Platelet - Knowledge

2345: 2867: 1420: 495: 1722:(Platelet Function Assay — 100) is a system for analysing platelet function in which citrated whole blood is aspirated through a disposable cartridge containing an aperture within a membrane coated with either collagen and epinephrine or collagen and ADP. These agonists induce platelet adhesion, activation and aggregation, leading to rapid occlusion of the aperture and cessation of blood flow termed the closure time (CT). An elevated CT with EPI and collagen can indicate intrinsic defects such as 246: 521: 2311:" layer, which includes the platelets and the white blood cells. The "buffy coat" is isolated in a sterile bag, suspended in a small amount of red blood cells and plasma, then centrifuged again to separate the platelets and plasma from the red and white blood cells. Regardless of the initial method of preparation, multiple donations may be combined into one container using a sterile connection device to manufacture a single product with the desired therapeutic dose. 595: 664: 2281: 898: 555: 1010:, the most sensitive sign of activation, when exposed to platelets using ADP, are morphological changes. Mitochondrial hyperpolarization is a key event in initiating morphology changes. Intraplatelet calcium concentration increases, stimulating the interplay between the microtubule/actin filament complex. The continuous changes in shape from the unactivated to the fully activated platelet are best seen via 36: 1087: 1194:, while platelets facilitate neutrophils' NETosis. NETs bind tissue factor, binding the coagulation centers to the location of infection. They also activate the intrinsic coagulation pathway by providing its negatively charged surface to the factor XII. Other neutrophil secretions, such as proteolytic enzymes which cleave coagulation inhibitors, also bolster the process. 1730:, or circulating platelet inhibitors. A follow-up test involving collagen and ADP is used to indicate if the abnormal CT with collagen and EPI was caused by the effects of acetyl sulfosalicylic acid (aspirin) or medications containing inhibitors. The PFA-100 is highly sensitive to von Willebrand disease, but is only moderately sensitive to defects in platelet function. 1182:. The process is initiated either by immune cells by activating their pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), or by platelet-bacterial binding. Platelets can bind to bacteria either directly through thrombocytic PRRs and bacterial surface proteins, or via plasma proteins that bind both to platelets and bacteria. Monocytes respond to bacterial 2292:: blood is taken from the donor, passed through a device which removes the platelets, and the remainder is returned to the donor in a closed loop. The industry standard is for platelets to be tested for bacteria before transfusion to avoid septic reactions, which can be fatal. Recently the AABB Industry Standards for 1106:. Each platelet has around 60,000 of these receptors. When any one or more of at least nine different platelet surface receptors are turned on during activation, intraplatelet signaling pathways cause existing GpIIb/IIIa receptors to change shape — curled to straight — and thus become capable of binding. 2093:-1 (COX1), and hence normal hemostasis. The resulting platelets are unable to produce new cyclooxygenase because they have no DNA. Normal platelet function does not return until the use of aspirin has ceased and enough of the affected platelets have been replaced by new ones, which can take over a week. 2384:

Platelets, either apheresis-derived or random-donor, can be processed through a volume reduction process. In this process, the platelets are spun in a centrifuge and plasma is removed, leaving 10 to 100 mL of platelet concentrate. Such volume-reduced platelets are normally transfused only to neonatal

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was developed as a test of platelet function by Duke in 1910. Duke's test measured the time taken for bleeding to stop from a standardized wound in the ear lobe that was blotted every 30 seconds, considering less than 3 minutes as normal. Bleeding time has low sensitivity and specificity for mild to

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Platelets do not need to belong to the same A-B-O blood group as the recipient or be cross-matched to ensure immune compatibility between donor and recipient unless they contain a significant amount of red blood cells (RBCs). The presence of RBCs imparts a reddish-orange color to the product and is

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can reduce the infectious load of pathogens contained in donated blood products. Another photochemical treatment process utilizing amotosalen and UVA light has been developed for the inactivation of viruses, bacteria, parasites, and leukocytes. In addition, apheresis platelets tend to contain fewer

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Bleeding due to a platelet disorder or a coagulation factor disorder can be distinguished by the characteristics and location of the bleeding. Platelet bleeding involves bleeding from a cut is prompt and excessive, but can be controlled by pressure; spontaneous bleeding into the skin which causes a

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Although thrombosis, blood coagulation in intact blood vessels, is usually viewed as a pathological immune response, leading to obturation of lumen of blood vessel and subsequent hypoxic tissue damage, in some cases, directed thrombosis, called immunothrombosis, can locally control the spread of an

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These changes are all brought about by the interaction of the microtubule/actin complex with the platelet cell membrane and open canalicular system (OCS), which is an extension and invagination of that membrane. This complex runs just beneath these membranes and is the chemical motor that pulls the

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Spontaneous and excessive bleeding can occur because of platelet disorders. This bleeding can be caused by deficient numbers of platelets, dysfunctional platelets, or platelet densities over 1 million/microliter. (The excessive numbers create a relative von Willebrand factor deficiency due to

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As hemostasis is a basic function of thrombocytes in mammals, it also has its uses in possible infection confinement. In case of injury, platelets, together with the coagulation cascade, provide the first line of defense by forming a blood clot. Hemostasis and host defense were thus intertwined in

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Gaertner F, Ahmad Z, Rosenberger G, Fan S, Nicolai L, Busch B, Yavuz G, Luckner M, Ishikawa-Ankerhold H, Hennel R, Benechet A, Lorenz M, Chandraratne S, Schubert I, Helmer S, Striednig B, Stark K, Janko M, Böttcher RT, Verschoor A, Leon C, Gachet C, Gudermann T, Mederos Y, Schnitzler M, Pincus Z,

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Apheresis platelets are collected using a mechanical device that draws blood from the donor and centrifuges the collected blood to separate out the platelets and other components to be collected. The remaining blood is returned to the donor. The advantage to this method is that a single donation

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Mammalian platelets lacking nucleus are able to conduct autonomous locomotion. Platelets are active scavengers, scaling walls of blood vessels and reorganising the thrombus. They are able to recognize and adhere to many surfaces, including bacteria, and can envelop them in their open canalicular

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The change in the recipient's platelet count after transfusion is termed the "increment" and is calculated by subtracting the pre-transfusion platelet count from the post-transfusion count. Many factors affect the increment including body size, the number of platelets transfused, and clinical

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Platelets are stored under constant agitation at 20–24 °C (68–75 °F). Units cannot be refrigerated as this causes platelets to change shape and lose function. Storage at room temperature provides an environment where any introduced bacteria may proliferate and subsequently cause

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Since fibrinogen is a rod-like protein with nodules on either end capable of binding GPIIb/IIIa, activated platelets with exposed GPIIb/IIIa can bind fibrinogen to aggregate. GPIIb/IIIa may also further anchor the platelets to subendothelial vWF for additional structural stabilisation.

253:, denoted by letter L, signal for platelets (P) to migrate towards the wound (Site A). As more platelets gather around the opening, they produce more ligands to amplify the response. The platelets congregate around the wound in order to create a cap to stop blood flow out of the tissue. 1415:

Platelet concentrations vary between individuals and over time, with the population average between 250,000 and 260,000 cells per mm (equivalent to per microliter), but the typical laboratory accepted normal range is between 150,000 and 400,000 cells per mm or 150–400 × 10 per liter.

1206:. DIC in sepsis is a prime example of both the dysregulated coagulation process as well as an undue systemic inflammatory response, resulting in a multitude of microthrombi of similar composition to that in physiological immunothrombosis — fibrin, platelets, neutrophils and NETs. 831:

within the platelet, overcoming the baseline calcium efflux. Families of three G proteins (Gq, Gi, G12) operate together for full activation. Thrombin also promotes secondary fibrin-reinforcement of the platelet plug. Platelet activation in turn degranulates and releases

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meaning low platelets). The term thrombocytes are proper for mononuclear cells found in the blood of non-mammalian vertebrates: they are the functional equivalent of platelets, but circulate as intact cells rather than cytoplasmic fragments of bone marrow megakaryocytes.

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and pediatric patients when a large volume of plasma could overload the child's small circulatory system. The lower volume of plasma also reduces the chances of an adverse transfusion reaction to plasma proteins. Volume reduced platelets have a shelf life of four hours.

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Whole blood impedance aggregometry (WBA) measures the change in electrical impedance between two electrodes when platelet aggregation is induced by an agonist. Whole blood lumiaggregometry may increase the test sensitivity to impairment of platelet granule secretion.

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The blood clot is only a temporary solution to stop bleeding; tissue repair is needed. Small interruptions in the endothelium are handled by physiological mechanisms; large interruptions by a trauma surgeon. The fibrin is slowly dissolved by the fibrinolytic enzyme,

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provides at least one therapeutic dose, as opposed to the multiple donations for whole-blood platelets. This means that a recipient is exposed to fewer donors and has less risk of transfusion-transmitted disease and other complications. Sometimes a person such as a

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Harker LA, Roskos LK, Marzec UM, Carter RA, Cherry JK, Sundell B, Cheung EN, Terry D, Sheridan W (April 2000). "Effects of megakaryocyte growth and development factor on platelet production, platelet life span, and platelet function in healthy human volunteers".

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The fundamental function of platelets is to clump together to stop acute bleeding. This process is complex, as more than 193 proteins and 301 interactions are involved in platelet dynamics. Despite much overlap, platelet function can be modeled in three steps:

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Provan D, Arnold DM, Bussel JB, Chong BH, Cooper N, Gernsheimer T, Ghanima W, Godeau B, González-López TJ, Grainger J, Hou M, Kruse C, McDonald V, Michel M, Newland AC, Pavord S, Rodeghiero F, Scully M, Tomiyama Y, Wong RS, Zaja F, Kuter DJ (November 2019).

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is most frequently used to correct unusually low platelet counts, either to prevent spontaneous bleeding (typically at counts below 10×10/L) or in anticipation of medical procedures that necessarily involve some bleeding. For example, in patients undergoing

2307:(PRP) is removed from the red cells, then centrifuged at a faster setting to harvest the platelets from the plasma. In other regions of the world, the unit of whole blood is centrifuged using settings that cause the platelets to become suspended in the " 3915:

O'Halloran AM, Curtin R, O'Connor F, Dooley M, Fitzgerald A, O'Brien JK, Fitzgerald DJ, Shields DC (February 2006). "The impact of genetic variation in the region of the GPIIIa gene, on Pl expression bias and GPIIb/IIIa receptor density in platelets".

1469:, anticoagulated whole blood is mixed with saline and a platelet agonist in a single-use cuvette with two pairs of electrodes. The increase in impedance between the electrodes as platelets aggregate onto them, is measured and visualized as a curve. 1046:. The entire OCS thus becomes indistinguishable from the initial platelet membrane as it forms the "fried egg". This dramatic increase in surface area comes about with neither stretching nor adding phospholipids to the platelet membrane. 2332:

Platelets collected by either method have a typical shelf life of five days. This results in supply shortages, as testing donations often requires up to a full day. No effective preservative solutions have been devised for platelets.

1276:(OCS) rather than phagocytosis, as OCS is merely an invagination of outer plasma membrane. These platelet-bacteria bundles provide an interaction platform for neutrophils that destroy bacteria using the NETosis and phagocytosis. 295:

deposition and linking (secondary hemostasis). These processes may overlap: the spectrum is from a predominantly platelet plug, or "white clot" to a predominantly fibrin, or "red clot" or the more typical mixture. Berridge adds

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Classically it was thought that this was the only mechanism involved in aggregation, but three other mechanisms have been identified which can initiate aggregation, depending on the velocity of blood flow (i.e. shear range).

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Perez-Pujol S, Tonda R, Lozano M, Fuste B, Lopez-Vilchez I, Galan AM, Li J, Goodrich R, Escolar G (June 2005). "Effects of a new pathogen-reduction technology (Mirasol PRT) on functional aspects of platelet concentrates".

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In case of imbalance throughout the regulation of immunothrombosis, this process can become aberrant. Regulatory defects in immunothrombosis are suspected to be a major factor in pathological thrombosis in forms such as

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Lefrançais, Emma; Ortiz-Muñoz, Guadalupe; Caudrillier, Axelle; Mallavia, Beñat; Liu, Fengchun; Sayah, David M.; Thornton, Emily E.; Headley, Mark B.; David, Tovo; Coughlin, Shaun R.; Krummel, Matthew F. (April 2017).

482:, with a semiaxis ratio of 2 to 8. This approximation can be used to model the hydrodynamic and optical properties of a population, as well as to restore the geometric parameters of individual measured platelets by 4542:

Murakawa M, Okamura T, Tsutsumi K, Tanoguchi S, Kamura T, Shibuya T, Harada M, Niho Y (1992). "Acquired von Willebrand's disease in association with essential thrombocythemia: regression following treatment".

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In addition to interacting with vWF and fibrin, platelets interact with thrombin, Factors X, Va, VIIa, XI, IX, and prothrombin to complete formation via the coagulation cascade. Human platelets do not express

333:(clot cell) came into use in the early 1900s and is sometimes used as a synonym for platelet; but not generally in the scientific literature, except as a root word for other terms related to platelets (e.g. 4742:

Mehic D, Assinger A, Gebhart J. Utility of Global Hemostatic Assays in Patients with Bleeding Disorders of Unknown Cause. Hamostaseologie. 2024 Jul 1. doi: 10.1055/a-2330-9112. Epub ahead of print. PMID

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proteins, ADP reduces platelet adenylate cyclase activity and cAMP production, leading to accumulation of calcium inside the platelet by inactivating the cAMP calcium efflux pump. The other ADP-receptor

486:. More accurate biophysical models of platelet surface morphology that model its shape from first principles, make it possible to obtain a more realistic platelet geometry in a calm and activated state. 1126:, initiating and participating in multiple inflammatory processes, directly binding and even destroying pathogens. Clinical data show that many patients with serious bacterial or viral infections have 1582: 801:

receptor and integrin α2β1) on the platelet. GPVI is associated with the Fc receptor gamma chain and leads via the activation of a tyrosine kinase cascade finally to the activation of PLC-gamma2 (

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Ruane PH, Edrich R, Gampp D, Keil SD, Leonard RL, Goodrich RP (June 2004). "Photochemical inactivation of selected viruses and bacteria in platelet concentrates using riboflavin and light".

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are avoided for levels below 80×10/L. Platelets may also be transfused when the platelet count is normal but the platelets are dysfunctional, such as when an individual is taking aspirin or

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Circulating inactivated platelets are biconvex discoid (lens-shaped) structures, 2–3 μm in greatest diameter. Activated platelets have cell membrane projections covering their surface.

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Machlus KR, Thon JN, Italiano JE (April 2014). "Interpreting the developmental dance of the megakaryocyte: a review of the cellular and molecular processes mediating platelet formation".

2101:, does not have such a long duration effect, with platelet function usually returning within 24 hours, and taking ibuprofen before aspirin prevents the irreversible effects of aspirin. 1701:. Unaggregated plasma allows relatively little light to pass through. After adding an agonist, the platelets aggregate, increasing light transmission, which is detected by a photocell. 2493:

in 1865 described what he called "spherules", which he noted were much smaller than red blood cells, occasionally clumped, and were sometimes found in collections of fibrin material.

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Marcus AJ, Broekman MJ, Drosopoulos JH, Olson KE, Islam N, Pinsky DJ, Levi R (April 2005). "Role of CD39 (NTPDase-1) in thromboregulation, cerebroprotection, and cardioprotection".

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Borhany, Munira; Pahore, Zaen; ul Qadr, Zeeshan; Rehan, Muhammad; Naz, Arshi; Khan, Asif; Ansari, Saqib; Farzana, Tasneem; Nadeem, Muhammad; Raza, Syed Amir; Shamsi, Tahir (2010).

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Lancet, 1882, ii. 916; Notes of Gulliver's Researches in Anatomy, Physiology, Pathology, and Botany, 1880; Carpenter's Physiology, ed. Power, 9th ed., see Index under 'Gulliver.'

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invaginated OCS out of the interior of the platelet, like turning pants pockets inside out, creating the dendrites. This process is similar to the mechanism of contraction in a

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The platelet cell membrane has receptors for collagen. Following rupture of the blood vessel wall, platelets are exposed and adhere to the collagen in the surrounding tissue.

265:. They gather at the site and, unless the interruption is physically too large, they plug the hole. First, platelets attach to substances outside the interrupted endothelium: 2319:

patient who requires routine transfusions of platelets receives repeated donations from a specific donor to minimize risk. Pathogen reduction of platelets using for example,

913:. Activated platelets secrete the contents of these granules through their canalicular systems to the exterior. Bound and activated platelets degranulate to release platelet 529:

The average life span of circulating platelets is 8 to 9 days. Life span of individual platelets is controlled by the internal apoptotic regulating pathway, which has a Bcl-x

840:, potentiating the coagulation cascade. Platelet plugging and coagulation occur simultaneously, with each inducing the other to form the final fibrin-crosslinked thrombus. 766:(IP3) generation and intracellular release of more calcium. This together induces platelet activation. Endothelial ADPase degrades ADP and prevents this from happening. 5940:

Schmaier AA, Stalker TJ, Runge JJ, Lee D, Nagaswami C, Mericko P, Chen M, Cliché S, Gariépy C, Brass LF, Hammer DA, Weisel JW, Rosenthal K, Kahn ML (September 2011).

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features that may cause premature destruction of the transfused platelets. When recipients fail to demonstrate an adequate post-transfusion increment, this is termed

1026:. The surface of the unactivated platelet looks similar to the surface of the brain–a wrinkled appearance from numerous shallow folds that increase the surface area; 7817: 6388: 1070:

complexes, two of the sites of interplay between platelets and the coagulation cascade. Calcium ions are essential for the binding of these coagulation factors.

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Pooled whole-blood platelets, sometimes called "random" platelets, are separated by one of two methods. In the US, a unit of whole blood is placed into a large

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on the platelet surface (hence the so-called "out-in" mechanism), and those of other platelets. These receptors trigger intraplatelet signaling, which converts

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activity and increases the production of cAMP, further promoting the efflux of calcium and reducing intracellular calcium availability for platelet activation.

7862: 1773:: the formation of a clot within an intact vessel. This type of thrombosis arises by mechanisms different from those of a normal clot: extending the fibrin of 121: 2859: 1372:; bleeding into mucous membranes causing bleeding gums, nose bleed, and gastrointestinal bleeding; menorrhagia; and intraretinal and intracranial bleeding. 4295:

Oehlers, Stefan H.; Tobin, David M.; Britton, Warwick J.; Shavit, Jordan A.; Nguyen, Tuong; Johansen, Matt D.; Johnson, Khelsey E.; Hortle, Elinor (2019).

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Normal platelets can respond to an abnormality on the vessel wall rather than to hemorrhage, resulting in inappropriate platelet adhesion/activation and

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Belamarich FA, Shepro D, Kien M (November 1968). "ADP is not involved in thrombin-induced aggregation of thrombocytes of a non-mammalian vertebrate".

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Boilard E, Nigrovic PA, Larabee K, Watts GF, Coblyn JS, Weinblatt ME, Massarotti EM, Remold-O'Donnell E, Farndale RW, Ware J, Lee DM (January 2010).

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Mason KD, Carpinelli MR, Fletcher JI, Collinge JE, Hilton AA, Ellis S, Kelly PN, Ekert PG, Metcalf D, Roberts AW, Huang DC, Kile BT (March 2007).

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Diacovo TG, Puri KD, Warnock RA, Springer TA, von Andrian UH (July 1996). "Platelet-mediated lymphocyte delivery to high endothelial venules".

1435:, platelets appear as dark purple spots, about 20% of the diameter of red blood cells. The smear reveals size, shape, qualitative number, and 3402:

Palmer RM, Ferrige AG, Moncada S (1987). "Nitric oxide release accounts for the biological activity of endothelium-derived relaxing factor".

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Jones CI, Barrett NE, Moraes LA, Gibbins JM, Jackson DE (2012). "Endogenous inhibitory mechanisms and the regulation of platelet function".

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and Transfusion Services (5.1.5.1) has allowed use of pathogen reduction technology as an alternative to bacterial screenings in platelets.

6381: 7699: 7369: 6895: 6508: 5942:"Occlusive thrombi arise in mammals but not birds in response to arterial injury: evolutionary insight into human cardiovascular disease" 516:

Reserve platelets are stored in the spleen and are released when needed by splenic contraction induced by the sympathetic nervous system.

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van Genderen PJ, Leenknegt H, Michiels JJ, Budde U (September 1996). "Acquired von Willebrand disease in myeloproliferative disorders".

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Platelets modulate neutrophils by forming platelet-leukocyte aggregates (PLAs). These formations induce upregulated production of αmβ2 (

7709: 7582: 1303:. Inflammatory damage to the surrounding extracellular matrix continuously reveals more collagen, maintaining microvesicle production. 3874:

Tyagi T, Ahmad S, Gupta N, Sahu A, Ahmad Y, Nair V, Chatterjee T, Bajaj N, Sengupta S, Ganju L, Singh SB, Ashraf MZ (February 2014).

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Moskalensky AE, Yurkin MA, Konokhova AI, Strokotov DI, Nekrasov VM, Chernyshev AV, Tsvetovskaya GA, Chikova ED, Maltsev VP (2013).

6374: 3961:"Platelet vitronectin receptor expression differentiates Iraqi-Jewish from Arab patients with Glanzmann thrombasthenia in Israel" 3686:"Mitochondria regulate platelet metamorphosis induced by opsonized zymosan A — activation and long-term commitment to cell death" 1993: 349:, regardless of its composition (white, red, or mixed). In other contexts it is used to contrast a normal from an abnormal clot: 357:

arises from a pathologic and excessive quantity of clot. In a third context it is used to contrast the result from the process:

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Cecerska-Heryć E, Goszka M, Dołęgowska B (2022). "Applications of the regenerative capacity of platelets in modern medicine".

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Platelets rapidly deploy to sites of injury or infection, and potentially modulate inflammatory processes by interacting with

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McMorran BJ, Wieczorski L, Drysdale KE, Chan JA, Huang HM, Smith C, Mitiku C, Beeson JG, Burgio G, Foote SJ (December 2012).

4063: 3470: 2747: 2082: 1861: 1183: 1130:, thus reducing their contribution to inflammation. Platelet-leukocyte aggregates (PLAs) found in circulation are typical in 652: 4246:

Iannacone M, Sitia G, Isogawa M, Marchese P, Castro MG, Lowenstein PR, Chisari FV, Ruggeri ZM, Guidotti LG (November 2005).

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Gaertner F, Massberg S (December 2016). "Blood coagulation in immunothrombosis-At the frontline of intravascular immunity".

7720: 7238: 5157:"Cysteinyl leukotriene overproduction in aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease is driven by platelet-adherent leukocytes" 2081:

Some drugs used to treat inflammation have the unwanted side effect of suppressing normal platelet function. These are the

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Platelets are either isolated from collected units of whole blood and pooled to make a therapeutic dose, or collected by

2261: 1983: 1846: 1187: 7454: 6970: 2440: 1237:) integrin in neutrophils. Interaction with PLAs also induces degranulation and increased phagocytosis in neutrophils. 2256:, in which the three major blood components (red blood cells, plasma, and platelets) are transfused to address severe 7737: 7364: 7286: 7281: 1339:, killing the bacteria directly. Platelets also secrete proinflammatory and procoagulant mediators such as inorganic 1054:

Platelet activation causes its membrane surface to become negatively charged. One of the signaling pathways turns on

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Matarrese P, Straface E, Palumbo G, Anselmi M, Gambardella L, Ascione B, Del Principe D, Malorni W (February 2009).

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in morphology. They aggregate in response to thrombin, but not to ADP, serotonin, nor adrenaline, as platelets do.

2341:. The United States requires products to be tested for the presence of bacterial contamination before transfusion. 1938: 1865: 1647: 128: 1423:

On for example optical densitometry, a first and second wave of platelet aggregation is seen, in this case for an

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of the endothelial cells and secreted constitutively into the blood. Platelets store vWF in their alpha granules.

7243: 7079: 5393:"The risk of spinal haematoma following neuraxial anaesthesia or lumbar puncture in thrombocytopenic individuals" 1466: 1460: 718:-activated calcium pump. Intracellular calcium concentration determines platelet activation status, as it is the 466:

synthesis. This dense tubular system is connected to the surface platelet membrane to aid thromboxane A2 release.

7069: 1742:, and is due to either decreased production or increased destruction. Elevated platelet concentration is called 7019: 5468:"Updated international consensus report on the investigation and management of primary immune thrombocytopenia" 5155:

Laidlaw TM, Kidder MS, Bhattacharyya N, Xing W, Shen S, Milne GL, Castells MC, Chhay H, Boyce JA (April 2012).

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contaminating red blood cells because the collection method is more efficient than "soft spin" centrifugation.

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Favaloro EJ, Pasalic L, Lippi G (April 2023). "Towards 50 years of platelet function analyser (PFA) testing".

3876:"Altered expression of platelet proteins and calpain activity mediate hypoxia-induced prothrombotic phenotype" 2303:

in what is referred to as a "soft spin". At these settings, the platelets remain suspended in the plasma. The

8007: 7522: 7447: 7319: 6963: 2490: 2272:(ITP), because the transfused platelets are immediately cleared; however, it is indicated to treat bleeding. 1948: 1922: 1856: 1612: 782: 177: 116: 4957: 4079: 1409: 1190:(DAMPs) by activating the extrinsic pathway of coagulation. Neutrophils facilitate the blood coagulation by 7772: 7626: 7271: 7124: 6778: 6586: 2475:. This microscope improved resolution sufficiently to make it possible to see platelets for the first time. 2432: 2253: 1953: 1909: 1587: 1375:

Excessive numbers of platelets, and/or normal platelets responding to abnormal vessel walls, can result in

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When the endothelial layer is disrupted, collagen and VWF anchor platelets to the subendothelium. Platelet

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McGlasson DL, Fritsma GA (March 2009). "Whole blood platelet aggregometry and platelet function testing".

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Ahmad SS, Rawala-Sheikh R, Walsh PN (1992). "Components and assembly of the factor X activating complex".

7992: 7642: 5802: 3203:"Accurate measurement of volume and shape of resting and activated blood platelets from light scattering" 2478: 2046: 1755: 1292: 3588:"A critical role of thrombin/PAR-1 in ADP-induced platelet secretion and the second wave of aggregation" 2366:

usually associated with whole-blood platelets. Some sites may type platelets, but this is not critical.

1477: 1078:. Rat platelets do express tissue factor protein and carry both tissue factor pre-mRNA and mature mRNA. 1617: 1135: 824: 6255: 3258:

Moskalensky AE, Yurkin MA, Muliukov AR, Litvinenko AL, Nekrasov VM, Chernyshev AV, Maltsev VP (2018).

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Jain NC (June 1975). "A scanning electron microscopic study of platelets of certain animal species".

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Pecci, A; Balduini, CL (July 2021). "Inherited thrombocytopenias: an updated guide for clinicians".

4448:"Platelets kill bacteria by bridging innate and adaptive immunity via platelet factor 4 and FcγRIIA" 2866: 1796:

The three broad categories of platelet disorders are "not enough", "dysfunctional", and "too many".

1291:(GPVI). Proinflammatory platelet microvesicles trigger constant cytokine secretion from neighboring 8012: 7669: 7659: 6840: 6177:"Über einen neuen Forrnbestandteil des Blutes und dessen Rolle bei der Thrombose und Blutgerinnung" 6109:

Beale LS (1864). "On the Germinal Matter of the Blood, with Remarks upon the Formation of Fibrin".

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Hampton T (April 2018). "Platelets' Role in Adaptive Immunity May Contribute to Sepsis and Shock".

2428: 1493: 997:λ granules (lambda granules) — contents involved in resorption during later stages of vessel repair 104: 7987: 7966: 7917: 7897: 7544: 6942: 6861: 6730: 4119:

Weyrich AS, Zimmerman GA (September 2004). "Platelets: signaling cells in the immune continuum".

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in 1841 drew pictures of platelets using the twin lens (compound) microscope invented in 1830 by

2436: 2269: 2165: 1808:(ITP) — formerly known as immune thrombocytopenic purpura and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura 1805: 1245: 1151: 226:

or lung, which then enter the circulation. Platelets are found only in mammals, whereas in other

1419: 7941: 7887: 7782: 7760: 7507: 7185: 7181: 3637:"Differential Sensitivity of Various Markers of Platelet Activation with Adenosine Diphosphate" 2563:

Laki K (December 1972). "Our ancient heritage in blood clotting and some of its consequences".

2268:. Platelet transfusion is generally ineffective, and thus contraindicated, for prophylaxis in 1927: 1885: 1723: 1094:

Platelet aggregation begins minutes after activation, and occurs as a result of turning on the

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American Association of Blood Banks (2011). Roback J, Grossman B, Harris T, Hillyer C (eds.).

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Kornerup KN, Page CP (August 2007). "The role of platelets in the pathophysiology of asthma".

4676: 7997: 7927: 7882: 7787: 7439: 7300: 7044: 7013: 7003: 4781: 4754: 4388:"Platelets amplify inflammation in arthritis via collagen-dependent microparticle production" 4297:"Thrombocyte inhibition restores protective immunity to mycobacterial infection in zebrafish" 4080:"Platelets and the innate immune system: mechanisms of bacterial-induced platelet activation" 2472: 1488: 1424: 1099: 973: 949: 917:

agents to attract more platelets to the site of endothelial injury. Granule characteristics:

727: 711: 704: 641: 459: 272: 195: 5319: 5302: 4489:"Platelet factor 4 and Duffy antigen required for platelet killing of Plasmodium falciparum" 2455:

Instead of platelets, non-mammalian vertebrates have nucleated thrombocytes, which resemble

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Platelet concentration in the blood (i.e. platelet count), can be measured manually using a

8002: 7892: 7807: 7797: 7679: 7621: 7500: 7474: 6937: 5998: 5901:"Platelets in tissue repair: control of apoptosis and interactions with regenerative cells" 5847: 5569: 5552: 4500: 4399: 4204: 3411: 3271: 3214: 3157: 2671: 2572: 2444: 2424: 2304: 2241: 2232: 2222: 1963: 1816: 1694: 1405: 1400:, or by placing blood in an automated platelet analyzer using particle counting, such as a 1284: 1203: 878: 645: 7341: 2660:"The lung is a site of platelet biogenesis and a reservoir for haematopoietic progenitors" 823:

production. Thrombin is a potent platelet activator, acting through Gq and G12. These are

8: 7877: 7867: 7517: 7351: 7328: 7309: 7291: 6986: 6725: 6700: 2344: 1778: 1536: 1380: 1062:

from the inner to the outer platelet membrane surface. These phospholipids then bind the

1007: 774: 742: 564: 302: 288: 267: 6002: 4616:

Stiff, Patrick J. (1990). Walker, H. Kenneth; Hall, W. Dallas; Hurst, J. Willis (eds.).

4504: 4403: 4208: 3415: 3275: 3218: 3161: 2675: 2576: 378:

Structurally the platelet can be divided into four zones, from peripheral to innermost:

7907: 6994: 6871: 6352: 6196: 6157: 6122: 6091: 6079: 6022: 5966: 5941: 5876: 5851: 5704: 5661: 5617: 5492: 5467: 5373: 5279: 5254: 5230: 5205: 5181: 5156: 5137: 5094: 5046: 5021: 4524: 4420: 4387: 4321: 4296: 4272: 4247: 4228: 4172: 4155: 4055: 3941: 3856: 3808: 3783: 3661: 3636: 3563: 3538: 3519: 3435: 3384: 3294: 3260:"Method for the simulation of blood platelet shape and its evolution during activation" 3259: 3240: 3178: 3145: 3018: 2993: 2853: 2811: 2700: 2659: 2639: 2596: 2584: 2526: 2353: 1436: 957: 828: 4446:

Palankar R, Kohler TP, Krauel K, Wesche J, Hammerschmidt S, Greinacher A (June 2018).

3169: 7961: 7956: 7842: 7539: 7470: 7379: 7336: 6735: 6237: 6232: 6215: 6083: 6014: 5971: 5922: 5881: 5828: 5818: 5764: 5755:

Schoenfeld H, Spies C, Jakob C (March 2006). "Volume-reduced platelet concentrates".

5737: 5727: 5696: 5692: 5653: 5649: 5609: 5605: 5574: 5533: 5523: 5497: 5483: 5447: 5437: 5414: 5409: 5392: 5365: 5324: 5284: 5235: 5206:"Deadly allies: the fatal interplay between platelets and metastasizing cancer cells" 5186: 5129: 5098: 5086: 5051: 5002: 4939: 4904: 4847: 4839: 4787: 4760: 4729: 4694: 4684: 4633: 4623: 4595: 4560: 4528: 4516: 4469: 4425: 4368: 4326: 4277: 4220: 4177: 4136: 4101: 4096: 4059: 4028: 3982: 3933: 3929: 3897: 3848: 3813: 3761: 3734: 3707: 3702: 3685: 3666: 3617: 3609: 3568: 3511: 3476: 3466: 3427: 3376: 3335: 3299: 3232: 3183: 3126: 3085: 3058: 3023: 2974: 2939: 2904: 2803: 2753: 2743: 2705: 2687: 2631: 2588: 2057: 1774: 1558: 1376: 1344: 1312: 1170:

defense molecules. Blood clotting supports immune function by trapping the bacteria.

1158:, facilitates both the hemostatic function and the encapsulation and phagocytosis of 1049: 945: 929: 735: 633: 432: 6356: 6200: 6161: 5708: 5665: 5621: 5344:"Ibuprofen protects platelet cyclooxygenase from irreversible inhibition by aspirin" 4654: 4232: 3945: 3860: 3523: 3244: 2815: 2643: 2600: 1439:. A healthy adult typically has 10 to 20 times more red blood cells than platelets. 494: 479: 310:. Platelets participate in both innate and adaptive intravascular immune responses. 7664: 7611: 7577: 7551: 7392: 7387: 6812: 6715: 6530: 6347: 6342: 6334: 6303: 6227: 6188: 6149: 6118: 6095: 6075: 6050: 6026: 6006: 5961: 5953: 5912: 5871: 5863: 5810: 5688: 5645: 5601: 5564: 5487: 5479: 5404: 5377: 5355: 5314: 5274: 5266: 5225: 5217: 5176: 5168: 5141: 5121: 5078: 5041: 5033: 4994: 4931: 4896: 4829: 4725: 4587: 4552: 4508: 4459: 4415: 4407: 4358: 4316: 4308: 4267: 4259: 4212: 4167: 4128: 4091: 4051: 4018: 3972: 3925: 3887: 3840: 3803: 3795: 3697: 3656: 3648: 3599: 3558: 3550: 3539:"Glycoprotein VI-dependent and -independent pathways of thrombus formation in vivo" 3503: 3458: 3439: 3419: 3388: 3366: 3327: 3289: 3279: 3222: 3173: 3165: 3116: 3050: 3013: 3005: 2966: 2931: 2896: 2841: 2793: 2695: 2679: 2623: 2580: 2496: 2289: 1763: 1739: 1331:

bacteria, platelets release reactive oxygen species (ROS), antimicrobial peptides,

1320: 1234: 1127: 866: 750: 731: 719: 440: 41: 5781: 2970: 510:

Each megakaryocyte produces between 1,000 and 3,000 platelets during its lifetime.

7951: 7765: 7532: 7527: 7059: 7038: 7024: 6761: 6550: 6482: 6366: 6271:

Osler W (1886). "On certain problems in the physiology of the blood corpuscles".

5957: 5917: 5900: 5788: 5221: 5172: 4216: 3892: 3875: 3799: 3462: 3284: 2468: 1877: 1401: 1154:(estimated to be over 400 million years old), the only blood cell type, the 1123: 730:

receptors on the surface of resting platelets. This event stimulates the coupled

655:

receptor binds with VWF; and GPVI receptor and integrin α2β1 bind with collagen.

109: 6307: 3121: 3104: 7837: 7732: 7647: 7607: 7572: 7397: 6827: 6807: 6756: 6600: 6545: 6525: 6520: 6442: 6406: 5814: 5082: 4756:

Point-of-Care Tests for Severe Hemorrhage: A Manual for Diagnosis and Treatment

4363: 4346: 3586:

Jiang, L.; Xu, C.; Yu, S.; Liu, P.; Luo, D.; Zhou, Q.; Gao, C.; Hu, H. (2013).

3554: 3371: 3354: 2900: 2369:

Prior to issuing platelets to the recipient, they may be irradiated to prevent

2090: 1968: 1851: 1743: 1340: 1327:, a receptor for IgG's constant fragment (Fc). When activated and bound to IgG 1067: 906: 854: 793:

Platelet activation begins seconds after adhesion occurs. It is triggered when

781:

pathway during a first wave of aggregation, leading to thrombin generation and

668: 504: 483: 463: 53: 6138:"Ein heizbarer Objecttisch und seine Verwendung bei Untersuchungen des Blutes" 5679:

Prowse CV (April 2013). "Component pathogen inactivation: a critical review".

5125: 4591: 3977: 3960: 3652: 3227: 3202: 2798: 2781: 245: 7981: 7822: 7615: 7482: 7210: 7134: 7089: 6907: 6817: 6462: 5832: 5741: 5451: 5303:"Summaries for patients. Platelet function after taking Ibuprofen for 1 week" 5270: 5037: 4908: 4843: 4698: 4347:"Migrating Platelets Are Mechano-scavengers that Collect and Bundle Bacteria" 4345:

Iannacone M, Haas R, Wanner G, Lauber K, Sixt M, Massberg S (November 2017).

4132: 3613: 3537:

Dubois C, Panicot-Dubois L, Merrill-Skoloff G, Furie B, Furie BC (May 2006).

3331: 2757: 2691: 2512: 1447: 1397: 1300: 1296: 1265: 1075: 969: 910: 808: 569: 455: 436: 412: 405: 318: 284: 219: 72: 6338: 6216:"Max Schultze (1865), G. Bizzozero (1882) and the discovery of the platelet" 5803:"4. The Pathophysiologic Basis for Wound Healing and Cutaneous Regeneration" 5537: 4617: 4512: 4411: 4312: 3146:"Geometry of normal mammalian platelets by quantitative microscopic studies" 2935: 1260:, in neutrophils, activates macrophages and activates cytotoxic response in 520: 7871: 7512: 7407: 7253: 7218: 6932: 6866: 6835: 6695: 6560: 6452: 6415: 6398: 6241: 5975: 5926: 5768: 5700: 5657: 5613: 5501: 5418: 5360: 5343: 5328: 5288: 5239: 5190: 5133: 5090: 5055: 5006: 4998: 4943: 4935: 4900: 4851: 4834: 4817: 4637: 4520: 4473: 4429: 4372: 4330: 4281: 4181: 4140: 4105: 4032: 3937: 3901: 3844: 3817: 3725:

White JG (December 1987). "An overview of platelet structural physiology".

3711: 3670: 3621: 3572: 3515: 3480: 3380: 3339: 3303: 3236: 3062: 3027: 2978: 2943: 2908: 2807: 2709: 2635: 2484: 2456: 2405: 2394: 2265: 2240:, a level below 50×10/L is associated with abnormal surgical bleeding, and 2182: 2155: 1836: 1826: 1811: 1510: 1261: 1059: 1034:, an uncooked frying egg in a pan, the "yolk" is the central body; and the 858: 723: 697: 689: 623: 619: 537: 383: 239: 211: 203: 45: 6087: 6018: 5885: 5578: 5369: 4599: 4564: 4224: 3986: 3852: 3765: 3738: 3507: 3431: 3130: 3089: 3054: 2592: 722:

that drives platelet conformational change and degranulation. Endothelial

7827: 7654: 7490: 7261: 7196: 7167: 7114: 6609: 6492: 5867: 3187: 2443:. Local application of these factors in increased concentrations through 2249: 2201: 2197: 2160: 2143: 2128: 1514: 1432: 1167: 1043: 964: 941: 914: 816: 767: 615: 594: 428: 420: 401: 386:

required for platelet adhesion, activation and aggregation. For example,

262: 223: 3536: 2683: 2656: 1451:

moderate platelet disorders and is no longer recommended for screening.

663: 7755: 7567: 7177: 7139: 7099: 7094: 7084: 6720: 6710: 6690: 6682: 6644: 6627: 6617: 6555: 6447: 6192: 6153: 4818:"Bleeding disorders in the tribe: result of consanguineous in breeding" 4023: 4006: 2845: 2533:

in his 1906 publication, changing to platelets in his 1910 publication.

2529:

examined blood smears using the stain named for him, and used the term

2416: 2338: 2308: 2300: 2293: 2257: 2205: 2193: 2138: 2123: 1831: 1790: 1770: 1747: 1503: 1369: 1249: 1175: 1163: 1103: 1095: 1055: 953: 933: 925: 882: 862: 853:

Collagen-mediated GPVI signalling increases the platelet production of

837: 812: 715: 667:

Scanning electron micrograph of blood cells. From left to right: human

589: 424: 395: 258: 227: 67: 49: 6955: 4556: 4464: 4447: 3914: 3752:

Behnke O (1970). "The morphology of blood platelet membrane systems".

3604: 3587: 3009: 2627: 1324: 770:

and related antiplatelet medications also work as purinergic receptor

134: 7832: 7714: 7603: 7276: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7109: 7104: 6927: 6773: 6705: 6656: 6622: 6487: 6467: 6457: 6010: 3423: 3041:

Furie B, Furie BC (August 2008). "Mechanisms of thrombus formation".

2515:

observed platelets and, in published lectures in 1886, called them a

2349: 2280: 2187: 2177: 2133: 2094: 1698: 1361: 1336: 1332: 1280: 1223: 1215: 1155: 985: 897: 877:. Platelets secrete thromboxane A2, which acts on the platelet's own 672: 448: 321:

which can promote wound healing and regeneration of damaged tissues.

235: 215: 183: 166: 6291: 6176: 6137: 4713: 4619:

Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations

3635:

Litvinov RI, Weisel JW, Andrianova IA, Peshkova AD, Minh GL (2018).

2509:: little plates. Bizzozero possibly proposed the name Blutplattchen. 1279:

Platelets also participate in chronic inflammatory disease, such as

745:

on the platelet surface. Since the thrombocytic purinergic receptor

313:

In addition to facilitating the clotting process, platelets contain

7587: 7172: 7162: 7157: 6900: 6673: 6661: 6637: 6632: 6420: 5514: 5431: 4488: 4263: 3257: 3200: 2420: 2245: 1786: 1782: 1759: 1751: 1498: 1316: 1219: 1179: 1174:

infection. The thrombosis is directed in concordance of platelets,

1159: 991: 960: 833: 820: 778: 703:(prostacyclin). Endothelial-ADPase degrades the platelet activator 637: 611: 416: 314: 207: 199: 4657:. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI). 24 March 2022 4577: 1408:

include platelet count in their measurements, usually reported as

1050:

Platelet-coagulation factor interactions: coagulation facilitation

7946: 7912: 7424: 7266: 6802: 6649: 3457:. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 788. pp. 341–366. 2501: 2401: 2237: 2118: 2086: 2004: 1841: 1719: 1664: 1365: 1328: 981: 693: 513:

An average of 10 platelets are produced daily in a healthy adult.

478:

In a first approximation, the shape can be considered similar to

444: 6066:

Robb-Smith AH (July 1967). "Why the platelets were discovered".

4541: 3634: 1138:, showing the connection between thrombocytes and immune cells. 306:

as fourth and fifth steps, while others would add a sixth step,

7857: 7191: 7048: 6890: 6766: 6430: 4248:"Platelets mediate cytotoxic T lymphocyte-induced liver damage" 3683: 3352: 2831:"Module 11: Cell Stress, Inflammatory Responses and Cell Death" 2316: 1999: 1988: 1897: 1727: 1257: 1253: 1248:(ROS) and upregulate expression of adhesion molecules, such as 1131: 1063: 292: 250: 7469: 5154: 4486: 3493: 2956: 598:

3D rendering of four inactivated and three activated platelets

462:

organized into a dense tubular system that is responsible for

279:. Third, they connect to each other through receptor bridges: 261:: the process of stopping bleeding at the site of interrupted 7936: 7922: 7902: 7239:

Protein Z-related protease inhibitor (ZPI) (inhibits FX, FXI)

7033: 7028: 6845: 4245: 2487:

in 1864 was the first to publish a drawing showing platelets.

2098: 1777:; extending an unstable or ruptured arterial plaque, causing 1241: 870: 802: 771: 759: 746: 191: 92: 35: 4007:"Platelets: bridging hemostasis, inflammation, and immunity" 3355:"Programmed anuclear cell death delimits platelet life span" 1086: 644:(VWF), which these cells produce. VWF is also stored in the 7931: 7802: 7777: 7053: 5634: 5515: 4783:

Perioperative Hemostasis: Coagulation for Anesthesiologists

4385: 4343: 3959:

Coller BS, Cheresh DA, Asch E, Seligsohn U (January 1991).

2149: 1288: 1272:

system (OCP), leading to a proposal to name the process as

1226:, and other inflammatory mediators. Platelets also secrete 901:

Diagram of the structure of a platelet showing the granules

861:. This occurs by altering the metabolic flux of platelet's 798: 755: 627: 391: 387: 271:. Second, they change shape, turn on receptors and secrete 231: 4445: 4194: 3958: 287:(primary hemostasis) is associated with activation of the 4815: 4294: 3452: 5553:"New trends in the preparation and storage of platelets" 4714:"The relation of blood platelets to hemorrhagic disease" 4046:

Levin J (2007), "The Evolution of Mammalian Platelets",

3316: 2523:; and described them as "a colorless protoplasmic disc". 2499:

in 1882 studied the blood of amphibians microscopically

2104: 1347:(PF4), connecting innate and adaptive immune responses. 6111:

Transactions of the Microscopical Society & Journal

5939: 5845: 5464: 5255:"Platelet power: sticky problems for sticky parasites?" 4887:

Cuker, Adam (2014). "Light Transmission Aggregometry".

3830: 785:

activation, which evokes a second wave of aggregation.

7244:

Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) (inhibits FIII)

5782:

CBBS: Washed and volume-reduced Plateletpheresis units

2780:

Yip J, Shen Y, Berndt MC, Andrews RK (February 2005).

2089:

irreversibly disrupts platelet function by inhibiting

1785:

may partially obstruct blood flow, causing downstream

503:

Megakaryocyte and platelet production is regulated by

6414: 2017: 1704: 758:

couples to Gq that activates phospholipase C-beta 2 (

5988: 5791:. Cbbsweb.org (2001-10-25). Retrieved on 2011-11-14. 5754: 5591: 5341: 4984: 4811: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4803: 3401: 2840:. Vol. 6. Portland Press. pp. 11-1–11-30. 2779: 2252:. Finally, platelets may be transfused as part of a 2109:

These drugs are used to prevent thrombus formation.

1789:, or may completely obstruct it, causing downstream 498:

Platelets derive from multipotent marrow stem cells.

257:

One major function of platelets is to contribute to

52:

showing platelets (small purple dots) surrounded by

5390: 3873: 3781: 2613: 2544:

List of distinct cell types in the adult human body

562:It has been suggested that this article should be 7310:Thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) 6396: 5800: 5724:Standards for Blood Banks and Transfusion Services 5520:Standards for Blood Banks and Transfusion Services 4779: 4160:Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 1891:Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia 1688: 1454: 1350: 797:from the subendothelium binds with its receptors ( 7370:Activated protein C–protein C inhibitor (APC–PCI) 5801:Nguyen, D.T.; Orgill, D.P.; Murphy, G.F. (2009). 5436:(17th ed.). Bethesda MD: AABB. p. 580. 4800: 4077: 4004: 2994:"Platelet-rich plasma and regenerative dentistry" 2858:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 1038:, a cooked fried egg with a denser central body. 7979: 7705:Transfusion-associated graft versus host disease 5391:van Veen JJ, Nokes TJ, Makris M (January 2010). 4921: 4118: 2886: 2481:in 1842 drew pictures of a platelet-fibrin clot. 2371:transfusion-associated graft versus host disease 1754:), or due to unregulated production: one of the 1098:receptor, allowing these receptors to bind with 408:, allowing platelets to maintain a discoid shape 82:Formation of blood clots; prevention of bleeding 7219:Antithrombin (inhibits FII, FIX, FX, FXI, FXII) 5342:Rao GH, Johnson GG, Reddy KR, White JG (1983). 3782:Bouchard BA, Mann KG, Butenas S (August 2010). 1781:; and microcirculatory thrombosis. An arterial 1311:Activated platelets are able to participate in 1287:. Platelets are activated by collagen receptor 5203: 5019: 4752: 4011:International Journal of Laboratory Hematology 2775: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2447:(PRP) is used as an adjunct in wound healing. 1762:. A disorder of platelet function is called a 1383:. The symptoms depend on the thrombosis site. 507:, a hormone produced in the kidneys and liver. 7455: 6971: 6382: 6174: 5068: 4780:Marcucci, Carlo; Schoettker, Patrick (2014). 3777: 3775: 2260:. Platelet transfusion is contraindicated in 5748: 5628: 5585: 5384: 5148: 5111: 5105: 4675:Lind, Stuart E.; Kurkjian, Carla D. (2011). 4674: 4239: 4153: 4147: 3784:"No evidence for tissue factor on platelets" 3585: 2985: 2373:or they may be washed to remove the plasma. 2049:— platelets are both elevated and activated 1898:Altered platelet function (thrombocytopathy) 1240:Platelets are the largest source of soluble 1014:. The three steps along this path are named 843: 815:in the blood, which initiates the extrinsic 411:Organelle zone — rich in platelet granules. 7700:Transfusion associated circulatory overload 6292:"The Origin and Nature of the Blood Plates" 5839: 5544: 5335: 4188: 4078:Cox D, Kerrigan SW, Watson SP (June 2011). 3579: 2950: 2764: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2719: 885:receptors to their active form to initiate 7710:Febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reaction 7583:International Society of Blood Transfusion 7462: 7448: 6978: 6964: 6389: 6375: 6135: 6065: 5898: 4156:"Platelets in inflammation and thrombosis" 4005:Jenne CN, Urrutia R, Kubes P (June 2013). 3772: 3446: 3040: 2565:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2076: 1693:In light transmission aggregometry (LTA), 1386: 1030:, an octopus with multiple arms and legs; 865:synthesis pathway, which involves enzymes 710:Resting platelets maintain active calcium 451:, which are platelet-activating mediators. 34: 7287:Plasminogen activator inhibitor-2 (PAI-2) 7282:Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) 6346: 6231: 6168: 5965: 5916: 5875: 5568: 5491: 5408: 5359: 5318: 5278: 5229: 5180: 5045: 5022:"Genetics of inherited thrombocytopenias" 4880: 4863: 4861: 4833: 4463: 4419: 4362: 4320: 4271: 4171: 4095: 4022: 3976: 3891: 3807: 3701: 3660: 3603: 3562: 3370: 3293: 3283: 3226: 3177: 3143: 3120: 3017: 2797: 2737: 2699: 990:γ granules (gamma granules) — similar to 454:Membranous zone — membranes derived from 206:injury by clumping, thereby initiating a 194:component whose function (along with the 6260:. Munn & Company. 1882. p. 105. 6129: 4668: 4649: 4647: 4611: 4609: 3530: 2991: 2828: 2716: 2343: 2279: 2150:Drugs that stimulate platelet production 1864:(five known drugs — most problematic is 1651: 1418: 1085: 896: 848: 662: 593: 519: 493: 244: 16:Component of blood aiding in coagulation 6985: 6896:Megakaryocyte–erythroid progenitor cell 6296:The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 5852:"Platelet phagocytosis and aggregation" 5320:10.7326/0003-4819-142-7-200504050-00004 5020:Warren, JT; Di Paola, J (2 June 2022). 4753:Ranucci, Marco; Simioni, Paolo (2016). 4683:(2nd ed.). Elsevier. p. 485. 2921: 2829:Berridge, Michael J. (1 October 2014). 2064:Associated with other myeloid neoplasms 1994:Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease 1697:is placed between a light source and a 1583:Von Willebrand disease (except Type 2B) 857:(TXA2) and decreases the production of 7980: 7080:High-molecular-weight kininogen (HMWK) 6320: 6289: 6213: 6207: 6048: 5678: 5570:10.1046/j.1537-2995.1992.32192116428.x 5550: 5252: 4858: 4655:"Platelet Disorders: Thrombocytopenia" 4622:(3rd ed.). Boston: Butterworths. 4154:Wagner DD, Burger PC (December 2003). 3751: 3102: 2505:. He named Schultze's spherules (It.) 1919:Disorders of granule amount or release 1473: 1200:disseminated intravascular coagulation 1184:pathogen-associated molecular patterns 994:and contain several hydrolytic enzymes 788: 777:. Data suggest that ADP activates the 524:Platelets extruded from megakaryocytes 431:, platelet-derived growth factor, and 345:is used interchangeably with the word 7695:Transfusion related acute lung injury 7443: 6959: 6370: 6323:"The histogenesis of blood platelets" 6270: 6108: 4886: 4644: 4615: 4606: 4452:Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 4441: 4439: 4084:Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 4045: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3833:Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis 3724: 3592:Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 3496:Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis 3078:Thrombosis et Diathesis Haemorrhagica 2782:"Primary platelet adhesion receptors" 2423:, which stimulates the deposition of 2171: 2105:Drugs that suppress platelet function 2083:non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 1862:Drug-induced thrombocytopenic purpura 1738:Low platelet concentration is called 1319:. They are able to specifically bind 1166:of intracellular granules containing 5726:(26th ed.). Bethesda MD: AABB. 5721: 5522:(22nd ed.). Bethesda MD: AABB. 5204:Erpenbeck L, Schön MP (April 2010). 4711: 3075: 2959:Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews 2882: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2562: 1306: 1188:damage-associated molecular patterns 1001: 970:δ granules (delta or dense granules) 892: 548: 353:arises from physiologic hemostasis, 238:), thrombocytes circulate as intact 7365:Thrombin–antithrombin complex (TAT) 5807:Biomaterials For Treating Skin Loss 5516:American Association of Blood Banks 4869:"Why Perform Platelet Aggregation?" 3043:The New England Journal of Medicine 2404:, and the platelets are cleared by 2379:platelet transfusion refractoriness 2262:thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura 1984:Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria 1847:Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura 1799: 1144: 415:contain clotting mediators such as 13: 7272:Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) 7229:Protein S (cofactor for protein C) 6123:10.1111/j.1365-2818.1864.tb01625.x 6080:10.1111/j.1365-2141.1967.tb00769.x 4967:. Virginia Commonwealth University 4436: 4301:The Journal of Infectious Diseases 4173:10.1161/01.ATV.0000095974.95122.EC 3993: 2585:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1972.tb16342.x 2441:vascular endothelial growth factor 2321:riboflavin and UV light treatments 2018:Thrombocytosis and thrombocythemia 1705:Whole blood impedance aggregometry 1360:purplish stain named by its size: 1117: 827:and they turn on calcium-mediated 14: 8024: 7738:Transfusion transmitted infection 5899:Gawaz M, Vogel S (October 2013). 4822:Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2873: 2009:Decreased cyclooxygenase activity 1935:Decreased cyclooxygenase activity 1766:or a platelet function disorder. 1476:by disorders and agonists 1122:Platelets have a central role in 1058:, which moves negatively charged 688:platelet activation by producing 6233:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2006.06036.x 5693:10.1111/j.1423-0410.2012.01662.x 5650:10.1111/j.1537-2995.2005.04350.x 5606:10.1111/j.1537-2995.2004.03355.x 5484:10.1182/bloodadvances.2019000812 5410:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2009.07899.x 4730:10.1001/jama.1910.04330140029009 4097:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2011.04264.x 4056:10.1016/B978-012369367-9/50763-1 3930:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2005.05897.x 3703:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06829.x 2865: 1960:Disorders of coagulant activity 1939:Platelet storage pool deficiency 1866:heparin-induced thrombocytopenia 1442: 1404:or optical methods. Most common 1090:Platelet clumps in a blood smear 553: 129:Anatomical terms of microanatomy 56:(large gray circular structures) 7360:Prothrombin fragment 1+2 (F1+2) 7020:Platelet membrane glycoproteins 6314: 6283: 6264: 6248: 6102: 6059: 6042: 6033: 5982: 5933: 5892: 5846:Movat HZ, Weiser WJ, Glynn MF, 5794: 5775: 5715: 5672: 5508: 5458: 5425: 5295: 5246: 5197: 5062: 5013: 4978: 4950: 4915: 4773: 4746: 4736: 4705: 4679:. In Michelson, Alan D. (ed.). 4571: 4535: 4480: 4379: 4337: 4288: 4112: 4071: 4039: 3952: 3908: 3867: 3824: 3745: 3718: 3677: 3628: 3487: 3395: 3346: 3310: 3251: 3194: 3137: 3096: 3069: 3034: 2388: 2071: 2035:Hyposplenism (post-splenectomy) 1689:Light transmission aggregometry 1471: 1467:multiple electrode aggregometry 1461:Multiple electrode aggregometry 1455:Multiple electrode aggregometry 1351:Signs and symptoms of disorders 1209: 1150:evolution. For example, in the 1006:As shown by flow cytometry and 741:ADP on the other hand binds to 536:Old platelets are destroyed by 7224:Protein C (inhibits FV, FVIII) 6220:British Journal of Haematology 6181:Arch Pathol Anat Phys Klin Med 6068:British Journal of Haematology 5397:British Journal of Haematology 3918:British Journal of Haematology 2915: 2822: 2650: 2616:British Journal of Haematology 2607: 2556: 2450: 2413:platelet-derived growth factor 2227: 2216: 2112: 1874:Neonatal alloimmune associated 1391: 1228:platelet-derived growth factor 1081: 938:platelet-derived growth factor 684:The intact endothelial lining 489: 1: 6055:. London: Macmillan & Co. 5809:. CRC Press. pp. 25–57. 4958:"Platelet Function Assay FAQ" 3170:10.1016/s0006-3495(76)85756-6 2971:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2021.11.003 2549: 2348:Platelets collected by using 2275: 1474:Platelet aggregation function 934:transforming growth factor-β1 679: 658: 636:attach to the subendothelial 544: 368: 7627:Intraoperative blood salvage 6587:Extramedullary hematopoiesis 6049:Godlee, Sir Rickman (1917). 5958:10.1182/blood-2011-02-338244 5918:10.1182/blood-2013-05-468694 5222:10.1182/blood-2009-10-247296 5173:10.1182/blood-2011-10-384826 4786:. Springer. pp. 54–56. 4759:. Springer. pp. 40–42. 4217:10.1126/science.273.5272.252 3893:10.1182/blood-2013-05-501924 3800:10.1182/blood-2010-05-285627 3463:10.1007/978-1-61779-307-3_23 3455:Platelets and Megakaryocytes 3285:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005899 3207:Journal of Biomedical Optics 3103:Paulus JM (September 1975). 2433:insulin-like growth factor 1 2254:massive transfusion protocol 2211: 2047:Myeloproliferative neoplasms 1756:myeloproliferative neoplasms 1733: 1293:fibroblast-like synoviocytes 1244:which induces production of 1012:scanning electron microscopy 805:) and more calcium release. 764:inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 373: 7: 7643:Blood compatibility testing 7100:Factor XII (Hageman factor) 7014:von Willebrand factor (vWF) 6308:10.1056/NEJM190606071542301 5856:The Journal of Cell Biology 5307:Annals of Internal Medicine 4050:, Elsevier, pp. 3–22, 3122:10.1182/blood.V46.3.321.321 2992:Xu J, Gou L, Qiu S (2020). 2738:Michelson, Alan D. (2013). 2537: 2360: 922:α granules (alpha granules) 825:G protein-coupled receptors 606: 341:In some contexts, the word 10: 8029: 7420:-antiplasmin complex (PAP) 7135:Factor III (tissue factor) 5815:10.1533/9781845695545.1.25 5757:Current Hematology Reports 5551:Högman CF (January 1992). 5083:10.1016/j.blre.2020.100784 4364:10.1016/j.cell.2017.11.001 3555:10.1182/blood-2005-09-3687 3372:10.1016/j.cell.2007.01.037 3264:PLOS Computational Biology 2901:10.1016/j.smim.2016.10.010 2742:(3rd ed.). Academic. 2462: 2392: 2327: 2220: 1949:Glanzmann's thrombasthenia 1713: 1613:Glanzmann's thrombasthenia 1458: 1136:inflammatory bowel disease 587: 382:Peripheral zone — rich in 176: 159: 18: 7746: 7690:Transfusion hemosiderosis 7678: 7635: 7596: 7560: 7481: 7406: 7378: 7350: 7327: 7318: 7252: 7209: 7148: 7123: 7068: 7002: 6993: 6920: 6880: 6854: 6826: 6793: 6753:Antigen-presenting cells 6746: 6681: 6672: 6608: 6599: 6579: 6541: 6516: 6507: 6478: 6438: 6429: 6405: 5126:10.1080/09537100701230436 4592:10.3109/10428199609074364 3978:10.1182/blood.V77.1.75.75 3653:10.1007/s12668-018-0586-4 3228:10.1117/1.JBO.18.1.017001 2998:Australian Dental Journal 2799:10.1080/15216540500078962 2053:Essential thrombocythemia 1945:Disorders of aggregation 1923:Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome 1857:Hemolytic–uremic syndrome 1823:Familial thrombocytopenia 1758:or certain other myeloid 1669: 1667:or aspirin-like disorder 844:Components (consequences) 568:into multiple articles. ( 173: 'clot' and 127: 115: 103: 91: 86: 78: 66: 61: 33: 28: 21:Platelet (disambiguation) 7670:Monocyte monolayer assay 7342:β-Thromboglobulin (β-TG) 6841:Nucleated red blood cell 6397:Myeloid blood cells and 5271:10.1016/j.pt.2009.04.002 5038:10.1182/blood.2020009300 4133:10.1016/j.it.2004.07.003 3332:10.1182/blood.V95.8.2514 2429:fibroblast growth factor 1954:Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome 1916:Disorders of activation 1910:Bernard–Soulier syndrome 1588:Bernard–Soulier syndrome 1427:-initiated aggregation. 540:in the spleen and liver. 470: 214:; they are fragments of 7545:Granulocyte transfusion 7337:Platelet factor 4 (PF4) 7234:Protein Z (inhibits FX) 7168:Prothrombin (factor II) 6943:Hematopoietic stem cell 6862:Leukocyte extravasation 6731:Foreign-body giant cell 6348:2027/hvd.32044107223588 6339:10.1002/jmor.1050210204 5313:(7): I–54. April 2005. 5253:Pleass RJ (July 2009). 4965:Department of Pathology 4580:Leukemia & Lymphoma 4513:10.1126/science.1228892 4412:10.1126/science.1181928 2936:10.1001/jama.2017.12859 2838:Cell Signalling Biology 2437:epidermal growth factor 2270:immune thrombocytopenia 2264:(TTP), as it fuels the 2166:Thrombopoietin mimetics 2077:Anti-inflammatory drugs 1806:Immune thrombocytopenia 1648:Storage pool deficiency 1387:Measurement and Testing 1246:reactive oxygen species 1152:Atlantic horseshoe crab 909:, lambda granules, and 614:formation on an intact 400:Sol-gel zone — rich in 324: 7393:Fibrinopeptide B (FpB) 7388:Fibrinopeptide A (FpA) 7060:Glycoprotein VI (GPVI) 7025:Glycoprotein Ib (GPIb) 6214:Brewer DB (May 2006). 6175:Bizzozero, J. (1882). 5361:10.1161/01.ATV.3.4.383 5259:Trends in Parasitology 4999:10.1515/cclm-2022-0666 4936:10.1055/s-0029-1220325 4901:10.1182/hem.V11.2.2555 4835:10.1186/1750-1172-5-23 3845:10.1055/s-2007-1002570 3105:"Platelet size in man" 2889:Seminars in Immunology 2848:(inactive 2024-09-18). 2357: 2285: 1980:Disorders of adhesion 1928:Gray platelet syndrome 1906:Disorders of adhesion 1886:Pseudothrombocytopenia 1882:Transfusion-associated 1724:von Willebrand disease 1428: 1091: 902: 875:thromboxane-A synthase 676: 671:, activated platelet, 599: 525: 499: 254: 7680:Transfusion reactions 7211:Anticoagulant factors 7178:Fibrinogen (factor I) 7173:Thrombin (factor IIa) 7045:Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa 7039:Glycoprotein IX (GP9) 7006:(platelet activation) 6327:Journal of Morphology 4313:10.1093/infdis/jiz110 3508:10.1055/s-2005-869528 3144:Frojmovic MM (1976). 3055:10.1056/NEJMra0801082 2473:Joseph Jackson Lister 2347: 2283: 1996:(AERD/Samter's triad) 1422: 1406:blood testing methods 1089: 900: 879:thromboxane receptors 849:GPIIb/IIIa activation 666: 642:von Willebrand factor 597: 523: 497: 460:endoplasmic reticulum 435:. Delta granules, or 248: 8008:Transfusion medicine 7660:Kleihauer–Betke test 7622:Exchange transfusion 7501:Platelet transfusion 7475:transfusion medicine 7398:Fibrin monomers (FM) 7254:Fibrinolytic factors 7072:(contact activation) 6938:Hematopoietic system 6726:Langhans giant cells 5868:10.1083/jcb.27.3.531 4121:Trends in Immunology 3754:Series Haematologica 2445:platelet-rich plasma 2425:extracellular matrix 2305:platelet-rich plasma 2284:Platelet concentrate 2242:regional anaesthetic 2233:Platelet transfusion 2223:Platelet transfusion 2029:Chronic inflammation 1964:COAT platelet defect 1871:Pregnancy-associated 1695:platelet-rich plasma 1285:rheumatoid arthritis 1204:deep vein thrombosis 819:cascade to increase 743:purinergic receptors 734:protein to increase 646:Weibel-Palade bodies 283:. Formation of this 210:. Platelets have no 190: 'cell') are a 19:For other uses, see 7748:Blood group systems 7683:and adverse effects 7518:Fresh frozen plasma 7352:Thrombin generation 7329:Platelet activation 7320:Coagulation markers 6995:Coagulation factors 6987:Coagulation cascade 6701:Alveolar macrophage 6257:Scientific American 6136:Schultze M (1865). 6003:1968Natur.220..509B 5518:(2003). "5.1.5.1". 4924:Semin Thromb Hemost 4677:"The bleeding time" 4505:2012Sci...338.1348M 4404:2010Sci...327..580B 4209:1996Sci...273..252D 3416:1987Natur.327..524P 3276:2018PLSCB..14E5899M 3219:2013JBO....18a7001M 3162:1976BpJ....16.1071F 3150:Biophysical Journal 2684:10.1038/nature21706 2676:2017Natur.544..105L 2577:1972NYASA.202..297L 2435:, platelet-derived 2244:procedures such as 1932:ADP receptor defect 1779:arterial thrombosis 1604:Decreased or absent 1571:Decreased or absent 1537:Adrenergic receptor 1482: 1381:arterial thrombosis 1315:, interacting with 1295:, most prominently 1008:electron microscopy 958:coagulation factors 789:Trigger (induction) 303:platelet inhibition 289:coagulation cascade 273:chemical messengers 196:coagulation factors 7993:Coagulation system 7192:Fibrin (factor Ia) 7004:Primary hemostasis 6872:Intrinsic immunity 6736:Touton giant cells 6321:Wright JH (1910). 6290:Wright JH (1906). 6193:10.1007/BF01931360 6154:10.1007/BF02961404 5787:2014-04-14 at the 4873:Helena Biosciences 4586:(Suppl 1): 79–82. 4545:Acta Haematologica 4024:10.1111/ijlh.12084 2846:10.1042/csb0001011 2411:Platelets release 2358: 2354:American Red Cross 2290:platelet apheresis 2286: 2172:Intravenous agents 1671:Absent second wave 1653:Absent second wave 1513:defect (including 1472: 1429: 1092: 905:Platelets contain 903: 829:signaling pathways 677: 600: 526: 500: 433:chemotactic agents 255: 7975: 7974: 7552:Blood substitutes 7540:White blood cells 7471:Blood transfusion 7437: 7436: 7433: 7432: 7380:Fibrin generation 7205: 7204: 7125:Extrinsic pathway 7070:Intrinsic pathway 6953: 6952: 6916: 6915: 6789: 6788: 6716:Epithelioid cells 6595: 6594: 6575: 6574: 6571: 6570: 6503: 6502: 6142:Arch Mikrosk Anat 5997:(5166): 509–510. 5850:(December 1965). 5824:978-1-4200-9989-8 5733:978-1-56395-289-0 5529:978-1-56395-173-2 5478:(22): 3780–3817. 5443:978-1-56395-315-6 4987:Clin Chem Lab Med 4793:978-3-642-55004-1 4766:978-3-319-24795-3 4690:978-0-08-046586-9 4629:978-0-409-90077-4 4557:10.1159/000204725 4499:(6112): 1348–51. 4465:10.1111/jth.13955 4065:978-0-12-369367-9 3605:10.1111/jth.12168 3472:978-1-61779-306-6 3010:10.1111/adj.12754 2749:978-0-12-387837-3 2628:10.1111/bjh.12758 2415:(PDGF), a potent 2058:Polycythemia vera 2026:Chronic infection 1817:Gaucher's disease 1775:venous thrombosis 1684: 1683: 1559:Collagen receptor 1377:venous thrombosis 1345:platelet factor 4 1335:, kinocidins and 1313:adaptive immunity 1307:Adaptive immunity 1002:Morphology change 946:B-thromboglobulin 930:platelet factor 4 893:Granule secretion 871:cyclo-oxygenase 1 736:adenylate cyclase 634:Endothelial cells 586: 585: 291:, with resultant 240:mononuclear cells 218:derived from the 198:) is to react to 143: 142: 138: 8020: 7665:Antibody elution 7612:plateletpheresis 7578:Blood management 7561:General concepts 7464: 7457: 7450: 7441: 7440: 7325: 7324: 7000: 6999: 6980: 6973: 6966: 6957: 6956: 6887:Precursor cells 6813:Promegakaryocyte 6679: 6678: 6606: 6605: 6531:Promegakaryocyte 6514: 6513: 6436: 6435: 6427: 6426: 6412: 6411: 6391: 6384: 6377: 6368: 6367: 6361: 6360: 6350: 6318: 6312: 6311: 6287: 6281: 6280: 6273:The Medical News 6268: 6262: 6261: 6252: 6246: 6245: 6235: 6211: 6205: 6204: 6172: 6166: 6165: 6133: 6127: 6126: 6106: 6100: 6099: 6063: 6057: 6056: 6046: 6040: 6037: 6031: 6030: 6011:10.1038/220509a0 5986: 5980: 5979: 5969: 5937: 5931: 5930: 5920: 5896: 5890: 5889: 5879: 5843: 5837: 5836: 5798: 5792: 5779: 5773: 5772: 5752: 5746: 5745: 5719: 5713: 5712: 5676: 5670: 5669: 5632: 5626: 5625: 5589: 5583: 5582: 5572: 5548: 5542: 5541: 5512: 5506: 5505: 5495: 5462: 5456: 5455: 5434:Technical Manual 5429: 5423: 5422: 5412: 5388: 5382: 5381: 5363: 5348:Arteriosclerosis 5339: 5333: 5332: 5322: 5299: 5293: 5292: 5282: 5250: 5244: 5243: 5233: 5201: 5195: 5194: 5184: 5152: 5146: 5145: 5109: 5103: 5102: 5066: 5060: 5059: 5049: 5017: 5011: 5010: 4982: 4976: 4975: 4973: 4972: 4962: 4954: 4948: 4947: 4919: 4913: 4912: 4889:The Hematologist 4884: 4878: 4876: 4865: 4856: 4855: 4837: 4813: 4798: 4797: 4777: 4771: 4770: 4750: 4744: 4740: 4734: 4733: 4712:Duke WW (1910). 4709: 4703: 4702: 4672: 4666: 4665: 4663: 4662: 4651: 4642: 4641: 4613: 4604: 4603: 4575: 4569: 4568: 4539: 4533: 4532: 4484: 4478: 4477: 4467: 4443: 4434: 4433: 4423: 4383: 4377: 4376: 4366: 4341: 4335: 4334: 4324: 4292: 4286: 4285: 4275: 4243: 4237: 4236: 4192: 4186: 4185: 4175: 4151: 4145: 4144: 4116: 4110: 4109: 4099: 4090:(6): 1097–1107. 4075: 4069: 4068: 4043: 4037: 4036: 4026: 4002: 3991: 3990: 3980: 3956: 3950: 3949: 3912: 3906: 3905: 3895: 3871: 3865: 3864: 3828: 3822: 3821: 3811: 3779: 3770: 3769: 3749: 3743: 3742: 3733:(4): 1677–1700. 3727:Scanning Microsc 3722: 3716: 3715: 3705: 3690:The FEBS Journal 3681: 3675: 3674: 3664: 3632: 3626: 3625: 3607: 3583: 3577: 3576: 3566: 3534: 3528: 3527: 3491: 3485: 3484: 3450: 3444: 3443: 3424:10.1038/327524a0 3399: 3393: 3392: 3374: 3350: 3344: 3343: 3314: 3308: 3307: 3297: 3287: 3255: 3249: 3248: 3230: 3198: 3192: 3191: 3181: 3141: 3135: 3134: 3124: 3100: 3094: 3093: 3073: 3067: 3066: 3038: 3032: 3031: 3021: 2989: 2983: 2982: 2954: 2948: 2947: 2919: 2913: 2912: 2884: 2871: 2870: 2869: 2863: 2857: 2849: 2835: 2826: 2820: 2819: 2801: 2777: 2762: 2761: 2735: 2714: 2713: 2703: 2654: 2648: 2647: 2611: 2605: 2604: 2560: 2497:Giulio Bizzozero 2041:Acute blood loss 1800:Thrombocytopenia 1764:thrombocytopathy 1746:, and is either 1740:thrombocytopenia 1483: 1481: 1356:sequestration.) 1145:Immunothrombosis 1128:thrombocytopenia 867:phospholipase A2 762:), resulting in 720:second messenger 618:is prevented by 581: 578: 557: 556: 549: 480:oblate spheroids 365:is the process. 335:thrombocytopenia 187: 180: 170: 163: 135:edit on Wikidata 132: 42:light microscope 38: 26: 25: 8028: 8027: 8023: 8022: 8021: 8019: 8018: 8017: 8013:1842 in science 7978: 7977: 7976: 7971: 7766:Secretor status 7742: 7682: 7674: 7631: 7592: 7556: 7533:Cryosupernatant 7528:Cryoprecipitate 7508:Red blood cells 7477: 7468: 7438: 7429: 7419: 7402: 7374: 7346: 7314: 7304: 7295: 7248: 7201: 7144: 7127:(tissue factor) 7126: 7119: 7071: 7064: 7005: 6989: 6984: 6954: 6949: 6912: 6876: 6855:Immune response 6850: 6828:Red blood cells 6822: 6785: 6762:Langerhans cell 6757:Dendritic cells 6742: 6668: 6591: 6567: 6551:Proerythroblast 6537: 6499: 6483:Monocytopoiesis 6474: 6418: 6401: 6395: 6365: 6364: 6319: 6315: 6288: 6284: 6269: 6265: 6254: 6253: 6249: 6212: 6208: 6173: 6169: 6134: 6130: 6107: 6103: 6064: 6060: 6047: 6043: 6038: 6034: 5987: 5983: 5938: 5934: 5897: 5893: 5844: 5840: 5825: 5799: 5795: 5789:Wayback Machine 5780: 5776: 5753: 5749: 5734: 5720: 5716: 5677: 5673: 5633: 5629: 5590: 5586: 5549: 5545: 5530: 5513: 5509: 5463: 5459: 5444: 5430: 5426: 5389: 5385: 5340: 5336: 5301: 5300: 5296: 5251: 5247: 5216:(17): 3427–36. 5202: 5198: 5153: 5149: 5110: 5106: 5067: 5063: 5032:(22): 3264–77. 5018: 5014: 4983: 4979: 4970: 4968: 4960: 4956: 4955: 4951: 4920: 4916: 4885: 4881: 4867: 4866: 4859: 4814: 4801: 4794: 4778: 4774: 4767: 4751: 4747: 4741: 4737: 4724:(14): 1185–92. 4710: 4706: 4691: 4673: 4669: 4660: 4658: 4653: 4652: 4645: 4630: 4614: 4607: 4576: 4572: 4540: 4536: 4485: 4481: 4444: 4437: 4398:(5965): 580–3. 4384: 4380: 4342: 4338: 4293: 4289: 4252:Nature Medicine 4244: 4240: 4203:(5272): 252–5. 4193: 4189: 4152: 4148: 4117: 4113: 4076: 4072: 4066: 4044: 4040: 4003: 3994: 3957: 3953: 3913: 3909: 3872: 3868: 3829: 3825: 3780: 3773: 3750: 3746: 3723: 3719: 3682: 3678: 3633: 3629: 3584: 3580: 3535: 3531: 3492: 3488: 3473: 3451: 3447: 3410:(6122): 524–6. 3400: 3396: 3351: 3347: 3315: 3311: 3270:(3): e1005899. 3256: 3252: 3199: 3195: 3142: 3138: 3101: 3097: 3074: 3070: 3039: 3035: 2990: 2986: 2955: 2951: 2920: 2916: 2885: 2874: 2864: 2851: 2850: 2833: 2827: 2823: 2778: 2765: 2750: 2736: 2717: 2670:(7648): 105–9. 2655: 2651: 2612: 2608: 2561: 2557: 2552: 2540: 2517:third corpuscle 2479:William Addison 2469:George Gulliver 2465: 2453: 2397: 2391: 2363: 2356:donation center 2330: 2278: 2230: 2225: 2219: 2214: 2174: 2152: 2115: 2107: 2079: 2074: 2038:Iron deficiency 2020: 1900: 1878:Aplastic anemia 1802: 1750:, reactive (to 1736: 1716: 1707: 1691: 1618:Afibrinogenemia 1463: 1457: 1445: 1402:Coulter counter 1394: 1389: 1353: 1309: 1289:glycoprotein IV 1212: 1147: 1124:innate immunity 1120: 1118:Immune function 1084: 1052: 1028:early dendritic 1016:early dendritic 1004: 895: 851: 846: 791: 701: 682: 661: 609: 592: 582: 576: 573: 558: 554: 547: 532: 492: 473: 376: 371: 361:is the result, 327: 139: 57: 54:red blood cells 44:(500 ×) from a 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8026: 8016: 8015: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7988:Blood products 7973: 7972: 7970: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7865: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7769: 7768: 7758: 7752: 7750: 7744: 7743: 7741: 7740: 7735: 7733:Serum sickness 7730: 7729: 7728: 7723: 7712: 7707: 7702: 7697: 7692: 7686: 7684: 7676: 7675: 7673: 7672: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7651: 7650: 7648:Cross-matching 7639: 7637: 7633: 7632: 7630: 7629: 7624: 7619: 7608:plasmapheresis 7600: 7598: 7594: 7593: 7591: 7590: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7573:Blood donation 7570: 7564: 7562: 7558: 7557: 7555: 7554: 7549: 7548: 7547: 7537: 7536: 7535: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7510: 7505: 7504: 7503: 7493: 7487: 7485: 7483:Blood products 7479: 7478: 7467: 7466: 7459: 7452: 7444: 7435: 7434: 7431: 7430: 7428: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7410: 7404: 7403: 7401: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7384: 7382: 7376: 7375: 7373: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7356: 7354: 7348: 7347: 7345: 7344: 7339: 7333: 7331: 7322: 7316: 7315: 7313: 7312: 7307: 7305:-Macroglobulin 7302: 7298: 7293: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7258: 7256: 7250: 7249: 7247: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7215: 7213: 7207: 7206: 7203: 7202: 7200: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7154: 7152: 7150:Common pathway 7146: 7145: 7143: 7142: 7137: 7131: 7129: 7121: 7120: 7118: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7076: 7074: 7066: 7065: 7063: 7062: 7057: 7051: 7042: 7036: 7031: 7016: 7010: 7008: 6997: 6991: 6990: 6983: 6982: 6975: 6968: 6960: 6951: 6950: 6948: 6947: 6946: 6945: 6935: 6930: 6924: 6922: 6918: 6917: 6914: 6913: 6911: 6910: 6905: 6904: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6884: 6882: 6878: 6877: 6875: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6858: 6856: 6852: 6851: 6849: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6832: 6830: 6824: 6823: 6821: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6808:Megakaryoblast 6805: 6799: 6797: 6791: 6790: 6787: 6786: 6784: 6783: 6782: 6781: 6771: 6770: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6750: 6748: 6744: 6743: 6741: 6740: 6739: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6687: 6685: 6676: 6670: 6669: 6667: 6666: 6665: 6664: 6654: 6653: 6652: 6642: 6641: 6640: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6614: 6612: 6603: 6601:Myeloid tissue 6597: 6596: 6593: 6592: 6590: 6589: 6583: 6581: 6577: 6576: 6573: 6572: 6569: 6568: 6566: 6565: 6564: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6546:Erythropoiesis 6542: 6539: 6538: 6536: 6535: 6534: 6533: 6528: 6526:Megakaryoblast 6521:Thrombopoiesis 6517: 6511: 6505: 6504: 6501: 6500: 6498: 6497: 6496: 6495: 6490: 6479: 6476: 6475: 6473: 6472: 6471: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6443:Granulopoiesis 6439: 6433: 6424: 6409: 6403: 6402: 6394: 6393: 6386: 6379: 6371: 6363: 6362: 6333:(2): 263–278. 6313: 6282: 6263: 6247: 6206: 6187:(2): 261–332. 6167: 6128: 6101: 6074:(4): 618–637. 6058: 6041: 6032: 5981: 5952:(13): 3661–9. 5932: 5911:(15): 2550–4. 5891: 5862:(3): 531–543. 5838: 5823: 5793: 5774: 5747: 5732: 5714: 5687:(3): 183–199. 5671: 5627: 5600:(6): 877–885. 5584: 5543: 5528: 5507: 5457: 5442: 5424: 5383: 5334: 5294: 5245: 5196: 5167:(16): 3790–8. 5147: 5120:(5): 319–328. 5104: 5061: 5012: 4993:(5): 851–860. 4977: 4949: 4930:(2): 168–180. 4914: 4879: 4857: 4799: 4792: 4772: 4765: 4745: 4735: 4704: 4689: 4667: 4643: 4628: 4605: 4570: 4551:(1–2): 83–87. 4534: 4479: 4458:(6): 1187–97. 4435: 4378: 4357:(6): 1368–82. 4336: 4307:(3): 524–534. 4287: 4264:10.1038/nm1317 4258:(11): 1167–9. 4238: 4187: 4166:(12): 2131–7. 4146: 4127:(9): 489–495. 4111: 4070: 4064: 4038: 4017:(3): 254–261. 3992: 3951: 3924:(4): 494–502. 3907: 3886:(8): 1250–60. 3866: 3839:(3): 311–323. 3823: 3771: 3744: 3717: 3696:(3): 845–856. 3676: 3641:BioNanoScience 3627: 3598:(5): 930–940. 3578: 3549:(10): 3902–6. 3529: 3502:(2): 234–246. 3486: 3471: 3445: 3394: 3365:(6): 1173–86. 3345: 3326:(8): 2514–22. 3309: 3250: 3193: 3156:(9): 1071–89. 3136: 3115:(3): 321–336. 3095: 3068: 3049:(9): 938–949. 3033: 3004:(2): 131–142. 2984: 2949: 2930:(13): 1311–2. 2914: 2872: 2821: 2763: 2748: 2715: 2649: 2622:(2): 227–236. 2606: 2571:(1): 297–307. 2554: 2553: 2551: 2548: 2547: 2546: 2539: 2536: 2535: 2534: 2524: 2510: 2494: 2488: 2482: 2476: 2464: 2461: 2452: 2449: 2393:Main article: 2390: 2387: 2362: 2359: 2329: 2326: 2277: 2274: 2229: 2226: 2221:Main article: 2218: 2215: 2213: 2210: 2209: 2208: 2190: 2185: 2180: 2173: 2170: 2169: 2168: 2163: 2158: 2151: 2148: 2147: 2146: 2141: 2136: 2131: 2126: 2121: 2114: 2111: 2106: 2103: 2091:cyclooxygenase 2078: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2069: 2068: 2065: 2062: 2061: 2060: 2055: 2044: 2043: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2033: 2030: 2027: 2019: 2016: 2015: 2014: 2013: 2012: 2011: 2010: 2007: 2002: 1997: 1991: 1986: 1975: 1974: 1973: 1972: 1971: 1969:Scott syndrome 1966: 1958: 1957: 1956: 1951: 1943: 1942: 1941: 1936: 1933: 1930: 1925: 1920: 1914: 1913: 1912: 1899: 1896: 1895: 1894: 1888: 1883: 1880: 1875: 1872: 1869: 1859: 1854: 1852:HELLP syndrome 1849: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1821: 1820: 1819: 1809: 1801: 1798: 1744:thrombocytosis 1735: 1732: 1715: 1712: 1706: 1703: 1690: 1687: 1682: 1681: 1678: 1673: 1668: 1661: 1660: 1655: 1650: 1644: 1643: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1621: 1620: 1615: 1607: 1606: 1601: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1591: 1590: 1585: 1577: 1576: 1573: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1555: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1543: 1540: 1533: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1518: 1507: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1459:Main article: 1456: 1453: 1444: 1441: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1352: 1349: 1341:polyphosphates 1308: 1305: 1218:and secreting 1211: 1208: 1146: 1143: 1119: 1116: 1083: 1080: 1068:prothrombinase 1051: 1048: 1003: 1000: 999: 998: 995: 988: 967: 911:alpha granules 907:dense granules 894: 891: 855:thromboxane A2 850: 847: 845: 842: 811:also binds to 790: 787: 749:is coupled to 699: 692:, endothelial- 681: 678: 660: 657: 608: 605: 588:Main article: 584: 583: 561: 559: 552: 546: 543: 542: 541: 534: 530: 518: 517: 514: 511: 508: 505:thrombopoietin 491: 488: 484:flow cytometry 472: 469: 468: 467: 464:thromboxane A2 452: 413:Alpha granules 409: 406:microfilaments 398: 375: 372: 370: 367: 326: 323: 319:growth factors 220:megakaryocytes 141: 140: 131: 125: 124: 119: 113: 112: 107: 101: 100: 95: 89: 88: 84: 83: 80: 76: 75: 73:Megakaryocytes 70: 64: 63: 59: 58: 46:Giemsa-stained 39: 31: 30: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8025: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7985: 7983: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7873: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7783:Chido-Rodgers 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7767: 7764: 7763: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7753: 7751: 7749: 7745: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7687: 7685: 7681: 7677: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7649: 7646: 7645: 7644: 7641: 7640: 7638: 7634: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7617: 7616:leukapheresis 7613: 7609: 7605: 7602: 7601: 7599: 7595: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7565: 7563: 7559: 7553: 7550: 7546: 7543: 7542: 7541: 7538: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7515: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7502: 7499: 7498: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7488: 7486: 7484: 7480: 7476: 7472: 7465: 7460: 7458: 7453: 7451: 7446: 7445: 7442: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7414: 7413: 7411: 7409: 7405: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7385: 7383: 7381: 7377: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7357: 7355: 7353: 7349: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7334: 7332: 7330: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7317: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7299: 7297: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7259: 7257: 7255: 7251: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7216: 7214: 7212: 7208: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7187: 7183: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7155: 7153: 7151: 7147: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7132: 7130: 7128: 7122: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7090:Prekallikrein 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7077: 7075: 7073: 7067: 7061: 7058: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7046: 7043: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7011: 7009: 7007: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6992: 6988: 6981: 6976: 6974: 6969: 6967: 6962: 6961: 6958: 6944: 6941: 6940: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6925: 6923: 6919: 6909: 6908:Myelomonocyte 6906: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6888: 6886: 6885: 6883: 6879: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6859: 6857: 6853: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6833: 6831: 6829: 6825: 6819: 6818:Megakaryocyte 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6800: 6798: 6796: 6792: 6780: 6777: 6776: 6775: 6772: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6754: 6752: 6751: 6749: 6745: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6723: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6696:Kupffer cells 6694: 6692: 6689: 6688: 6686: 6684: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6671: 6663: 6660: 6659: 6658: 6655: 6651: 6648: 6647: 6646: 6643: 6639: 6636: 6635: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6615: 6613: 6611: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6598: 6588: 6585: 6584: 6582: 6578: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6548: 6547: 6544: 6543: 6540: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6523: 6522: 6519: 6518: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6506: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6485: 6484: 6481: 6480: 6477: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6463:Metamyelocyte 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6445: 6444: 6441: 6440: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6428: 6425: 6422: 6417: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6407:Hematopoiesis 6404: 6400: 6392: 6387: 6385: 6380: 6378: 6373: 6372: 6369: 6358: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6317: 6309: 6305: 6302:(23): 643–5. 6301: 6297: 6293: 6286: 6278: 6274: 6267: 6259: 6258: 6251: 6243: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6210: 6202: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6171: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6132: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6105: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6062: 6054: 6053: 6045: 6036: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5985: 5977: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5936: 5928: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5895: 5887: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5842: 5834: 5830: 5826: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5797: 5790: 5786: 5783: 5778: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5751: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5729: 5725: 5722:AABB (2009). 5718: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5681:Vox Sanguinis 5675: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5631: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5588: 5580: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5547: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5511: 5503: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5461: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5439: 5435: 5428: 5420: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5387: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5338: 5330: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5298: 5290: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5249: 5241: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5200: 5192: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5151: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5108: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5071:Blood Reviews 5065: 5057: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5016: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4981: 4966: 4959: 4953: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4918: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4883: 4874: 4870: 4864: 4862: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4812: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4804: 4795: 4789: 4785: 4784: 4776: 4768: 4762: 4758: 4757: 4749: 4739: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4708: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4671: 4656: 4650: 4648: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4625: 4621: 4620: 4612: 4610: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4574: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4538: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4483: 4475: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4442: 4440: 4431: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4382: 4374: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4340: 4332: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4291: 4283: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4242: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4191: 4183: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4150: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4115: 4107: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4074: 4067: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4042: 4034: 4030: 4025: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3988: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3955: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3911: 3903: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3870: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3827: 3819: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3778: 3776: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3748: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3721: 3713: 3709: 3704: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3680: 3672: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3631: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3606: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3582: 3574: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3533: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3490: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3449: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3398: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3349: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3313: 3305: 3301: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3254: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3229: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3213:(1): 017001. 3212: 3208: 3204: 3197: 3189: 3185: 3180: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3140: 3132: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3099: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3072: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3037: 3029: 3025: 3020: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2988: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2953: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2918: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2868: 2861: 2855: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2832: 2825: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2800: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2745: 2741: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2711: 2707: 2702: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2653: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2610: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2559: 2555: 2545: 2542: 2541: 2532: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2513:William Osler 2511: 2508: 2504: 2503: 2498: 2495: 2492: 2489: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2470: 2467: 2466: 2460: 2458: 2457:B lymphocytes 2448: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2409: 2407: 2403: 2396: 2386: 2382: 2380: 2374: 2372: 2367: 2355: 2351: 2346: 2342: 2340: 2334: 2325: 2322: 2318: 2312: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2297: 2295: 2291: 2282: 2273: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2234: 2224: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2175: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2159: 2157: 2154: 2153: 2145: 2142: 2140: 2137: 2135: 2132: 2130: 2127: 2125: 2122: 2120: 2117: 2116: 2110: 2102: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2066: 2063: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2050: 2048: 2045: 2040: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2024: 2022: 2021: 2008: 2006: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1985: 1982: 1981: 1979: 1978: 1976: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1961: 1959: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1947: 1946: 1944: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1917: 1915: 1911: 1908: 1907: 1905: 1904: 1902: 1901: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1884: 1881: 1879: 1876: 1873: 1870: 1867: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1818: 1815: 1814: 1813: 1810: 1807: 1804: 1803: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1731: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1711: 1702: 1700: 1696: 1686: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1666: 1663: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1654: 1649: 1646: 1645: 1642: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1610: 1609: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1580: 1579: 1578: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1556: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1534: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1512: 1509: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1484: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1468: 1462: 1452: 1449: 1448:Bleeding time 1443:Bleeding time 1440: 1438: 1434: 1431:On a stained 1426: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1398:hemocytometer 1384: 1382: 1378: 1373: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1357: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1304: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1277: 1275: 1269: 1267: 1266:B lymphocytes 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1238: 1236: 1231: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1207: 1205: 1201: 1195: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1171: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1088: 1079: 1077: 1076:tissue factor 1071: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1060:phospholipids 1057: 1047: 1045: 1039: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1020:early spread, 1017: 1013: 1009: 996: 993: 989: 987: 983: 979: 975: 972:— containing 971: 968: 966: 962: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 924:— containing 923: 920: 919: 918: 916: 912: 908: 899: 890: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 841: 839: 835: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 809:Tissue factor 806: 804: 800: 796: 786: 784: 780: 776: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 752: 748: 744: 739: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 708: 706: 702: 695: 691: 687: 674: 670: 665: 656: 654: 649: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 604: 596: 591: 580: 577:November 2022 571: 567: 566: 560: 551: 550: 539: 535: 528: 527: 522: 515: 512: 509: 506: 502: 501: 496: 487: 485: 481: 476: 465: 461: 457: 456:megakaryocyte 453: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 407: 403: 399: 397: 393: 389: 385: 384:glycoproteins 381: 380: 379: 366: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 339: 336: 332: 322: 320: 316: 311: 309: 305: 304: 299: 294: 290: 286: 285:platelet plug 282: 278: 274: 270: 269: 264: 260: 252: 247: 243: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 186: 179: 175: 172: 169: 162: 158: 155: 154:Ancient Greek 151: 147: 136: 130: 126: 123: 120: 118: 114: 111: 108: 106: 102: 99: 96: 94: 90: 85: 81: 77: 74: 71: 69: 65: 60: 55: 51: 47: 43: 40:Image from a 37: 32: 27: 22: 7998:Cell biology 7495: 7425:D-Dimer (DD) 7408:Fibrinolysis 7296:-Antiplasmin 7018: 6867:Phagocytosis 6836:Reticulocyte 6794: 6610:Granulocytes 6561:Reticulocyte 6453:Promyelocyte 6416:Myelopoiesis 6330: 6326: 6316: 6299: 6295: 6285: 6276: 6272: 6266: 6256: 6250: 6226:(3): 251–8. 6223: 6219: 6209: 6184: 6180: 6170: 6145: 6141: 6131: 6114: 6110: 6104: 6071: 6067: 6061: 6051: 6044: 6035: 5994: 5990: 5984: 5949: 5945: 5935: 5908: 5904: 5894: 5859: 5855: 5841: 5806: 5796: 5777: 5763:(1): 82–88. 5760: 5756: 5750: 5723: 5717: 5684: 5680: 5674: 5644:(6): 911–9. 5641: 5637: 5630: 5597: 5593: 5587: 5560: 5556: 5546: 5519: 5510: 5475: 5471: 5460: 5433: 5427: 5403:(1): 15–25. 5400: 5396: 5386: 5354:(4): 383–8. 5351: 5347: 5337: 5310: 5306: 5297: 5265:(7): 296–9. 5262: 5258: 5248: 5213: 5209: 5199: 5164: 5160: 5150: 5117: 5113: 5107: 5074: 5070: 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2406:phagocytosis 2398: 2395:Wound repair 2389:Wound repair 2383: 2375: 2368: 2364: 2335: 2331: 2313: 2298: 2287: 2266:coagulopathy 2231: 2183:Eptifibatide 2156:Desmopressin 2108: 2080: 2072:Pharmacology 1837:Dengue fever 1827:Chemotherapy 1812:Splenomegaly 1795: 1791:tissue death 1768: 1737: 1717: 1708: 1692: 1685: 1675: 1670: 1657: 1652: 1640: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1603: 1570: 1545: 1520: 1511:P2Y receptor 1464: 1446: 1430: 1414: 1395: 1374: 1358: 1354: 1310: 1278: 1274:covercytosis 1273: 1270: 1239: 1232: 1213: 1210:Inflammation 1196: 1186:(PAMPs), or 1172: 1168:bactericidal 1162:by means of 1148: 1140: 1121: 1112: 1108: 1093: 1072: 1053: 1040: 1035: 1032:early spread 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1005: 904: 886: 859:prostacyclin 852: 807: 794: 792: 740: 724:prostacyclin 709: 690:nitric oxide 685: 683: 650: 632: 624:prostacyclin 620:nitric oxide 610: 601: 574: 563: 538:phagocytosis 477: 474: 437:dense bodies 402:microtubules 377: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 340: 334: 330: 328: 312: 308:wound repair 307: 301: 297: 280: 276: 266: 256: 212:cell nucleus 204:blood vessel 184: 181: 174: 167: 164: 157: 150:thrombocytes 149: 145: 144: 98:thrombocytus 97: 8003:Human cells 7756:Blood types 7655:Coombs test 7491:Whole blood 7262:Plasminogen 7197:Factor XIII 7115:Factor VIII 6721:giant cells 6711:Osteoclasts 6691:Histiocytes 6683:Macrophages 6493:Promonocyte 6148:(1): 1–42. 6052:Lord Lister 5638:Transfusion 5594:Transfusion 5557:Transfusion 3760:(4): 3–16. 2451:Non-mammals 2419:agent; and 2417:chemotactic 2294:Blood Banks 2250:clopidogrel 2228:Indications 2217:Transfusion 2202:eltrombopag 2198:romiplostim 2161:Factor VIIa 2144:Ticlopidine 2129:Clopidogrel 2113:Oral agents 1903:Congenital 1515:Clopidogrel 1494:Epinephrine 1433:blood smear 1392:Measurement 1176:neutrophils 1082:Aggregation 1044:muscle cell 942:fibronectin 915:chemotactic 887:aggregation 817:coagulation 775:antagonists 768:Clopidogrel 669:erythrocyte 616:endothelium 490:Development 429:fibronectin 421:factor VIII 331:thrombocyte 281:aggregation 263:endothelium 228:vertebrates 224:bone marrow 87:Identifiers 50:blood smear 48:peripheral 7982:Categories 7568:Blood bank 7140:Factor VII 7095:Kallikrein 7085:Bradykinin 6645:Eosinophil 6628:Neutrophil 6618:Myeloblast 6556:Normoblast 6448:Myeloblast 5848:Mustard JF 5563:(1): 3–6. 5077:: 100784. 4971:2017-03-27 4661:2022-11-18 2786:IUBMB Life 2550:References 2339:bacteremia 2309:buffy coat 2301:centrifuge 2276:Collection 2258:hemorrhage 2206:argatroban 2194:oprelvekin 2139:Ticagrelor 2124:Cilostazol 2097:, another 2085:(NSAIDS). 2067:Congenital 2032:Malignancy 1832:Babesiosis 1771:thrombosis 1748:congenital 1639:Normal or 1504:Ristocetin 1370:ecchymoses 1317:antibodies 1250:E-selectin 1224:chemokines 1216:leukocytes 1164:exocytosis 1104:fibrinogen 1096:GPIIb/IIIa 1056:scramblase 954:fibrinogen 926:P-selectin 883:GPIIb/IIIa 863:eicosanoid 838:fibrinogen 813:factor VII 728:prostanoid 716:cyclic AMP 680:Inhibition 659:Activation 590:Hemostasis 545:Hemostasis 439:, contain 425:fibrinogen 396:GPIIb/IIIa 369:Morphology 363:thrombosis 355:thrombosis 298:retraction 277:activation 259:hemostasis 236:amphibians 208:blood clot 152:(from 7773:Augustine 7717:reaction 7715:Hemolytic 7604:Apheresis 7496:Platelets 7416:Plasmin-α 7277:Urokinase 7110:Factor IX 7105:Factor XI 6928:Phagocyte 6795:Platelets 6774:Monoblast 6706:Microglia 6674:Monocytes 6657:Mast cell 6623:Band cell 6488:Monoblast 6468:Band cell 6458:Myelocyte 6117:: 47–63. 5833:844452405 5742:630715051 5472:Blood Adv 5452:756764486 5114:Platelets 5099:229178137 4909:1551-8779 4844:1750-1172 4743:38950624. 4699:162572838 4681:Platelets 4529:206544569 4048:Platelets 3614:1538-7933 2965:: 84–94. 2854:cite book 2758:820818942 2740:Platelets 2692:1476-4687 2507:piastrine 2350:apheresis 2246:epidurals 2212:Therapies 2188:Tirofiban 2178:Abciximab 2134:Prasugrel 2095:Ibuprofen 2023:Reactive 1977:Acquired 1760:neoplasms 1752:cytokines 1734:Disorders 1699:photocell 1641:decreased 1635:Decreased 1630:Decreased 1625:Decreased 1546:Decreased 1521:Decreased 1362:petechiae 1337:proteases 1333:defensins 1329:opsonised 1281:synovitis 1220:cytokines 1202:(DIC) or 1180:monocytes 1160:pathogens 1156:amebocyte 992:lysosomes 986:serotonin 726:binds to 673:leukocyte 653:GP1b-IX-V 449:serotonin 388:GPIb/IX/V 374:Structure 329:The term 315:cytokines 216:cytoplasm 146:Platelets 68:Precursor 29:Platelets 7898:Lutheran 7803:Dombrock 7588:ISBT 128 7163:Factor V 7158:Factor X 6901:CFU-GEMM 6662:CFU-Mast 6638:CFU-Baso 6633:Basophil 6421:CFU-GEMM 6357:84877594 6279:: 421–5. 6242:16643426 6201:37267098 6162:84919090 5976:21816834 5927:23963043 5785:Archived 5769:16537051 5709:38392712 5701:23134556 5666:23169569 5658:15934989 5622:24109912 5614:15157255 5538:53010679 5502:31770441 5419:19775301 5329:15809457 5289:19539528 5240:20194899 5191:22262771 5134:17654302 5091:33317862 5056:35167650 5007:35859143 4944:19408190 4852:20822539 4638:21250105 4521:23224555 4474:29350833 4430:20110505 4373:29195076 4331:30877311 4282:16258538 4233:21334521 4182:14500287 4141:15324742 4106:21435167 4033:23590652 3946:41983626 3938:16412022 3902:24297866 3861:28765989 3818:20688968 3712:19143843 3671:31534882 3622:23406164 3573:16455953 3524:41764516 3516:15852226 3481:22130718 3381:17382885 3340:10753829 3304:29518073 3245:44626047 3237:23288415 3063:18753650 3028:32145082 2979:34924312 2944:29614158 2909:27866916 2816:12054259 2808:16036569 2710:28329764 2644:42595581 2636:24499183 2601:45051688 2538:See also 2421:TGF beta 2361:Delivery 2192:Others: 1787:ischemia 1783:thrombus 1499:Collagen 1437:clumping 1323:through 1230:(PDGF). 834:factor V 821:thrombin 795:collagen 779:PI3K/Akt 686:inhibits 638:collagen 612:Thrombus 607:Adhesion 417:factor V 359:thrombus 351:thrombus 343:thrombus 268:adhesion 200:bleeding 168:thrómbos 79:Function 7937:Scianna 7823:Gerbich 7726:delayed 7597:Methods 7267:Plasmin 6803:CFU-Meg 6650:CFU-Eos 6580:General 6096:5742616 6088:6029960 6027:4269208 6019:5686175 5999:Bibcode 5967:3186337 5886:4957257 5877:2106759 5579:1731433 5493:6880896 5378:3229482 5370:6411052 5280:3116138 5231:2867258 5182:3335383 5142:7923694 5047:9164741 4600:8951776 4565:1585777 4501:Bibcode 4493:Science 4421:2927861 4400:Bibcode 4392:Science 4322:6603966 4273:2908083 4225:8662511 4205:Bibcode 4197:Science 3987:1702031 3853:1455249 3809:2918337 3766:4107203 3739:3324323 3662:6750022 3564:1895285 3440:4305207 3432:3495737 3412:Bibcode 3389:7492885 3295:5860797 3272:Bibcode 3215:Bibcode 3179:1334946 3158:Bibcode 3131:1097000 3090:1154309 3019:7384010 2701:5663284 2672:Bibcode 2593:4508929 2573:Bibcode 2502:in vivo 2463:History 2402:plasmin 2328:Storage 2238:surgery 2119:Aspirin 2087:Aspirin 2005:Malaria 1842:Onyalai 1720:PFA-100 1714:PFA-100 1680:Normal 1665:Aspirin 1658:Partial 1575:Normal 1561:defect 1553:Normal 1539:defect 1531:Normal 1366:purpura 1325:FcγRIIA 1192:NETosis 982:calcium 570:discuss 458:smooth 445:calcium 251:ligands 222:of the 161:θρόμβος 110:D001792 62:Details 7848:Indian 7793:Cromer 7788:Colton 7513:Plasma 7054:GPIIIa 6933:Plasma 6891:CFU-GM 6767:CFU-DL 6431:CFU-GM 6399:plasma 6355: 6240: 6199: 6160: 6094: 6086: 6025: 6017: 5991:Nature 5974: 5964: 5925: 5884: 5874: 5831: 5821: 5767: 5740: 5730: 5707: 5699: 5664: 5656: 5620: 5612: 5577: 5536: 5526: 5500: 5490: 5450: 5440: 5417: 5376: 5368: 5327: 5287: 5277: 5238: 5228: 5189: 5179: 5140: 5132: 5097: 5089: 5054: 5044: 5005: 4942: 4907: 4850: 4842: 4790: 4763: 4697: 4687: 4636: 4626: 4598: 4563: 4527: 4519: 4472: 4428: 4418: 4371: 4329: 4319: 4280: 4270: 4231: 4223: 4180: 4139: 4104: 4062: 4031: 3985: 3944: 3936: 3900: 3859: 3851: 3816: 3806: 3764: 3737: 3710: 3669: 3659: 3620: 3612: 3571: 3561: 3522: 3514: 3479: 3469: 3438: 3430: 3404:Nature 3387: 3379: 3338: 3302: 3292: 3243: 3235: 3188:786400 3186: 3176: 3129: 3088: 3061: 3026: 3016: 2977: 2942: 2907: 2814: 2806: 2756: 2746: 2708: 2698: 2690: 2664:Nature 2642: 2634: 2599: 2591: 2531:plates 2521:plaque 2439:, and 2352:at an 2317:cancer 2000:Cancer 1989:Asthma 1893:(VITT) 1728:uremia 1676:Absent 1600:Normal 1597:Normal 1594:Normal 1567:Normal 1564:Normal 1550:Normal 1542:Normal 1528:Normal 1525:Normal 1258:VCAM-1 1256:, and 1254:ICAM-1 1132:sepsis 1064:tenase 1036:spread 1024:spread 984:, and 956:, and 873:, and 714:via a 712:efflux 696:, and 694:ADPase 626:, and 533:timer. 447:, and 293:fibrin 230:(e.g. 7967:Other 7893:Lewis 7883:Knops 7863:KANNO 7808:Duffy 7798:Diego 7721:acute 7636:Tests 7049:GPIIb 7034:GP1BB 7029:GP1BA 6921:Other 6881:Other 6846:CFU-E 6747:Other 6353:S2CID 6197:S2CID 6158:S2CID 6092:S2CID 6023:S2CID 5946:Blood 5905:Blood 5705:S2CID 5662:S2CID 5618:S2CID 5374:S2CID 5210:Blood 5161:Blood 5138:S2CID 5095:S2CID 5026:Blood 4961:(PDF) 4895:(2). 4828:(1). 4525:S2CID 4229:S2CID 3965:Blood 3942:S2CID 3880:Blood 3857:S2CID 3788:Blood 3543:Blood 3520:S2CID 3436:S2CID 3385:S2CID 3320:Blood 3241:S2CID 3109:Blood 2834:(PDF) 2812:S2CID 2640:S2CID 2597:S2CID 2099:NSAID 1868:(HIT) 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