388:-like primates. Plesiadapiformes have also been proposed as a nonprimate sister group to Eocene-Recent primates. A study done in 1987 linked Plesiadapiformes with adapids and omomyids through nine shared-derived features, six of which are cranial or dental: (1) auditory bulla inflated and formed by the petrosal bone, (2) ectotympanic expanded laterally and fused medially to the wall of the bulla, (3) promontorium centrally positioned in the bulla, and large hypotympanic sinus widely separating promontorium from the basisphenoid, (4) internal carotid entering the bulla posteriolaterally and enclosed in a bony tube, (5) nannopithex fold on the upper molars, and (6) loss of one pair of incisors.
2635:
357:
1704:
129:
2620:
1306:
283:
2627:
3350:
3322:
3317:
104:
1229:
1378:
has been much debated in the past. Climbing habits could be expected in a relative of the primates, but tree-dwelling animals are rarely found in such high numbers. Based on this and other evidence, some paleontologists have concluded that these animals were mainly living on the ground, like today's
352:
The following are possible shared derived features of
Plesiadapiformes: maxillary-frontal contact in orbit, the presence of a suboptic foramen, an ossified external auditory meatus, the absence of a promontory artery, the absence of a stapedial artery, and a strong mastoid tubercle.
1387:
is that of an adept climber, which can be best compared to tree squirrels or to tree-dwelling marsupials such as possums. The short, robust limbs, the long, laterally compressed claws, and the long, bushy tail indicate that it was an
336:, one of them nearly complete, have been found in lake deposits at Menat, France. Although the preservation of the hard parts is poor, these skeletons still show remains of skin and hair as a carbonaceous film—something unique among
1251:, though it lacks the postorbital bars (a vertical bar bordering the posterior margin of the eye socket). The brain was probably relatively large compared to similarly sized contemporary mammals, namely the
1694:
1347:
Nearly all of what is known about the anatomy of plesiadapiforms comes from fragmentary jaws and teeth, so most definitions of plesiadapiform genera and species are based on dentition.
1282:
in either half of the upper jaw; and one incisor, one canine, three premolars, and one molar in either half of the lower jaw. The incisors are quite long. Already,
1548:
Ni, X.; Gebo, D. L.; Dagosto, M.; Meng, J.; Tafforeau, P.; Flynn, J. J.; Beard, K. C. (2013). "The oldest known primate skeleton and early haplorhine evolution".
2693:
3050:
1351:
dentition shows a functional shift toward grinding and crushing in the cheek teeth as an adaptation towards increasing omnivory and herbivory. The skull of
1374:
had mobile limbs that terminated in strongly curved claws, and it sported a long bushy tail which is preserved in the Menat skeletons. The way of life of
3034:
2683:
1239:
is one of the most completely known early primatomorphs, with a significant amount of the skeleton known. Though, the skeleton is mostly known from
3219:
3171:
2163:
2156:
2149:
2128:
512:
116:
3157:
2963:
2849:
2840:
2810:
2713:
2413:
2177:
1971:
1903:
1854:
1192:
1091:
3212:
3191:
3123:
3071:
3023:
2933:
2819:
2768:
2403:
2191:
2170:
2135:
1882:
3150:
3085:
3057:
2884:
2703:
2483:
2293:
2286:
2198:
2184:
2142:
2121:
2083:
2055:
2048:
2027:
2013:
1875:
637:
533:
3078:
2912:
2870:
2826:
2789:
2745:
2490:
2423:
2279:
2272:
2062:
2020:
1927:
1913:
1868:
1847:
1826:
3458:
3233:
3016:
3002:
2949:
2898:
2863:
2856:
2796:
2782:
2775:
2535:
2514:
2258:
2235:
2228:
2097:
2034:
1889:
3043:
2877:
2221:
2090:
2069:
2041:
1920:
1737:
887:
2942:
2300:
2076:
1370:. Orbits are still directed to the side, unlike the forward-facing eyeballs of modern primates that enable three-dimensional vision.
2988:
1286:
had lost the first premolar from the mammalian common ancestor, but later primatomorphs would lose the second premolar as well.
3473:
2634:
3453:
1472:
Rose, K.D. (1981). "The
Clarkforkian Land-Mammal Age and mammalian faunal composition across the Paleocene-Eocene boundary".
3463:
1535:
New North
American Plesiadapidae (mammalia, primates) and a biostratigraphic zonation of the Middle and Upper Paleocene
1317:
1675:
1646:
1621:
1421:
1637:
Fleagle, K. D. (1987). "The First
Radiation—Plesiadapiform Primates". In Ciochon, R. L.; Fleagle, J. G. (eds.).
309:
in France. The type specimen is MNHN Crl-16, and is a left mandibular fragment dated to the early Eocene epoch.
1730:
3468:
1129:
128:
3443:
356:
3448:
3353:
1723:
328:
continental sediments and in the correlation of faunas on both sides of the
Atlantic. Two remarkable
792:
3321:
3478:
2619:
2555:
340:
mammals. Details of the bones are better preserved in fossils from Cernay, also in France, where
3420:
3370:
3269:
384:
lineage is still up for debate, the consensus in the 1970s was that they were closest to early
1445:(1976). "Cranial anatomy and evolution of early Tertiary Plesiadapidae (Mammalia, Primates)".
1383:
and ground squirrels. However, more recent investigations have confirmed that the skeleton of
3415:
1337:
676:
365:
287:
1664:
3402:
1557:
734:
3316:
8:
3292:
2626:
1709:
1610:
1442:
1561:
1152:
478:
2572:
1581:
938:
920:
798:
123:
1395:. Remains found showed that it had a body mass of around 2.1 kilograms (4.6 lb).
1671:
1642:
1617:
1573:
1417:
3343:
2386:
1982:
1797:
1746:
1585:
1565:
1515:
1481:
1454:
1207:
274:, the type specimen, is named after the three cusps present on its upper incisors.
180:
2430:
2327:
2111:
1106:
252:
genera which existed about 58–55 million years ago in North
America and Europe.
3393:
3110:
2528:
2476:
2320:
2249:
993:
325:
1502:
Kay, Richard F.; Thewissen, J. G.; Yoder, Anne D. (1992). "Cranial anatomy of
320:. Thanks to the abundance of the genus and to its rapid evolution, species of
3437:
3258:
3182:
3134:
2759:
2728:
2504:
2445:
1279:
1252:
1057:
1051:
1045:
944:
804:
193:
61:
1519:
3143:
2972:
2666:
2653:
2587:
2565:
2466:
1577:
1271:
426:
302:
222:
213:
1305:
1261:
1258:
3338:
3205:
3198:
2738:
2366:
2212:
1960:
1943:
1816:
1782:
1485:
1458:
316:
probably arose in North
America and colonized Europe on a landbridge via
282:
257:
36:
1569:
3281:
3092:
3064:
2981:
2919:
2905:
2891:
2521:
2454:
2393:
2343:
1997:
1861:
402:
401:
firmly outside of the
Primates, as a sister group to both Primates and
393:
81:
46:
391:
In 2013, a phylogenetic analysis that includes also the basal primate
3226:
2995:
2377:
2353:
1840:
1392:
337:
329:
317:
140:
86:
3364:
103:
3387:
3009:
2265:
1833:
1764:
1715:
1389:
1363:
1325:
1275:
160:
76:
71:
56:
51:
41:
3249:
2006:
1380:
1341:
1313:
1267:
1228:
1079:
385:
373:
245:
91:
66:
3407:
1290:
consistently lacks the lower second premolar, and about half of
2546:
2311:
1776:
1770:
1758:
1367:
1356:
1329:
370:
291:
266:
261:
249:
170:
150:
1248:
1161:
487:
313:
1537:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Museum of Paleontology.
1359:
1607:
1411:
1324:
The skeletal adaptations are consistent with a largely
1497:
1495:
1355:
is relatively broad and flat, with a long snout with
376:, though the latter is slightly geologically younger.
3107:
2960:
2930:
2837:
2807:
2756:
2725:
2709:
2699:
2689:
2679:
2561:
2501:
2463:
2419:
2409:
2399:
2246:
2209:
2108:
1994:
1978:
1967:
1956:
1900:
1813:
1699:
1663:
1609:
1492:
1547:
1501:
1414:Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level
256:means "near-Adapis", which is a reference to the
3435:
1641:. Hawthorne: Aldine de Gruyter. pp. 41–51.
117:University of Michigan Museum of Natural History
1441:
369:(left), an early true primate. Both come from
1731:
1506:and the affinities of the Plesiadapiformes".
1474:University of Michigan Papers on Paleontology
1447:University of Michigan Papers on Paleontology
1437:
1435:
1433:
2664:
1738:
1724:
1471:
1430:
324:play an important role in the zonation of
102:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1532:
1508:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
1344:is robust and features a strong S-curve.
1405:
1340:, though lacking the strong spines. The
1304:
1247:. The skull is overall reminiscent of a
1227:
355:
281:
1661:
1636:
1608:Szalay, F. S. & Delson, E. (1979).
1412:McKenna, M. C & S. K. Bell (1997).
3436:
1592:
1223:
3369:
3368:
2651:
1795:
1719:
1541:
1465:
1796:
1745:
1612:Evolutionary history of the Primates
1639:Primate Evolution and Human Origins
344:is one of the most common mammals.
13:
3459:Paleogene mammals of North America
1243:and the relatively late (derived)
14:
3490:
1688:
347:
3349:
3348:
3320:
3315:
2652:
2633:
2625:
2618:
1702:
1666:Primate Adaptation and Evolution
1255:. The dental formula is usually
1039:Little Sand Coulee Area, Wyoming
127:
34:
1655:
1630:
1526:
380:Although the placement of the
305:in 1877, who first discovered
1:
3474:Fossil taxa described in 1877
1670:. San Diego: Academic Press.
1416:. Columbia University Press.
1398:
3454:Prehistoric placental genera
1366:separated by a gap from its
1362:and teeth and long, gnawing
1328:lifestyle in the trees. The
303:François Louis Paul Gervaise
7:
3464:Paleogene mammals of Europe
560:Little Muddy Creek, Montana
277:
244:is one of the oldest known
32:Late Paleocene-Early Eocene
10:
3495:
1336:is similar to that of the
984:Croc Tooth Quarry, Wyoming
853:Tongue River, North Dakota
749:Dell Creek Quarry, Wyoming
111:Reconstructed skeleton of
3377:
3333:
3313:
3280:
3257:
3247:
3181:
3133:
3118:
3106:
3033:
2971:
2959:
2929:
2836:
2806:
2755:
2724:
2675:
2660:
2647:
2616:
2586:
2545:
2500:
2462:
2453:
2444:
2376:
2361:
2352:
2341:
2310:
2245:
2208:
2107:
1993:
1952:
1941:
1899:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1791:
1753:
1695:Mikko's Phylogeny Archive
1533:Gingerich, P. D. (1975).
990:Long Draw Quarry, Montana
728:Princeton Quarry, Wyoming
228:
221:
124:Scientific classification
122:
110:
101:
23:
1312:cast of a specimen from
1302:lack the lower canines.
932:Battle Mountain, Montana
868:Highway blowout, Montana
862:Scarritt Quarry, Montana
307:Plesiadapis tricuspidens
272:Plesiadapis tricuspidens
231:Plesiadapis tricuspidens
16:Extinct genus of mammals
1662:Fleagle, J. G. (1988).
1520:10.1002/ajpa.1330890409
1294:specimens lack it too.
856:Douglas Quarry, Montana
557:Douglas Quarry, Montana
297:The first discovery of
1504:Ignacius graybullianus
1321:
1233:
743:Fossil Hollow, Wyoming
731:Schaff Quarry, Wyoming
670:Mason Pocket, Colorado
377:
294:
3416:Paleobiology Database
1338:eastern gray squirrel
1308:
1231:
673:Joe's Bone Bed, Texas
366:Notharctus tenebrosus
359:
288:MUSE - Science Museum
285:
3469:Ypresian extinctions
1042:Paint Creek, Wyoming
929:Cedar Point, Wyoming
859:Keefer Hill, Wyoming
789:Paint Creek, Wyoming
563:Keefer Hill, Wyoming
286:Life restoration at
1710:Paleontology portal
1570:10.1038/nature12200
1562:2013Natur.498...60N
1224:Anatomy and remains
950:Twin Creek, Wyoming
813:Clark Fork, Wyoming
740:Titanoides, Wyoming
1616:. Academic Press.
1322:
1234:
1019:Sand Draw, Wyoming
999:Sand Draw, Wyoming
378:
295:
3444:Paleocene mammals
3431:
3430:
3371:Taxon identifiers
3362:
3361:
3329:
3328:
3311:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3243:
3242:
3102:
3101:
2643:
2642:
2614:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2582:
2581:
2440:
2439:
2337:
2336:
1937:
1936:
1220:
1216:
1215:
1200:
1188:
1177:
1145:
1122:
1099:
1087:
1073:
1032:
1012:
977:
966:
953:West End, Wyoming
939:Erikson's Landing
913:
904:
895:
881:
846:
837:
826:
782:
773:
762:
720:
712:
703:
692:
663:
654:
645:
631:
618:West End, Wyoming
608:
599:
590:
579:
550:
541:
529:
520:
506:
471:
462:
453:
444:
433:
237:
236:
217:
3486:
3449:Plesiadapiformes
3424:
3423:
3411:
3410:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3366:
3365:
3352:
3351:
3344:Plesiadapiformes
3324:
3319:
3255:
3254:
3116:
3115:
3109:
2969:
2968:
2962:
2932:
2839:
2809:
2758:
2727:
2711:
2701:
2691:
2681:
2673:
2672:
2662:
2661:
2649:
2648:
2638:
2637:
2630:
2629:
2622:
2563:
2503:
2465:
2460:
2459:
2451:
2450:
2421:
2411:
2401:
2359:
2358:
2350:
2349:
2248:
2211:
2110:
1996:
1983:Zalambdalestidae
1980:
1969:
1958:
1950:
1949:
1902:
1815:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1798:Euarchontoglires
1793:
1792:
1747:Euarchontoglires
1740:
1733:
1726:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1682:
1681:
1669:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1615:
1605:
1590:
1589:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1499:
1490:
1489:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1439:
1428:
1427:
1409:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1219:
1198:
1186:
1175:
1158:Lentille, France
1143:
1120:
1097:
1085:
1071:
1030:
1010:
987:Airport, Wyoming
976:Krishtalka, 1975
975:
964:
911:
908:P. paskapooensis
902:
893:
879:
844:
835:
824:
780:
771:
760:
718:
710:
701:
690:
661:
652:
643:
629:
606:
597:
588:
577:
548:
539:
527:
518:
504:
484:Lentille, France
469:
460:
451:
442:
431:
408:
407:
212:
205:
192:
181:Plesiadapiformes
132:
131:
106:
96:
33:
29:Temporal range:
21:
20:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3483:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3427:
3419:
3414:
3406:
3401:
3392:
3391:
3386:
3373:
3363:
3358:
3325:
3299:
3276:
3239:
3177:
3129:
3098:
3035:Palaechthonidae
3029:
2955:
2925:
2832:
2802:
2751:
2720:
2684:Asioplesiadapis
2669:
2656:
2639:
2632:
2624:
2602:
2578:
2541:
2496:
2436:
2372:
2346:
2333:
2328:Simplicidentata
2306:
2241:
2204:
2112:Arctostylopidae
2103:
1989:
1946:
1933:
1895:
1800:
1787:
1749:
1744:
1708:
1703:
1701:
1691:
1686:
1685:
1678:
1660:
1656:
1649:
1635:
1631:
1624:
1606:
1593:
1556:(7452): 60–64.
1546:
1542:
1531:
1527:
1500:
1493:
1470:
1466:
1443:Gingerich, P.D.
1440:
1431:
1424:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1257:
1256:
1245:P. tricuspidens
1226:
1218:
1197:
1185:
1176:Gingerich, 1974
1174:
1142:
1119:
1117:P. walbeckensis
1096:
1084:
1070:
1029:
1011:Gingerich, 1974
1009:
974:
965:Gingerich, 1974
963:
935:Chappo, Wyoming
910:
901:
892:
878:
865:Saddle, Wyoming
845:Gingerich, 1974
843:
834:
823:
810:Chappo, Wyoming
779:
770:
759:
746:Chappo, Wyoming
717:
709:
700:
689:
662:Gingerich, 1974
660:
651:
649:P. tricuspidens
642:
628:
607:Gingerich, 1974
605:
596:
587:
576:
566:Saddle, Wyoming
549:Gingerich, 1974
547:
540:Gingerich, 1974
538:
526:
517:
503:
470:Schlosser, 1921
468:
459:
450:
441:
430:
423:P. tricuspidens
350:
280:
260:primate of the
233:
211:
203:
190:
126:
97:
95:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
39:
31:
30:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3492:
3482:
3481:
3479:Eocene mammals
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3412:
3399:
3383:
3381:
3375:
3374:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3346:
3341:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3286:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3263:
3261:
3252:
3245:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3230:
3223:
3220:Elphidotarsius
3216:
3209:
3202:
3195:
3187:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3172:Pronothodectes
3168:
3161:
3154:
3147:
3139:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3119:
3113:
3111:Plesiadapoidea
3104:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3089:
3082:
3075:
3068:
3061:
3054:
3047:
3039:
3037:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3020:
3013:
3006:
2999:
2992:
2985:
2977:
2975:
2966:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2946:
2938:
2936:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2916:
2909:
2902:
2895:
2888:
2881:
2874:
2867:
2860:
2853:
2845:
2843:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2823:
2815:
2813:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2779:
2772:
2764:
2762:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2742:
2734:
2732:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2707:
2697:
2687:
2676:
2670:
2665:
2658:
2657:
2645:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2592:
2590:
2584:
2583:
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2529:Planetetherium
2525:
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2477:Dracontolestes
2472:
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2250:Pseudictopidae
2243:
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2240:
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2217:
2215:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2195:
2188:
2181:
2174:
2167:
2164:Kazachostylops
2160:
2157:Enantiostylops
2153:
2150:Bothriostylops
2146:
2139:
2132:
2129:Anatolostylops
2125:
2117:
2115:
2105:
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348:Classification
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3259:Strepsirrhini
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2175:
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2015:
2011:
2009:
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1972:Picrodontidae
1966:
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1486:2027.42/48626
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1459:2027.42/48615
1456:
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1423:0-231-11012-X
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1242:
1238:
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1221:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1199:Russell, 1967
1196:
1194:
1193:Platychoerops
1190:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1144:Lemoine, 1887
1141:
1138:
1137:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1108:
1105:
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1103:
1095:
1093:
1092:Menatotherium
1089:
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1077:
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989:
986:
983:
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981:
973:
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968:
962:
961:P. churchilli
959:
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952:
949:
946:
943:
940:
937:
934:
931:
928:
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922:
919:
918:
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903:Simpson, 1927
900:
897:
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883:
877:
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873:
867:
864:
861:
858:
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851:
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841:P. praecursor
839:
833:
830:
829:
828:
825:Simpson, 1936
822:
819:
818:
812:
809:
806:
803:
800:
797:
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791:
788:
787:
786:
778:
775:
772:Matthew, 1915
769:
766:
765:
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761:Matthew, 1915
758:
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644:Matthew, 1917
641:
639:
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624:
623:
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531:
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493:Rilly, France
492:
489:
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475:
467:
464:
461:Stehlin, 1916
458:
455:
449:
446:
440:
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432:Gervais, 1877
428:
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389:
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263:
262:Eocene period
259:
255:
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247:
243:
242:
232:
227:
224:
220:
215:
210:
209:
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199:
198:
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194:Plesiadapidae
189:
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185:
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179:
176:
175:
172:
169:
166:
165:
162:
159:
156:
155:
152:
149:
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135:
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125:
121:
118:
114:
109:
105:
100:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
38:
26:
22:
19:
3378:
3232:
3225:
3218:
3213:Carpomegodon
3211:
3204:
3197:
3192:Carpocristes
3190:
3170:
3164:
3163:
3156:
3149:
3144:Chiromyoides
3142:
3124:Chronolestes
3122:
3091:
3084:
3077:
3072:Plesiolestes
3070:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3042:
3024:Phenacolemur
3022:
3015:
3008:
3001:
2994:
2987:
2980:
2973:Paromomyidae
2948:
2941:
2934:Toliapinidae
2918:
2911:
2904:
2897:
2890:
2883:
2876:
2869:
2862:
2855:
2848:
2825:
2820:Alveojunctus
2818:
2795:
2788:
2781:
2774:
2769:Chalicomomys
2767:
2744:
2737:
2712:
2702:
2692:
2682:
2667:Pan-Primates
2654:Pan-Primates
2623:
2588:Pan-Primates
2571:
2566:Dermotherium
2564:
2556:Cynocephalus
2554:
2534:
2527:
2520:
2513:
2489:
2482:
2475:
2467:Mixodectidae
2429:
2422:
2412:
2404:Palaeotupaia
2402:
2392:
2385:
2365:
2326:
2319:
2299:
2292:
2285:
2278:
2271:
2264:
2257:
2234:
2227:
2220:
2197:
2192:Stenostylops
2190:
2183:
2176:
2171:Migrostylops
2169:
2162:
2155:
2148:
2141:
2136:Arctostylops
2134:
2127:
2120:
2096:
2089:
2082:
2075:
2068:
2061:
2054:
2047:
2040:
2033:
2026:
2019:
2012:
2005:
1981:
1970:
1959:
1926:
1919:
1912:
1888:
1883:Sinclairella
1881:
1874:
1867:
1860:
1853:
1846:
1839:
1832:
1825:
1781:Infraclass:
1665:
1657:
1638:
1632:
1611:
1553:
1549:
1543:
1534:
1528:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1477:
1473:
1467:
1450:
1446:
1413:
1407:
1384:
1375:
1371:
1352:
1349:Plesiadapis'
1348:
1346:
1333:
1323:
1309:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1278:, and three
1253:arctocyonids
1244:
1240:
1236:
1235:
1217:
1191:
1182:
1171:
1139:
1121:Russel, 1964
1116:
1090:
1086:Launay, 1908
1078:
1067:
1031:Jepsen, 1930
1026:
1006:
996:, California
971:
960:
912:Russel, 1964
907:
898:
894:Gidley, 1923
886:
880:Gidley, 1923
875:
840:
831:
820:
776:
767:
756:
715:
706:
697:
691:Jepsen, 1930
687:P. fodinatus
686:
657:
648:
636:
625:
603:Na. simpsoni
602:
593:
585:Pr. simpsoni
584:
573:
544:
532:
524:Pr. simpsoni
523:
511:
500:
465:
456:
448:P. rhemensis
447:
443:Lemoin, 1887
438:
427:type species
422:
398:
392:
390:
381:
379:
364:
363:compared to
360:
351:
341:
333:
321:
311:
306:
301:was made by
298:
296:
271:
265:
253:
240:
239:
238:
230:
223:Type species
207:
206:
112:
24:
18:
3379:Plesiadapis
3339:Anagaloidea
3206:Carpolestes
3199:Carpodaptes
3165:Plesiadapis
3151:Nannodectes
3086:Talpohenach
3058:Palenochtha
3051:Palaechthon
2885:Megadelphus
2739:Purgatorius
2704:Russellodon
2694:Pandemonium
2573:Galeopterus
2484:Eudaemonema
2367:Ptilocercus
2294:Pseudictops
2287:Paranictops
2213:Astigalidae
2199:Wanostylops
2185:Sinostylops
2143:Asiostylops
2122:Allostylops
2084:Stenanagale
2056:Huaiyangale
2049:Hsiuannania
2028:Chianshania
2014:Anagalopsis
1961:Apatemyidae
1944:Gliriformes
1876:Labidolemur
1817:Apatemyidae
1783:Placentalia
1385:Plesiadapis
1376:Plesiadapis
1372:Plesiadapis
1357:rodent-like
1353:Plesiadapis
1300:Plesiadapis
1284:Plesiadapis
1266:, with two
1237:Plesiadapis
1232:Restoration
1172:P. russelli
1140:P. remensis
1098:Piton, 1940
1072:Piton, 1940
1068:P. insignis
945:Love Quarry
899:No. gidleyi
836:Gazin, 1956
781:Gazin, 1956
719:Gazin, 1956
702:Gazin, 1942
677:Black Peaks
658:Na. gidleyi
638:Nothodectes
598:Gazin, 1956
589:Gazin, 1956
578:Gazin, 1956
574:P. simpsoni
536:intermedius
534:Nannodectes
528:Gazin, 1956
519:Gazin, 1956
505:Gazin, 1971
457:P. remensis
439:P. gervaisi
417:Localities
399:Plesiadapis
382:Plesiadapis
342:Plesiadapis
334:Plesiadapis
322:Plesiadapis
299:Plesiadapis
254:Plesiadapis
241:Plesiadapis
208:Plesiadapis
25:Plesiadapis
3438:Categories
3337:See also:
3293:Haplorhini
3282:Haplorhini
3093:Torrejonia
3079:Premnoides
3065:Phoxomylus
2982:Acidomomys
2920:Uintasorex
2913:Niptomomys
2906:Navajovius
2892:Microsyops
2871:Choctawius
2827:Picromomys
2790:Micromomys
2746:Ursolestes
2597:see below↓
2522:Plagiomene
2491:Mixodectes
2455:Dermoptera
2424:Sivatupaia
2394:Dendrogale
2354:Scandentia
2344:Euarchonta
2280:Haltictops
2273:Cartictops
2063:Interogale
2021:Anaptogale
1998:Anagalidae
1928:Zanycteris
1914:Draconodus
1869:Jepsenella
1862:Heterohyus
1848:Carcinella
1827:Aethomylos
1775:Subclass:
1399:References
1334:P. gidleyi
1296:P. gidleyi
1241:P. gidleyi
1183:P. daubrei
1007:P. simonsi
832:P. jepseni
795:, Colorado
777:P. pearcei
768:No. dubius
735:Ravenscrag
716:P. jepseni
711:Dorr, 1952
626:P. gidleyi
594:P. jepseni
545:Na. gazini
403:Dermoptera
397:positions
394:Archicebus
3234:Subengius
3227:Saxonella
3017:Paromomys
3003:Elwynella
2996:Edworthia
2950:Toliapina
2899:Nanomomys
2864:Berruvius
2857:Bartelsia
2797:Tinimomys
2783:Foxomomys
2776:Dryomomys
2536:Worlandia
2515:Ellesmene
2378:Tupaiidae
2259:Allictops
2236:Zhujegale
2229:Yupingale
2098:Zofiagale
2035:Diacronus
1890:Unuchinia
1841:Asiapator
1757:Kingdom:
1480:: 1–197.
1453:: 1–141.
1393:quadruped
1316:. At the
1310:P. cookei
1288:P. dubius
1276:premolars
1132:, Germany
1082:feignouxi
1060:, Wyoming
1058:Verland's
1054:, Wyoming
1048:, Wyoming
1046:Red Creek
1027:P. cookei
972:P. farisi
947:, Wyoming
941:, Alberta
923:, Montana
821:P. anceps
807:, Wyoming
801:, Montana
799:Bearcreek
757:P. dubius
707:P. farisi
698:P. rubeyi
414:Synonyms
361:P. cookei
338:Paleocene
330:skeletons
318:Greenland
258:adapiform
147:Kingdom:
141:Eukaryota
113:P. cookei
3394:Q1191111
3388:Wikidata
3354:Category
3250:Primates
3044:Anasazia
3010:Ignacius
2878:Craseops
2387:Anathana
2266:Anictops
2222:Astigale
2091:Wanogale
2070:Linnania
2042:Eosigale
1921:Picrodus
1834:Apatemys
1771:Mammalia
1765:Chordata
1763:Phylum:
1759:Animalia
1578:23739424
1390:arboreal
1364:incisors
1326:arboreal
1274:, three
1268:incisors
1210:, France
1164:, France
1155:, France
1109:, France
994:Badwater
921:Melville
888:Tetonius
805:Togwotee
515:matthewi
490:, France
481:, France
411:Species
278:Taxonomy
187:Family:
171:Mammalia
161:Chordata
157:Phylum:
151:Animalia
137:Domain:
3408:4454353
2943:Avenius
2301:Suyinia
2077:Qipania
2007:Anagale
1769:Class:
1586:4321956
1558:Bibcode
1381:marmots
1342:humerus
1314:Wyoming
1262:1.1.3.3
1259:2.1.3.3
1195:daubrei
1130:Walbeck
1094:insigne
1080:Sciurus
679:, Texas
640:gidleyi
386:tarsier
374:Wyoming
246:primate
214:Gervais
200:Genus:
177:Order:
167:Class:
115:at the
3248:Crown-
2989:Arcius
2431:Tupaia
2312:Glires
1777:Theria
1674:
1645:
1620:
1584:
1576:
1550:Nature
1420:
1368:molars
1330:sacrum
1292:P. rex
1280:molars
1272:canine
1270:, one
1208:Meudon
1153:Cernay
876:P. rex
479:Cernay
371:Eocene
292:Trento
267:Adapis
250:mammal
248:-like
216:, 1877
3421:40738
1582:S2CID
1249:lemur
1162:Berru
1107:Menat
1052:Susan
488:Berru
314:genus
312:This
3291:see
3268:see
1672:ISBN
1643:ISBN
1618:ISBN
1574:PMID
1418:ISBN
1360:jaws
1318:AMNH
37:PreꞒ
3403:EoL
1566:doi
1554:498
1516:doi
1482:hdl
1455:hdl
1332:of
890:rex
332:of
290:in
3440::
3418::
3405::
3390::
1594:^
1580:.
1572:.
1564:.
1552:.
1512:89
1510:.
1494:^
1478:26
1476:.
1451:15
1449:.
1432:^
405:.
270:.
264:,
87:Pg
3108:†
2961:†
2931:†
2838:†
2808:†
2757:†
2731:?
2726:†
2717:?
2710:†
2700:†
2690:†
2680:†
2562:†
2507:?
2502:†
2469:?
2464:†
2420:†
2410:†
2400:†
2247:†
2210:†
2114:?
2109:†
1995:†
1986:?
1979:†
1975:?
1968:†
1964:?
1957:†
1906:?
1901:†
1819:?
1814:†
1739:e
1732:t
1725:v
1680:.
1651:.
1626:.
1588:.
1568::
1560::
1522:.
1518::
1488:.
1484::
1461:.
1457::
1426:.
1320:.
429:)
425:(
229:†
204:†
191:†
92:N
82:K
77:J
72:T
67:P
62:C
57:D
52:S
47:O
42:Ꞓ
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