48:. A polarization was observed along one (001) axis by pyroelectric effect measurements, and the sign of the polarization was shown to be reversible, while its magnitude could be increased by poling with an electric field. The polarization was found to disappear in the superconducting state. The lattice distortions responsible were considered to be a result of oxygen ion displacements induced by doped charges that break inversion symmetry. The effect was utilized for fabrication of pyroelectric detectors for space applications, having the advantage of large pyroelectric coefficient and low intrinsic resistance. Another substance family that can produce a polar metal is the
36:. Its components have an ordered electric dipole. Such metals should be unexpected, because the charge should conduct by way of the free electrons in the metal and neutralize the polarized charge. However they do exist. Probably the first report of a polar metal was in single crystals of the cuprate superconductors YBa
75:) was interpreted to be both conductor and a polar material at room temperature. The resistivity of this system, however, shows an upturn with decreasing temperature, hence does not strictly adhere to the definition of a metal. Also, when grown 3 or 4 unit cells thick (1-2 nm) on the (100) crystal face of LaAlO
111:
losing its centrosymmetry. At room temperature and below, lithium osmate is an electric conductor, in single crystal, polycrystalline or powder forms, and the ferroelectric form only appears below 140K. Above 140K the material behaves like a normal metal. Artificial two-dimensional polar metal by
155:, has been observed in the low-thickness limit of two- and three-layers. Calculations suggest this originates from vertical charge transfer between the layers, which is switched by interlayer sliding. In April 2022 another polar metal at room temperature was reported which was also magnetic,
181:
alloy. They realised that the free electrons in the metal would neutralise the effect of the polarization at a global level, but that the conduction electrons do not strongly affect transverse optical phonons, or the local electric field inherent in
173:. The prediction was that atoms do not move far and only a slight crystal non-symmetrical deformation occurs, say from cubic to tetragonal. This transition they called martensitic. They suggested looking at
169:
and E. I. Blount predicted that a ferroelectric metal could exist in 1965. They were inspired to make this prediction based on superconducting transitions, and the ferroelectric transition in
822:
Paredes
Aulestia EI, Cheung YW, Fang YW, He J, Yamaura K, Lai KT, Goh SK, Chen H (2018-07-02). "Pressure-induced enhancement of non-polar to polar transition temperature in metallic LiOsO3".
147:(TMDC). It has bistable and electrically switchable spontaneous polarization states indicating ferroelectricity. Coexistence of metallic behavior and switchable electric polarization in WTe
1168:
Zhang H, Shao YT, Chen R, Chen X, Susarla S, Raftrey D, Reichanadter JT, Caretta L, Huang X, Settineri NS, Chen Z (2022-04-06). "A room temperature polar magnetic metal".
56:
595:
Butler DP, Çelik-Butler Z, Jahanzeb A, Gray JE, Travers CM (1998). "Micromachined YBaCuO capacitor structures as uncooled pyroelectric infrared detectors".
84:
883:
Shi Y, Guo Y, Wang X, Princep AJ, Khalyavin D, Manuel P, et al. (November 2013). "A ferroelectric-like structural transition in a metal".
761:
Shi Y, Guo Y, Wang X, Princep AJ, Khalyavin D, Manuel P, et al. (November 2013). "A ferroelectric-like structural transition in a metal".
732:
1060:
Fei Z, Zhao W, Palomaki TA, Sun B, Miller MK, Zhao Z, et al. (August 2018). "Ferroelectric switching of a two-dimensional metal".
229:
Benedek NA, Birol T (2016). "'Ferroelectric' metals reexamined: fundamental mechanisms and design considerations for new materials".
178:
1343:
Anderson PW, Blount EI (15 February 1965). "Symmetry
Considerations on Martensitic Transformations: "Ferroelectric" Metals?".
464:
Mihailovic D, Poberaj I, Mertelj A (December 1993). "Characterization of the pyroelectric effect in YBa2Cu3O7- delta".
1389:
633:
Kim TH, Puggioni D, Yuan Y, Xie L, Zhou H, Campbell N, et al. (May 2016). "Polar metals by geometric design".
144:
160:
135:
Native metallicity and ferroelectricity has been observed at room temperature in bulk single-crystalline
546:
Viskadourakis Z, Sunku SS, Mukherjee S, Andersen BM, Ito T, Sasagawa T, Panagopoulos C (October 2015).
152:
92:
687:
Kumah DP, Malashevich A, Disa AS, Arena DA, Walker FJ, Ismail-Beigi S, Ahn CH (6 November 2015).
507:
Mihailovic D, Heeger AJ (1990). "Pyroelectric and piezoelectric effects in single crystals of YBa
327:
Mihailović D, Heeger AJ (1990). "Pyroelectric and piezoelectric effects in single crystals of YBa
1121:
Yang Q, Wu M, Li J (December 2018). "Origin of Two-Dimensional
Vertical Ferroelectricity in WTe
204:
174:
166:
33:
83:
can be a polar insulator or polar metal depending on the atomic termination of the surface.
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946:"Artificial two-dimensional polar metal by charge transfer to a ferroelectric insulator"
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Sharma P, Xiang FX, Shao DF, Zhang D, Tsymbal EY, Hamilton AR, Seidel J (July 2019).
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Zhang H, Raftrey D, Chan YT, Shao YT, Chen R, Chen X, et al. (March 2022).
1138:
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945:
485:
407:
1378:
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861:
305:
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Zhou WX, Wu HJ, Zhou J, Zeng SW, Li CJ, Li MS, et al. (December 2019).
1329:
1311:
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1046:
1028:
922:
800:
662:
581:
493:
274:
Zhou WX, Ariando A (2020-06-01). "Review on ferroelectric/polar metals".
96:
52:
654:
366:
Poberaj I, Mihailovic D (1992). "Pyroelectric effect measurements in YBa
252:
112:
charge transfer to a ferroelectric insulator has been realized in LaAlO
853:
563:
914:
792:
616:
49:
689:"Effect of Surface Termination on the Electronic Properties of LaNiO
1182:
1074:
962:
897:
836:
775:
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288:
243:
156:
594:
55:. One example interpreted to show polar metallic behavior is
29:
821:
1272:"Room-temperature skyrmion lattice in a layered magnet (Fe
686:
205:"Researchers open path to finding rare, polarized metals"
463:
421:
Mihailovic D, Poberaj I (1991). "Ferroelectricity in YBa
1269:
1002:
1059:
632:
548:"Ferroelectricity in underdoped La-based cuprates"
1167:
882:
760:
420:
365:
202:
1376:
506:
326:
1342:
943:
733:"When is a ferroelectric not a ferroelectric?"
1005:"A room-temperature ferroelectric semimetal"
228:
359:
273:
1319:
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1220:
1181:
1127:The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters
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1223:"Elusive Polar Magnetic Metal Found"
751:
623:
276:Japanese Journal of Applied Physics
67:grown on the (111) crystal face of
13:
203:Drexel University (2 April 2014).
95:when it is cooled below 140K. The
14:
1401:
1200:10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.6.044403
231:Journal of Materials Chemistry C
132:complex oxide heterostructures.
1336:
1263:
1214:
1161:
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937:
815:
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718:10.1103/PhysRevApplied.2.054004
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145:transition metal dichalcogenide
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1:
189:
533:10.1016/0038-1098(90)90904-P
451:10.1016/0921-4534(91)91614-A
443:Physica C: Superconductivity
353:10.1016/0038-1098(90)90904-P
7:
1139:10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b03654
10:
1406:
1365:10.1103/PhysRevLett.14.217
1221:Wilkinson R (2022-04-06).
521:Solid State Communications
341:Solid State Communications
1170:Physical Review Materials
1125:Bilayer and Multilayer".
1092:10.1038/s41586-018-0336-3
981:10.1038/s42005-019-0227-4
486:10.1103/PhysRevB.48.16634
408:10.1080/00150199208015091
298:10.35848/1347-4065/ab8bbf
93:ferrorelectric transition
1390:Ferroelectric materials
1345:Physical Review Letters
824:Applied Physics Letters
697:Physical Review Applied
161:Rashba–Edelstein effect
1312:10.1126/sciadv.abm7103
1248:10.1103/Physics.15.s44
1029:10.1126/sciadv.aax5080
950:Communications Physics
175:sodium tungsten bronze
63:. A thin film of LaNiO
34:electric dipole moment
22:metallic ferroelectric
137:tungsten ditelluride
1357:1965PhRvL..14..217A
1304:2022SciA....8M7103Z
1239:2022PhyOJ..15..s44W
1192:2022PhRvM...6d4403Z
1084:2018Natur.560..336F
1021:2019SciA....5.5080S
972:2019CmPhy...2..125Z
907:2013NatMa..12.1024S
846:2018ApPhL.113a2902P
785:2013NatMa..12.1024S
737:www.isis.stfc.ac.uk
709:2014PhRvP...2e4004K
655:10.1038/nature17628
647:2016Natur.533...68K
609:1998JAP....84.1680B
478:1993PhRvB..4816634M
472:(22): 16634–16640.
400:1992Fer...128..197P
69:lanthanum aluminate
57:lanthanum nickelate
26:ferroelectric metal
552:Scientific Reports
441:single crystals".
253:10.1039/C5TC03856A
1133:(24): 7160–7164.
1068:(7718): 336–339.
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854:10.1063/1.5035133
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564:10.1038/srep15268
466:Physical Review B
237:(18): 4000–4015.
91:also undergoes a
32:that contains an
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97:point group
79:, the LaNiO
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1379:Categories
1183:2106.00833
1075:1809.04575
963:2007.05903
956:(1): 125.
898:1509.01849
837:1806.00639
776:1509.01849
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289:2007.11200
244:1511.06187
190:References
1257:249250986
1208:248011242
990:2399-3650
870:119058864
862:0003-6951
558:: 15268.
314:219092553
306:0021-4922
157:skyrmions
50:nickelate
1330:35319983
1155:56147713
1147:30540485
1108:49907122
1100:30038286
1047:31281902
931:27226642
923:24056805
809:27226642
801:24056805
743:21 April
663:27096369
582:26486276
494:10008248
261:59457320
214:23 April
209:phys.org
159:and the
71:, (LaAlO
1353:Bibcode
1321:8942374
1300:Bibcode
1235:Bibcode
1227:Physics
1188:Bibcode
1080:Bibcode
1038:6611688
1017:Bibcode
968:Bibcode
903:Bibcode
842:Bibcode
781:Bibcode
705:Bibcode
643:Bibcode
605:Bibcode
573:4614081
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474:Bibcode
396:Bibcode
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87:, LiOsO
59:, LaNiO
1385:Metals
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1062:Nature
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693:Films"
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433:and La
378:and La
312:
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128:/SrTiO
1253:S2CID
1204:S2CID
1178:arXiv
1151:S2CID
1104:S2CID
1070:arXiv
958:arXiv
927:S2CID
893:arXiv
866:S2CID
832:arXiv
805:S2CID
771:arXiv
667:S2CID
310:S2CID
284:arXiv
257:S2CID
239:arXiv
143:); a
30:metal
28:is a
24:, or
1326:PMID
1284:GeTe
1143:PMID
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858:ISSN
797:PMID
745:2016
659:PMID
578:PMID
490:PMID
302:ISSN
216:2016
179:InTl
177:and
139:(WTe
1361:doi
1316:PMC
1308:doi
1278:0.5
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1243:doi
1196:doi
1135:doi
1088:doi
1066:560
1033:PMC
1025:doi
976:doi
911:doi
850:doi
828:113
789:doi
713:doi
651:doi
639:533
613:doi
568:PMC
560:doi
529:doi
519:".
517:7−d
482:doi
447:doi
439:4+δ
437:CuO
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