36:
759:) distinguish between a plural and a greater plural. A greater plural refers to an abnormally large number for the object of discussion. The distinction between the paucal, the plural, and the greater plural is often relative to the type of object under discussion. For example, in discussing oranges, the paucal number might imply fewer than ten, whereas for the population of a country, it might be used for a few hundred thousand.
797:
use different forms of nouns with the numerals 2, 3, or 4 (and higher numbers ending with these) than with the numerals 5, 6, etc. (genitive singular in
Russian and nominative plural in Polish in the former case, genitive plural in the latter case). Also some nouns may follow different declension
1046:
suffix to the lemma form, sometimes combining it with an additional vowel. (In French, however, this plural suffix is often not pronounced.) This construction is also found in German and Dutch, but only in some nouns. Suffixing is cross-linguistically the most common method of forming plurals.
1028:, nouns can have not just one plural form but several, corresponding to the various cases. The inflection might affect multiple words, not just the noun; and the noun itself need not become plural as such, other parts of the expression indicate the plurality.
736:(for an imprecise but small number of objects). In languages with dual, trial, or paucal numbers, plural refers to numbers higher than those. However, numbers besides singular, plural, and (to a lesser extent) dual are extremely rare. Languages with
1286:
The plural is used, as a rule, for quantities other than one (and other than those quantities represented by other grammatical numbers, such as dual, which a language may possess). Thus it is frequently used with numbers higher than one
1412:
notation, tags are used to distinguish different types of plurals based on their grammatical and semantic context. Resolution varies, for example the Penn-Treebank tagset (~36 tags) has two tags:
670:
number). Therefore, plurals most typically denote two or more of something, although they may also denote fractional, zero or negative amounts. An example of a plural is the
English word
857:. Contemporary use of a true dual number in Hebrew is chiefly used in words regarding time and numbers. However, in Biblical and Modern Hebrew, the pseudo-dual as plural of "eyes"
874:
Certain nouns in some languages have the unmarked form referring to multiple items, with an inflected form referring to a single item. These cases are described with the terms
1422:
NN2 - plural common noun, NNL2 - plural locative noun, NNO2 - numeral noun, plural, NNT2 - temporal noun, plural, NNU2 - plural unit of measurement, NP2 - plural proper noun.
666:
greater than the default quantity represented by that noun. This default quantity is most commonly one (a form that represents this default quantity of one is said to be of
1541:
892:, the first implying a large mass and the second implying division. For example, "the waters of the Atlantic Ocean" versus, "the waters of the Great Lakes".
1384:
In some languages, including
English, expressions that appear to be singular in form may be treated as plural if they are used with a plural sense, as in
617:
1214:
In Welsh, a number of common prepositions also inflect to agree with the number, person, and sometimes gender of the noun or pronoun they govern.
708:
and many other languages, singular and plural are the only grammatical numbers, except for possible remnants of dual number in pronouns such as
1082:). Such a word may in fact have a number of plural forms, to allow for simultaneous agreement within other categories such as
1545:
1238:. However, many nouns of this type also have countable meanings or other contexts in which a plural can be used; for example
1397:
610:
1050:
In Welsh, the reference form, or default quantity, of some nouns is plural, and the singular form is formed from that, eg
1574:
79:
57:
50:
17:
603:
1042:). Just like in English, noun plurals in French, Spanish and Portuguese are also typically formed by adding an
635:
1274:. Occasionally, a plural form can pull double duty as the singular form (or vice versa), as has happened with
868:
867:"eye / eyes" as well as "hands", "legs" and several other words are retained. For further information, see
774:
have extremely complex grammatical number systems, with singular, dual, paucal, greater paucal, and plural.
798:
patterns when denoting objects which are typically referred to in pairs. For example, in Polish, the noun "
1659:
1675:
579:
1322:
Treatments differ in expressions of zero quantity: English often uses the plural in such expressions as
1604:
729:
728:(used for indicating two objects). Some other grammatical numbers present in various languages include
1501:
1437:
1196:
725:
701:
364:
314:
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231:
1150:
737:
447:
390:
385:
203:
151:
44:
1158:
694:
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284:
1264:
There are also nouns found exclusively or almost exclusively in the plural, such as the
English
1409:
1275:
763:
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534:
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475:
430:
425:
294:
61:
854:
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1447:
1208:
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198:
1315:). The precise rules for the use of plurals, however, depends on the language – for example
1222:
Certain nouns do not form plurals. A large class of such nouns in many languages is that of
1119:– respectively the first-, second- and third-person plural of the present tense of the verb
1074:
In many languages, words other than nouns may take plural forms, these being used by way of
789:). These are known as "pseudo-dual" and "pseudo-paucal" grammatical numbers. For example,
1099:
369:
359:
95:
1497:
Revivalistics: From the
Genesis of Israeli to Language Reclamation in Australia and Beyond
8:
1464:
1458:
767:
527:
455:
119:
1112:
in number (as well as in person and sometimes gender). Examples of plural forms are the
1338:
in some contexts) may also take a singular. In French, the singular form is used after
1091:
903:
880:
756:
704:(denoting exactly two of something) or other systems of number categories. However, in
655:
319:
299:
244:
220:
193:
748:
lack any significant grammatical number at all, though they are likely to have plural
1319:
uses the genitive singular rather than the plural after certain numbers (see above).
1109:
745:
522:
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505:
470:
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334:
274:
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144:
1008:, but not as productive. It may be that some nouns are not marked for plural, like
1442:
1346:
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114:
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1452:
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1358:
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834:
820:" (even if actually referring to more than two eyes), while in the second it is "
790:
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379:
341:
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134:
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1083:
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324:
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129:
1660:
GNU gettext utilities (section 11.2.6 – Additional functions for plural forms)
1669:
1519:
1495:
1432:
1137:
may agree with the noun they modify; examples of plural forms are the French
1123:. In English a distinction is made in the third person between forms such as
1005:
830:
289:
1566:
539:
374:
188:
156:
124:
1094:, as well as marking of categories belonging to the word itself (such as
1079:
1514:
1095:
1004:, or a combination of the two. Some languages may also form plurals by
974:
589:
584:
569:
500:
309:
215:
171:
1031:
In
English, the most common formation of plural nouns is by adding an
1134:
902:
to refer to massive plural. He argues that the
Australian Aboriginal
686:
279:
176:
973:
A given language may make plural forms of nouns by various types of
1257:
do not have a singular form and exist only in the plural, such as "
1038:
suffix to the singular noun. (For details and different cases, see
989:
663:
304:
1398:
English plural § Singulars as plural and plurals as singular
1393:
1373:
are usually treated the same as the corresponding positive ones:
1258:
1172:
690:
109:
1242:
can take a plural when it means water from a particular source (
693:, also frequently have distinct plural forms, which are used in
1662:(Treatment of zero and the plurality based on the final digits)
993:
733:
1021:
978:
1619:
A Grammar of the
English Language, Volume 1: Parts of Speech
1105:
682:
659:
1640:
The
Plurals of Nouns of Measure in Spoken American English
1145:(the masculine plural and feminine plural respectively of
1381:. Again, rules on such matters differ between languages.
1361:
less than one tend to be used with singular expressions:
1179:, to have distinct plural forms. Examples in English are
922:
906:
has four grammatical numbers: singular, dual, plural and
805:
785:(apart from those that preserve the dual number, such as
1633:
A Modern
English Grammar on Historical Principles, v. II
1217:
1069:
804:", among other meanings, may refer to a human or animal
719:
826:" (even if actually referring to exactly two drops).
1647:
Plurality and classifiers across languages in China.
862:
848:
838:
1299:) and for unspecified amounts of countable things (
777:Traces of the dual and paucal can be found in some
1153:– examples are the French plural definite article
654:), in many languages, is one of the values of the
1420:, while the CLAWS 7 tagset (~149 tags) uses six:
1226:, representing mass or abstract concepts such as
1667:
1614:, Cambridge University Press, Suffolk, UK, 2002
955:
942:
929:
915:
1635:, George Allen & Unwin, Ltd., London, 1928
964:"a lot of emus", "heaps of emus" (superplural)
1612:The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language
808:or to a drop of oil on water. The plural of "
611:
1628:, Harper & Row, New York, New York, 1965
1610:Huddleston, Rodney and Pullum, Geoffrey K.,
821:
815:
809:
799:
1504:. (ISBN 9780199812790 / ISBN 9780199812776)
1016:in English. In languages which also have a
697:with the number of their associated nouns.
1345:English also tends to use the plural with
618:
604:
1244:different waters make for different beers
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
1642:, Fries Festschrift, Ann Arbor, MI, 1963
43:This article includes a list of general
1390:the United States is a powerful country
968:
869:Dual (grammatical number) § Hebrew
14:
1668:
1603:(Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics).
1281:
1268:. These are referred to with the term
1559:
1487:
1485:
1218:Nouns lacking plural or singular form
1070:Plural forms of other parts of speech
996:, as in the derivation of the plural
1577:from the original on 19 October 2017
837:had grammatical dual via the suffix
829:Traces of dual can also be found in
720:Use in systems of grammatical number
674:, which corresponds to the singular
29:
724:In many languages, there is also a
24:
1593:
1482:
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
1687:
1653:
1388:. The reverse is also possible:
245:Singulative-Collective-Plurative
34:
1523:. Lexical Computing. 2018-03-27
1349:, even if less than one, as in
884:. Some languages may possess a
1638:McDavid, Raven I. Jr. et al.,
1621:, D.C. Heath and Company, 1935
1534:
1507:
1403:
681:Words of other types, such as
656:grammatical category of number
209:Suffixaufnahme (case stacking)
13:
1:
1149:). The same applies to some
977:, including the addition of
7:
1542:"The Penn Treebank Tag Set"
1426:
863:
849:
839:
814:" in the first meaning is "
700:Some languages also have a
325:Lexical aspect (Aktionsart)
10:
1692:
1605:Cambridge University Press
1246:) and in expressions like
1438:Homogeneity (linguistics)
1418:NPS - Proper noun, plural
1386:the government are agreed
1197:English personal pronouns
1117:mangeons, mangez, mangent
858:
844:
1626:Harper's English Grammar
1475:
1248:by the waters of Babylon
732:(for three objects) and
448:Serial verb construction
1502:Oxford University Press
1108:often agree with their
956:
943:
930:
916:
386:Honorifics (politeness)
64:more precise citations.
1410:part-of-speech tagging
1209:demonstrative pronouns
1078:with plural nouns (or
822:
816:
810:
800:
764:Austronesian languages
563:Polypersonal agreement
1567:"UCREL CLAWS7 Tagset"
1448:Plural quantification
1297:four and a half hours
1102:of adjectives, etc.)
1076:grammatical agreement
755:Some languages (like
738:numerical classifiers
199:Genitive construction
1367:two-thirds of a mile
1098:of verbs, degree of
969:Formation of plurals
662:typically denotes a
452:Traditional grammar
420:Syntax relationships
96:Grammatical features
1649:Berlin: de Gruyter.
1599:Corbett, Greville.
1492:Zuckermann, Ghil'ad
1465:Reduplicated plural
1459:Pluralis majestatis
1414:NNS - noun, plural,
1313:birds have feathers
1282:Usage of the plural
981:, like the English
370:Comparison (degree)
120:Dative construction
1676:Grammatical number
1624:Opdycke, John B.,
1617:Curme, George O.,
1157:, and the English
904:Barngarla language
896:Ghil'ad Zuckermann
881:singulative number
658:. The plural of a
320:Grammatical aspect
27:Grammatical number
1631:Jespersen, Otto,
1571:ucrel.lancs.ac.uk
1379:minus two degrees
1347:decimal fractions
1224:uncountable nouns
1177:personal pronouns
1171:It is common for
938:"two emus" (dual)
890:numerative plural
876:collective number
750:personal pronouns
628:
627:
523:Topic and Comment
506:Thematic relation
401:Reflexive pronoun
315:Tense–aspect–mood
275:Associated motion
257:Universal grinder
90:
89:
82:
16:(Redirected from
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1554:
1553:
1544:. Archived from
1538:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1528:
1511:
1505:
1489:
1443:Partitive plural
1375:minus one degree
1371:Negative numbers
1363:half (of) a loaf
1359:Common fractions
1255:collective nouns
1020:system, such as
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354:General features
269:Related to verbs
104:Related to nouns
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60:this article by
51:inline citations
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18:Plural (grammar)
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1645:Xu, Dan. 2012.
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1453:Pluractionality
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1406:
1309:how many lumps?
1284:
1276:the word "data"
1220:
1175:, particularly
1127:(singular) and
1072:
1040:English plurals
971:
951:"emus" (plural)
910:. For example:
864:ʿạyin / ʿēnạyim
855:masculine words
835:Biblical Hebrew
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843:as opposed to
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1546:the original
1536:
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631:
629:
540:Veridicality
431:Transitivity
375:Egophoricity
236:
189:Definiteness
157:Measure word
145:Instrumental
125:Dative shift
76:
67:
48:
1404:POS tagging
1396:, and also
1330:, although
1328:zero points
1324:no injuries
1232:information
1151:determiners
1062:, turnips;
908:superplural
900:superplural
859:עין / ×˘×™× ×™×ť
726:dual number
636:abbreviated
634:(sometimes
476:Predicative
396:Reciprocity
365:Boundedness
285:Conjugation
252:Specificity
62:introducing
1552:2010-06-06
1527:2018-04-06
1515:"POS tags"
1351:0.3 metres
1195:etc.; see
1135:Adjectives
1131:(plural).
1100:comparison
1066:, turnip.
975:inflection
959:ilyarranha
768:Sursurunga
687:adjectives
590:Markedness
585:Inflection
570:Declension
501:Mirativity
310:Mirativity
216:Noun class
204:Possession
172:Count noun
152:Classifier
140:Comitative
135:Nominative
45:references
1058:, mouse;
957:wárraidya
944:wárraidya
931:wárraidya
917:wárraidya
757:Mele-Fila
695:agreement
558:Agreement
552:Phenomena
490:Semantics
456:Predicate
443:Branching
280:Clusivity
177:Mass noun
1670:Category
1581:15 March
1575:Archived
1427:See also
1301:some men
1293:101 dogs
1289:two cats
1266:scissors
1253:Certain
1173:pronouns
1056:llygoden
1054:, mice;
990:suffixes
861:
847:
746:Japanese
740:such as
691:pronouns
668:singular
664:quantity
535:Volition
496:Contrast
426:Argument
391:Polarity
305:Telicity
295:Modality
228:Singular
1607:, 2000.
1394:synesis
1317:Russian
1259:clothes
1236:physics
1143:petites
1110:subject
1064:erfinen
1026:Russian
979:affixes
795:Russian
787:Slovene
742:Chinese
706:English
516:Patient
471:Adjunct
461:Subject
436:Valency
110:Animacy
58:improve
1601:Number
1494:2020,
1392:. See
1139:petits
1121:manger
1114:French
1092:gender
1088:person
1052:llygod
1014:series
994:ablaut
888:and a
791:Polish
779:Slavic
734:paucal
714:either
632:plural
466:Object
360:Affect
300:Person
237:Plural
221:Number
194:Gender
47:, but
1476:Notes
1334:(and
1240:water
1205:those
1201:these
1166:those
1162:these
1147:petit
1106:Verbs
1096:tense
1060:erfin
1022:Latin
1010:sheep
1002:goose
1000:from
998:geese
992:, or
983:-(e)s
933:lbili
840:-ạyim
772:Lihir
730:trial
683:verbs
646:, or
528:Focus
511:Agent
342:Voice
335:Tense
1583:2018
1416:and
1340:zéro
1336:zero
1326:and
1203:and
1193:them
1189:they
1164:and
1141:and
1125:eats
1090:and
1084:case
1024:and
1018:case
1012:and
987:-ies
985:and
878:and
853:for
817:oczy
793:and
781:and
770:and
762:The
744:and
712:and
710:both
702:dual
689:and
672:cats
660:noun
630:The
330:Mood
232:Dual
115:Case
1408:In
1261:".
1228:air
1211:).
1155:les
1129:eat
946:rri
923:emu
850:-Ä«m
845:־ים
833:.
823:oka
811:oko
806:eye
801:oko
766:of
676:cat
640:pl.
638:as
1672::
1573:.
1569:.
1517:.
1500:,
1484:^
1400:.
1377:,
1369:.
1365:,
1357:.
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1342:.
1332:no
1311:,
1307:,
1303:,
1295:,
1291:,
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1234:,
1230:,
1185:us
1181:we
1168:.
1086:,
1044:-s
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685:,
678:.
650:PL
644:pl
642:,
1585:.
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1287:(
1191:(
1183:(
1035:s
1033:-
921:"
619:e
612:t
605:v
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77:(
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68:(
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