1248:
1223:|last1=
1207:The Guardian
1206:
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1116:
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1038:
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927:
917:
895:(1): 15–22.
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409:
399:
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169:Consequences
160:
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4351:Pollination
4341:Bee ecology
4294:Categories
4263:Survivalism
3950:Zoroastrian
3806:Seven seals
3801:Seven bowls
3727:Historicism
3623:Solar flare
3499:Overfishing
3474:Defaunation
3261:coral reefs
3023:AI takeover
2942:Nanoweapons
2930:Cybergeddon
2915:Cyberattack
2771:Initiatives
2681:Pollinators
2469:(Factsheet)
2449:24 February
2137:9 September
2046:Roger Morse
1827:9 September
1709:EurekAlert!
1414:11 February
1381:10261/91808
1157:11336/66239
349:(1): 1018.
306:Defaunation
220:third world
187:, and also
141:butterflies
36:pollinators
4346:Beekeeping
4335:Categories
4223:Depression
4213:Ransomware
4028:Messianism
3998:Armageddon
3983:Apocalypse
3771:Antichrist
3759:Man of sin
3656:Three Ages
3519:Big Crunch
3381:Extinction
3373:Biological
3135:Ecological
3007:Strangelet
2552:2017-11-29
2508:Apidologie
2352:The Lancet
2070:2016-02-08
1903:2016-10-10
1740:2023-02-18
1641:2023-02-18
1616:2023-02-18
322:References
185:vegetables
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4108:Fictional
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3840:New Earth
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3717:Christian
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3618:Micronova
3613:Hypernova
3479:Dysgenics
3320:Verneshot
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2969:Dead Hand
2612:237148742
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3524:Big Rip
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3231:Ice age
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