502:
508:
495:
1463:
86:
690:
2204:
705:, other national networks such as 3D (Don't Register, Don't Pay, Don't Collect) and by hundreds of local Anti-Poll Tax Unions (APTUs), which were not aligned to any particular political grouping. In Scotland, where the tax was implemented first, the APTUs called for mass non-payment. As the tax neared its implementation in England, protests against it began to increase. That culminated in a number of
623:, proposed the poll tax. This was a fixed tax per adult resident, although there was a reduction for poor people. This charged each person for the services provided in their community. Owing to the variations in the amount of local taxes paid and the amount of grant provided by central government to individual local authorities, there were differences in the amount charged between councils.
890:
system of tax that had been in effect prior to the poll tax. The main differences (at the
Council Tax's inception) were that properties were placed in bands based on a range of property values, thereby capping the maximum amount, and that the tax was levied on the property's capital value rather than
717:
As the amount of the poll tax began to rise and the inefficiency of local councils in their collection of the tax became apparent, large numbers of people refused to pay. Local councils tried to respond with enforcement measures, but they were largely ineffective given the huge numbers of non-payers.
837:
for the
Conservative leadership in November 1990. Although she prevailed by a margin of fifty votes, she narrowly missed the threshold to avoid a second vote, and on 22 November 1990 she announced her resignation after more than a decade in office. All three of the contenders to succeed her pledged
668:
A significant collection issue was the 20 per cent /100 per cent split. People in employment had to pay 100 per cent, while students and the registered unemployed paid 20 per cent. The nature of the shared house market meant that not even the landlord knew exactly who was living there; tenants
664:
The poll tax when implemented encountered a number of administrative and enforcement difficulties. Some renters did not pay, knowing they would have moved elsewhere by the time the bills arrived. Councils of towns with highly mobile populations, such as university towns, were faced with big store
599:
Although the rates system was supposed to have regular revaluations to minimise discrepancies, the revaluations in
England and Wales had been cancelled in 1978 and 1983. The Scottish revaluation of 1985/1986 led to a great deal of criticism and gave added urgency to rates reform or replacement.
672:
Councils were burdened with the task of pursuing the large numbers of defaulters, many of whom were participating in organised resistance to the charge. There is also some evidence that the poll tax had a lasting effect of people not registering themselves on the electoral register to evade
22:
721:
The anti-poll-tax organisations encouraged non-payers not to register, to clog up the courts by contesting local council attempts to gain liability orders, and ultimately, not to attend court hearings arising from their non-compliance. In
November 1990,
645:. The legislation introducing the poll tax was passed in 1987, 1988, and the new tax replaced the rates in Scotland from the start of the 1989/90 financial year and in England and Wales from the start of the 1990/91 financial year. Additionally, the
626:
It become known as the "poll tax" as this is a general term referring to a tax charged at an equal amount per head (also known as a head-tax), but also as a reference to historical unpopular head-taxes, in particular the
English
709:. The most serious of those was on 31 March 1990 – a week before the implementation of the tax – when between 70,000 and 200,000 people demonstrated against the tax. The demonstration around
665:
rooms of unprocessed "gone-aways". The initial register, which was based on the rates register for "owned" houses, contained many irregularities from supplementary data sources such as housing benefit recipients.
726:
said they were planning to refuse to arrest poll tax defaulters, even when instructed to by the courts, because it would be "physically impossible for the police because of the large number of defaulters".
713:
left 113 people injured and 340 under arrest, with over 100 police officers needing treatment for injuries. There were further conflicts and protests, but none on the scale of the
Trafalgar Square riot.
700:
The change from payment based on the worth of one's house to a fixed rate was widely criticised as being unfair, and needlessly burdensome on those less well-off. Mass protests were co-ordinated by the
216:
891:
on its notional rental value. Households with only one occupant were also entitled to a 25 per cent discount. The only substantial change since the introduction of the
Council Tax form of
206:
1651:
507:
656:, which continued, as it still does as of 2018, to levy the rating system, despite some unionists calling for the region to have the same taxation system as Great Britain.
1785:
830:
policy, its abolition would not be possible while
Thatcher was still Prime Minister. Kinnock had vowed to abolish the poll tax if he won the next general election.
649:, levied by local government at a rate set by central government and then apportioned between local authorities in proportion to their population, was introduced.
1813:
1722:
576:
The 1980s saw a period of general confrontation between central government and Labour-controlled local authorities over levels of expenditure (known as the "
1452:
211:
179:
1010:
2115:
532:
2264:
616:
880:
from the start of the 1993/1994 financial year. The VAT rate of 17.5 per cent remained despite an earlier policy of charging a higher poll tax.
2110:
1658:
1431:
669:
were replaced and may have shared a "single" room with their partner. Therefore, the local council did not know who was living where and when.
592:
manifesto with a commitment to introduce the ability for central government to cap rates which it saw as excessive. This was introduced by the
367:
140:
1771:
1136:
1124:
562:
1866:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1375:
814:" while wearing hoodies with a crosshair and seemingly-abstract images on them. Upon closer inspection, those images read "no poll tax".
483:
423:
413:
172:
1602:
961:
673:
collection attempts, possibly because of the false impression that the words "poll tax" created. This may have affected the results of
573:. It considered a flat-rate per-capita tax as a supplement to another tax, noting that a large flat-rate tax would be seen as unfair.
2259:
1510:
228:
2229:
1927:
2239:
612:
525:
1180:
826:
government. Following the Poll Tax Riots, Conservative ministers contemplated abolition of the tax but knew that, as a flagship
2161:
2120:
857:
from 15 to 17.5 per cent to pay for a £140 reduction in the tax. The abolition of the poll tax was announced on 21 March 1991.
608:
550:
451:
122:
730:
The opposition Labour Party, at its 1988 annual conference, decided against support for a non-payment campaign. In July 1991,
2244:
1413:
1404:
854:
738:
620:
565:. In the 1979 elections the Conservative manifesto stated that lowering income tax took priority. The Government published a
132:
2166:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1396:
898:
In 2015, any remaining debt was written off in
Scotland with the passage of the Community Charge Debt (Scotland) Act 2015.
861:
702:
674:
642:
589:
396:
320:
254:
127:
864:, shaking off the strong challenge from the Labour Party. The Labour Party having been defeated in this way, their leader
2274:
1442:
823:
167:
1085:
65:
from 1990. The abolition of the poll tax was announced in 1991 and it was replaced in 1993 by the current system of the
2269:
1961:
1242:
1107:
1070:
1035:
762:
518:
1166:
845:, appointed Heseltine to the post of Environment Secretary, responsible for replacing the poll tax. In early 1991 the
2249:
2234:
1858:
1841:
1317:
475:
117:
2279:
1502:
190:
1766:
1554:
1368:
988:
271:
1132:
362:
25:
A leaflet explaining the
Community Charge (the so-called "poll tax"), Department of the Environment, April 1989
2136:
2025:
1607:
1564:
735:
261:
156:
822:
After the poll tax was announced, opinion polls showed the Labour opposition opening a strong lead over the
1916:
352:
54:
1597:
846:
546:
58:
2208:
1945:
1755:
1738:
1717:
1697:
1692:
1663:
1634:
1614:
1586:
1569:
1559:
1361:
418:
408:
403:
342:
337:
332:
327:
291:
286:
281:
276:
876:
By the time of the 1992 general election, legislation had been passed replacing the poll tax with the
2009:
1985:
1674:
646:
494:
62:
677:, which ended in a fourth successive Conservative victory, despite most opinion polls pointing to a
2254:
2092:
1969:
1850:
1624:
1581:
1532:
1527:
749:, was imprisoned for sixty days for refusing to pay. At the time of Fields' jailing, Labour leader
467:
315:
1206:
2041:
1707:
1544:
635:
558:
391:
266:
249:
1140:
1993:
1679:
1639:
723:
581:
577:
357:
1668:
347:
301:
957:
557:
when she was Shadow Environment Secretary in 1974, and was included in the manifesto of the
456:
2033:
2017:
2001:
1645:
742:
718:
According to the BBC, up to 30 per cent of former ratepayers in some areas refused to pay.
1310:
Bagguley, Paul. "Protest, poverty and power: a case study of the anti-poll tax movement",
8:
2284:
2049:
1727:
912:
860:
The Conservative government was re-elected for a fourth successive term in office at the
585:
438:
2065:
2057:
1977:
1287:
976:
925:, Scottish socialist who originally came to prominence protesting against the poll tax
1890:
1384:
1103:
1066:
834:
746:
554:
100:
38:
1303:
Alderman, R. K., and Neil Carter. "A very Tory coup: The ousting of Mrs Thatcher."
996:
710:
653:
628:
2186:
1686:
1492:
965:
802:
678:
377:
1953:
1909:
1903:
1884:
1748:
1515:
1436:
1336:
1283:
922:
907:
807:
706:
593:
233:
151:
50:
689:
2223:
1897:
1732:
1591:
1447:
850:
757:
428:
296:
1346:
Gibson, John G. "Voter reaction to tax change: the case of the poll tax 1."
2171:
1482:
1462:
865:
811:
750:
731:
694:
85:
49:"), with the precise amount being set by each local authority. It replaced
2156:
1487:
1477:
928:
883:
877:
827:
794:
782:
566:
201:
66:
2193:
2084:
1574:
1278:
933:
892:
842:
778:
638:
372:
41:'s government whereby each taxpayer was taxed the same fixed sum (a "
1353:
1760:
1522:
938:
46:
42:
588:
councils. The commitment to abolish the rates was replaced in the
916:
895:
is the gradual introduction of certain exemptions and discounts.
549:
of taxes (based on the notional rental value of a house) to fund
21:
1339:, and Adrian Van Klaveren. "Mrs Thatcher's greatest blunder."
1229:
A coal miner's son. (British Labour Party leader Neil Kinnock)
1011:"The Battle of Trafalgar Square: The poll tax riots revisited"
1243:"ON THIS DAY | 1991: Heseltine unveils new property tax"
769:
Over 40 people collaborated on Punk Aide's 1989 compilations
16:
Controversial system of taxation in the UK from 1989 to 1993
1331:
Failure in British government: the politics of the poll tax
1036:"31 March 1990: Violence flares in poll tax demonstration"
833:
For this, among other reasons, Thatcher was challenged by
760:
featured the song "Don't Pay The Poll Tax" in their album
1453:
Vote of no confidence in the Callaghan ministry (1979)
797:
released "Defy The Law" in response to the Poll Tax.
753:commented: "Law makers must not be law breakers."
1100:99 Tactics of Successful Tax Resistance Campaigns
1063:99 Tactics of Successful Tax Resistance Campaigns
580:"), which eventually led to the abolition of the
2221:
1432:Public Bodies (Admission to Meetings) Act (1960)
1329:Butler, David, Andrew Adonis, and Tony Travers.
37:, was a system of local taxation introduced by
1002:
1369:
526:
1102:. Picket Line Press. pp. 36–38, 79–80.
147:Secretary of State for Education and Science
1867:Statecraft: Strategies for a Changing World
1376:
1362:
533:
519:
2265:History of taxation in the United Kingdom
1279:Community Charge Debt (Scotland) Act 2015
1160:
817:
141:Public Bodies (Admission to Meetings) Act
1314:, 1995, vol. 43, n° 4, pp. 693–719.
688:
424:1990 leadership election and resignation
57:from 1989, prior to its introduction in
20:
1086:"1990: One in five yet to pay poll tax"
1065:. Picket Line Press. pp. 125–126.
766:, which was released on 15 April 1990.
2222:
1318:Anti-Poll Tax Community based campaign
1008:
1383:
1357:
1326:(AK Press, Stirling, Scotland, 1992).
1097:
1060:
1028:
1397:Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
703:All Britain Anti-Poll Tax Federation
186:Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
1565:"The lady's not for turning" (1980)
977:"Local Government Finance Act 1988"
693:Graffiti against the poll tax near
634:This proposal was contained in the
13:
1343:5.3 (1991): 397–416; the poll tax.
1297:
756:In popular culture, the punk band
14:
2296:
1267:Local Government Finance Act 1992
1155:Faces of Labour: The Inside Story
915:– 14th-century rebellion against
785:released and toured an EP called
659:
2260:Devolution in the United Kingdom
2203:
2202:
1957:(1984–1996 & 2020 TV series)
1723:Broadcasting restrictions (1988)
1461:
1405:Leader of the Conservative Party
1333:(Oxford University Press, 1994).
919:and the imposition of a poll tax
771:Axe The Tax, Can't Pay Won't Pay
506:
500:
493:
84:
2230:1989 establishments in Scotland
1608:"White flags over Port Stanley"
1270:
1261:
1235:
1221:
1199:
1172:
1169:, BBC News On This Day, 11 July
1167:"1991: Anti-poll tax MP jailed"
1147:
1009:Graham, David (25 March 2010).
652:The tax was not implemented in
180:1979 VoNC in Callaghan ministry
2240:1990 establishments in England
1157:, London: Verso, 1996, p. 114.
1133:Anarchist Communist Federation
1116:
1091:
1079:
1054:
982:
970:
951:
571:Alternatives to Domestic Rates
241:Articles by ministry and term:
1:
1181:"How we made Orbital's Chime"
1135:. January 1991. pp. 16,
944:
793:, was also released in 1989.
684:
609:Department of the Environment
563:October 1974 general election
2245:1990 establishments in Wales
2116:Palace of Westminster (2007)
1917:We have become a grandmother
1728:"Sermon on the Mound" (1988)
1341:Contemporary British History
1178:Interviews by Dave Simpson:
871:
262:"The lady's not for turning"
7:
1675:Local Government Act (1985)
901:
847:Chancellor of the Exchequer
681:or narrow Labour majority.
611:from consultations between
605:Paying for Local Government
10:
2301:
2275:Local taxation in Scotland
1772:Resignation Honours (1990)
1744:Community Charge (1989–90)
1582:Irish hunger strike (1981)
1088:, "On This Day", BBC News.
841:The successful candidate,
72:
2270:Local taxation in England
2180:
2149:
2129:
2103:
2076:
2010:The Long Walk to Finchley
1986:Jeffrey Archer: The Truth
1935:
1926:
1877:
1840:
1812:
1784:
1706:
1623:
1543:
1501:
1470:
1459:
1424:
1391:
675:the 1992 general election
603:The green paper of 1986,
569:in 1981 under the title
157:Withdrawal of school milk
2250:1990 in British politics
2235:1989 in British politics
1970:Thatcher: The Final Days
1851:The Downing Street Years
1659:Miners' strike (1984–85)
1098:Gross, David M. (2014).
1061:Gross, David M. (2014).
469:The Downing Street Years
414:1989 leadership election
173:1975 leadership election
163:Leader of the Opposition
93:This article is part of
33:, commonly known as the
2280:Local taxation in Wales
2111:London Guildhall (1998)
2042:The Hunt for Tony Blair
993:Encyclopedia of Britain
964:16 October 2011 at the
886:strongly resembled the
800:On their 22 March 1990
791:A Pox Upon The Poll Tax
789:. A compilation album,
2137:Richard Stone portrait
1994:The Alan Clark Diaries
1680:rate-capping rebellion
1640:Brighton hotel bombing
1448:"Britain Awake" (1976)
853:, announced a rise in
818:Political consequences
745:, and a member of the
724:South Yorkshire Police
697:
582:Greater London Council
578:rate-capping rebellion
26:
1965:(1987–1991 TV series)
1669:Anglo-Irish Agreement
1350:26.9 (1994): 877–884.
1307:44.2 (1991): 125–139.
1305:Parliamentary Affairs
1282:as amended (see also
1276:Scottish Parliament.
1040:On This Day 1950–2005
979:, legislation.gov.uk.
862:1992 general election
692:
647:Uniform Business Rate
643:1987 General Election
590:1983 general election
553:had been unveiled by
545:The abolition of the
348:Anglo-Irish Agreement
24:
2002:Pinochet in Suburbia
1854:(1993 autobiography)
1767:"No. No. No." (1990)
1646:GCHQ trade union ban
1603:Diana Gould exchange
1425:Member of Parliament
960:at number10.gov.uk.
838:to abandon the tax.
743:Liverpool Broadgreen
739:Member of Parliament
2050:In Search of La Che
1928:Cultural depictions
1312:Sociological review
1209:. BBC. 9 April 1992
999:, HistoryWorld.net.
586:metropolitan county
439:Sermon on the Mound
1978:The Falklands Play
1324:Poll Tax Rebellion
1288:legislation.gov.uk
787:Smash the Poll Tax
698:
617:William Waldegrave
607:, produced by the
559:Conservative Party
452:Ceremonial funeral
27:
2217:
2216:
2162:Death and funeral
2145:
2144:
1962:The New Statesman
1946:Anyone for Denis?
1859:The Path to Power
1814:General elections
1780:
1779:
1385:Margaret Thatcher
1348:Applied Economics
1207:"BBC Politics 97"
835:Michael Heseltine
775:Fuck The Poll Tax
747:Militant tendency
555:Margaret Thatcher
543:
542:
477:The Path to Power
363:Joint Declaration
123:Electoral history
110:
109:
102:Margaret Thatcher
39:Margaret Thatcher
2292:
2206:
2205:
2061:(2020 TV series)
2029:(2009 TV serial)
2005:(2006 docudrama)
1997:(2004 TV series)
1933:
1932:
1541:
1540:
1465:
1417:
1408:
1400:
1378:
1371:
1364:
1355:
1354:
1291:
1274:
1268:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1176:
1170:
1164:
1158:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1143:on 26 July 2011.
1139:. Archived from
1120:
1114:
1113:
1095:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1006:
1000:
997:Bamber Gascoigne
986:
980:
974:
968:
955:
913:Peasants' Revolt
711:Trafalgar Square
654:Northern Ireland
629:Poll Tax of 1379
551:local government
535:
528:
521:
510:
504:
503:
497:
447:Post-premiership
397:1987 re-election
358:Brighton bombing
321:1983 re-election
106:
105:
103:
96:
88:
81:
80:
77:
76:
31:Community Charge
2300:
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2294:
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2289:
2255:Abolished taxes
2220:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2187:James Callaghan
2176:
2141:
2125:
2121:Grantham (2022)
2099:
2072:
1937:
1922:
1873:
1836:
1808:
1786:Party elections
1776:
1709:
1702:
1687:Westland affair
1626:
1619:
1546:
1539:
1497:
1493:Union democracy
1466:
1457:
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1395:
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1300:
1298:Further reading
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1249:. 21 March 1960
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1148:
1131:. No. 21.
1125:"Poll tax fury"
1123:
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1092:
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1080:
1073:
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1019:
1017:
1015:The Independent
1007:
1003:
987:
983:
975:
971:
966:Wayback Machine
956:
952:
947:
904:
893:direct taxation
874:
855:Value Added Tax
820:
803:Top Of The Pops
687:
679:hung parliament
662:
613:Lord Rothschild
539:
501:
498:
491:
464:
461:
448:
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443:
387:
383:
382:
378:Westland affair
316:Second ministry
311:
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306:
245:
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225:
198:
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187:
184:
164:
161:
148:
145:
137:
133:MP for Finchley
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98:
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92:
75:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2062:
2054:
2046:
2045:(2011 episode)
2038:
2030:
2022:
2014:
2006:
1998:
1990:
1989:(2002 TV film)
1982:
1974:
1966:
1958:
1954:Spitting Image
1950:
1949:(1982 TV play)
1941:
1939:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1913:
1910:Alfred Roberts
1907:
1904:Carol Thatcher
1901:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1885:Denis Thatcher
1881:
1879:
1875:
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1872:
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1753:
1752:
1751:
1749:Poll tax riots
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1516:wets and dries
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1187:. 18 June 2018
1171:
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1153:Andy McSmith,
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1115:
1109:978-1490572741
1108:
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1072:978-1490572741
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923:Tommy Sheridan
920:
910:
908:Poll tax riots
903:
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873:
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819:
816:
707:poll tax riots
686:
683:
661:
660:Implementation
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594:Rates Act 1984
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2034:The Iron Lady
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2020:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2011:
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1898:Mark Thatcher
1896:
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1756:Budget (1990)
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621:Kenneth Baker
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297:Falklands War
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48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
23:
19:
2192:
2185:
2172:Thatchergate
2093:The Audience
2091:
2088:(2010, 2013)
2083:
2064:
2056:
2048:
2040:
2032:
2024:
2016:
2008:
2000:
1992:
1984:
1976:
1968:
1960:
1952:
1944:
1865:
1857:
1849:
1743:
1708:3rd ministry
1625:2nd ministry
1545:1st ministry
1533:2nd–3rd term
1483:Conservatism
1347:
1340:
1330:
1323:
1311:
1304:
1284:enacted form
1277:
1272:
1263:
1251:. Retrieved
1246:
1237:
1228:
1223:
1211:. Retrieved
1201:
1189:. Retrieved
1185:The Guardian
1184:
1174:
1162:
1154:
1149:
1141:the original
1128:
1118:
1099:
1093:
1081:
1062:
1056:
1044:. Retrieved
1039:
1030:
1018:. Retrieved
1014:
1004:
992:
984:
972:
958:"John Major"
953:
897:
887:
882:
875:
866:Neil Kinnock
859:
840:
832:
824:Conservative
821:
806:appearance,
801:
799:
790:
786:
774:
770:
768:
763:The Massacre
761:
755:
751:Neil Kinnock
732:Terry Fields
729:
720:
716:
699:
695:Huddersfield
671:
667:
663:
651:
636:Conservative
633:
625:
604:
602:
598:
584:and the six
575:
570:
544:
499:
484:
476:
468:
463:Publications
433:
302:Right to Buy
224:Appointments
118:Bibliography
34:
30:
28:
18:
2157:Blatcherism
2069:(2024 film)
2053:(2011 film)
2037:(2011 film)
2021:(2009 film)
2013:(2008 film)
1981:(2002 play)
1973:(1991 film)
1710:(1987–1990)
1627:(1983–1987)
1547:(1979–1983)
1503:Premiership
1488:Free market
1478:Thatcherism
1416:(1959–1992)
1407:(1975–1990)
1399:(1979–1990)
1253:24 December
1213:24 December
929:Bedroom tax
884:Council Tax
878:Council Tax
828:Thatcherite
810:performed "
795:The Orchids
783:Chumbawamba
567:green paper
419:1990 budget
409:1989 budget
404:1988 budget
343:1987 budget
338:1986 budget
333:1985 budget
328:1984 budget
292:1983 budget
287:1982 budget
282:1981 budget
277:1980 budget
272:1979 budget
202:Thatcherism
191:Premiership
67:Council Tax
2285:Poll taxes
2224:Categories
2194:John Major
2085:Handbagged
1938:television
1906:(daughter)
1887:(husband)
1575:Gang of 25
1122:quoted in
1046:30 October
1042:. BBC News
989:"Poll tax"
945:References
934:Window tax
868:resigned.
843:John Major
685:Opposition
485:Statecraft
2130:Paintings
2058:The Crown
2026:The Queen
1891:baronetcy
1652:CCSU case
1598:"Rejoice"
1511:Ministers
1129:Organise!
872:Abolition
779:Oi Polloi
741:(MP) for
639:manifesto
386:1987–1990
373:UK rebate
310:1983–1987
244:1979–1983
229:Ministers
2209:Category
2018:Margaret
1936:Film and
1919:" (1989)
1912:(father)
1761:Gulf War
1528:1st term
1523:Cold War
1471:Ideology
1414:Finchley
1286:), from
1247:BBC News
1191:3 August
962:Archived
939:Poll tax
902:See also
641:for the
434:Poll tax
353:Big Bang
212:economic
207:domestic
197:Policies
55:Scotland
47:head tax
43:poll tax
35:poll tax
2197: →
2184:←
2167:Honours
2150:Related
2104:Statues
1648:(1984)
1594:(1982)
1412:MP for
1020:8 April
917:serfdom
808:Orbital
561:in the
128:Honours
73:Origins
59:England
2207:
2096:(2013)
2066:Reagan
1878:Family
1870:(2003)
1763:(1990)
1735:(1988)
1689:(1986)
1671:(1985)
1642:(1984)
1439:(1970)
1106:
1069:
736:Labour
487:(2003)
479:(1995)
471:(1993)
457:Legacy
267:"TINA"
45:" or "
2077:Plays
1900:(son)
1842:Books
991:, in
888:rates
812:Chime
217:other
63:Wales
1832:1987
1827:1983
1822:1979
1804:1990
1799:1989
1794:1975
1255:2013
1215:2013
1193:2022
1104:ISBN
1067:ISBN
1048:2008
1022:2013
781:and
773:and
619:and
61:and
29:The
995:by
53:in
2226::
1245:.
1183:.
1137:13
1127:.
1038:.
1013:.
849:,
777:.
734:,
631:.
615:,
596:.
69:.
1915:"
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1363:v
1290:.
1257:.
1217:.
1195:.
1112:.
1075:.
1050:.
1024:.
534:e
527:t
520:v
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