445:
open to contestation and renegotiation"; (2) "the problem of partial displacement," which holds that "when new legitimation factors emerge," as they often have historically, "earlier ones may not entirely disappear but only become less salient, at least for sizable portions of the citizenry"; and (3) "the problem of exceptional circumstances," which is "the fact that even widely shared and seemingly stable CL factors are routinely relaxed or abandoned during emergencies, often without calling into question the basic legitimacy of the government."
310:
538:'s contemporary interpretation of Weber's types of political legitimacy (traditional, charismatic, legal-rational) proposes that they are conceptually insufficient to comprehend the complex relationships that constitute a legitimate political system in the 21st century. Moreover, Dogan proposed that traditional authority and charismatic authority are obsolete as forms of contemporary government; e.g., the Islamic Republic of Iran (est. 1979) rule by means of the priestly Koranic interpretations by the
38:
420:
state is also contextually specific. McCullough et al. (2020) show that in different countries, provision of different services build state legitimacy. In Nepal public water provision was most associated with state legitimacy, while in
Pakistan it was health services. But it is not only states that that can build legitimacy. Other authorities, such as armed groups in a conflict zones, may construct legitimacy more successfully than the state in certain strata of the population.
436:...is bound up with a range of political capacities and actions including, among other things, being able to ensure continuous access to essential goods (particularly food, water, and shelter), prevent avoidable catastrophes, provide immediate and effective disaster relief, and combat invading forces or quell unjustified uprisings or rebellions. If a government cannot fulfill these basic security functions, it is not legitimate, if it is even a government at all.
525:
243:
479:
234:
day-to-day basis. The value-based expectation people have with regard to such interactions is one of human dignity. People expect procedures to be fair and practices to be respectful, reflecting a serving rather than an extractive attitude. As long as authorities do not satisfy people's more immediate expectation of interactive dignity, people support and consider alternative authorities to be more legitimate.
465:. Crudely put, FL is about living, CL about living well. And it is of course impossible to live well without living: after all, there can be no democracy of desolation, no fair social cooperation in conditions of extreme scarcity, no real rights when political stability is maintainable only through raw assertions of coercive power (if it can be maintained at all). In this sense, FL is
452:
The factors associated with CL condition the use of political power by specifying, for instance, what can or cannot be done or sacrificed, how decisions should be made, and who counts (and for how much). The answers to these questions often appear to us as moral universals; yet, in practice, they are
428:
Political theorist Ross
Mittiga has proposed an alternative typology, consisting of two parts: foundational and contingent legitimacy. According to Mittiga, foundational legitimacy (FL) "pertains to a government's ability to ensure the safety and security of its citizens," while contingent legitimacy
419:
Establishing legitimacy is not simply transactional; service provision, elections and rule of law do not automatically grant legitimacy. State legitimacy rests on citizens' perceptions and expectations of the state, and these may be co-constructed between state actors and citizens. What legitimizes a
176:
Legitimacy is "a value whereby something or someone is recognized and accepted as right and proper". In political science, legitimacy has traditionally been understood as the popular acceptance and recognition by the public of the authority of a governing régime, whereby authority has political power
211:
charms and psychologically dominates the people of the society to agreement with the government's régime and rule. A charismatic government usually features weak political and administrative institutions, because they derive authority from the persona of the leader, and usually disappear without the
384:
is the 'legitimator'). NPL is concerned with establishing where to draw the line between good and bad; PPL with who should be drawing it in the first place. From the NPL perspective, political legitimacy emanates from appropriate actions; from a PPL perspective, it emanates from appropriate actors.
444:
According to
Mittiga, what makes certain aspects of legitimacy "contingent" (as opposed to "foundational") is that they are affected by (1) "the problem of pluralism"—i.e., the idea that "any firm agreement on" which factor(s) matters (or matter most of all) "will remain elusive or at least always
341:
In an effort to determine what makes a government legitimate, the Center for Public Impact launched a project to hold a global conversation about legitimacy stating, inviting citizens, academics and governments to participate. The organization also publishes case studies that consider the theme of
220:
More recent scholarship distinguishes between multiple other types of legitimacy in an effort to draw distinctions between various approaches to the construct. These include empirical legitimacy versus normative legitimacy, instrumental versus substantive legitimacy, popular legitimacy, regulative
440:
On the other hand, Mittiga acknowledges that there is "extensive debate" about which factors are relevant to CL, but argues that, "mong the most commonly defended factors" are "the presence of democratic rights and processes, consent, guarantees of equal representation, provision of core public
233:
by
Weigand shows that interactions are key for the construction of substantive legitimacy in such contexts. The aspect of an authority that most concerns people in the absence of other accountability mechanisms are its actions, particularly with regard to how authorities interact with them on a
441:
benefits, protection of basic individual rights and freedoms, social justice, and observance of fairness principles." Mittiga specifies further that "ost contemporary theorists maintain that legitimacy requires multiple of these factors—some of which are procedural and others substantive."
337:
Civil legitimacy can be granted through different measures for accountability than voting, such as financial transparency and stake-holder accountability. In the international system another method for measuring civil legitimacy is through accountability to international human rights norms.
92:. Political legitimacy is considered a basic condition for governing, without which a government will suffer legislative deadlock(s) and collapse. In political systems where this is not the case, unpopular regimes survive because they are considered legitimate by a small, influential
350:
The United
Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commission (OHCHR) established standards of what is considered "good governance" that include the key attributes transparency, responsibility, accountability, participation and responsiveness (to the needs of the people).
215:
Rational-legal legitimacy derives from a system of institutional procedure, wherein government institutions establish and enforce law and order in the public interest. Therefore, it is through public trust that the government will abide the law that confers rational-legal
317:
The political legitimacy of a civil government derives from agreement among the autonomous constituent institutions—legislative, judicial, executive—combined for the national common good. In the United States, this issue has surfaced around how voting is impacted by
363:
introduced two normative criteria, which are output legitimacy, i.e. the effectiveness of policy outcomes for people and input legitimacy, the responsiveness to citizen concerns as a result of participation by the people. A third normative criterion was added by
385:
In the social contract tradition, Hobbes and Locke focused on NPL (stressing security and liberty, respectively), while
Rousseau focused more on PPL ("the people" as the legitimator). Arguably, political stability depends on both forms of legitimacy.
1870:
405:
rests on "the rational assessment of the usefulness of an authority ..., describing to what extent an authority responds to shared needs. Instrumental legitimacy is very much based on the perceived effectiveness of service delivery. Conversely,
192:. Traditionalists understand this form of rule as historically accepted, hence its continuity, because it is the way society has always been. Therefore, the institutions of traditional government usually are historically continuous, as in
158:
said that legitimacy also "involves the capacity of a political system to engender and maintain the belief that existing political institutions are the most appropriate and proper ones for the society". The
American political scientist
150:
said that "egitimacy is the foundation of such governmental power as is exercised, both with a consciousness on the government's part that it has a right to govern, and with some recognition by the governed of that right". The
American
774:
is a variant form of monarchic political legitimacy which combines traditional authority and legal–rational authority, by which means the monarch maintains nationalist unity (one people) and democratic administration (a political
681:, democracy, and limited government. The political legitimacy of constitutionalism derives from popular belief and acceptance that the actions of the government are legitimate because they abide by the law codified in the
123:
status conferred by a governed people upon their governors' institutions, offices, and actions, based upon the belief that their government's actions are appropriate uses of power by a legally constituted government.
221:
legitimacy, and procedural legitimacy. Types of legitimacy draw distinctions that account for different sources of legitimacy, different frameworks for evaluating legitimacy, or different objects of legitimacy.
410:
is a more abstract normative judgment, which is underpinned by shared values. If a person believes that an entity has the right to exercise social control, he or she may also accept personal disadvantages."
1834:
740:
treatise that asked: "How can parliamentary government make for law and legality, when a 49 per cent minority accepts as politically legitimate the political will of a 51 per cent majority?"
453:
the products of long and contentious historical processes. FL, on the other hand, does not vary between societies, generations, or circumstances. Ensuring safety and security is always the
1351:
163:
explained legitimacy as a reservoir: so long as the water is at a given level, political stability is maintained, if it falls below the required level, political legitimacy is endangered.
1624:
699:, where government legitimacy derives from the popular perception that the elected government abides by democratic principles in governing, and thus is legally accountable to its people.
557:. Furthermore, the third Weber type of political legitimacy, rational-legal authority, exists in so many permutations no longer allow it to be limited as a type of legitimate authority.
397:, such as tradition and rational-legality. But policies that aim at (re-)constructing legitimacy by improving the service delivery or 'output' of a state often only respond to shared
1764:
1544:
334:
in 2013. Another challenge to the political legitimacy offered by elections is whether or not marginalized groups such as women or those who are incarcerated are allowed to vote.
636:
Establishing what qualifies as a legitimate form of government continues to be a topic of great philosophical controversy. Forms of legitimate government are posited to include:
461:—end of political power. Aristotle expresses something like this in insisting that the point of political society is to furnish the resources needed not just to live but to live
629:("Each meaning gives a partial view, so the more meanings the better") are inappropriate philosophic stances for managing a political term that has more than one meaning (see
1573:
1457:
689:(1901–1984) said that, in dividing political power among the organs of government, constitutional law effectively restrains the actions of the government (see
605:. Therefore, in defining the political legitimacy of a system of government and rule, the term "essentially contested concept" indicates that a key term (
497:. That a society might decide to revert from the legitimate government of a rational–legal authority to the charismatic government of a leader; e.g., the
493:
was unnecessary for establishing legitimacy, a condition that can be established with codified laws, customs, and cultural principles, not by means of
3877:
229:
Legitimacy in conflict zones, where multiple authorities compete over authority and legitimacy, can rest on other sources. The theory of interactive
750:
establishes the political legitimacy of the rule of the monarch (king or queen); legitimacy also derives from the popular perception (tradition and
359:
Assessing the political legitimacy of a government can be done by looking at three different aspects of which a government can derive legitimacy.
1343:
1166:
1056:
890:
713:
claimed that the political legitimacy of their right to rule derived from philosophically denying the (popular) political legitimacy of elected
2031:
1613:
1405:
1428:
754:) and acceptance of the monarch as the rightful ruler of nation and country. Contemporarily, such divine-right legitimacy is manifest in the
368:, who analyzes legitimacy also in terms of what she calls throughput, i.e. the governance processes that happen in between input and output.
1805:
1730:
1692:
705:, where in the 1920s and the 1930s it based its political legitimacy upon the arguments of traditional authority; respectively, the German
1755:
1981:
1536:
2821:
2462:
659:(1970–73) in Chile; thus, the actions of the Communist government are legitimate, authorised by the people. In the early 20th century,
1960:
212:
leader in power. However, if the charismatic leader has a successor, a government derived from charismatic legitimacy might continue.
3006:
1507:
489:
Max Weber proposed that societies behave cyclically in governing themselves with different types of governmental legitimacy. That
3614:
2916:
3035:
677:, where the modern political concept of constitutionalism establishes the law as supreme over the private will, by integrating
3023:
1799:
1724:
1686:
1381:
1039:
1565:
1449:
17:
342:
legitimacy as it applies to projects in a number of different countries and cities including
Bristol, Lebanon and Canada.
3724:
3634:
3749:
469:
prior to CL, and must be regarded as such in moments when trade-offs become a necessary part of the political calculus.
2024:
376:
Abulof distinguishes between negative political legitimacy (NPL), which is about the object of legitimation (answering
1659:
1326:
1299:
1272:
1245:
1014:
939:
Phelps, Martha
Lizabeth (December 2014). "Doppelgangers of the State: Private Security and Transferable Legitimacy".
177:
through consent and mutual understandings, not coercion. The three types of political legitimacy described by German
1594:
617:, etc.) has different meanings within a given political argument. Hence, the intellectually restrictive politics of
3694:
2144:
2650:
2501:
323:
1486:
3851:
3704:
2590:
656:
143:
is that the government is not legitimate unless it is carried on with the consent of the governed." The German
380:
is legitimate), and positive political legitimacy (PPL), which is about the source of legitimation (answering
3891:
3764:
2986:
2017:
570:
188:
Traditional legitimacy derives from societal custom and habit that emphasize the history of the authority of
3789:
3784:
3478:
2516:
2149:
846:
292:(god–king) was theologically established by a doctrine that posited the pharaoh as the Egyptian patron god
271:
89:
3917:
3804:
3799:
3584:
866:
811:
663:
based the arguments supporting the legitimacy of their rule and government upon the scientific nature of
3922:
2469:
2129:
2786:
448:
Mittiga summarizes the difference between these two types or levels or types of legitimacy as follows:
2833:
2776:
2361:
1986:
1894:
2nd edition, Mary Hawkesworth and Maurice Kogan editors, Vol. 2, pp. 116-219. London: Routledge 2003
3927:
3674:
550:
1649:
1420:
1316:
1289:
1262:
1235:
401:. Therefore, Weigand distinguishes substantive sources of legitimacy from more instrumental ones.
3654:
3574:
2991:
2580:
2491:
1789:
1714:
1676:
900:
771:
668:
331:
136:
45:
31:
3388:
2981:
2961:
2811:
2481:
686:
682:
602:
574:
2848:
326:'s ability to produce winners by minority rule and discouragement of voter turnout outside of
3135:
3090:
2901:
2496:
1991:
880:
861:
806:
747:
598:
263:
247:
155:
2951:
565:
In determining the political legitimacy of a system of rule and government, the term proper—
3932:
3644:
3524:
3293:
3100:
2941:
2868:
2560:
2521:
2506:
2040:
1952:
831:
728:(1888–1985)—whose legal work as the "Crown Jurist of the Third Reich" promoted fascism and
594:
573:
that facilitates understanding the different applications and interpretations of abstract,
144:
128:
97:
3115:
1095:
1078:
8:
3834:
3714:
3684:
3604:
3130:
3070:
2391:
2311:
690:
152:
85:
2878:
1595:"Can't Buy Me Legitimacy": The Elusive and Illusive Stability of Mideast Rentier Regimes
3912:
3846:
3841:
3824:
3819:
3288:
2796:
2733:
1862:
1399:
1216:
1147:
856:
821:
801:
618:
108:, and unjust rulers who lost said mandate therefore lost the right to rule the people.
104:(1046–256 BC), the political legitimacy of a ruler and government was derived from the
88:". An authority viewed as legitimate often has the right and justification to exercise
3278:
1515:
891:"Investigating the Role of Legitimacy in the Political Order of Conflict-torn Spaces."
135:(1632–1704) said that political legitimacy derives from popular explicit and implicit
3809:
3754:
3594:
3383:
3045:
2971:
2946:
2748:
2550:
1866:
1854:
1795:
1720:
1682:
1655:
1614:"Investigating the Role of Legitimacy in the Political Order of Conflict-torn Spaces"
1387:
1377:
1322:
1295:
1268:
1241:
1220:
1208:
1167:"Investigating the Role of Legitimacy in the Political Order of Conflict-torn Spaces"
1151:
1139:
1100:
1057:"Investigating the Role of Legitimacy in the Political Order of Conflict-torn Spaces"
1035:
1010:
826:
755:
751:
674:
614:
542:
429:(CL) obtains in situations in which governments "exercise power in acceptable ways."
365:
267:
120:
105:
53:
2863:
309:
280:, government legitimacy derives from the spiritual authority of a god or a goddess.
3814:
3744:
3514:
3433:
3428:
3353:
3328:
3273:
3263:
3253:
3223:
3203:
3193:
3060:
3055:
3013:
2956:
2753:
2436:
2431:
2406:
2351:
2326:
1846:
1200:
1131:
1090:
948:
796:
518:
510:
360:
147:
3418:
1941:(Jeffrey Seitzer translator). Durham (North Carolina): Duke University Press, 2004
1757:
Reconstructing our understanding of the link between services and state legitimacy
3871:
3544:
3463:
3423:
3393:
3378:
3343:
3338:
3308:
3283:
3268:
3243:
3228:
3163:
3140:
3125:
3110:
3095:
2966:
2921:
2906:
2896:
2718:
2713:
2570:
2565:
2545:
2533:
721:
710:
644:
514:
3861:
3769:
3759:
3488:
3363:
3348:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3258:
3233:
3188:
3168:
3030:
3001:
2976:
2931:
2911:
2873:
2828:
2708:
2698:
2555:
2386:
2199:
1007:
Useful Complaints: How Petitions Assist Decentralized Authoritarianism in China
841:
729:
586:
319:
184:, in "Politics as Vocation", are traditional, charismatic, and rational-legal:
160:
37:
1850:
1204:
1135:
929:(pp. 124–188). New Haven (Connecticut) and London: Yale University Press, 1971
3906:
3794:
3624:
3534:
3483:
3453:
3443:
3373:
3368:
3358:
3218:
3208:
3198:
3173:
3040:
3018:
2936:
2843:
2816:
2801:
2743:
2426:
1858:
1391:
1212:
1143:
1104:
759:
285:
1188:
1119:
345:
3774:
3458:
3448:
3438:
3303:
3298:
3238:
3213:
3183:
3178:
3085:
3080:
2926:
2806:
2540:
2476:
2346:
2336:
2331:
2250:
2240:
2184:
2074:
767:
763:
725:
630:
554:
535:
528:
502:
498:
101:
3473:
3468:
3403:
3398:
3248:
3120:
3075:
3065:
2858:
2853:
2791:
2728:
2511:
2486:
2411:
2371:
2341:
2316:
2296:
2275:
2255:
2235:
2225:
2194:
2059:
851:
836:
678:
626:
546:
327:
178:
457:—though, in good states, under reasonably favorable conditions, not the
3856:
3664:
3564:
3413:
3333:
3105:
2996:
2838:
2781:
2758:
2723:
2672:
2662:
2630:
2575:
2401:
2381:
2306:
2270:
2174:
2159:
2084:
2009:
952:
714:
652:
622:
590:
578:
132:
41:
524:
3554:
3493:
3050:
2693:
2620:
2605:
2526:
2446:
2441:
2366:
2321:
2301:
2280:
2265:
2245:
2230:
2094:
2054:
1478:
778:
717:
696:
660:
648:
640:
610:
606:
539:
490:
482:
277:
189:
181:
65:
625:("I don't know what is true, and I even doubt my own opinion"), and
3829:
3408:
3145:
2738:
2703:
2677:
2657:
2610:
2421:
2376:
2260:
2164:
2154:
2119:
2089:
816:
743:
737:
204:
193:
76:
denotes a specific position in an established government, the term
242:
3866:
3779:
2667:
2635:
2625:
2396:
2356:
2189:
2114:
2099:
2079:
702:
664:
506:
478:
313:
One measurement of civil legitimacy is who has access to the vote
289:
230:
208:
2615:
2416:
2204:
2179:
2169:
2139:
2124:
706:
494:
297:
112:
69:
61:
2645:
2134:
2069:
1903:
Initially published as Gallie (1956a), then as Gallie (1964).
782:
293:
250:
197:
93:
1835:"Political Legitimacy, Authoritarianism, and Climate Change"
1791:
Waiting for Dignity: Legitimacy and Authority in Afghanistan
1716:
Waiting for Dignity: Legitimacy and Authority in Afghanistan
1678:
Waiting for Dignity: Legitimacy and Authority in Afghanistan
1651:
Waiting for Dignity: Legitimacy and Authority in Afghanistan
1318:
Waiting for Dignity: Legitimacy and Authority in Afghanistan
1291:
Waiting for Dignity: Legitimacy and Authority in Afghanistan
1264:
Waiting for Dignity: Legitimacy and Authority in Afghanistan
1237:
Waiting for Dignity: Legitimacy and Authority in Afghanistan
902:
Waiting for Dignity: Legitimacy and Authority in Afghanistan
171:
2640:
2064:
982:(ed. D.L. Sills) Vol. 9 (p. 244). New York: Macmillan, 1968
203:
Charismatic legitimacy derives from the ideas and personal
388:
354:
2209:
2104:
1421:"Supreme Court Invalidates Key Part of Voting Rights Act"
921:
919:
582:
423:
1920:
1918:
1344:"A primer on gerrymandering and political polarization"
1034:. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. pp. 35–38.
916:
1915:
1597:. Journal of International Relations and Development.
905:. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-55364-3.
736:(Legality and Legitimacy, 1932), an anti-democratic
545:. That traditional authority has disappeared in the
485:, who argued that societies are politically cyclical
393:
Weber's understanding of legitimacy rests on shared
371:
1371:
621:("My answer is right, and all others are wrong"),
288:(c. 3150 BC), the legitimacy of the dominion of a
980:International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences
560:
3904:
1076:
1077:Risse, Thomas; Stollenwerk, Eric (2018-05-11).
2025:
1537:"Viewpoints - Centre for Public Impact (CPI)"
655:, or from having won an election such as the
2531:
1374:Why the electoral college is bad for America
207:of the leader, a person whose authoritative
2467:
1926:Political Realities: Comparative Government
1512:findinglegitimacy.centreforpublicimpact.org
993:Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics
2032:
2018:
1890:Dogan, Mattei: Conceptions of Legitimacy,
1753:
1404:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1079:"Legitimacy in Areas of Limited Statehood"
1029:
1009:. New York: Lexington Books. p. 165.
995:(2nd ed.) (p. 64). London: Heinemann, 1983
732:liberal democracy—addressed the matter in
1950:
1479:"Home - Financial Transparency Coalition"
1094:
172:Tradition, charisma and rational-legality
2039:
523:
477:
308:
241:
36:
3615:Reflections on the Revolution in France
1892:Encyclopedia of Government and Politics
1832:
1787:
1712:
1674:
1654:. New York: Columbia University Press.
1647:
1611:
1321:. New York: Columbia University Press.
1314:
1294:. New York: Columbia University Press.
1287:
1267:. New York: Columbia University Press.
1260:
1240:. New York: Columbia University Press.
1233:
1164:
1054:
927:Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition
724:(1918–1933), the political philosopher
549:; that the rule-proving exceptions are
414:
389:Instrumental and substantive legitimacy
355:Input, output and throughput legitimacy
332:repeal of part of the Voting Rights Act
119:is often positively interpreted as the
80:denotes a system of government—wherein
14:
3905:
1587:
1418:
1186:
1117:
938:
424:Foundational and contingent legitimacy
257:
224:
2013:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1749:
1747:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1096:10.1146/annurev-polisci-041916-023610
346:"Good" governance vs "bad" governance
100:, since the historical period of the
1341:
1004:
27:Right and acceptance of an authority
3725:The End of History and the Last Man
3635:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
978:Sternberger, Dolf: "Legitimacy" in
304:
24:
1819:
1744:
1600:
1566:"Good Governance and Human Rights"
1083:Annual Review of Political Science
1032:Essentials of Comparative Politics
873:
770:since the 18th century. Moreover,
432:Mittiga specifies further that FL:
25:
3944:
1951:Tahmazyan, Daniel (31 May 2021).
1839:American Political Science Review
1450:"Governance & Accountability"
969:(p. 524). London: Routledge, 1991
3695:The Open Society and Its Enemies
1754:McCullough; et al. (2020).
1483:Financial Transparency Coalition
967:John Locke: Critical Assessments
372:Negative and positive legitimacy
2502:Family as a model for the state
1974:
1963:from the original on 2021-06-06
1944:
1931:
1906:
1897:
1884:
1873:from the original on 2022-01-11
1808:from the original on 2023-03-04
1788:Weigand, Florian (2022-09-01).
1781:
1770:from the original on 2021-09-19
1733:from the original on 2023-03-04
1713:Weigand, Florian (2022-09-01).
1706:
1695:from the original on 2023-03-04
1675:Weigand, Florian (2022-09-01).
1668:
1641:
1630:from the original on 2016-08-16
1612:Weigand, Florian (April 2015).
1576:from the original on 2018-07-10
1558:
1547:from the original on 2018-11-15
1529:
1500:
1489:from the original on 2021-05-18
1471:
1460:from the original on 2018-07-10
1442:
1431:from the original on 2019-05-25
1412:
1365:
1354:from the original on 2018-07-10
1335:
1308:
1281:
1254:
1227:
1180:
1158:
1111:
534:The French political scientist
324:United States Electoral College
68:, usually a governing law or a
3852:Separation of church and state
3750:Collectivism and individualism
3705:The Origins of Totalitarianism
1928:(p. 23). London: Longman, 1986
1541:Centre for Public Impact (CPI)
1376:(Second ed.). New Haven.
1187:Schoon, Eric W. (2022-03-10).
1118:Schoon, Eric W. (2022-03-10).
1070:
1048:
1023:
998:
985:
972:
959:
932:
657:Presidency of Salvador Allende
561:Forms of legitimate government
13:
1:
3892:Category:Political philosophy
3765:Critique of political economy
1794:. Columbia University Press.
1719:. Columbia University Press.
1681:. Columbia University Press.
1419:Liptak, Adam (25 June 2013).
1189:"Operationalizing Legitimacy"
1120:"Operationalizing Legitimacy"
909:
885:American Sociological Review.
571:essentially contested concept
3790:Institutional discrimination
3785:History of political thought
2517:Negative and positive rights
1193:American Sociological Review
1124:American Sociological Review
847:Rule according to higher law
766:who have ruled and governed
643:, where the legitimacy of a
589:", et cetera, as applied in
272:Imperial cult (ancient Rome)
48:confers political legitimacy
7:
3800:Justification for the state
3585:Two Treatises of Government
1372:Edwards, George C. (2011).
1030:O'Neil, Patrick H. (2010).
881:Operationalizing Legitimacy
867:Chinese legitimacy question
812:Justification for the state
789:
10:
3949:
2470:Bellum omnium contra omnes
685:. The political scientist
647:derives from having won a
473:
261:
29:
3887:
3737:
3506:
3154:
2887:
2767:
2686:
2598:
2589:
2455:
2289:
2218:
2047:
1987:Oxford English Dictionary
1851:10.1017/S0003055421001301
1648:Weigand, Florian (2022).
1342:Dews, Fred (2017-07-06).
1315:Weigand, Florian (2022).
1288:Weigand, Florian (2022).
1261:Weigand, Florian (2022).
1234:Weigand, Florian (2022).
1205:10.1177/00031224221081379
1165:Weigand, Florian (2015).
1136:10.1177/00031224221081379
1055:Weigand, Florian (2015).
965:Ashcraft, Richard (ed.):
899:Weigand, Florian (2022).
889:Weigand, Florian (2015).
879:Schoon, Eric W. (2022). "
734:Legalität und Legitimität
3675:The Revolt of the Masses
1953:"Is the Empire Eternal?"
991:Lipset, Seymour Martin:
720:governments. During the
237:
166:
139:: "The argument of the
30:Not to be confused with
3655:The Communist Manifesto
2581:Tyranny of the majority
2492:Consent of the governed
1939:Legality and Legitimacy
1593:Abulof, Uriel (2015).
785:establishes legitimacy.
772:constitutional monarchy
669:dialectical materialism
569:—is philosophically an
403:Instrumental legitimacy
137:consent of the governed
46:consent of the governed
32:Legitimacy (family law)
2532:
2482:Clash of civilizations
2468:
1990:. 2015. Archived from
1912:Garver (1978), p. 168.
1833:Mittiga, Ross (2021).
1174:Security in Transition
1064:Security in Transition
894:Security in Transition
687:Carl Joachim Friedrich
683:political constitution
603:philosophy of religion
531:
486:
471:
438:
408:substantive legitimacy
314:
254:
49:
2497:Divine right of kings
941:Politics & Policy
862:Territorial integrity
807:Group decision-making
748:divine right of kings
599:philosophy of history
527:
481:
450:
434:
312:
264:Divine right of kings
262:Further information:
245:
156:Seymour Martin Lipset
153:political sociologist
145:political philosopher
131:-era British social
64:and acceptance of an
40:
3645:Democracy in America
3024:political philosophy
3007:political philosophy
2822:political philosophy
2651:political philosophy
2561:Separation of powers
2522:Night-watchman state
2507:Monopoly on violence
2041:Political philosophy
1508:"Finding Legitimacy"
832:Monopoly on violence
595:political philosophy
567:political legitimacy
415:Perceived legitimacy
98:political philosophy
18:Political legitimacy
3835:Right-wing politics
3715:A Theory of Justice
3685:The Road to Serfdom
3605:The Social Contract
2312:Christian democracy
1454:www.hks.harvard.edu
1005:Chen, Jing (2016).
707:National Socialists
691:checks and balances
631:Walter Bryce Gallie
258:Numinous legitimacy
225:Interactive dignity
86:sphere of influence
3918:Political concepts
3847:Political violence
3842:Political theology
3825:Left-wing politics
3820:Political spectrum
1425:The New York Times
953:10.1111/polp.12100
857:Self-determination
822:Mandate (politics)
802:Governance failure
581:concepts such as "
532:
487:
315:
255:
50:
44:, who argued that
3923:Political culture
3900:
3899:
3810:Philosophy of law
3755:Conflict theories
3595:The Spirit of Law
3502:
3501:
2551:Original position
1924:Charlton, Roger:
1801:978-0-231-55364-3
1726:978-0-231-55364-3
1688:978-0-231-55364-3
1383:978-0-300-18087-9
1041:978-0-393-93376-5
827:Mandate of Heaven
756:absolute monarchy
675:Constitutionalism
661:Communist parties
615:constitutionalism
543:Ruhollah Khomeini
268:Mandate of Heaven
106:Mandate of Heaven
54:political science
16:(Redirected from
3940:
3815:Political ethics
3805:Machiavellianism
3745:Authoritarianism
3730:
3720:
3710:
3700:
3690:
3680:
3670:
3660:
3650:
3640:
3630:
3620:
3610:
3600:
3590:
3580:
3570:
3560:
3550:
3540:
3530:
3520:
2596:
2595:
2537:
2473:
2463:Balance of power
2437:Social democracy
2432:Social Darwinism
2407:Multiculturalism
2352:Environmentalism
2327:Communitarianism
2034:
2027:
2020:
2011:
2010:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1948:
1942:
1935:
1929:
1922:
1913:
1910:
1904:
1901:
1895:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1878:
1830:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1769:
1762:
1751:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1629:
1618:
1609:
1598:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1523:
1514:. Archived from
1504:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1494:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1403:
1395:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1171:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1098:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1061:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1002:
996:
989:
983:
976:
970:
963:
957:
956:
936:
930:
925:Dahl, Robert A.
923:
797:Delegitimization
711:Italian Fascists
519:Francisco Franco
511:Benito Mussolini
495:popular suffrage
305:Civil legitimacy
248:divine authority
148:Dolf Sternberger
113:moral philosophy
21:
3948:
3947:
3943:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3938:
3937:
3928:Social concepts
3903:
3902:
3901:
3896:
3883:
3872:Totalitarianism
3733:
3728:
3718:
3708:
3698:
3688:
3678:
3668:
3658:
3648:
3638:
3628:
3618:
3608:
3598:
3588:
3578:
3568:
3558:
3548:
3545:Treatise on Law
3538:
3528:
3518:
3498:
3156:
3150:
2889:
2883:
2769:
2763:
2682:
2585:
2571:State of nature
2566:Social contract
2546:Ordered liberty
2534:Noblesse oblige
2451:
2285:
2214:
2043:
2038:
2008:
2007:
1997:
1995:
1994:on 21 July 2013
1982:"Theocracy, n."
1980:
1979:
1975:
1966:
1964:
1949:
1945:
1937:Schmitt, Carl:
1936:
1932:
1923:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1889:
1885:
1876:
1874:
1845:(3): 998–1011.
1831:
1820:
1811:
1809:
1802:
1786:
1782:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1760:
1752:
1745:
1736:
1734:
1727:
1711:
1707:
1698:
1696:
1689:
1673:
1669:
1662:
1646:
1642:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1616:
1610:
1601:
1592:
1588:
1579:
1577:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1550:
1548:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1521:
1519:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1492:
1490:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1463:
1461:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1434:
1432:
1417:
1413:
1397:
1396:
1384:
1370:
1366:
1357:
1355:
1340:
1336:
1329:
1313:
1309:
1302:
1286:
1282:
1275:
1259:
1255:
1248:
1232:
1228:
1185:
1181:
1169:
1163:
1159:
1116:
1112:
1075:
1071:
1059:
1053:
1049:
1042:
1028:
1024:
1017:
1003:
999:
990:
986:
977:
973:
964:
960:
937:
933:
924:
917:
912:
876:
874:Further reading
871:
792:
762:(est. 1744), a
722:Weimar Republic
645:Communist state
563:
515:Francoist Spain
476:
426:
417:
391:
374:
357:
348:
307:
274:
260:
240:
227:
174:
169:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3946:
3936:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3894:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3881:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3862:Social justice
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3770:Egalitarianism
3767:
3762:
3760:Contractualism
3757:
3752:
3747:
3741:
3739:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3731:
3721:
3711:
3701:
3691:
3681:
3671:
3661:
3651:
3641:
3631:
3621:
3611:
3601:
3591:
3581:
3571:
3561:
3551:
3541:
3531:
3521:
3510:
3508:
3504:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3160:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3016:
3011:
3010:
3009:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2893:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2773:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2602:
2600:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2556:Overton window
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2465:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2387:Libertarianism
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2044:
2037:
2036:
2029:
2022:
2014:
2006:
2005:
1973:
1943:
1930:
1914:
1905:
1896:
1883:
1818:
1800:
1780:
1743:
1725:
1705:
1687:
1667:
1660:
1640:
1599:
1586:
1557:
1528:
1499:
1470:
1441:
1411:
1382:
1364:
1334:
1327:
1307:
1300:
1280:
1273:
1253:
1246:
1226:
1199:(3): 478–503.
1179:
1157:
1130:(3): 478–503.
1110:
1089:(1): 403–418.
1069:
1047:
1040:
1022:
1015:
997:
984:
971:
958:
947:(6): 824–849.
931:
914:
913:
911:
908:
907:
906:
897:
887:
875:
872:
870:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
842:Right to exist
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
793:
791:
788:
787:
786:
776:
775:constitution).
741:
700:
694:
672:
587:social justice
562:
559:
517:under General
475:
472:
425:
422:
416:
413:
390:
387:
373:
370:
366:Vivien Schmidt
356:
353:
347:
344:
320:gerrymandering
306:
303:
302:
301:
259:
256:
239:
236:
226:
223:
218:
217:
213:
201:
173:
170:
168:
165:
161:Robert A. Dahl
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3945:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3886:
3880:
3879:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3795:Jurisprudence
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3736:
3727:
3726:
3722:
3717:
3716:
3712:
3707:
3706:
3702:
3697:
3696:
3692:
3687:
3686:
3682:
3677:
3676:
3672:
3667:
3666:
3662:
3657:
3656:
3652:
3647:
3646:
3642:
3637:
3636:
3632:
3627:
3626:
3625:Rights of Man
3622:
3617:
3616:
3612:
3607:
3606:
3602:
3597:
3596:
3592:
3587:
3586:
3582:
3577:
3576:
3572:
3567:
3566:
3562:
3557:
3556:
3552:
3547:
3546:
3542:
3537:
3536:
3535:De re publica
3532:
3527:
3526:
3522:
3517:
3516:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3505:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3155:20th and 21st
3153:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2888:18th and 19th
2886:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2766:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2744:Nizam al-Mulk
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2427:Republicanism
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2035:
2030:
2028:
2023:
2021:
2016:
2015:
2012:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1977:
1962:
1958:
1957:evnreport.com
1954:
1947:
1940:
1934:
1927:
1921:
1919:
1909:
1900:
1893:
1887:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1807:
1803:
1797:
1793:
1792:
1784:
1766:
1759:
1758:
1750:
1748:
1732:
1728:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1709:
1694:
1690:
1684:
1680:
1679:
1671:
1663:
1661:9780231200493
1657:
1653:
1652:
1644:
1626:
1622:
1615:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1596:
1590:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1561:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1532:
1518:on 2018-07-10
1517:
1513:
1509:
1503:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1474:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1445:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1415:
1407:
1401:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1379:
1375:
1368:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1330:
1328:9780231200493
1324:
1320:
1319:
1311:
1303:
1301:9780231200493
1297:
1293:
1292:
1284:
1276:
1274:9780231200493
1270:
1266:
1265:
1257:
1249:
1247:9780231200493
1243:
1239:
1238:
1230:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1183:
1175:
1168:
1161:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1114:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1073:
1065:
1058:
1051:
1043:
1037:
1033:
1026:
1018:
1016:9781498534536
1012:
1008:
1001:
994:
988:
981:
975:
968:
962:
954:
950:
946:
942:
935:
928:
922:
920:
915:
904:
903:
898:
895:
892:
888:
886:
882:
878:
877:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
794:
784:
780:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
760:House of Saud
757:
753:
749:
745:
742:
739:
735:
731:
730:deconstructed
727:
723:
719:
716:
712:
708:
704:
701:
698:
695:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
673:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
639:
638:
637:
634:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
558:
556:
552:
548:
544:
541:
537:
530:
526:
522:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
484:
480:
470:
468:
464:
460:
456:
449:
446:
442:
437:
433:
430:
421:
412:
409:
404:
400:
396:
386:
383:
379:
369:
367:
362:
361:Fritz Scharpf
352:
343:
339:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
311:
299:
295:
291:
287:
286:ancient Egypt
283:
282:
281:
279:
273:
269:
265:
252:
249:
244:
235:
232:
222:
214:
210:
206:
202:
199:
195:
191:
187:
186:
185:
183:
180:
164:
162:
157:
154:
149:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
129:Enlightenment
125:
122:
118:
114:
109:
107:
103:
99:
96:. In Chinese
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
47:
43:
39:
33:
19:
3876:
3775:Elite theory
3723:
3713:
3703:
3693:
3683:
3673:
3663:
3653:
3643:
3633:
3623:
3613:
3603:
3593:
3583:
3573:
3563:
3553:
3543:
3533:
3523:
3513:
2812:Guicciardini
2768:Early modern
2591:Philosophers
2541:Open society
2477:Body politic
2347:Distributism
2337:Conservatism
2332:Confucianism
2251:Gerontocracy
2241:Dictatorship
2195:Sovereignty‎
2185:Ruling class
2109:
2075:Emancipation
2060:Citizenship‎
1996:. Retrieved
1992:the original
1985:
1976:
1965:. Retrieved
1956:
1946:
1938:
1933:
1925:
1908:
1899:
1891:
1886:
1875:. Retrieved
1842:
1838:
1810:. Retrieved
1790:
1783:
1772:. Retrieved
1756:
1735:. Retrieved
1715:
1708:
1697:. Retrieved
1677:
1670:
1650:
1643:
1632:. Retrieved
1620:
1589:
1578:. Retrieved
1569:
1560:
1549:. Retrieved
1540:
1531:
1520:. Retrieved
1516:the original
1511:
1502:
1491:. Retrieved
1482:
1473:
1462:. Retrieved
1453:
1444:
1433:. Retrieved
1424:
1414:
1373:
1367:
1356:. Retrieved
1347:
1337:
1317:
1310:
1290:
1283:
1263:
1256:
1236:
1229:
1196:
1192:
1182:
1173:
1160:
1127:
1123:
1113:
1086:
1082:
1072:
1063:
1050:
1031:
1025:
1006:
1000:
992:
987:
979:
974:
966:
961:
944:
940:
934:
926:
901:
893:
884:
768:Saudi Arabia
764:royal family
746:, where the
733:
726:Carl Schmitt
635:
566:
564:
555:Saudi Arabia
551:Islamic Iran
536:Mattei Dogan
533:
529:Mattei Dogan
509:Italy under
503:Adolf Hitler
499:Nazi Germany
488:
466:
462:
458:
454:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
418:
407:
402:
398:
394:
392:
381:
377:
375:
358:
349:
340:
336:
328:swing states
316:
275:
228:
219:
175:
140:
126:
116:
110:
102:Zhou dynasty
81:
77:
73:
57:
51:
3933:Sovereignty
3649:(1835–1840)
3529:(c. 350 BC)
3519:(c. 375 BC)
3136:Tocqueville
3101:Saint-Simon
3066:Montesquieu
2917:Bolingbroke
2849:Machiavelli
2729:Ibn Khaldun
2694:Alpharabius
2687:Middle Ages
2512:Natural law
2487:Common good
2412:Nationalism
2372:Imperialism
2342:Corporatism
2317:Colonialism
2297:Agrarianism
2276:Technocracy
2256:Meritocracy
2236:Bureaucracy
2226:Aristocracy
852:Rule of law
837:Prerogative
679:nationalism
627:eclecticism
575:qualitative
547:Middle East
467:necessarily
253:as a falcon
216:legitimacy.
179:sociologist
115:, the term
3907:Categories
3857:Separatism
3665:On Liberty
3565:The Prince
3294:Huntington
2797:Campanella
2724:al-Ghazali
2673:Thucydides
2631:Lactantius
2576:Statolatry
2402:Monarchism
2382:Liberalism
2307:Capitalism
2290:Ideologies
2271:Plutocracy
2219:Government
2175:Revolution
2160:Propaganda
2110:Legitimacy
2085:Government
1967:2021-06-06
1877:2022-01-11
1812:2023-03-04
1774:2021-10-02
1737:2023-03-04
1699:2023-03-04
1634:2016-08-08
1580:2018-07-10
1551:2018-07-10
1522:2018-07-10
1493:2018-07-10
1464:2018-07-10
1435:2018-06-26
1358:2018-06-26
910:References
718:democratic
653:revolution
623:scepticism
601:, and the
591:aesthetics
579:evaluative
330:, and the
133:John Locke
117:legitimacy
82:government
78:legitimacy
72:. Whereas
58:legitimacy
42:John Locke
3913:Authority
3575:Leviathan
3555:Monarchia
3549:(c. 1274)
3384:Oakeshott
3329:Mansfield
3324:Luxemburg
3309:Kropotkin
3204:Bernstein
3157:centuries
3071:Nietzsche
3014:Jefferson
2942:Condorcet
2890:centuries
2869:Pufendorf
2734:Marsilius
2621:Confucius
2606:Aristotle
2599:Antiquity
2527:Noble lie
2447:Third Way
2442:Socialism
2367:Feudalism
2322:Communism
2302:Anarchism
2281:Theocracy
2266:Oligarchy
2246:Democracy
2231:Autocracy
2145:Pluralism
2130:Obedience
2095:Hierarchy
2055:Authority
1867:244935682
1859:0003-0554
1623:. 04/15.
1400:cite book
1392:889943106
1348:Brookings
1221:247399875
1213:0003-1224
1152:247399875
1144:0003-1224
1105:1094-2939
779:Theocracy
697:Democracy
649:civil war
641:Communism
619:dogmatism
611:democracy
607:communism
540:Ayatollah
491:democracy
483:Max Weber
459:exclusive
296:, son of
278:theocracy
246:Egyptian
198:tribalism
190:tradition
182:Max Weber
121:normative
84:denotes "
74:authority
66:authority
3830:Centrism
3525:Politics
3515:Republic
3484:Voegelin
3464:Spengler
3449:Shariati
3424:Rothbard
3379:Nussbaum
3279:Habermas
3254:Fukuyama
3244:Foucault
3169:Ambedkar
3146:Voltaire
3116:de Staël
3091:Rousseau
2972:Franklin
2947:Constant
2907:Beccaria
2739:Muhammad
2719:Gelasius
2704:Averroes
2678:Xenophon
2658:Polybius
2611:Chanakya
2456:Concepts
2422:Populism
2392:Localism
2377:Islamism
2362:Feminism
2261:Monarchy
2165:Property
2155:Progress
2120:Monopoly
2090:Hegemony
1961:Archived
1871:Archived
1806:Archived
1765:Archived
1731:Archived
1693:Archived
1625:Archived
1574:Archived
1545:Archived
1487:Archived
1458:Archived
1429:Archived
1352:Archived
817:Legality
790:See also
781:, where
744:Monarchy
709:and the
205:charisma
194:monarchy
141:Treatise
3867:Statism
3780:Elitism
3738:Related
3539:(51 BC)
3469:Strauss
3444:Scruton
3439:Schmitt
3429:Russell
3349:Michels
3344:Maurras
3339:Marcuse
3299:Kautsky
3269:Gramsci
3264:Gentile
3234:Dworkin
3224:Du Bois
3219:Dmowski
3214:Chomsky
3209:Burnham
3194:Benoist
3164:Agamben
3131:Thoreau
3121:Stirner
3111:Spencer
3056:Mazzini
3046:Maistre
3041:Madison
3036:Le Play
2967:Fourier
2932:Carlyle
2912:Bentham
2902:Bastiat
2897:Bakunin
2874:Spinoza
2864:MĂĽntzer
2834:Leibniz
2807:Grotius
2787:Bossuet
2754:Plethon
2699:Aquinas
2668:Sun Tzu
2636:Mencius
2626:Han Fei
2397:Marxism
2357:Fascism
2190:Society
2115:Liberty
2100:Justice
2080:Freedom
1998:28 June
1763:. ODI.
758:of the
738:polemic
715:liberal
703:Fascism
665:Marxism
507:Fascist
474:Sources
455:primary
290:Pharaoh
231:dignity
209:persona
60:is the
3729:(1992)
3719:(1971)
3709:(1951)
3699:(1945)
3689:(1944)
3679:(1929)
3669:(1859)
3659:(1848)
3639:(1820)
3629:(1791)
3619:(1790)
3609:(1762)
3599:(1748)
3589:(1689)
3579:(1651)
3569:(1532)
3559:(1313)
3489:Walzer
3479:Taylor
3434:Sartre
3399:Popper
3394:Pareto
3389:Ortega
3374:Nozick
3364:Mouffe
3314:Laclau
3274:Guénon
3259:Gandhi
3199:Berlin
3189:Bauman
3184:Badiou
3174:Arendt
3141:Tucker
3031:Le Bon
2992:Herder
2982:Haller
2977:Godwin
2962:Fichte
2957:Engels
2952:Cortés
2922:Bonald
2879:Suárez
2854:Milton
2844:Luther
2817:Hobbes
2802:Filmer
2792:Calvin
2777:Boétie
2770:period
2749:Ockham
2616:Cicero
2417:Nazism
2205:Utopia
2180:Rights
2170:Regime
2140:People
2125:Nation
1865:
1857:
1798:
1723:
1685:
1658:
1621:SiT/WP
1390:
1380:
1325:
1298:
1271:
1244:
1219:
1211:
1150:
1142:
1103:
1038:
1013:
752:custom
597:, the
577:, and
513:, and
395:values
322:, the
298:Osiris
270:, and
70:regime
3878:Index
3507:Works
3494:Weber
3459:Spann
3454:Sorel
3419:Röpke
3414:Rawls
3369:Negri
3359:Mosca
3354:Mises
3319:Lenin
3289:Hoppe
3284:Hayek
3249:Fromm
3239:Evola
3229:Dugin
3126:Taine
3106:Smith
3086:Renan
3081:Paine
3002:Iqbal
2987:Hegel
2937:Comte
2927:Burke
2839:Locke
2829:James
2782:Bodin
2714:Dante
2709:Bruni
2663:Shang
2646:Plato
2200:State
2150:Power
2135:Peace
2070:Elite
2048:Terms
1863:S2CID
1768:(PDF)
1761:(PDF)
1628:(PDF)
1617:(PDF)
1570:OHCHR
1217:S2CID
1170:(PDF)
1148:S2CID
1060:(PDF)
783:deity
667:(see
399:needs
294:Horus
276:In a
251:Horus
238:Forms
167:Types
94:elite
90:power
62:right
3409:Rand
3404:Qutb
3304:Kirk
3179:Aron
3096:Sade
3076:Owen
3061:Mill
3051:Marx
3019:Kant
2997:Hume
2859:More
2759:Wang
2641:Mozi
2065:Duty
2000:2015
1855:ISSN
1796:ISBN
1721:ISBN
1683:ISBN
1656:ISBN
1406:link
1388:OCLC
1378:ISBN
1323:ISBN
1296:ISBN
1269:ISBN
1242:ISBN
1209:ISSN
1140:ISSN
1101:ISSN
1036:ISBN
1011:ISBN
651:, a
585:", "
553:and
463:well
378:what
196:and
127:The
3474:Sun
3334:Mao
2210:War
2105:Law
1847:doi
1843:116
1201:doi
1132:doi
1091:doi
949:doi
883:."
633:).
583:art
501:of
382:who
284:In
111:In
52:In
3909::
1984:.
1959:.
1955:.
1917:^
1869:.
1861:.
1853:.
1841:.
1837:.
1821:^
1804:.
1746:^
1729:.
1691:.
1619:.
1602:^
1572:.
1568:.
1543:.
1539:.
1510:.
1485:.
1481:.
1456:.
1452:.
1427:.
1423:.
1402:}}
1398:{{
1386:.
1350:.
1346:.
1215:.
1207:.
1197:87
1195:.
1191:.
1172:.
1146:.
1138:.
1128:87
1126:.
1122:.
1099:.
1087:21
1085:.
1081:.
1062:.
945:42
943:.
918:^
693:).
671:).
613:,
609:,
593:,
521:.
505:,
266:,
56:,
2033:e
2026:t
2019:v
2002:.
1970:.
1880:.
1849::
1815:.
1777:.
1740:.
1702:.
1664:.
1637:.
1583:.
1554:.
1525:.
1496:.
1467:.
1438:.
1408:)
1394:.
1361:.
1331:.
1304:.
1277:.
1250:.
1223:.
1203::
1176:.
1154:.
1134::
1107:.
1093::
1066:.
1044:.
1019:.
955:.
951::
896:.
300:.
200:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
