24:
853:
expressly violate the
Constitution. On the Security Treaty, the Court saw "an extremely high degree of political consideration" and "there is a certain element of incompatibility in the process of judicial determination of its constitutionality by a court of law which has as its mission the exercise of the purely judicial function." It therefore found that the question should be resolved by the Cabinet, the Diet, and ultimately by the people through elections. The presence of U.S. forces, moreover, did not violate Article 9 of the pacifist Constitution, because it did not involve forces under Japanese command.
314:
specific that the
Constitution gives sole power to one of the political branches, or the issue presented is so vague that the Constitution does not even consider it. A court can only decide issues based on the law. The Constitution dictates the different legal responsibilities of each respective branch of government. If there is an issue where the court does not have the Constitution as a guide, there are no legal criteria to use. When there are no specific constitutional duties involved, the issue is to be decided through the democratic process. The court will not engage in political disputes.
401:
government. The second and third factors—lack of judicially discoverable standards and involvement of the judiciary in nonjudicial policy determinations—suggest a functional approach, based on practical considerations of how government ought to work. The final three factors—lack of respect for other branches, need for adherence to a political decision already made, and possibility of embarrassment—are based on the Court's prudential consideration against overexertion or aggrandizement.
796:, avoids judicial review as it is too politically sensitive. While the scope of the concept has been reduced over time, there are still acts that the courts do not have jurisdiction over, such as matters that are deemed to be unseverable from France's diplomatic acts, like the President's decision to conduct tests of nuclear weapons or to sever financial aid to Iraq. Other acts include the President's decision to dissolve Parliament, award honors, or grant amnesty. Such
864:, which concerned whether the dissolution of the Diet was valid. In the Tomabechi case, the Court also decided against judicial review by implicitly invoking the political question doctrine, citing the separation of powers as justification. In addition, the Court announced that in political question cases not related to Art. 9, the clear mistake rule does not apply and judicial review is categorically prohibited.
340:. Marshall stated that when the Secretary of State was performing a purely discretionary matter, such as advising the President on matters of policy, he was not held to any legally identifiable standards. Therefore, some of the Secretary's actions are unable to be reviewed by a court of law. Marshall argued that Courts should generally not hear cases where political questions were involved and
421:, Article IV, Section 4, requires the federal government to "guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government". The Supreme Court has ruled that this clause does not imply any set of "judicially manageable standards which a court could utilize independently in order to identify a State's lawful government". On this ground, the Court refused in
469:, the court distinguished "between claims questioning the wisdom of military action, 'a policy choice . . . constitutionally committed' to the political branches, and 'legal issues such as whether the government had legal authority to act.'" Thus, the court held that the plaintiffs' argument required the court to make a policy decision.
436:
Article I, section 2 of the
Constitution states that the House "shall have the sole power of Impeachment", and Article I, section 3 provides that the "Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments". Since the Constitution placed the sole power of impeachment in two political bodies, it is
852:
The
Supreme Court overturned the district court in a fast-track appeal, implicitly developing the political question doctrine in the ruling. The Court found it inappropriate for the judiciary to judge the constitutionality of highly political matters like the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty, unless they
445:
A court will not usually decide if a treaty has been terminated because, on that issue, "governmental action ... must be regarded as of controlling importance". However, courts sometimes do rule on the issue. One example of this is native
American tribes who have been officially terminated do not
302:
The political question doctrine holds that some questions, in their nature, are fundamentally political, and not legal, and if a question is fundamentally political ... then the court will refuse to hear that case. It will claim that it doesn't have jurisdiction. And it will leave that question to
1061:
Bickel, The Least
Dangerous Branch, 1962, pp. 23–28, 69–71; Bickel, The Supreme Court, 1960 Term: Foreword: The Passive Virtues, 75 Harv.L.Rev. 40, 46, 75 (1961); Finkelstein, Judicial Self–Limitation, 37 Harv.L.Rev. 338, 361 (1924); Finkelstein, Some Further Notes on Judicial Self–Limitation, 39
313:
A ruling of nonjusticiability, in the end, prevents the issue that brought the case before the court from being resolved in a court of law. In the typical case where there is a finding of nonjusticiability due to the political question doctrine, the issue presented before the court is either so
844:
is considered the leading precedent on the political question doctrine in Japan. In 1957, in what was later known as the "Sunagawa incident," demonstrators entered a then U.S. military base in the Tokyo suburb of
Sunagawa. By their entry into the base, demonstrators violated a special Japanese
400:
The first factor—a textually demonstrable commitment to another branch—is the classical view that the Court must decide all cases and issues before it unless, as a matter of constitutional interpretation, the
Constitution itself has committed the determination of the issue to another branch of
427:
to decide which group was the legitimate government of Rhode Island. Since then, the Court has consistently refused to resort to the
Guarantee Clause as a constitutional source for invalidating state action, such as whether it is lawful for states to adopt laws through referendums.
297:
is an appropriate forum in which to hear the case. This is because the court system only has the authority to hear and decide a legal question, not a political one. Legal questions are deemed to be justiciable, while political questions are nonjusticiable. One scholar explained:
356:, ripeness, and mootness, when the political question doctrine applies, a particular question is beyond judicial competence no matter who raises it, how immediate the interests it affects, or how burning the controversy. The doctrine is grounded in the principle of
364:. It is justified by the notion that there exist some questions best resolved through the political process, in which voters can approve or correct the challenged action by voting for or against those involved in the decision, or simply beyond judicial capability.
856:
Thereafter, the political question doctrine became a barrier for challenges under Art. 9. Under the "clear mistake" rule developed by the Court, it defers to the political branches on Art. 9 issues so long as the act is "not obviously unconstitutional and void."
1690:
2011:
824:
was in part trying to avoid deciding the merits of cases under
Article 9 of the post-war pacifist constitution, which renounces war and the threat or use of force. Issues arising under Art. 9 include the legitimacy of Japan's
2928:
2803:
2226:
2218:
846:
830:
2186:
289:, lies within the political, rather than the legal, realm to solve, and judges customarily refuse to address such matters. The idea of a political question is closely linked to the concept of
1643:
2639:
437:
qualified as a political question. As a result, neither the decision of the House to impeach, nor of the Senate to remove a President or any other official, can be appealed to any court.
281:
holds that a constitutional dispute that requires knowledge of a non-legal character or the use of techniques not suitable for a court or explicitly assigned by the Constitution to the
2984:
2888:
1489:
2631:
596:
257:
2234:
1919:
373:(1962). In that case, the Supreme Court held that an unequal apportionment of a state legislature may have denied equal protection and presented a justiciable issue. In the
2591:
2583:
507:(2004) held claims of partisan gerrymandering nonjusticiable because a discernible and manageable standard for adjudicating them had not been established or applied since
940:
has never explicitly addressed the political question doctrine in its jurisprudence, yet it has been argued that there are traces of the doctrine present in its rulings.
3330:
2210:
1911:
1052:
Nowak & Rotunda, Constitutional Law, 8th ed. 2010, pp. 137–138; Scharpf, Judicial Review and the Political Question: A Functional Analysis, 75 Yale L.J. 517 (1966).
3123:
2599:
2027:
418:
357:
543:(2019) were decided together on June 27, 2019, where a 5-4 majority concluded partisan gerrymandering was a political question and nonjusticiable by federal courts.
849:. A Tokyo District Court found that the U.S. military's presence in Japan were unconstitutional under Art. 9 of the Constitution and acquitted the defendants.
3016:
1895:
1206:
749:
730:
711:
692:
673:
650:
631:
1789:
Verfassungsgerichtsbarkeit und politische Fragen, die Political Question Doktrin im Verfahren vor dem Bundesverfassungsgericht und dem Supreme Court der USA
2567:
2258:
904:
on 26 November 1993 interpreted that the delimitation of national territory would be a significant political question beyond the reach of judicial review.
612:
800:
need to be politically-based and also concern domains in which the courts are not competent to judge, e.g. national security and international relations.
2896:
1879:
588:
250:
409:
While the scope of the political question doctrine is still unsettled, its application has been mostly settled in a few decided areas. These areas are:
1691:"Halliburton Hears a Who? Political Question Doctrine Developments in the Global War on Terror and Their Impact on Government Contingency Contracting"
1144:"In Civilians' Claims for Damages after Drone Strike in Yemen, District of Columbia Circuit Affirms Dismissal of Case on Political Question Grounds".
2495:
2072:
1240:"Narjess Ghane, et al v. Mid-South Institute of Self Defense Shooting; JFS, LLC; John Fred Shaw; Donald Ross Sanders, Jr.; and Jim Cowan (Miss.2014)"
3008:
2511:
2064:
1394:
390:
the impossibility of a court's undertaking independent resolution without expressing lack of the respect due coordinate branches of government; or
1828:
1043:
Wechsler, Toward Neutral Principles of Constitutional Law, 73 Harv.L.Rev. 1, 7–9 (1959); Weston, Political Questions, 38 Harv.L.Rev. 296 (1925).
2274:
877:
243:
2607:
2415:
2615:
2242:
1887:
1493:
792:
1222:
2306:
2089:
1295:
2519:
461:
dismissed the plaintiffs' claims on the basis that the "plaintiffs challenged the type of executive decision found nonjusticiable in
622: (1849) – Guarantee of a republican form of government is a political question to be resolved by the President and the Congress.
3088:
3000:
3325:
2084:
210:
892:
decided, by three votes to two, to dismiss the suit as presenting a political question not subject to Swiss civil jurisdiction.
2787:
1816:
937:
31:
1705:
O'Donnell, Michael J. (Winter 2004). "A Turn for the Worse: Foreign Relations, Corporate Human Rights Abuse, and the Courts".
2266:
2035:
1931:
1313:
458:
454:
229:
564:
could proceed under Mississippi law since the plaintiff's claims did not present a non-justiciable political question under
515:
stated in his concurring opinion that judicially manageable standards for gerrymandering could be developed in future cases.
377:
opinion, the Court outlined six characteristics "rominent on the surface of any case held to involve a political question":
3032:
2527:
2371:
2106:
1719:
889:
88:
702: (1969) – Congressional authority to exclude members who have met qualifications to serve is not a political question.
3245:
2154:
1950:
1549:
1524:
2920:
2322:
1863:
1825:
1364:
387:
the impossibility of deciding without an initial policy determination of a kind clearly for nonjudicial discretion; or
3178:
133:
344:(later versions of the political question doctrine argued that it applied even if individual rights were at stake).
2282:
271:
2487:
1342:
Chen, Po Liang; Wada, Jordan T. (2017). "Can the Japanese Supreme Court Overcome the Political Question Hurdle?".
2623:
2479:
2314:
1842:
182:
2960:
2912:
2250:
2162:
1756:
1638:
921:
917:
286:
888:" rather than "Republic of China (Taiwan)" violated Taiwan's name rights. On 9 September 2010, a panel of the
2992:
2721:
2346:
2330:
2019:
1255:
360:, as well as the federal judiciary's desire to avoid inserting itself into conflicts between branches of the
108:
1092:
Note, Political Rights as Political Questions: The Paradox of Luther v. Borden, 100 Harv.L.Rev. 1125 (1987).
885:
3024:
2936:
2407:
2130:
2056:
396:
the potentiality of embarrassment from multifarious pronouncements by various departments on one question."
765:(2007) – Foreign policy should be decided on by the executive branch of the government, not the judiciary.
2705:
2146:
2122:
2047:
1269:
Jully, A. (2019). Propos orthodoxes sur l'acte de gouvernement: (Note sous Conseil d'Etat, 17 avr. 2019,
381:"a textually demonstrable constitutional commitment of the issue to a coordinate political department; or
220:
99:
3261:
2463:
2338:
1942:
1809:
1507:
Felber, René (10 September 2010). "Umweg über Zivilrichter unzulässig: Taiwans Kampf um seinen Namen".
881:
834:
539:
1166:
3072:
2431:
1596:
1574:
826:
446:
lose their treaty concessions without explicit text from Congress that the treaty is also abrogated.
168:
123:
3320:
3293:
3064:
2713:
2503:
2471:
2178:
1958:
1101:
Pacific States Telephone & Telegraph Co. v. State of Oregon, 223 U.S. 118, 32 S. Ct. 224 (1912)
557:
78:
1427:
Yasuo Hasebe, Constitutional Borrowing and Political Theory, INTL. J. OF CONST. L. 224, 226 (2003)
1305:
3277:
3269:
3206:
2848:
2298:
1995:
561:
495:. The precedential power of this case is still unclear, especially considering the later case of
492:
337:
1509:
1017:§ 15 "Case or Controversy"—Political Questions, 20 Fed. Prac. & Proc. Deskbook § 15 (2d ed.)
3040:
2758:
2455:
2194:
2138:
2114:
1871:
1119:
821:
809:
744:
113:
782:
The political question doctrine has also had significance beyond American constitutional law.
556:(January 16, 2014), the Mississippi Supreme Court held that a wrongful death action against a
3147:
3048:
2880:
2823:
2575:
2559:
2535:
2439:
2399:
2012:
Black & White Taxicab & Transfer Co. v. Brown & Yellow Taxicab & Transfer Co.
1802:
1209:
976:
Part I: Lecture 4: The Court and Constitutional Interpretation (see page 55 in the guidebook)
769:
753:
734:
715:
696:
677:
660: (1946) – Apportionment of Congressional districts is a political question (Overruled by
654:
635:
616:
592:
533:
361:
144:
118:
1443:
Saikō Saibansho Dec. 16, 1959, A no. 710, 13 Saikō Saibansho Keiji Hanreishū 3225 (Japan).
913:
812:
the power of judicial review, and the court developed its own political question doctrine (
759: (1993) – Senate authority to try impeachments and impeachment are political questions.
128:
1794:
740: (1983) – Constitutionality of one house legislative veto is not a political question.
23:
8:
2864:
2840:
2750:
2697:
2383:
2170:
1854:
706:
687:
215:
205:
200:
161:
3253:
3139:
3096:
2952:
2929:
Valley Forge Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church & State
2832:
2551:
2391:
2290:
1986:
1776:
1739:
1660:
1619:
933:
756:
737:
718:
699:
680:
657:
645:
638:
583:
503:
328:
3285:
3153:
3131:
3115:
3080:
3056:
2811:
2647:
2543:
2447:
2098:
1966:
1903:
1780:
1664:
1623:
1470:
Saikō Saibansho Aug. 28, 1996, 7, 50, Saikō Saibansho Minji Hanreishū 1952 (Japan).
1309:
813:
626:
600:
525:
483:
1479:
Saikō Saibansho June 8, 1960, 14 Saikō Saibansho Minji Hanreishū (7) 1206 (Japan).
907:
619:
393:
an unusual need for unquestioning adherence to a political decision already made; or
3190:
2655:
2202:
1974:
1768:
1731:
1652:
1611:
1301:
1239:
721: (1979) – Presidential authority to terminate treaties is a political question.
607:
519:
423:
323:
53:
1461:
Saikō Saibansho Apr. 2, 1969, 5, 23 Saikō Saibansho Keiji Hanreishū 685 (Japan).
3237:
3198:
2944:
2904:
2856:
2423:
512:
367:
The leading Supreme Court case in the area of the political question doctrine is
35:
2227:
C & L Enterprises, Inc. v. Citizen Band, Potawatomi Indian Tribe of Oklahoma
1747:
1720:"Uncertain justice: liability of multinationals under the Alien Tort Claims Act"
2968:
2872:
2804:
Williamson County Regional Planning Commission v. Hamilton Bank of Johnson City
2795:
2676:
2003:
488:
384:
a lack of judicially discoverable and manageable standards for resolving it; or
353:
290:
58:
43:
1615:
683: (1962) – Apportionment of state legislatures is not a political question.
3314:
2779:
2742:
2219:
College Savings Bank v. Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board
1557:
1532:
901:
725:
668:
566:
529:(2017) were decided without taking a final stance on partisan gerrymandering.
369:
333:
282:
192:
2187:
Oklahoma Tax Commission v. Citizen Band, Potawatomi Indian Tribe of Oklahoma
1452:
Tsunemasa Arikawa, HĹŤri SaikĹŤsai tĹŤchikĹŤi , 87 HORITSU JIHO No. 5, 4 (2015).
860:
Other notable cases on the political question doctrine in Japan include the
641: (1939) – Mode of amending federal Constitution is a political question.
2976:
294:
1772:
1656:
154:
1597:"Patterns of avoidance: political questions before international courts"
477:
There have been multiple cases on the justiciability of gerrymandering:
1743:
2640:
Grable & Sons Metal Products, Inc. v. Darue Engineering & Mfg.
1735:
2770:
2688:
68:
63:
2985:
Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc.
2889:
United States v. Students Challenging Regulatory Agency Procedures
1575:"Interpretation No.328: The Boundaries of National Territory Case"
924:
has engaged with the doctrine through the margin of appreciation.
1556:(in French). Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland. Archived from
1531:(in German). Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland. Archived from
908:
International Court of Justice and European Court of Human Rights
2632:
JPMorgan Chase Bank v. Traffic Stream (BVI) Infrastructure Ltd.
970:
John E. Finn (2016). "Civil Liberties and the Bill of Rights".
873:
2235:
Inyo County v. Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Bishop Community
920:
has dealt with the doctrine in its advisory function, and the
1920:
Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital v. Mercury Construction Corp.
1707:
Boston Third World Law Journal (24 B.C. Third World L.J. 223)
1395:"Japan Top Court Rejects Retrial over 1957 Sunagawa Incident"
2592:
Northern Pipeline Construction Co. v. Marathon Pipe Line Co.
2584:
Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle
1418:
Motoaki Hatake, Kenkyū To Giron No Saizensen , 94-95 (2006).
578:
Important cases discussing the political question doctrine:
2211:
Kiowa Tribe of Oklahoma v. Manufacturing Technologies, Inc.
1912:
Colorado River Water Conservation District v. United States
1824:
1294:
Bell, John; Boyron, Sophie; Whittaker, Simon (2008-03-27).
1223:
Supreme Court Sidesteps Decision on Partisan Gerrymandering
773:, (2019) – Partisan gerrymandering is a political question.
3124:
County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State
2028:
Hinderlider v. La Plata River & Cherry Creek Ditch Co.
457:
after a 2012 U.S. drone strike killed five civilians. The
336:
drew a distinction between two different functions of the
927:
303:
some other aspect of the political process to settle out.
1757:"In Search of the Political Question Doctrine in EU Law"
1639:"In Search of the Political Question Doctrine in EU Law"
1492:. Taipei Representative Office in the UK. Archived from
876:
filed a lawsuit before a Swiss civil court against the
463:
El-Shifa Pharmaceutical Industries Co. v. United States
293:, as it comes down to a question of whether or not the
3017:
Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn
1896:
England v. Louisiana State Board of Medical Examiners
1730:(6). Stanford Law Review, Vol. 54, No. 6: 1359–1386.
1552:[Decision of 9 September 2010 (5A_329/2009)]
1527:[Decision of 9 September 2010 (5A_329/2009)]
2568:
Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida
2259:
City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York
1880:
Louisiana Power & Light Co. v. City of Thibodaux
1027:
1025:
1023:
322:
The doctrine has its roots in the historic original
2897:
Schlesinger v. Reservists Committee to Stop the War
1293:
1110:
United States Constitution, Article I, Section 2-3.
16:
Legal doctrine of political matters' justiciability
3331:United States political question doctrine case law
2496:Louisville & Nashville Railroad Co. v. Mottley
1577:. Constitutional Court R.O.C. (Taiwan). 1993-11-26
2512:American Well Works Co. v. Layne & Bowler Co.
2073:Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Saudi Basic Industries Corp.
1020:
453:(2017), the plaintiffs filed a lawsuit under the
3312:
3009:Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency
2065:District of Columbia Court of Appeals v. Feldman
547:
2275:Permanent Mission of India v. City of New York
878:International Organization for Standardization
2608:Commodity Futures Trading Commission v. Schor
2416:American Insurance Co. v. 356 Bales of Cotton
1810:
1704:
1277:, 43(2), 165-171. doi:10.3917/civit.043.0165.
251:
2616:Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc. v. Thompson
2243:United States v. White Mountain Apache Tribe
1888:United Gas Pipe Line Co. v. Ideal Cement Co.
1525:"Urteil vom 9. September 2010 (5A_329/2009)"
969:
790:A type of act by the French government, the
777:
308:John E. Finn, professor of government, 2006
2520:Smith v. Kansas City Title & Trust Co.
2307:Republic of Argentina v. NML Capital, Ltd.
1817:
1803:
1490:"Taiwan sues ISO over incorrect reference"
258:
244:
1698:Military Law Review (201 Mil. L. Rev. 86)
1550:"ArrĂŞt du 9 septembre 2010 (5A_329/2009)"
1306:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199541393.001.0001
1256:Cynthia Corrie et al. v. Caterpillar Inc.
950:
440:
3089:FDA v. Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine
3001:Hein v. Freedom From Religion Foundation
1594:
1341:
963:
1604:International Journal of Law in Context
603: (1803) – the origin of the phrase.
3313:
1754:
1688:
1636:
1506:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
938:Court of Justice of the European Union
928:Court of Justice of the European Union
3225:
3176:
2674:
2369:
2267:Dolan v. United States Postal Service
2036:Clearfield Trust Co. v. United States
1840:
1798:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1359:
1357:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1265:
1263:
1161:
1159:
459:District of Columbia Court of Appeals
455:Torture Victim Protection Act of 1991
404:
342:individual rights were not implicated
230:Adequate and independent state ground
3033:Clapper v. Amnesty International USA
2528:Hartsville Oil Mill v. United States
1761:Legal Issues of Economic Integration
1717:
1644:Legal Issues of Economic Integration
1344:Washington International Law Journal
1173:. 131 Harv. L. Rev. 1473. 2018-03-09
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
988:
986:
984:
958:American Constitutional Law Volume 1
890:Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland
880:, arguing that the ISO's use of the
487:(1986), the Supreme Court held that
3246:Osborn v. Bank of the United States
2788:Toilet Goods Ass'n, Inc. v. Gardner
2155:Banco Nacional de Cuba v. Sabbatino
1951:Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy
1365:"Chance for court to right a wrong"
1280:
412:
13:
2921:Pfizer Inc. v. Government of India
2675:
2323:Jam v. International Finance Corp.
1864:Railroad Commission v. Pullman Co.
1682:
1637:Butler, Graham (9 November 2018).
1430:
1382:
1354:
1322:
1260:
1156:
1137:
808:The postwar constitution gave the
14:
3342:
2107:The Schooner Exchange v. M'Faddon
998:
981:
491:cases were justiciable under the
472:
135:Class Action Fairness Act of 2005
2370:
2283:Ali v. Federal Bureau of Prisons
1167:"bin Ali Jaber v. United States"
272:United States constitutional law
22:
2624:Plaut v. Spendthrift Farm, Inc.
2315:OBB Personenverkehr AG v. Sachs
1718:Shaw, Courtney (June 1, 2002).
1630:
1588:
1567:
1542:
1517:
1500:
1482:
1473:
1464:
1455:
1446:
1421:
1412:
1249:
1232:
1221:Liptak, Adam (June 18, 2018). "
1215:
1196:
1184:
1125:
1113:
1104:
1095:
1086:
1077:
3326:Legal doctrines and principles
2961:Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife
2913:Illinois Brick Co. v. Illinois
2251:Republic of Austria v. Altmann
2163:Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez
1841:
1273:, n°418679, Inédit au Lebon).
1229:. Retrieved November 18, 2018.
1065:
1055:
1046:
1037:
922:European Court of Human Rights
918:International Court of Justice
867:
573:
451:bin Ali Jaber v. United States
431:
287:President of the United States
1:
2993:DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. Cuno
2722:Acheson Hotels, LLC v. Laufer
2331:Republic of Sudan v. Harrison
2020:Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins
1689:Carter, Chad C. (Fall 2009).
943:
2937:City of Los Angeles v. Lyons
2131:Schillinger v. United States
2057:Rooker v. Fidelity Trust Co.
1134:, 369 U.S. 186, 212. (1962).
560:by the family of a deceased
548:Private military contractors
7:
3177:
2706:Campbell-Ewald Co. v. Gomez
2147:United States v. Wunderlich
1791:. Munich 1994 (german text)
1300:. Oxford University Press.
1074:, 369 U.S. 186, 223 (1962).
1034:, 369 U.S. 186, 217 (1962).
763:Corrie v. Caterpillar, Inc.
347:
334:Chief Justice John Marshall
10:
3347:
3262:Mistretta v. United States
3226:
2488:Burton v. United States II
2464:City of St. Louis v. Myers
2339:Opati v. Republic of Sudan
1943:Murdock v. City of Memphis
847:U.S.-Japan Security Treaty
845:criminal law based on the
831:U.S.-Japan Security Treaty
3232:
3221:
3185:
3172:
3107:
3073:TransUnion LLC v. Ramirez
2822:
2769:
2732:
2687:
2683:
2670:
2480:Burton v. United States I
2432:United States v. Jackalow
2408:Martin v. Hunter's Lessee
2378:
2365:
2083:
2046:
1985:
1930:
1853:
1849:
1836:
1616:10.1017/S1744552318000046
895:
886:Taiwan, Province of China
817:
785:
317:
3294:Bank Markazi v. Peterson
3065:Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski
2714:Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski
2504:Muskrat v. United States
2472:Barrett v. United States
2179:United States v. Stanley
1959:Fox Film Corp. v. Muller
1934:independent state ground
1513:(in German). p. 14.
1297:Principles of French Law
1146:International Law Update
833:, and the stationing of
803:
778:Beyond the United States
558:private military company
79:Constitutional avoidance
3278:United States v. Hatter
3270:Peretz v. United States
3207:Cramer v. United States
2849:Massachusetts v. Mellon
2600:Thomas v. Union Carbide
2299:United States v. Bormes
2048:Rooker–Feldman doctrine
1996:United States v. Hudson
1755:Butler, Graham (2018).
1062:Harv.L.Rev. 221 (1926).
562:United States Navy SEAL
493:Equal Protection Clause
338:U.S. Secretary of State
3041:Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins
2759:Nixon v. United States
2456:United States v. Klein
2347:Trump v. United States
2195:Saudi Arabia v. Nelson
2139:Feres v. United States
2115:Mississippi v. Johnson
1872:Burford v. Sun Oil Co.
1595:Odermatt, Jed (2018).
1193:, 478 U.S. 109 (1986).
1120:Nixon v. United States
822:Supreme Court of Japan
810:Supreme Court of Japan
745:Nixon v. United States
441:Foreign policy and war
332:(1803). In that case,
311:
3199:United States v. Burr
3148:Rucho v. Common Cause
3049:Texas v. Pennsylvania
3025:Bond v. United States
2881:Sierra Club v. Morton
2576:Arizona v. New Mexico
2560:Glidden Co. v. Zdanok
2536:Wisconsin v. Illinois
2440:Ex parte Vallandigham
2400:United States v. More
2090:presidential immunity
1122:, 506 U.S. 224 (1993)
798:actes de gouvernement
770:Rucho v. Common Cause
534:Rucho v. Common Cause
497:Rucho v. Common Cause
300:
119:Amount in controversy
32:United States federal
2123:United States v. Lee
1773:10.54648/LEIE2018020
1657:10.54648/LEIE2018020
1510:Neue ZĂĽrcher Zeitung
1171:harvardlawreview.org
995:, 5 U.S. 137 (1803).
972:The Teaching Company
914:international courts
835:U.S. Forces in Japan
793:acte de gouvernement
358:separation of powers
352:Unlike the rules of
2865:Altvater v. Freeman
2841:Fairchild v. Hughes
2751:Goldwater v. Carter
2698:DeFunis v. Odegaard
2384:Chisholm v. Georgia
2171:Nixon v. Fitzgerald
1724:Stanford Law Review
1563:on 2 December 2010.
882:United Nations name
707:Goldwater v. Carter
688:Powell v. McCormack
206:Anti-Injunction Act
74:Political questions
3254:Forrester v. White
3140:Vieth v. Jubelirer
3097:Murthy v. Missouri
2953:Diamond v. Charles
2833:Bailiff v. Tipping
2734:Political question
2552:Colegrove v. Green
2392:Marbury v. Madison
2291:Samantar v. Yousuf
2085:Sovereign immunity
1987:Federal common law
1826:U.S. Supreme Court
1787:Piazolo, Michael:
1227:The New York Times
1203:Vieth v. Jubelirer
993:Marbury v. Madison
934:European Union law
827:Self-Defense Force
646:Colegrove v. Green
584:Marbury v. Madison
554:Ghane v. Mid-South
504:Vieth v. Jubelirer
405:Other applications
362:federal government
329:Marbury v. Madison
276:political question
211:Sovereign immunity
3308:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3286:Stern v. Marshall
3217:
3216:
3168:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3154:Benisek v. Lamone
3132:Davis v. Bandemer
3081:Biden v. Nebraska
3057:Trump v. New York
2812:Trump v. New York
2666:
2665:
2648:Bowles v. Russell
2544:Crowell v. Benson
2448:Ex parte McCardle
2361:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2099:Little v. Barreme
1967:Harrison v. NAACP
1904:Younger v. Harris
1315:978-0-19-954139-3
1191:Davis v. Bandemer
956:Huhn, Wilson R.
820:; tĹŤchikĹŤi). The
627:Coleman v. Miller
540:Lamone v. Benisek
526:Benisek v. Lamone
509:Davis v. Bandemer
484:Davis v. Bandemer
268:
267:
177:
176:
54:Advisory opinions
3338:
3223:
3222:
3191:Ex parte Bollman
3174:
3173:
2685:
2684:
2672:
2671:
2656:Patchak v. Zinke
2367:
2366:
2203:Clinton v. Jones
1975:Michigan v. Long
1851:
1850:
1838:
1837:
1819:
1812:
1805:
1796:
1795:
1784:
1751:
1750:on May 31, 2006.
1746:. Archived from
1714:
1701:
1695:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1601:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1555:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1538:on 27 July 2011.
1537:
1530:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1486:
1480:
1477:
1471:
1468:
1462:
1459:
1453:
1450:
1444:
1441:
1428:
1425:
1419:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1406:
1391:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1361:
1352:
1351:
1339:
1320:
1319:
1291:
1278:
1267:
1258:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1236:
1230:
1219:
1213:
1200:
1194:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1178:
1163:
1154:
1153:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1123:
1117:
1111:
1108:
1102:
1099:
1093:
1090:
1084:
1083:48 U.S. 1 (1849)
1081:
1075:
1069:
1063:
1059:
1053:
1050:
1044:
1041:
1035:
1029:
1018:
1015:
996:
990:
979:
978:
967:
961:
954:
819:
608:Luther v. Borden
520:Gill v. Whitford
424:Luther v. Borden
419:Guarantee Clause
413:Guarantee Clause
309:
260:
253:
246:
136:
109:Federal question
96:
95:
26:
19:
18:
3346:
3345:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3321:Civil procedure
3311:
3310:
3309:
3300:
3238:Stuart v. Laird
3228:
3213:
3181:
3160:
3103:
2945:Allen v. Wright
2905:Warth v. Seldin
2857:Ex parte Levitt
2818:
2765:
2728:
2679:
2662:
2424:Sheldon v. Sill
2374:
2353:
2088:
2079:
2042:
1981:
1933:
1926:
1845:
1832:
1823:
1736:10.2307/1229625
1693:
1685:
1683:Further reading
1680:
1679:
1669:
1667:
1635:
1631:
1599:
1593:
1589:
1580:
1578:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1560:
1553:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1535:
1528:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1505:
1501:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1404:
1402:
1393:
1392:
1383:
1374:
1372:
1369:The Japan Times
1363:
1362:
1355:
1340:
1323:
1316:
1292:
1281:
1268:
1261:
1254:
1250:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1220:
1216:
1201:
1197:
1189:
1185:
1176:
1174:
1165:
1164:
1157:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1130:
1126:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1070:
1066:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1030:
1021:
1016:
999:
991:
982:
968:
964:
955:
951:
946:
930:
910:
898:
870:
806:
788:
780:
576:
552:In the case of
550:
513:Justice Kennedy
481:In the case of
475:
449:In the case of
443:
434:
415:
407:
350:
320:
310:
307:
264:
235:
232:
134:
83:
36:civil procedure
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3344:
3334:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3306:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3290:
3282:
3274:
3266:
3258:
3250:
3242:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3219:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3203:
3195:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3170:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3144:
3136:
3128:
3120:
3116:Hayburn's Case
3111:
3109:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3093:
3085:
3077:
3069:
3061:
3053:
3045:
3037:
3029:
3021:
3013:
3005:
2997:
2989:
2981:
2973:
2969:Raines v. Byrd
2965:
2957:
2949:
2941:
2933:
2925:
2917:
2909:
2901:
2893:
2885:
2877:
2873:Flast v. Cohen
2869:
2861:
2853:
2845:
2837:
2828:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2808:
2800:
2796:Laird v. Tatum
2792:
2784:
2775:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2755:
2747:
2738:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2718:
2710:
2702:
2693:
2691:
2681:
2680:
2677:Justiciability
2668:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2652:
2644:
2636:
2628:
2620:
2612:
2604:
2596:
2588:
2580:
2572:
2564:
2556:
2548:
2540:
2532:
2524:
2516:
2508:
2500:
2492:
2484:
2476:
2468:
2460:
2452:
2444:
2436:
2428:
2420:
2412:
2404:
2396:
2388:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2363:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2343:
2335:
2327:
2319:
2311:
2303:
2295:
2287:
2279:
2271:
2263:
2255:
2247:
2239:
2231:
2223:
2215:
2207:
2199:
2191:
2183:
2175:
2167:
2159:
2151:
2143:
2135:
2127:
2119:
2111:
2103:
2094:
2092:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2077:
2069:
2061:
2052:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2032:
2024:
2016:
2008:
2004:Swift v. Tyson
2000:
1991:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1971:
1963:
1955:
1947:
1938:
1936:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1916:
1908:
1900:
1892:
1884:
1876:
1868:
1859:
1857:
1847:
1846:
1834:
1833:
1822:
1821:
1814:
1807:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1785:
1767:(4): 329–354.
1752:
1715:
1702:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1651:(4): 329–354.
1629:
1610:(2): 221–236.
1587:
1566:
1541:
1516:
1499:
1496:on 2011-07-18.
1481:
1472:
1463:
1454:
1445:
1429:
1420:
1411:
1381:
1353:
1321:
1314:
1279:
1275:Civitas Europa
1259:
1248:
1231:
1214:
1195:
1183:
1155:
1152:: 45–47. 2017.
1136:
1124:
1112:
1103:
1094:
1085:
1076:
1064:
1054:
1045:
1036:
1019:
997:
980:
962:
948:
947:
945:
942:
929:
926:
909:
906:
897:
894:
869:
866:
862:Tomabechi case
805:
802:
787:
784:
779:
776:
775:
774:
766:
760:
741:
722:
703:
684:
665:
642:
623:
604:
575:
572:
549:
546:
545:
544:
530:
516:
500:
489:gerrymandering
474:
473:Gerrymandering
471:
442:
439:
433:
430:
414:
411:
406:
403:
398:
397:
394:
391:
388:
385:
382:
349:
346:
319:
316:
305:
291:justiciability
266:
265:
263:
262:
255:
248:
240:
237:
236:
234:
233:
228:
226:
222:Rooker–Feldman
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
189:
186:
185:
179:
178:
175:
174:
173:
172:
165:
158:
148:
147:
141:
140:
139:
138:
131:
126:
121:
116:
111:
103:
102:
100:Subject-matter
92:
91:
85:
84:
82:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
50:
47:
46:
44:Justiciability
40:
39:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3343:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3235:
3234:
3231:
3224:
3220:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3188:
3187:
3184:
3180:
3175:
3171:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3006:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2958:
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2954:
2950:
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2946:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2894:
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2890:
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2878:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2780:Poe v. Ullman
2777:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2743:Baker v. Carr
2740:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2700:
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2690:
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2669:
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2657:
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2649:
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2642:
2641:
2637:
2634:
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2629:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2605:
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2601:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2565:
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2561:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2501:
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2493:
2490:
2489:
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2477:
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2421:
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2413:
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2402:
2401:
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2312:
2309:
2308:
2304:
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2300:
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2277:
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2256:
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2248:
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2244:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2124:
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868:Switzerland
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1855:Abstention
1843:Federalism
1670:9 November
1581:2022-11-07
1405:2020-05-14
1399:nippon.com
1375:2020-05-14
1212:267 (2004)
1177:2021-03-19
944:References
216:Abrogation
201:Abstention
183:Federalism
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354:standing
348:Doctrine
326:case of
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960:. 2016.
932:Within
129:Removal
3297:(2016)
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3210:(1945)
3202:(1807)
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3135:(1986)
3127:(1985)
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3100:(2024)
3092:(2024)
3084:(2023)
3076:(2021)
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2956:(1986)
2948:(1984)
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2762:(1993)
2754:(1979)
2746:(1962)
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2659:(2018)
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