Play (activity) - Knowledge

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behaviors and signals (nudging, barking, growling, pawing, jumping, etc.) were used by the other dog to communicate the intent and/or desire to continue on with the dyadic play. Stronger or more frequent signaling was used if the attention of the other dog was not captured. These observations tell us that these dogs know how play behavior and signaling can be used to capture attention, communicate intent and desire, and manipulate one another. This characteristic and skill, called the "attention-getting skill" has generally only been seen in humans, but is now being researched and seen in many different species.

1294:). The social benefits of play for many animals, for example, could instead be garnered by grooming. Patrick Bateson maintains that equifinality is exactly what play teaches. In accordance with the flexibility hypothesis, play may teach animals to avoid "false endpoints". In other words, they harness the childlike tendency to keep playing with something that works "well enough", eventually allowing them to come up with something that might work better, if only in some situations. This also allows mammals to build up various skills that could come in handy in entirely novel situations. 1069:

other age groups, the elderly are more likely to experience a variety of barriers, such as difficulty with environmental hazards and accessibility issues, that may hinder their abilities to play. Although playing may benefit seniors, it also has the potential to negatively impact their health. For example, those who play may be more susceptible to injury. Investigating these barriers may assist in the creation of useful interventions and/or the development of preventative measures, such as establishing safer recreational areas, that promote play throughout elderly life.

1184: 1103: 525: 130: 272: 544: 884: 1261: 1273: 931:. Overlooked are the benefits of play for adults—more specifically, adults who spend a lot of time in the workplace. Many adults in North America are in the workforce and spend half of their waking hours in a workplace environment with little to no time for play. Play in this context refers to leisure-type activities with colleagues during lunch breaks or short breaks throughout the working day. Leisure activities might include physical 736:(e.g., making friends). Electronics are a form of playtime, but researchers have found that most electronic play leads to lack of motivation, no social interaction, and can lead to obesity. Play is children using their creativity while developing their imagination, dexterity, and physical, cognitive, and emotional strength. Dramatic play is common in younger children. For youth to benefit from playtime, the following are recommended: 4510: 843:, and other related diseases. According to research by the Australian Early Childhood Mental Health Initiative, children can be assisted in dealing with and managing stress by developing their sense of optimism when playing sports. Young people also tend to be more nutrition-conscious in their food choices when they participate in sport. Girls involved in sport are less likely to experience teenage 77:. Accordingly, play can range from relaxed, free-spirited, spontaneous, and frivolous to planned or even compulsive. Play is not just a pastime activity; it has the potential to serve as an important tool in numerous aspects of daily life for adolescents, adults, and cognitively advanced non-human species (such as primates). Not only does play promote and aid in physical development (such as 1391:

versus playing styles with fathers and how it influences child social development. "ntegral to positive development is the child's social competence or, more precisely, the ability to regulate their own emotions and behaviors in the social contexts of early childhood to support the effective accomplishment of relevant developmental tasks."

1341:, the father of the child study movement that sparked an interest in the developmental, mental, and behavioral world of babies and children. Play promotes healthy development of parent-child bonds, establishing social, emotional, and cognitive developmental milestones that help them relate to others, manage stress, and learn resiliency. 2684: 1020:

tries to down-key playfight invitations to "treatment" or "learning," but playfighting also offers youth and staff identificatory respite from the institutional regime. Playfighting is a recurrent pattern in the social life of a youth care institution and sits at the core of what inmates and staff have to deal with

442:, game researcher and theorist Jesper Juul explores the relationship between real rules and unreal scenarios in play, such as winning or losing a game in the real world when played together with real-world friends, but doing so by slaying a dragon in the fantasy world presented in the shared video game. 1423:

Before and after the two hours of play, the children have the opportunity to express their plans and discuss with their peers. After the play, they get the opportunity to draw, write or explain what they did. Then, they watch the videos recorded the same day and explain how they played and comment on

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Social benefits of play have been measured using basic interpersonal values such as getting along with peers. Play with parents reduces anxiety in children. Having play time with parents that involves socially acceptable behaviour makes it easier for children to relate to be more socially adjusted to

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Play and activity tend to decline with age which may result in negative outcomes such as social isolation, depression, and mobility issues. American studies found that only 24% of seniors took part in regular physical activity and only 42% use the internet for entertainment purposes. In comparison to

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for entertainment. Another study indicated a common pattern in game preferences among older adults: seniors often favor activities that encourage mental and physical fitness, incorporate past interests, have some level of competition, and foster a sense of belonging. Researchers investigating play in

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Similar to the data surrounding children and adults, play and activity are associated with improved health and quality of life among seniors. Additionally, play and activity tend to affect successful aging as well as boost well-being throughout the lifespan. Although children, adults, and seniors all

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Although adults who engage in high amounts of play may find themselves described as "childish" or "young at heart" by less playful adults, play is an important activity, regardless of age. Creativity and happiness can result from adult play, where the objective can be more than fun alone, as in adult

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This definition of play as constituting a separate and independent sphere of human activity is sometimes referred to as the "magic circle" notion of play, a phrase also attributed to Huizinga. Many other definitions exist. Jean Piaget stated, "the many theories of play expounded in the past are clear

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Play time can be a way for children to learn the different ways of their culture. Many communities use play to emulate work. The way in which children mimic work through their play can differ according to the opportunities they have access to, but it is something that tends to be promoted by adults.

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Parent interactions at playtime also differ within communities. Parents in the Mayan culture interact with their children in a playful mindset while parents in the United States tend to set aside time to play and teach their children through games and activities. In the Mayan community, children are

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Summing up the formal characteristic of play, we might call it a free activity standing quite consciously outside "ordinary" life as being "not serious" but at the same time absorbing the player intensely and utterly. It is an activity connected with no material interest, and no profit can be gained

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While planning, experimenting, building, and using the structures to play, the children have the opportunity to interact with peers, to think critically about what may work, to discuss the plan, and organize the construction work. The process is observed and recorded by the teachers and instructors

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of the University of California, the communication and attention-getting skills of dogs were investigated. In a natural setting, dyadic play behavior was observed; head-direction and posture was specifically noted. When one of the two dogs was facing away or otherwise preoccupied, attention-getting

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A moderate level of play has numerous positive outcomes in the lives of senior citizens. To support and promote play within the older population, institutions should set up more diverse equipment, improve conditions within recreational areas, and create more video games or online forums that appeal

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The ability to incorporate play into one's routine is important because these activities allow participants to express creativity, improve verbal and non-verbal intelligence, and enhance balance. These benefits may be especially crucial to seniors because cognitive and physical functioning declines

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Contests, team-building exercises, fitness programs, mental health breaks, and other social activities make the work environment fun, interactive, and rewarding. Playfighting, i.e. playful fights or fictive disputes, may contribute to organizations and institutions, as in youth care settings. Staff

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Companies that encourage play at work, whether short breaks throughout the day or during lunch breaks, are more successful because this leads to positive emotion among employees. Risk taking, confidence in presenting novel ideas, and embracing unusual and fresh perspectives are associated with play

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Some cultures, such as Euro-American ones, encourage play time in order to stress cognitive benefits and the importance of learning how to care for one's self. Other cultures, such as people of African American or Asian American heritages, stress more group oriented learning and play where kids can

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in traditional Chinese) is an educational method based on children's self-directed play in outside spaces, using simple tools made of natural material. The teachers and instructors only observe and document the children's independent play. The method was created by Cheng Xueqin and is organized as

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Various forms of play, physical or mental, influence cognitive abilities in individuals. As little as ten minutes of exercise (including physical play), can improve cognitive abilities. An "exergame" is a game that incorporates some physical movement but is not formal exercise. Such games increase

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evolutionary biologist) proposes a "flexibility" hypothesis that attempts to incorporate these neurological findings. It argues that play helps animals learn to switch and improvise all behaviors more effectively, to be prepared for the unexpected. There may, however, be other ways to acquire even

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At an indigenous community of Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in Colombia, children's play is highly valued and encouraged by leaders and parents. They interact with the children of different ages and explore together different environments to let the children express themselves as part of the group.

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uses imagination to transcend what is known in the current state, to create a higher state. For example, a person might experiment to find a new way to use a musical instrument, thereby taking that form of music to a higher plane; or, as Einstein was known to do, a person might wonder about things

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Free-form play gives children the freedom to decide what they want to play and how it will be played. Both the activity and the rules are subject to change in this form, and children can make any changes to the rules or objectives of the play at any time. Some countries in the twenty-first century

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Evolutionary psychologists believe that there must be an important benefit of play, as there are so many other reasons to avoid it; observations have shown it has arisen independently in such varied groups as mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, and invertebrates. Animals are often injured

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Groups of children in Efe of the Democratic Republic of Congo can be seen making ‘food’ from dirt or pretending to shoot bows and arrows much like their elders. These activities are similar to other forms of play worldwide. For instance, children can be seen comforting their toy dolls or animals,

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and games and children's drive for freedom to play. In the colonial era, toys were makeshift and children taught each other very simple games with little adult supervision. The market economy of the 19th century enabled the modern concept of childhood as a distinct, happy life stage. Factory-made

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Play can also influence one's social development and social interactions. Much of the research focuses on the influence play has on child social development. There are different forms of play that influence child social development. One study explored the influence of playing styles with mothers

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Observing play behavior in various species can tell much about the player's environment (including the welfare of the animal), personal needs, social rank (if any), immediate relationships, and eligibility for mating. Play activity, often observed through action and signals, serves as a tool for

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Playing video games is one of the most common mediums of play for children and adults today. There have been mixed reviews on the effects of video games. One study found " was positively associated with skills strongly related to academic success, such as time management, attention, executive

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by it. It proceeds within its own proper boundaries of time and space according to fixed rules and in an orderly manner. It promotes the formation of social groupings that tend to surround themselves with secrecy and to stress the difference from the common world by disguise or other means.

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and social skills, and can even act as a stepping stone into the world of integration, which can be a very stressful process. Play is something that most children partake in, but the way play is executed is different between cultures, and the way that children engage with play varies.

1224:. While mimicking adult behavior, attacking actions such as kicking and biting are not completely fulfilled, so playmates do not generally injure each other. In social animals, playing might also help to establish dominance rankings among the young to avoid conflicts as adults. 1012:, and stress. Decreased stress leads to less illness, which results in lower health care costs. Play at work may help employees function and cope when under stress, refresh body and mind, encourage teamwork, trigger creativity, and increase energy while preventing burnout. 911:. Play also offers adults the opportunity to practice concepts that may not have been explicitly or formally taught (e.g. how to manage misinformation or deceit). Thus, even though play is just one of many tools used by effective adults, it remains a necessary one. 1040:

tend to benefit from play, older adults often perform it in unique ways to account for possible issues, such as health restrictions, limited accessibility, and revised priorities. For this reason, elderly people may partake in physical exercise groups, interactive

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Anji play is also called "true play" and its guiding principles are love, risk, joy, engagement, and reflection. This method of self-initiated and self-directed play is applied at the pre-schools (children from three to six years old) in Anji county, East China.

512:, thousands of local playgrounds and ball fields opened, promoting softball especially as a sport for all ages and genders. By the 21st century, Chudacoff notes, the old tension between parental controls and a child's individual freedom was being played out in 412:. Play can consist of an amusing, pretend, or imaginary activity alone or with another. Some forms of play are rehearsals or trials for later life events, such as "play fighting", pretend social encounters (such as parties with dolls), or flirting. Findings in 1309:

that came into association with each other during food provisioning by pilgrims at the Ambagarh Forest Reserve, near Jaipur, India, shows the interspecific interaction that developed between the juveniles of the two species when opportunity presented itself.

121:. The definition reads as follows: "play is freely chosen, personally directed, intrinsically motivated behaviour that actively engages the child." This definition focuses more on the child's freedom of choice and personal motivation related to an activity. 1176:

communication and expression. Through mimicry, chasing, biting, and touching, animals act out in ways that send messages to one another; whether it's an alert, initiation of play, or expressing intent. When play behavior was observed for a study in

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All around the world, children use natural materials like stones, water, sand, leaves, fruits, sticks, and a variety of resources to play. In addition, there are groups that have access to crafts, industrialized toys, electronics, and video-games.

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for example, players kick a ball in a certain direction and push opponents out of their way as they do so. While appropriate within the sport's play space, these same behaviors might be inappropriate or even illegal outside the playing field.

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Play is positively correlated with coping with daily stressors in children. By playing, children regulate their emotions. This is important for adaptive functioning because without regulation, emotions could be overwhelming and stressful.

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relationship between higher intelligence in humans and its relationship to play, i.e., the relationship of play to the progress of whole evolutionary groups as opposed to the psychological implications of play to a specific individual.

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Parties shall respect and promote the right of the child to participate fully in cultural and artistic life and shall encourage the provision of appropriate and equal opportunities for cultural, artistic, recreational, and leisure

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play by running and leaping as they acquire speed and agility. Hoofed mammals also practice kicking their hind legs to learn to ward off attacks. Indeed, time spent in physical play accelerates motor skill acquisition in wild

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to a point where everything else seems irrelevant. Sport fans can also imagine what it feels like to play for their preferred team. The feelings people experience can be so surreal that it affects their emotions and behavior.

900:" are examples of such creative play. In creative professions, such as design, playfulness can dispel more serious attitudes (such as shame or embarrassment) that impede brainstorming or artistic experimentation in design. 562:

In Brazil, children can be found playing with balls, kites, marbles, pretend houses, or mud kitchens, like in many other countries. In smaller communities they use mud balls, little stones or cashews to replace marbles.

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pleasure and enjoyment. Play is commonly associated with children and juvenile-level activities, but may be engaged in at any life stage, and among other higher-functioning animals as well, most notably

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Play can take the form of improvisation, pretense, interaction, performance, mimicry, games, sports, and thrill-seeking (including extreme or dangerous sports like sky-diving, high-speed racing, etc.).

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suggest that play promotes flexibility of mind, including adaptive practices such as discovering multiple ways to achieve a desired result, or creative ways to improve or reorganize a given situation.

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at work. Play can increase self-reported job satisfaction and well-being. Employees experiencing positive emotions are more cooperative, more social, and perform better when faced with complex tasks.

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Some children in the Sahara use clay figures as their forms of playful toys. Toys in general are a representation of cultural practices. They usually illustrate characters and objects of a community.

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Parties recognize the right of the child to rest and leisure, to engage in play and recreational activities appropriate to the age of the child and to participate freely in cultural life and the arts.

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can provide a positive outcome for youth development. Research shows adolescents are more motivated and engaged in sports than any other activity, and these conditions predict a richer personal and

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physically active play is performed also during periods of low food availability and even if it is at the expense of growth, which highlights the developmental and evolutionary importance of play.

1247:(the outer areas of the brain—part of what distinguishes mammals). There is evidence that play helps the brain clean up this excess of cells, resulting in a more efficient cerebrum at maturity. 1180:, it was discovered that play signals weren't always used to initiate play; rather, these signals were viewed primarily as methods of communication (sharing information and attention-getting). 1057:

older adults are also interested in the benefits of technology and video games as therapeutic tools. These outlets can lower the risk of developing particular diseases, reduce feelings of

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with dedicated equipment and structures to promote active and social play. Some play spaces go even farther in specialization to bring the play indoors, and charge admission, as seen at

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and stress, and promote creativity and the maintenance of cognitive skills. As a result, play has been integrated into physiotherapy and occupational therapy interventions for seniors.

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predicted an increase of those aged 60 and above from 629 million in 2002 to approximately two billion in 2050 but increased life expectancy does not necessarily translate to a better

438:, researchers Katie Salen and Eric Zimmerman outline 18 schemas for games, using them to define "play", "interaction", and "design" formally for behaviorists. Similarly, in his book 2828:

Lockett, Donna; Willis, Alette; Edwards, Nancy (2005). "Through Seniors' Eyes: An Exploratory Qualitative Study to Identify Environmental Barriers to and Facilitators of Walking".

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development. Anxiety, depression and obesity can stem from lack of activity and social interaction. There is a high correlation between the amount of time that youth spend playing

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during play, become distracted from predators, and expend valuable energy. In rare cases, play has even been observed between different species that are natural enemies such as a

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dolls and doll houses delighted young girls. Organized sports filtered down from adults and colleges, and boys learned to play with a bat, a ball, and an impromptu playing field.

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with age. However, it might not be aging itself that is associated with the decline in cognitive and physical capabilities, but the higher levels of inactivity in older adults.

1231:, discovered that the amount of time spent at play for many mammals (e.g. rats and cats) peaks around puberty, and then drops off. This corresponds to the development of the 1044:, and social forums specifically geared towards their needs and interests. One qualitative research study found older adults often chose to engage in specific games such as 993:, and liveliness that play provides. This provides the employee with the sense that they are integrated within the organization, and therefore they feel and perform better. 497:

With the rise of motor vehicle traffic in the 20th century, teenagers were increasingly organized into club sports supervised and coached by adults, with swimming taught at

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The act of play time is a cross-cultural phenomenon that is universally accepted and encouraged by most communities; however, it can differ in the ways that is performed.

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supported in their playing but also encouraged to play while watching their parents do household work in order to become familiar with how to follow in their footsteps.

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Leone, M.; Lariviere, G.; Comtois, A.S. (2002). "Discriminant analysis of anthropometric and biomotor variables among elite adolescent female athletes in four sports".

1468: 974:, during their engagement with a task. While people are engaged in work, positive affect increases the satisfaction they feel from the work, and this increases their 3986:

Raudenská, Jaroslava; Gumančík, Jiří; Raudenský, Martin; Pasqualucci, Alberto; Narvaez Tamayo, Marco Antonio; Varrassi, Giustino; Javůrková, Alena (15 August 2023).

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peers at school or at play. Social development involving child interaction with peers is thus an area of influence for playful interactions with parents and peers.

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Play is often interpreted as frivolous; yet the player can be intently focused on their objective, particularly when play is structured and goal-oriented, as in a

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In Australia, games and sports are part of play. There, play can be considered as preparation for life and self-expression, like in many other countries.

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an infant explores the ways in which his or her body works and interacts with the world, such as making funny sounds or discovering what happens in a fall

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play of learning and language that develops intellect, such as a parent reading aloud to a child, or a child retelling the story in his or her own words

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Free, imaginative play is crucial for normal social, emotional and cognitive development. It makes us better adjusted, smarter and less stressed.

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The social cognitive complexity of numerous species, including dogs, have been explored in experimental studies. In one such study, conducted by

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tasks as well as other tasks. The development of a persistent motivational style charged with positive affect may lead to lasting work success.

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one's heart rate to the level of aerobics exercise and result in significant improvements in mental faculties such as math and recall memory.

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in Alberta, Canada, discovered that play may shape the brain in other ways, too. Young mammals have an overabundance of brain cells in their

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to describe the momentary disruption of perception that comes from forms of physical play that disorient the senses, especially balance.

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Sport activities are one of the most universal forms of play. Different continents have their own popular/dominant sports. For example,

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Beets, M.W.; Pitetti, K H. (2005). "Contribution of physical education and sport to health-related fitness in high school students".

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Free to Learn: Why Unleashing the Instinct to Play Will Make Our Children Happier, More Self-Reliant, and Better Students for Life

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is used as a clinical application of play aimed at treating children who suffer from trauma, emotional issues and other problems.

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Chen, Tinghao; Sun, Kuo-Shun (2012). "Exploring the strategy to improve senior citizens' participations on recreational sports".

3707:"When do octopuses play? Effects of repeated testing, object type, age, and food deprivation on object play in Octopus vulgaris" 5295: 4992: 1416:

two hours of free play during which the children choose the available material they want to use and build structures to play.

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By participating regularly in a variety of sports, children can develop and become more proficient at various skills (such as

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involves others in activities such as tumbling, making faces, and building connections with another child or group of children

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a child invents scenarios from his or her imagination and acts within them as a form of play, such as princess or pirate play

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Youth should have a group of supportive people around them (teammates, coaches, and parents) with positive relationships.

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Galpayage Dona, Hiruni Samadi; Solvi, Cwyn; Kowalewska, Amelia; Mäkelä, Kaarle; MaBouDi, HaDi; Chittka, Lars (2022).

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play by chasing, pouncing, pawing, wrestling, and biting, as they learn to stalk and kill prey. Prey animals such as

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The benefits of parent-child play for the social development of preschoolers with varying levels of anxiety problems

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have added emphasis of free play into their values for children in early childhood, for example Taiwan and Hungary.

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One theory—"play as preparation"—was inspired by the observation that play often mimics adult themes of survival.

6548: 6481: 5836: 5189: 5035: 4480: 3095:"Games for a better life: effects of playing wii games on the well‑being of seniors in a long‑term care facility" 2401:

Brown, E.W.; Clark, M.A.; Ewing, M.E.; Malina, R.M. (1998). "Participation in youth sports: Benefits and risks".

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is used to describe the concept and theory of play and its relationship to rules and game design. In their book,

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As children get older, they engage in board games, video games, and computer play, and in this context the word

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businesses that facilitate play and entertainment, while Children's Museums and Science Centers are typically

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Horowitz, Alexandra (January 2009). "Attention to attention in domestic dog (Canis familiaris) dyadic play".

2297: 509: 1917:"Toys, Play, Culture and Society. An anthropological approach with reference to North Africa and the Sahara" 6726: 6623: 5270: 5116: 5012: 4987: 4758: 3197:"The Development of Social Interaction, Play, and Metacommunication in Mammals: An Ethological Perspective" 1893: 1160:. Animals on the lower strata, e.g. stressed and starving animals, generally do not play. However, in wild 371: 4214:

Sinclair, Jeff; Hingston, Philip; Masek, Martin (2009). "Exergame development using the dual flow model".

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Making sense of developmentally and culturally appropriate practice (DCAP) in early childhood education

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Youth should possess skill development; such as physical, interpersonal, and knowledge about the sport.

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Larson, R.; Kleiber, D.A. (1993). "Daily experience of adolescents". In Tolan, P.; Cohler, B. (eds.).

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behaviors, as much as building general connections in the brain. Sergio Pellis and colleagues at the

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such as playing with toys, banging pots and pans, handling physical things in ways that use curiosity

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Colella, Massimo (2023). "Rinascimento ludens: Girolamo Bargagli ei «giuochi» delle veglie senesi".

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which are not yet known and play with unproven ideas as a bridge to the discovery of new knowledge.

3779:"Locomotor play drives motor skill acquisition at the expense of growth: A life history trade-off" 6628: 5164: 4554: 3420: 2916: 2586: 990: 4526: 4499: 3706: 1823: 1614:

Elbeltagi, Reem; Al-Beltagi, Mohammed; Saeed, Nermin Kamal; Alhawamdeh, Rawan (9 January 2023).

1156:. Yet play seems to be a normal activity with animals who occupy the higher strata of their own 6859: 6270: 6008: 5794: 5699: 5417: 4997: 4836: 4118: 2228: 1945:

A Typology of the Traditional Games of Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples

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Eisenbeiser, Sofia; Serbe-Kamp, Étienne; Gage, Gregory J.; Marzullo, Timothy C. (2022-06-30).

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Hoppes, S.; Hally, C.; Sewell, L. (2000). "An interest inventory of games for older adults".

2291: 1326: 798: 385: 189: 82: 78: 6163: 4424: 3148:"Motivators, Barriers, and Beliefs Regarding Physical Activity in an Older Adult Population" 1794: 1008:, stronger or new social bonds, improved job performance, and a decrease in staff turnover, 6837: 6776: 6676: 6650: 5184: 5111: 5060: 4821: 4796: 4786: 3988:"Play as a Stress-Coping Method Among Children in Light of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review" 3790: 3597: 3432: 3313: 3196: 2728: 2711: 609: 177: 4463: 985:

Work and play are mutually supportive. Employees need to experience the sense of newness,

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Burghardt, Gordon M.; Dinets, Vladimir; Murphy, James B. (2015). Ebensperger, L. (ed.).

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Regular participation in sport and physical activity is associated with a lower risk of

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Weiss, Maureen R. (2008). "Field of dreams: Sport as a Context for Youth Development".

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Youth should have experiences that are on par with their needs and developmental level.

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Barabanov, Valerij; Gulimova, Victoria; Berdiev, Rustam; Saveliev, Sergey (May 2015).

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American historian Howard Chudacoff studied the interplay between parental control of

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with defined rules take place within designated play spaces, such as sports fields—in

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Older adults represent one of the fastest growing populations around the world. The

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Proceedings of the 2012 ACM Annual Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems

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showcase countries competing with each other and are broadcast all over the world.

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Kuba, Michael J.; Byrne, Ruth A.; Meisel, Daniela V.; Mather, Jennifer A. (2006).

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Imaginative play and role play may allow adults to practice useful habits such as

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Costello, Ellen; Kafchinski, Marcia; Vrazel, JoEllen; Sullivan, Patricia (2011).

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Youth should be able to make their own decisions about their sport participation.

733: 291: 193: 17: 4319:. Translated by Barash, Meyer. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press. 3722: 3061:

Hoppes, S.; Wilcox, T.; Graham, G. (2001). "Meanings of play for older adults".

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Singer, Dorothy G.; Singer, Jerome L.; D'Agostino, Heidi; DeLong, Raeka (2009).

211:

The California-based National Institute for Play describes seven play patterns:

7120: 7004: 6944: 6608: 6603: 6593: 6588: 6553: 6184: 5562: 5310: 5290: 5285: 5275: 5235: 4912: 4841: 4631: 3265:"Play behaviour by captive tree monitors, Varanus macraei and Varanus prasinus" 2242: 1696: 1616:"Play therapy in children with autism: Its role, implications, and limitations" 1349: 1305: 1093: 1029: 740:

Give children ample, unscheduled time to be creative to reflect and decompress.

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Brady, F. (2004). "Children's organized sports: A developmental perspective".

1995: 1266:

Playing in the surf is among the favorite activities of children at the beach.

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Proceedings of the Sixth Australasian Conference on Interactive Entertainment

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Proceedings from the 6th Australasian Conference on Interactive Entertainment

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Playing games may promote a persistent and optimistic motivational style and

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The Interrelationship of Leisure and Play: Play as Leisure, Leisure as Play

4396: 4092: 4023: 3938: 3929: 3912: 3855: 3820: 3802: 3738: 3570: 3527:"Salmonid Jumping and Playing: Potential Cultural and Welfare Implications" 3511: 3452: 3243: 3173: 2987: 2841: 2550: 2515: 2374: 2250: 2183: 1877: 1651: 1291: 1053: 997: 641: 413: 379: 375: 355: 348: 58: 44: 3649: 3074: 3047: 3001:

Aarhus, Rikke; Gronvall, Erik; Larsen, Simon B.; Wollsen, Susanne (2011).

2506: 2489: 2313:"Children's Pastimes and Play in Sixteen Nations: Is Free-Play Declining?" 2219:

Larson, R.W. (2000). "Toward a psychology of positive youth development".

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Another definition of play from the twenty-first century comes from the

16:"Playing" redirects here. For the jazz album by Old and New Dreams, see 7049: 6994: 6989: 6979: 6974: 6827: 6701: 6563: 6558: 6514: 6336: 6145: 6113: 5978: 5903: 5871: 5851: 5724: 5714: 5674: 5654: 5612: 5280: 5174: 4977: 4902: 4846: 4816: 4753: 4651: 3543: 1723: 1384: 1232: 1149: 1001: 975: 936: 661: 653: 625: 621: 513: 344: 331: 205: 3609: 3586:"Highly Repetitive Object Play in a Cichlid Fish ( Tropheus duboisi )" 3406:

10.1002/(SICI)1098-2361(1996)15:3<223::AID-ZOO3>3.0.CO;2-D

2716:

Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior

2648:

Erez & Isen, 2002; Isen, Daubman, & Nowicki, 1987; Staw &

2488:

Kawabe, H.; Murata, K.; Shibata, H.; Hirose, H.; Tsujiola, M. (2000).

1520:. Translated by Gattegno, C.; Hodgson, F.M. New York: Norton. p. 7034: 6900: 6879: 6761: 6686: 6638: 6568: 6523: 6384: 6130: 6128: 6121: 6119: 6096: 5973: 5806: 5784: 5774: 5729: 5709: 5679: 5669: 5644: 5567: 5516: 4971: 4942: 4917: 4801: 4656: 4570: 3985: 2685:"National Health Costs Could Decrease if Managers Reduce Work Stress" 2665:

Robinson, Lawrence; Smith, Melinda; Segal, Jeanne; Shubin, Jennifer.

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is a form of competition that requires cooperation with a partner.

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first published in 1944 with several subsequent editions, in which

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Toys are often arranged by children in extraordinary circumstances

743:

Give children "true" toys, such as blocks or dolls for creativity.

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anything that they have modeled from adults in their communities.

324:

such as children pretending to be animals or a storybook character

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Cognitive effects and academic consequences of video game playing

3468:"Gills Just Want to Have Fun: Can Fish Play Games, Just like Us?" 3465: 2918:

State of world population 2002: People, poverty and possibilities

1337:. Some of the earliest studies of play started in the 1890s with 897: 896:

expression of the arts, or curiosity-driven science. Some adult "

848: 840: 788: 773: 769: 765: 693: 689: 677: 657: 424: 271: 6291: 6212: 4113:(2012). "The acute cognitive benefits of casual exergame play". 3346: 3145: 2310: 2131:

Sheed, Wilson (1995). "Endangered pastimes: Why sports matter".

919:

There has been extensive research on the benefits of play among

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Play and Evolution: Second Thoughts on the Behaviour of Animals

2774:

Wästerfors, David (2016). "Playfights as Trouble and Respite".

1005: 717: 673: 649: 613: 605: 597: 173: 63: 1797:

Half-Real: Video Games between Real Rules and Fictional Worlds

780:, etc.) if they focus on skill mastery and development. Young 440:

Half-Real: Video Games between Real Rules and Fictional Worlds

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Morelli, Gilda A.; Rogoff, Barbara; Angelillo, Cathy (2003).

1354: 1216: 1124: 932: 924: 920: 888: 792: 405: 200:. Family Entertainment Centers (or Play Zones) are typically 4539: 3349:"Object play in thick-toed geckos during a space experiment" 3093:

Jung, Y.; Li, K.J.; Ng, J.S.; Wong, G.L.C.; Lee, K. (2009).

1861:"Cultural Variations in Parental Support of Children's Play" 547:

This elephant was made out of mud during play with children.

218:

establishes a connection, such as between newborn and mother

6660: 6448: 6440: 5898: 5821: 5659: 4728: 4534: 4335:"Play as a Foundation for Hunter-Gatherer Social Existence" 3633:"Probable Play Behavior in a Surgeonfish (Naso vlamingii )" 3000: 2155:

Handbook of Clinical Research and Practice with Adolescents

1553:. National Playing Fields Association. 2000. Archived from 1212: 1208: 1204: 1192: 1109: 1004:

and innovation, higher job satisfaction, greater workplace

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such as playing with toy versions of food in a play kitchen

163: 74: 67: 5372: 3388:

Burghardt, Gordon M.; Ward, Brian; Rosscoe, Roger (1996).

1420:

without intervention, even in instances of possible risk.

312:

such as playing on a team or making up a new game together

94:

The seminal text in the field of play studies is the book

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Bateson, Gregory (1955). "A theory of play and fantasy".

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Diener, Ed; Thapa, Stuti; Tay, Louis (21 January 2020).

1476:(3rd ed.). London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. 4170:(Master of Science thesis). University of Mississippi. 4055:

Capurso, Michele; Ragni, Benedetta (26 December 2016).

3948:

The Genius of Play: Celebrating the Spirit of Childhood

2635: 2633: 1690: 1235:, suggesting that play is not so much about practicing 868: 114:

proof that the phenomenon is difficult to understand."

6225: 3776: 2017:

Gosso, Yumi; Almeida Carvalho, Ana Maria (June 2013).

1974: 6062: 6039: 4213: 3879:"Interspecific Play Behaviour between Hanuman Langur 3704: 3583: 2902:

Sport and Exercise Psychology: A Canadian Perspective

2528: 2455:

Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance

2400: 2016: 1547:

Best Play: What Play Provision Should Do For Children

1365:

Evolutionary psychologists have begun to explore the

283:

Another classification system uses these categories:

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control, memory, and spatial abilities—when playing

1470:

Homo Ludens: A Study of the Play Element in Culture

688:it is an important part of "civilization process". 445:Play is explicitly recognized in Article 31 of the 3060: 1915: 1513: 855:. Young athletes have shown lower levels of total 318:such as making up a new story or drawing a picture 3302:"Precocious Courtship and Play in Emydid Turtles" 3063:Physical & Occupational Therapy in Geriatrics 3036:Physical & Occupational Therapy in Geriatrics 3033: 2627:Prodaniuk, Plotnikoff, Spence, & Wilson, 2004 1858: 1329:has been long recognized as a critical aspect of 966:. Positive affect enhances people's experiences, 7145: 2962:"The Fun Culture in Seniors' Online Communities" 2660: 2658: 1666:"Unstructured Vs Structured Play & Examples" 465: 4328:(in Italian). Vol. XXVII. pp. 87–118. 3777:Berghänel, A.; Schülke, O.; Ostner, J. (2015). 3637:International Journal of Comparative Psychology 3299: 1984:International Journal of Behavioral Development 519: 4231:"Child's play preparations for future success" 4203:(Master of Arts thesis). Concordia University. 4104: 4102: 3300:Kramer, Matthew; Burghardt, Gordon M. (1998). 2914: 2709: 1777: 1587:International Journal of Early Years Education 1373: 6999:(American 'crib' and 'cradle', British 'cot') 6489: 6454: 6438: 5388: 4555: 3891:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 3876: 3088: 3086: 3084: 2655: 2152: 1767:. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. 1449:. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. 1410: 1404: 1253:Humans and non-human animals playing in water 208:organisations for educational entertainment. 33:Voluntary, intrinsically motivated recreation 4054: 3772: 3770: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3092: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2352: 1894:"Culture and Development in Children's Play" 1762: 536:learn what they can do with and for others. 347:(cooperative and competitive) or building a 6390: 6367: 6358: 6349: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4099: 2023:Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development 1313: 996:Incorporating play at work results in more 384:In young children, play is associated with 6503: 6496: 6482: 5495:Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues 5395: 5381: 4562: 4548: 4403: 4371:"Physical Activity and School Performance" 4108: 3630: 3081: 2773: 2279:. Archived from the original on 2017-04-24 1462: 1460: 1458: 1456: 827:increased likelihood of maintaining weight 4386: 4295: 4122: 4082: 4072: 4013: 4003: 3945: 3928: 3810: 3767: 3753:"Stuart Brown says play is more than fun" 3689: 3648: 3560: 3542: 3501: 3483: 3418: 3364: 3276: 3163: 3132: 3018: 2977: 2938: 2848: 2802: 2727: 2505: 2232: 2164:Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 2071:"Top 10 Most Popular Sports in The World" 1909: 1907: 1876: 1865:Online Readings in Psychology and Culture 1840: 1641: 1631: 1598: 4422: 4314: 4228: 4193: 4182: 3910: 3833: 2570: 2568: 1914:Rossie, Jean-Pierre (21 November 2013). 1737: 1516:Play, Dreams, and Imitation in Childhood 1466: 1317: 1182: 882: 565: 542: 523: 469: 449:(adopted by the General Assembly of the 418: 270: 128: 35: 5542:Values in Action Inventory of Strengths 4323: 4282: 3877:Manohar, B. Ram; Mathur, Reena (1992). 2899: 2861: 1941: 1780:Rules of Play: Game Design Fundamentals 1453: 1290:these benefits of play (the concept of 907:, which is helpful in managing fear or 7146: 4445: 4431:. Houndmills, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. 4163: 3225: 3194: 2959: 2729:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012119-044908 2604: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2270: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2218: 1970: 1968: 1913: 1904: 1854: 1852: 1778:Salen, Katie; Zimmerman, Eric (2003). 1684: 1580: 1511: 1444: 760:Research findings on benefits in youth 656:are played amongst common folks, with 453:, November 29, 1989), which declares: 6477: 5376: 4543: 4464:10.1038/scientificamericanmind0209-22 4368: 3631:Tribelhorn, Gunnar Wyn (2024-07-16). 3524: 3419:Burghardt, Gordon M. (January 2015). 3152:Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy 2895: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2753:"Playing at work and working at play" 2750: 2608: 2565: 2452: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2161: 2130: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2065: 2063: 2041: 1843:Children at Play: An American History 1716: 1576: 1574: 447:Convention on the Rights of the Child 6614:Infant respiratory distress syndrome 4360: 4332: 4253: 3421:"Play in fishes, frogs and reptiles" 3262: 2609:Henig, Robin M. (17 February 2008). 2048:Harvard Graduate School of Education 1891: 1792: 1620:World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics 704: 501:and through supervised playgrounds. 158:Structured play has clearly defined 5527:Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers 4045:Campos, Frankel, & Camras, 2004 2776:Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 2593: 2257: 1965: 1859:Vandermaas-Peeler, Maureen (2002). 1849: 1801:. Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press. 1717:Braga, Matthew (6 September 2022). 797:enhanced functioning and health of 648:are played professionally; however 354:Separate from self-initiated play, 119:National Playing Fields Association 13: 5362:Parents Against Child Exploitation 4276: 3326:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1998.tb00028.x 2882: 2576:"Tim Brown on Creativity and Play" 2522: 2481: 2431: 2381: 2367:10.1111/j.1746-1561.2005.tb00005.x 2333: 2201: 2117: 2060: 1821: 1782:. Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press. 1740:Doctor Toy's Smart Play Smart Toys 1719:"How Do You Make the Perfect Toy?" 1571: 1297:A study on two species of monkeys 978:and improves their performance on 396:and recreation often incorporates 184:Other designed play spaces can be 162:and rules. Such play is called a " 145:wrote about play in his 1961 book 14: 7185: 5332:Mothers Apart from Their Children 4474: 3711:Journal of Comparative Psychology 2904:(2nd ed.). Toronto: Pearson. 2667:"The Benefits of Play for Adults" 4508: 4408:. Utrecht: International Books. 4388:10.1111/j.1746-1561.2005.00026.x 4256:"How Did "Anji Play" Go Global?" 1824:"What Park Did You Hang Out At?" 1344:Modern research in the field of 1271: 1259: 1132: 1117: 1101: 1086: 1076: 859:and other favorable profiles in 570:Child playing around the kitchen 6549:Breastfeeding and mental health 5190:Management of domestic violence 5036:Corporal punishment in the home 4535:The National Institute for Play 4247: 4222: 4207: 4157: 4048: 4039: 4036:Goldstein & Russ, 2000–2001 4030: 3979: 3967: 3901: 3870: 3827: 3745: 3698: 3665: 3624: 3577: 3518: 3459: 3412: 3381: 3340: 3293: 3256: 3219: 3201:The Quarterly Review of Biology 3188: 3054: 3027: 2994: 2908: 2767: 2744: 2703: 2677: 2642: 2621: 2413: 2304: 2143: 2093: 2042:Bauld, Andrew (7 August 2017). 2035: 2010: 1935: 1885: 1834: 1815: 1786: 1771: 1756: 1731: 1227:John Byers, a zoologist at the 728:(e.g., subjective well-being), 724:(e.g., better general health), 492: 5480:Catalogue of Vices and Virtues 5347:National Fatherhood Initiative 2467:10.1080/07303084.2004.10608557 2176:10.1080/02701367.2008.10599510 1710: 1693:"The Science–Patterns of Play" 1658: 1607: 1538: 1505: 1438: 1127:cubs playing with their mother 696:in sports can influence one's 343:Some forms overlap, such as a 89: 1: 6544:Breastfeeding and medications 5352:National Parents Organization 5077:Adverse childhood experiences 4569: 4404:Kortmulder, Koenraad (1998). 4296:Burghardt, Gordon M. (2006). 3950:. Melbourne: Hawthorn Press. 3911:Ginsburg, Kenneth R. (2007). 3691:10.1016/j.anbehav.2022.08.013 1691:National Institute for Play. 1600:10.1080/09669760.2018.1527278 1431: 612:(also known as ‘football’ in 510:Works Progress Administration 466:History of childhood playtime 351:(construction and creative). 7106:Neonatal withdrawal syndrome 6727:Infant cognitive development 6624:Neonatal intensive care unit 6129: 6120: 6097: 5117:Effects of domestic violence 4759:Social emotional development 4500:Resources in other libraries 4423:Stebbins, Robert A. (2015). 4285:Psychiatric Research Reports 3525:Fagen, Robert (2017-05-30). 3165:10.1519/jpt.0b013e31820e0e71 2900:Crocker, Peter R.E. (2011). 2876:10.1016/j.knosys.2011.07.008 2757:Kansas Employment Law Letter 2271:Bilich, Karin (2006-10-25). 2077:. 2014-09-08. Archived from 1398: 1278:Dolphins playing in the surf 914: 520:Cultural differences of play 306:such as building with blocks 198:Family Entertainment Centers 7: 7030:Supplemental nursing system 6226: 6063: 6040: 5402: 4933:Identification (psychology) 4448:"The Serious Need for Play" 4194:Sullivan, Caroline (2003). 3723:10.1037/0735-7036.120.3.184 3271:(149, Autumn 2019): 28–31. 3263:Kane, Daniel (2019-10-01). 3020:10.4017/gt.2011.10.2.005.00 2712:"Positive Emotions at Work" 2019:"Play and Cultural Context" 1738:Auerbach, Stevanne (2004). 1374:Physical, mental and social 863:parameters associated with 732:(e.g., school grades), and 684:. According to sociologist 361: 240:imaginative or pretend play 10: 7190: 6782:Prenatal development table 6722:Irritant diaper dermatitis 5357:Parent–teacher association 5132:Parental abuse by children 5013:Positive Parenting Program 4963:Parent management training 4958:Normative social influence 4527:Encyclopedia: Play Science 4298:The Genesis of Animal Play 4254:Jing, Chang (2016-10-26). 2751:Byers, Boyd (2007-02-23). 2531:Journal of Sports Sciences 2421:"Why Sports Are Important" 2243:10.1037/0003-066x.55.1.170 1841:Chudacoff, Howard (2008). 1096:playing with a monkey doll 1023: 959:, and boot-camp sessions. 589: 365: 15: 7101:Prenatal cocaine exposure 7058: 6889:Infant care and equipment 6888: 6806:Socialization and Culture 6805: 6717:Infant visual development 6669: 6584:Infant and toddler safety 6512: 6410: 6328: 6155: 6082: 6032: 5555: 5453: 5410: 5342:National Childbirth Trust 5319: 5228: 5145: 5137:Stress in early childhood 5069: 5021: 4880: 4857:Taking children seriously 4777: 4689:Applied behavior analysis 4672: 4577: 4495:Resources in your library 3975:Affective Neuroscience 98 3946:Jenkinson, Sally (2001). 3848:10.1007/s10071-008-0175-y 3445:10.1016/j.cub.2014.10.027 3366:10.1007/s10164-015-0426-8 2543:10.1080/02640410252925116 2403:Spotlight on Youth Sports 2296:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 1996:10.1080/01650250244000335 1763:Sutton-Smith, B. (1997). 1411: 1405: 1073:to the needs of seniors. 878: 585: 528:Museum of toys – Portugal 372:Children's street culture 104:defines play as follows: 23:. For the 2007 film, see 7111:Parental child abduction 6634:Oral rehydration therapy 4998:The talk (sex education) 4709:Developmental psychology 4522:American Journal of Play 4446:Wenner, Melinda (2009). 4375:Journal of School Health 4342:American Journal of Play 4300:. Cambridge: MIT Press. 4164:Hollis, Sean D. (2014). 4074:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01953 3226:Ficken, S. (July 1977). 2788:10.1177/0891241614554087 2355:Journal of School Health 2320:American Journal of Play 2273:"The Importance of Play" 1742:. Educational Insights. 1424:each other's creations. 1314:Development and learning 1241:University of Lethbridge 479:Pieter Bruegel the Elder 124: 7116:Parental responsibility 6629:Newborn care and safety 5205:Parental responsibility 5165:Cost of raising a child 4229:Euronews (2016-08-10). 4133:10.1145/2207676.2208323 4061:Frontiers in Psychology 3269:Herpetological Bulletin 3110:10.1145/1746050.1746055 2915:United Nations (1996). 2864:Knowledge-Based Systems 2611:"Taking Play Seriously" 2044:"The Diversity of Play" 1900:. New York: Peter Lang. 1409:in simplified Chinese, 1387:occurs in moderation". 1139:Tigers playing in water 81:), but it also aids in 55:intrinsically motivated 6860:Grandparent visitation 6455: 6439: 6391: 6368: 6359: 6350: 4369:Taras, Howard (2009). 4315:Caillois, R. (2001) . 3930:10.1542/peds.2006-2697 3803:10.1126/sciadv.1500451 3674:"Do bumble bees play?" 2960:Nimrod, Galit (2010). 1878:10.9707/2307-0919.1054 1845:. New York: NYU Press. 1583:"The play's the thing" 1346:affective neuroscience 1323: 1300:Semnopithecus entellus 1287:University of Colorado 1196: 892: 865:cardiovascular disease 571: 548: 529: 481: 427: 423:Children playing in a 280: 134: 111: 47: 6619:Infant sleep training 5944:Righteous indignation 5327:Families Need Fathers 4888:After-school activity 4812:Concerted cultivation 4807:Buddha-like parenting 4739:Nature versus nurture 4704:Cognitive development 4517:at Wikimedia Commons 4260:China Education Daily 3650:10.46867/IJCP...20283 3195:Bekoff, Marc (1972). 3075:10.1300/j148v18n03_04 3048:10.1300/j148v18n02_05 2979:10.1093/geront/gnq084 2689:HBS Working Knowledge 2507:10.1291/hypres.23.227 2494:Hypertension Research 2221:American Psychologist 1942:Edwards, Ken (2012). 1793:Juul, Jesper (2011). 1765:The Ambiguity of Play 1633:10.5409/wjcp.v12.i1.1 1581:Murray, Jane (2018). 1512:Piaget, Jean (1962). 1467:Huizinga, J. (1980). 1327:Learning through play 1321: 1186: 886: 680:activity or within a 664:. Events such as The 590:Further information: 569: 546: 527: 473: 422: 392:. Play that promotes 386:cognitive development 366:Further information: 330:such as playing with 274: 132: 106: 83:cognitive development 79:hand-eye coordination 39: 6777:Prenatal development 6677:Attachment parenting 6651:Shaken baby syndrome 5462:Bodhipakkhiyā dhammā 5185:Right to family life 5112:Dysfunctional family 4822:Free-range parenting 4797:Attachment parenting 4787:Achievement ideology 4317:Man, play, and games 4005:10.7759/cureus.43550 3244:10.1093/auk/94.3.573 2639:Ventura et al., 2013 2133:The Wilson Quarterly 178:association football 57:activities done for 7091:Infant ear piercing 5532:Theological virtues 5435:Positive psychology 5200:Parental alienation 5127:Narcissistic parent 5051:Positive discipline 4872:Work at home parent 4852:Strict father model 4837:Nurturant parenting 4744:Parental investment 4579:Kinship terminology 4452:Scientific American 4326:La parola del testo 3883:and Rhesus Macaque 3795:2015SciA....1E0451B 3602:2015Ethol.121...38B 3485:10.3390/ani12131684 3437:2015CBio...25...R9B 3353:Journal of Ethology 3318:1998Ethol.104...38K 3278:10.33256/hb149.2831 2427:. 28 November 2018. 2157:. pp. 125–145. 1828:Somerville Archives 1822:Warner, Stephanie. 1445:Garvey, C. (1990). 1229:University of Idaho 676:can be played as a 504:Under the American 148:Man, Play and Games 6599:Infant food safety 5964:Self-transcendence 5556:Individual virtues 5500:Nine Noble Virtues 5429:Nicomachean Ethics 5246:T. Berry Brazelton 4983:Social integration 4719:Identity formation 4356:. ERIC #EJ1069037. 3881:Presbytis entellus 3544:10.3390/ani7060042 2615:The New York Times 2101:"Story of Cricket" 1324: 1197: 1169:Alexandra Horowitz 1158:hierarchy of needs 893: 784:can also develop: 572: 549: 530: 482: 428: 300:such as a footrace 290:such as solving a 281: 190:Children's Museums 135: 48: 7141: 7140: 7001: 6838:Children's rights 6752:Object permanence 6574:Failure to thrive 6471: 6470: 6467: 6466: 5618:Conscientiousness 5485:Epistemic virtues 5370: 5369: 5180:Family disruption 5102:Cinderella effect 5082:Child abandonment 5056:Tactical ignoring 4953:Moral development 4832:Helicopter parent 4827:Gatekeeper parent 4792:Atlas personality 4769:Social psychology 4714:Human development 4699:Child development 4684:Attachment theory 4513:Media related to 4481:Library resources 4415:978-90-5727-013-0 4361:Gray, P. (2013), 4333:Gray, P. (2009). 4307:978-0-262-52469-8 4142:978-1-4503-1015-4 3957:978-1-903458-04-4 3610:10.1111/eth.12312 2966:The Gerontologist 2931:978-0-89714-650-0 2691:. 26 January 2015 2425:Sports Domain Lab 2105:BBC World Service 1958:978-0-9872359-0-9 1892:Hyun, E. (1998). 1749:978-1-56767-652-5 1672:. 7 December 2016 1670:Playground Centre 1483:978-0-7100-0578-6 1335:child development 1222:Assamese macaques 1162:Assamese macaques 799:cardiorespiratory 705:Benefits in youth 640:, sports such as 634:American football 620:countries prefer 303:construction play 277:three-legged race 264:storytelling play 133:People having fun 7181: 6997: 6682:Baby-led weaning 6498: 6491: 6484: 6475: 6474: 6460: 6444: 6396: 6373: 6364: 6355: 6231: 6134: 6125: 6102: 6068: 6045: 6030: 6029: 5959:Self-cultivation 5512:Prussian virtues 5475:Cardinal virtues 5397: 5390: 5383: 5374: 5373: 5220:Shared parenting 5031:Blanket training 5023:Child discipline 4663:In loco parentis 4642:Shared parenting 4564: 4557: 4550: 4541: 4540: 4512: 4470: 4442: 4430: 4419: 4400: 4390: 4365: 4357: 4339: 4329: 4320: 4311: 4292: 4270: 4269: 4267: 4266: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4242: 4241: 4235:www.euronews.com 4226: 4220: 4219: 4211: 4205: 4204: 4202: 4191: 4180: 4179: 4161: 4155: 4154: 4126: 4117:. p. 1863. 4106: 4097: 4096: 4086: 4076: 4052: 4046: 4043: 4037: 4034: 4028: 4027: 4017: 4007: 3983: 3977: 3971: 3965: 3961: 3942: 3932: 3905: 3899: 3898: 3874: 3868: 3867: 3836:Animal Cognition 3831: 3825: 3824: 3814: 3783:Science Advances 3774: 3765: 3764: 3759:. Archived from 3749: 3743: 3742: 3702: 3696: 3695: 3693: 3678:Animal Behaviour 3669: 3663: 3662: 3652: 3628: 3622: 3621: 3581: 3575: 3574: 3564: 3546: 3522: 3516: 3515: 3505: 3487: 3463: 3457: 3456: 3416: 3410: 3409: 3385: 3379: 3378: 3368: 3344: 3338: 3337: 3297: 3291: 3290: 3280: 3260: 3254: 3253: 3251: 3250: 3223: 3217: 3216: 3192: 3186: 3185: 3167: 3143: 3130: 3129: 3099: 3090: 3079: 3078: 3058: 3052: 3051: 3031: 3025: 3024: 3022: 2998: 2992: 2991: 2981: 2957: 2936: 2935: 2923: 2912: 2906: 2905: 2897: 2880: 2879: 2859: 2846: 2845: 2825: 2800: 2799: 2771: 2765: 2764: 2759:. Archived from 2748: 2742: 2741: 2731: 2707: 2701: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2681: 2675: 2674: 2662: 2653: 2646: 2640: 2637: 2628: 2625: 2619: 2618: 2606: 2591: 2590: 2585:. Archived from 2572: 2563: 2562: 2526: 2520: 2519: 2509: 2485: 2479: 2478: 2450: 2429: 2428: 2417: 2411: 2410: 2398: 2379: 2378: 2350: 2331: 2330: 2328: 2322:. Archived from 2317: 2308: 2302: 2301: 2295: 2287: 2285: 2284: 2268: 2255: 2254: 2236: 2216: 2199: 2195: 2158: 2147: 2141: 2140: 2128: 2115: 2114: 2112: 2111: 2097: 2091: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2067: 2058: 2057: 2055: 2054: 2039: 2033: 2032: 2030: 2029: 2014: 2008: 2007: 1981: 1972: 1963: 1962: 1950: 1939: 1933: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1919: 1911: 1902: 1901: 1889: 1883: 1882: 1880: 1856: 1847: 1846: 1838: 1832: 1831: 1819: 1813: 1812: 1800: 1790: 1784: 1783: 1775: 1769: 1768: 1760: 1754: 1753: 1735: 1729: 1728: 1714: 1708: 1707: 1705: 1704: 1695:. Archived from 1688: 1682: 1681: 1679: 1677: 1662: 1656: 1655: 1645: 1635: 1611: 1605: 1604: 1602: 1578: 1569: 1568: 1566: 1565: 1559: 1552: 1542: 1536: 1535: 1519: 1509: 1503: 1502: 1500: 1498: 1492: 1486:. Archived from 1475: 1464: 1451: 1450: 1442: 1414: 1413: 1408: 1407: 1275: 1263: 1178:Tonkean macaques 1136: 1121: 1105: 1090: 1059:social isolation 905:learned optimism 811:, mobility, and 803:muscular systems 608:countries enjoy 475:Children's Games 368:Children's games 309:cooperative play 297:competitive play 7189: 7188: 7184: 7183: 7182: 7180: 7179: 7178: 7154:Play (activity) 7144: 7143: 7142: 7137: 7131:Paternity fraud 7081:Closed adoption 7054: 7010:Infant clothing 6985:Haberman Feeder 6955:Car seat safety 6884: 6865:Infant swimming 6843:UN Child rights 6801: 6712:Gestational age 6665: 6508: 6502: 6472: 6463: 6406: 6324: 6151: 6078: 6028: 5551: 5537:Three Treasures 5454:Virtue families 5449: 5423:Moral character 5406: 5401: 5371: 5366: 5315: 5296:Matthew Sanders 5251:Rudolf Dreikurs 5224: 5210:Parents' rights 5170:Deadbeat parent 5147: 5141: 5065: 5017: 4993:The talk (race) 4876: 4867:Tiger parenting 4773: 4668: 4617:Extended family 4573: 4568: 4506: 4505: 4504: 4489: 4488: 4486:Play (activity) 4484: 4477: 4439: 4416: 4337: 4308: 4279: 4277:Further reading 4274: 4273: 4264: 4262: 4252: 4248: 4239: 4237: 4227: 4223: 4212: 4208: 4200: 4192: 4183: 4162: 4158: 4143: 4124:10.1.1.248.3183 4107: 4100: 4053: 4049: 4044: 4040: 4035: 4031: 3984: 3980: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3958: 3906: 3902: 3875: 3871: 3832: 3828: 3775: 3768: 3751: 3750: 3746: 3703: 3699: 3670: 3666: 3629: 3625: 3582: 3578: 3523: 3519: 3464: 3460: 3425:Current Biology 3417: 3413: 3386: 3382: 3345: 3341: 3298: 3294: 3261: 3257: 3248: 3246: 3224: 3220: 3193: 3189: 3144: 3133: 3097: 3091: 3082: 3059: 3055: 3032: 3028: 3007:Gerontechnology 2999: 2995: 2958: 2939: 2932: 2921: 2913: 2909: 2898: 2883: 2860: 2849: 2826: 2803: 2772: 2768: 2749: 2745: 2708: 2704: 2694: 2692: 2683: 2682: 2678: 2663: 2656: 2647: 2643: 2638: 2631: 2626: 2622: 2607: 2594: 2574: 2573: 2566: 2527: 2523: 2486: 2482: 2451: 2432: 2419: 2418: 2414: 2399: 2382: 2351: 2334: 2326: 2315: 2309: 2305: 2289: 2288: 2282: 2280: 2269: 2258: 2234:10.1.1.468.2523 2217: 2202: 2198: 2148: 2144: 2129: 2118: 2109: 2107: 2099: 2098: 2094: 2084: 2082: 2069: 2068: 2061: 2052: 2050: 2040: 2036: 2027: 2025: 2015: 2011: 1979: 1973: 1966: 1959: 1948: 1940: 1936: 1926: 1924: 1912: 1905: 1890: 1886: 1857: 1850: 1839: 1835: 1820: 1816: 1809: 1791: 1787: 1776: 1772: 1761: 1757: 1750: 1736: 1732: 1715: 1711: 1702: 1700: 1689: 1685: 1675: 1673: 1664: 1663: 1659: 1612: 1608: 1579: 1572: 1563: 1561: 1557: 1550: 1544: 1543: 1539: 1532: 1510: 1506: 1496: 1494: 1490: 1484: 1473: 1465: 1454: 1443: 1439: 1434: 1401: 1376: 1339:G. Stanley Hall 1316: 1285:Marc Bekoff (a 1283: 1282: 1281: 1280: 1279: 1276: 1268: 1267: 1264: 1255: 1254: 1145: 1144: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1128: 1122: 1113: 1106: 1097: 1091: 1079: 1034:quality of life 1026: 980:problem-solving 970:, and sense of 964:positive affect 917: 881: 762: 734:social benefits 707: 594: 588: 522: 495: 468: 382: 364: 215:attunement play 194:Science Centers 127: 92: 34: 31: 12: 11: 5: 7187: 7177: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7139: 7138: 7136: 7135: 7134: 7133: 7123: 7121:Parenting plan 7118: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7062: 7060: 7056: 7055: 7053: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7005:Infant carrier 7002: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6945:Baby transport 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6903: 6898: 6892: 6890: 6886: 6885: 6883: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6846: 6845: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6809: 6807: 6803: 6802: 6800: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6673: 6671: 6667: 6666: 6664: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6642: 6641: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6609:Infant massage 6606: 6604:Infant formula 6601: 6596: 6594:Infant feeding 6591: 6589:Infant bathing 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6554:Bottle feeding 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6520: 6518: 6510: 6509: 6507:and their care 6501: 6500: 6493: 6486: 6478: 6469: 6468: 6465: 6464: 6462: 6461: 6452: 6445: 6436: 6429: 6422: 6414: 6412: 6408: 6407: 6405: 6404: 6397: 6388: 6381: 6374: 6365: 6356: 6347: 6340: 6332: 6330: 6326: 6325: 6323: 6322: 6315: 6308: 6295: 6288: 6281: 6274: 6267: 6260: 6253: 6246: 6239: 6232: 6223: 6216: 6209: 6202: 6195: 6188: 6181: 6174: 6167: 6159: 6157: 6153: 6152: 6150: 6149: 6142: 6135: 6126: 6117: 6110: 6103: 6094: 6086: 6084: 6080: 6079: 6077: 6076: 6069: 6060: 6053: 6046: 6036: 6034: 6027: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5895: 5894: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5803: 5802: 5797: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5636: 5635: 5630: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5563:Accountability 5559: 5557: 5553: 5552: 5550: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5465: 5457: 5455: 5451: 5450: 5448: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5425: 5420: 5414: 5412: 5408: 5407: 5400: 5399: 5392: 5385: 5377: 5368: 5367: 5365: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5337:Mothers' Union 5334: 5329: 5323: 5321: 5317: 5316: 5314: 5313: 5311:Benjamin Spock 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5291:Penelope Leach 5288: 5286:Annette Lareau 5283: 5278: 5276:Alan E. Kazdin 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5236:Mary Ainsworth 5232: 5230: 5226: 5225: 5223: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5151: 5149: 5148:social aspects 5143: 5142: 5140: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5073: 5071: 5067: 5066: 5064: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5027: 5025: 5019: 5018: 5016: 5015: 5010: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4913:Dishabituation 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4884: 4882: 4878: 4877: 4875: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4842:Slow parenting 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4783: 4781: 4775: 4774: 4772: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4680: 4678: 4673:Theories 4670: 4669: 4667: 4666: 4659: 4654: 4652:Blended family 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4632:Nuclear family 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4583: 4581: 4575: 4574: 4567: 4566: 4559: 4552: 4544: 4538: 4537: 4532: 4524: 4503: 4502: 4497: 4491: 4490: 4479: 4478: 4476: 4475:External links 4473: 4472: 4471: 4443: 4437: 4420: 4414: 4401: 4381:(6): 214–218. 4366: 4358: 4348:(4): 476–522. 4330: 4321: 4312: 4306: 4293: 4278: 4275: 4272: 4271: 4246: 4221: 4206: 4181: 4156: 4141: 4111:Mandryk, Regan 4098: 4047: 4038: 4029: 3978: 3966: 3963: 3962: 3956: 3943: 3923:(1): 182–191. 3907: 3900: 3885:Macaca mulatta 3869: 3842:(1): 107–118. 3826: 3766: 3763:on 2009-05-31. 3744: 3717:(3): 184–190. 3697: 3664: 3623: 3576: 3517: 3458: 3411: 3400:(3): 223–238. 3380: 3359:(2): 109–115. 3339: 3292: 3255: 3238:(3): 573–582. 3218: 3213:10.1086/407400 3207:(4): 412–434. 3187: 3158:(3): 138–147. 3131: 3080: 3053: 3026: 3013:(2): 110–120. 2993: 2972:(2): 226–237. 2937: 2930: 2907: 2881: 2847: 2801: 2782:(2): 168–197. 2766: 2763:on 2010-02-17. 2743: 2702: 2676: 2654: 2641: 2629: 2620: 2592: 2589:on 2009-03-25. 2564: 2537:(6): 443–449. 2521: 2500:(3): 227–232. 2480: 2430: 2412: 2380: 2332: 2329:on 2013-10-24. 2303: 2256: 2227:(1): 170–183. 2200: 2197: 2196: 2170:(4): 434–449. 2159: 2149: 2142: 2116: 2092: 2059: 2034: 2009: 1964: 1957: 1934: 1903: 1884: 1848: 1833: 1814: 1807: 1785: 1770: 1755: 1748: 1730: 1709: 1683: 1657: 1606: 1593:(4): 335–339. 1570: 1537: 1530: 1504: 1482: 1452: 1436: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1400: 1397: 1375: 1372: 1352:used the word 1350:Roger Caillois 1315: 1312: 1306:Macaca mulatta 1277: 1270: 1269: 1265: 1258: 1257: 1256: 1252: 1251: 1250: 1249: 1142: 1141: 1138: 1131: 1129: 1123: 1116: 1114: 1107: 1100: 1098: 1094:Cocker spaniel 1092: 1085: 1082: 1081: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1030:United Nations 1025: 1022: 916: 913: 880: 877: 829: 828: 825: 815: 805: 795: 761: 758: 757: 756: 753: 750: 747: 744: 741: 706: 703: 670:FIFA World Cup 618:North American 602:South American 587: 584: 521: 518: 494: 491: 467: 464: 463: 462: 458: 451:United Nations 363: 360: 341: 340: 337: 334: 328: 327:nurturing play 325: 322: 319: 316: 313: 310: 307: 304: 301: 298: 295: 288: 287:challenge play 269: 268: 265: 261: 260: 257: 253: 252: 249: 245: 244: 241: 237: 236: 232: 228: 227: 224: 220: 219: 216: 143:Roger Caillois 126: 123: 102:Johan Huizinga 91: 88: 53:is a range of 32: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7186: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7151: 7149: 7132: 7129: 7128: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7096:Open adoption 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7076:Child neglect 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7063: 7061: 7057: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7000: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6910:Hidden camera 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6893: 6891: 6887: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6844: 6841: 6840: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6833:Child custody 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6810: 6808: 6804: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6747:Nursery rhyme 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6737:Kangaroo care 6735: 6733: 6732:Infant crying 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6674: 6672: 6668: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6646:Preterm birth 6644: 6640: 6637: 6636: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6539:Breastfeeding 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6499: 6494: 6492: 6487: 6485: 6480: 6479: 6476: 6459: 6458: 6453: 6451: 6450: 6446: 6443: 6442: 6437: 6435: 6434: 6430: 6428: 6427: 6423: 6421: 6420: 6416: 6415: 6413: 6409: 6403: 6402: 6398: 6395: 6394: 6389: 6387: 6386: 6382: 6380: 6379: 6375: 6372: 6371: 6366: 6363: 6362: 6357: 6354: 6353: 6348: 6346: 6345: 6341: 6339: 6338: 6334: 6333: 6331: 6327: 6321: 6320: 6316: 6314: 6313: 6309: 6307: 6306: 6301: 6300: 6296: 6294: 6293: 6289: 6287: 6286: 6282: 6280: 6279: 6275: 6273: 6272: 6268: 6266: 6265: 6261: 6259: 6258: 6254: 6252: 6251: 6247: 6245: 6244: 6240: 6238: 6237: 6233: 6230: 6229: 6224: 6222: 6221: 6217: 6215: 6214: 6210: 6208: 6207: 6203: 6201: 6200: 6196: 6194: 6193: 6189: 6187: 6186: 6182: 6180: 6179: 6175: 6173: 6172: 6168: 6166: 6165: 6161: 6160: 6158: 6154: 6148: 6147: 6143: 6141: 6140: 6136: 6133: 6132: 6127: 6124: 6123: 6118: 6116: 6115: 6111: 6109: 6108: 6104: 6101: 6100: 6095: 6093: 6092: 6088: 6087: 6085: 6081: 6075: 6074: 6070: 6067: 6066: 6061: 6059: 6058: 6054: 6052: 6051: 6047: 6044: 6043: 6038: 6037: 6035: 6031: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5984:Sportsmanship 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5949:Righteousness 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5893: 5890: 5889: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5862:Nonattachment 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5792: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5625: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5560: 5558: 5554: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5522:Seven virtues 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5507: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5470: 5469:Brahmavihārās 5466: 5464: 5463: 5459: 5458: 5456: 5452: 5446: 5445:Virtue ethics 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5430: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5415: 5413: 5411:About virtues 5409: 5405: 5398: 5393: 5391: 5386: 5384: 5379: 5378: 5375: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5324: 5322: 5320:Organizations 5318: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5306:B. F. Skinner 5304: 5302: 5301:William Sears 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5271:Thomas Gordon 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5233: 5231: 5227: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5160:Child support 5158: 5156: 5155:Child custody 5153: 5152: 5150: 5144: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5097:Child neglect 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5074: 5072: 5068: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5028: 5026: 5024: 5020: 5014: 5011: 5008: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4973: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4928:Homeschooling 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4885: 4883: 4879: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4784: 4782: 4780: 4776: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4764:Socialization 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4749:Paternal bond 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4734:Maternal bond 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4671: 4665: 4664: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4647:Single parent 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4607:Alloparenting 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4565: 4560: 4558: 4553: 4551: 4546: 4545: 4542: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4519: 4518: 4516: 4511: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4444: 4440: 4438:9781137513038 4434: 4429: 4428: 4421: 4417: 4411: 4407: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4367: 4364: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4336: 4331: 4327: 4322: 4318: 4313: 4309: 4303: 4299: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4281: 4280: 4261: 4257: 4250: 4236: 4232: 4225: 4217: 4210: 4199: 4198: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4168: 4160: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4105: 4103: 4094: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4051: 4042: 4033: 4025: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3998:(8): e43550. 3997: 3993: 3989: 3982: 3976: 3970: 3959: 3953: 3949: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3909: 3908: 3904: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3886: 3882: 3873: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3830: 3822: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3773: 3771: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3748: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3701: 3692: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3668: 3660: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3627: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3580: 3572: 3568: 3563: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3521: 3513: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3486: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3462: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3431:(1): R9–R10. 3430: 3426: 3422: 3415: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3384: 3376: 3372: 3367: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3343: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3296: 3288: 3284: 3279: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3259: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3222: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3191: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3166: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3104:. Australia. 3103: 3096: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3057: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3030: 3021: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 2997: 2989: 2985: 2980: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2933: 2927: 2920: 2919: 2911: 2903: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2770: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2747: 2739: 2735: 2730: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2706: 2690: 2686: 2680: 2672: 2671:HelpGuide.org 2668: 2661: 2659: 2651: 2645: 2636: 2634: 2624: 2616: 2612: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2588: 2584: 2582: 2577: 2571: 2569: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2525: 2517: 2513: 2508: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2484: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2426: 2422: 2416: 2408: 2404: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2325: 2321: 2314: 2307: 2299: 2293: 2278: 2274: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2235: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2160: 2156: 2151: 2150: 2146: 2138: 2134: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2106: 2102: 2096: 2081:on 2015-09-24 2080: 2076: 2075:Sporty Ghost! 2072: 2066: 2064: 2049: 2045: 2038: 2024: 2020: 2013: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1978: 1971: 1969: 1960: 1954: 1947: 1946: 1938: 1923: 1918: 1910: 1908: 1899: 1895: 1888: 1879: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1855: 1853: 1844: 1837: 1829: 1825: 1818: 1810: 1808:9780262284134 1804: 1799: 1798: 1789: 1781: 1774: 1766: 1759: 1751: 1745: 1741: 1734: 1726: 1725: 1720: 1713: 1699:on 2014-07-29 1698: 1694: 1687: 1671: 1667: 1661: 1653: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1610: 1601: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1577: 1575: 1560:on 2018-12-06 1556: 1549: 1548: 1541: 1533: 1531:9780393001716 1527: 1523: 1518: 1517: 1508: 1493:on 2015-07-01 1489: 1485: 1479: 1472: 1471: 1463: 1461: 1459: 1457: 1448: 1441: 1437: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1386: 1380: 1371: 1368: 1363: 1359: 1357: 1356: 1351: 1347: 1342: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1320: 1311: 1308: 1307: 1302: 1301: 1295: 1293: 1288: 1274: 1262: 1248: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1225: 1223: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1194: 1191:plays with a 1190: 1185: 1181: 1179: 1173: 1170: 1165: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1135: 1130: 1126: 1120: 1115: 1111: 1104: 1099: 1095: 1089: 1084: 1083: 1077:Other animals 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1060: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1037: 1035: 1031: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 994: 992: 988: 983: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 960: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 912: 910: 906: 901: 899: 890: 885: 876: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 853:breast cancer 851:, or develop 850: 846: 842: 838: 837:heart disease 834: 826: 824: 820: 816: 814: 810: 806: 804: 800: 796: 794: 790: 787: 786: 785: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 754: 751: 748: 745: 742: 739: 738: 737: 735: 731: 727: 726:psychological 723: 719: 715: 714:interpersonal 711: 702: 699: 695: 691: 687: 686:Norbert Elias 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 666:Olympic Games 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 593: 592:Street sports 583: 579: 576: 568: 564: 560: 556: 553: 545: 541: 537: 533: 526: 517: 515: 511: 507: 502: 500: 490: 487: 480: 476: 472: 459: 456: 455: 454: 452: 448: 443: 441: 437: 436:Rules of Play 433: 426: 421: 417: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 390:socialization 387: 381: 377: 373: 369: 359: 357: 352: 350: 346: 338: 335: 333: 329: 326: 323: 320: 317: 315:creative play 314: 311: 308: 305: 302: 299: 296: 293: 289: 286: 285: 284: 278: 273: 266: 263: 262: 258: 255: 254: 250: 247: 246: 242: 239: 238: 233: 231:creative play 230: 229: 225: 222: 221: 217: 214: 213: 212: 209: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 182: 179: 175: 171: 169: 165: 161: 156: 152: 150: 149: 144: 139: 131: 122: 120: 115: 110: 105: 103: 99: 98: 87: 84: 80: 76: 71: 69: 65: 60: 56: 52: 46: 42: 38: 29: 27: 22: 20: 7059:Other topics 6998: 6965:Cradle board 6960:Cloth diaper 6920:Baby shampoo 6906:Baby monitor 6896:Baby bouncer 6850:Circumcision 6771: 6697:Birth defect 6579:Immunization 6529:Birth weight 6447: 6431: 6424: 6417: 6399: 6383: 6376: 6342: 6335: 6317: 6310: 6303: 6297: 6290: 6283: 6276: 6269: 6262: 6255: 6248: 6241: 6234: 6218: 6211: 6206:Brahmacharya 6204: 6197: 6190: 6183: 6176: 6169: 6162: 6144: 6137: 6112: 6105: 6089: 6071: 6055: 6048: 6004:Tranquillity 5954:Self-control 5924:Renunciation 5882:Philanthropy 5877:Perspicacity 5837:Magnificence 5790:Intelligence 5770:Impartiality 5690:Faithfulness 5578:Authenticity 5504: 5490:Five virtues 5467: 5460: 5440:Trait theory 5427: 5256:David Elkind 5107:Codependency 5092:Child labour 4967: 4948:Latchkey kid 4938:Introjection 4724:Introjection 4674: 4661: 4627:Noncustodial 4530:Scholarpedia 4507: 4485: 4467: 4455: 4451: 4426: 4405: 4378: 4374: 4362: 4345: 4341: 4325: 4316: 4297: 4291:(39): 39–51. 4288: 4284: 4263:. 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Retrieved 1488:the original 1469: 1446: 1440: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1402: 1393: 1389: 1381: 1377: 1367:phylogenetic 1364: 1360: 1353: 1343: 1325: 1304: 1298: 1296: 1292:equifinality 1284: 1236: 1226: 1198: 1174: 1166: 1146: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1038: 1027: 1018: 1014: 998:productivity 995: 984: 972:satisfaction 961: 935:activities, 918: 902: 894: 871:and playing 830: 813:coordination 763: 708: 642:table tennis 595: 580: 577: 573: 561: 557: 554: 550: 538: 534: 531: 503: 499:summer camps 496: 493:20th Century 483: 474: 444: 439: 435: 429: 414:neuroscience 383: 380:Street games 376:Make believe 356:play therapy 353: 349:blanket fort 342: 336:replica play 321:pretend play 292:Rubik's Cube 282: 210: 183: 172: 157: 153: 146: 141:Philosopher 140: 136: 116: 112: 107: 95: 93: 72: 59:recreational 50: 49: 45:Paul Manship 40: 25: 18: 7071:Babywearing 7066:Baby shower 7040:Swim diaper 6930:Baby walker 6915:Baby powder 6855:Foster care 6823:Child abuse 6818:Babysitting 6670:Development 6656:Soy formula 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