597:
288:. Moving from molecular to macromolecular materials solved the problems previously encountered with the long-term stability of the organic films and enabled high-quality films to be easily made. In the late 1990's, highly efficient electroluminescent dopants were shown to dramatically increase the light-emitting efficiency of OLEDs These results suggested that electroluminescent materials could displace traditional hot-filament lighting. Subsequent research developed multilayer polymers and the new field of plastic electronics and
33:
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One advantage of printed electronics is that different electrical and electronic components can be printed on top of each other, saving space and increasing reliability and sometimes they are all transparent. One ink must not damage another, and low temperature annealing is vital if low-cost flexible
829:
An organic field-effect transistor is a three terminal device (source, drain and gate). The charge carriers move between source and drain, and the gate serves to control the path's conductivity. There are mainly two types of organic field-effect transistor, based on the semiconducting layer's charge
740:
of molecules from a hot source. The molecules are then transported through vacuum onto a substrate. The process of condensing these molecules on the substrate surface results in thin film formation. Wet coating techniques can in some cases be applied to small molecules depending on their solubility.
833:
Such technology allows for the fabrication of large-area, flexible, low-cost electronics. One of the main advantages is that being mainly a low temperature process compared to CMOS, different type of materials can be utilized. This makes them in turn great candidates for sensing.
735:
production. It may result in a high degree of material loss. The doctor-blade technique results in a minimal material loss and was primarily developed for large area thin film production. Vacuum based thermal deposition of small molecules requires
90:
One of the promised benefits of organic electronics is their potential low cost compared to traditional electronics. Attractive properties of polymeric conductors include their electrical conductivity (which can be varied by the concentrations of
542:
are n-type and p-type semiconductor, classified according to the charge type carried. In the case of organic FETs (OFETs), p-type OFET compounds are generally more stable than n-type due to the susceptibility of the latter to oxidative damage.
147:, which was subsequently shown to be electrically conductive. Work on other polymeric organic materials began in earnest in the 1960s. For example in 1963, a derivative of tetraiodopyrrole was shown to exhibit conductivity of 1 S/cm (S =
1124:
408:
An OLED (organic light-emitting diode) consists of a thin film of organic material that emits light under stimulation by an electric current. A typical OLED consists of an anode, a cathode, OLED organic material and a conductive layer.
830:
transport, namely p-type (such as dinaphthothienothiophene, DNTT), and n-type (such phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester, PCBM). Certain organic semiconductors can also present both p-type and n-type (i.e., ambipolar) characteristics.
650:
are to be used. There is much sophisticated engineering and chemistry involved here, with iTi, Pixdro, Asahi Kasei, Merck & Co.|Merck, BASF, HC Starck, Sunew, Hitachi
Chemical, and Frontier Carbon Corporation among the leaders.
757:
Organic semiconductor diodes convert light into electricity. Figure to the right shows five commonly used organic photovoltaic materials. Electrons in these organic molecules can be delocalized in a delocalized π
855:, and less expensive than inorganic conductors. This makes them a desirable alternative in many applications. It also creates the possibility of new applications that would be impossible using copper or silicon.
190:
have been shown to act as semiconductors, and newly synthesized and characterized compounds are reported weekly in prominent research journals. Many review articles exist documenting the development of these
1638:
Baldo, M. A.; O'Brien, D. F.; You, Y.; Shoustikov, A.; Sibley, S.; Thompson, M. E.; Forrest, S. R. (1998). "Highly efficient phosphorescent emission from organic electroluminescent devices".
642:
solar cells prove to be a promising concept for efficient and low-cost photovoltaics on cheap and flexible substrates for large-area production as well as small and mobile applications.
1795:
Holmes, Russell; Erickson, N.; Lüssem, Björn; Leo, Karl (27 August 2010). "Highly efficient, single-layer organic light-emitting devices based on a graded-composition emissive layer".
1830:
Burroughes, J. H.; Bradley, D. D. C.; Brown, A. R.; Marks, R. N.; MacKay, K.; Friend, R. H.; Burns, P. L.; Holmes, A. B. (1990). "Light-emitting diodes based on conjugated polymers".
1760:
Piromreun, Pongpun; Oh, Hwansool; Shen, Yulong; Malliaras, George G.; Scott, J. Campbell; Brock, Phil J. (2000). "Role of CsF on electron injection into a conjugated polymer".
526:
An organic field-effect transistor (OFET) is a field-effect transistor utilizing organic molecules or polymers as the active semiconducting layer. A field-effect transistor (
334:
are often typically intrinsically conductive or at least semiconductors. They sometimes show mechanical properties comparable to those of conventional organic polymers. Both
484:; is hampered by high cost and limited scalability. Polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs) are generally more efficient than SM-OLEDs. Common polymers used in PLEDs include
2108:
Sugiyama, Masahiro; Jancke, Sophie; Uemura, Takafumi; Kondo, Masaya; Inoue, Yumi; Namba, Naoko; Araki, Teppei; Fukushima, Takanori; Sekitani, Tsuyoshi (September 2021).
809:
cells. However, all three of these types of solar cells share the approach of sandwiching the organic electronic layer between two metallic conductors, typically
1708:
D. Chasseau; G. Comberton; J. Gaultier; C. Hauw (1978). "Réexamen de la structure du complexe hexaméthylène-tétrathiafulvalène-tétracyanoquinodiméthane".
167:
jointly for their work on polyacetylene and related conductive polymers. Many families of electrically conducting polymers have been identified including
79:, organic electronic materials are constructed from organic (carbon-based) molecules or polymers using synthetic strategies developed in the context of
2339:
Baracus, B. A.; Weiss, D. E. (1963). "Electronic
Conduction in Polymers. II. The Electrochemical Reduction of Polypyrrole at Controlled Potential".
1077:
McNeill, R.; Siudak, R.; Wardlaw, J. H.; Weiss, D. E. (1963). "Electronic
Conduction in Polymers. I. The Chemical Structure of Polypyrrole".
261:, reported fabrication of the first practical OLED device in 1987. The OLED device incorporated a double-layer structure motif composed of
2502:
308:
charge transfer salt, highlighting the segregated stacking. Such molecular semiconductors exhibit anisotropic electrical conductivity.
1909:
1895:
1591:
Burroughes, J. H.; Bradley, D. D. C.; Brown, A. R.; Marks, R. N.; MacKay, K.; Friend, R. H.; Burns, P. L.; Holmes, A. B. (1990).
68:
2360:
Bolto, B. A.; McNeill, R.; Weiss, D. E. (1963). "Electronic
Conduction in Polymers. III. Electronic Properties of Polypyrrole".
619:'-deposition on flexible sheets is much easier to realize in terms of technological effort than deposition on fragile and heavy
2593:
1296:
2332:
1692:
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2464:
424:
Schematic of a bilayer OLED: 1. Cathode (−), 2. Emissive layer, 3. Emission of radiation, 4. Conductive layer, 5. Anode (+)
2608:
433:
266:
17:
703:
can be prepared by solution processing methods. Both solution processing and vacuum based methods produce amorphous and
432:
can be divided into two major families: small-molecule-based and polymer-based. Small molecule OLEDs (SM-OLEDs) include
2002:
1744:
234:. In 1972, researchers found metallic conductivity (conductivity comparable to a metal) in the charge-transfer complex
2446:
2433:
1044:
1023:
2110:"Mobility enhancement of DNTT and BTBT derivative organic thin-film transistors by triptycene molecule modification"
2613:
2575:
2495:
2019:
222:
In the 1950s, organic molecules were shown to exhibit electrical conductivity. Specifically, the organic compound
1079:
955:
513:
317:
980:
696:
455:
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716:
626:
Transport and installation of lightweight flexible solar cells also saves cost as compared to cells on glass.
1458:
Bernanose, A.; Comte, M.; Vouaux, P. (1953). "A new method of light emission by certain organic compounds".
2980:
1552:"Waiting for Act 2: What lies beyond organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays for organic electronics?"
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on flexible substrates allow a significant cost reduction of large-area photovoltaics for several reasons:
289:
1945:
2944:
2488:
2141:
Anthony, John E.; Facchetti, Antonio; Heeney, Martin; Marder, Seth R.; Zhan, Xiaowei (8 September 2010).
631:
273:
2283:
2237:"Multi-Functional Integration of Organic Field-Effect Transistors (OFETs): Advances and Perspectives"
1933:
1119:
2284:"Polymer composite-based OFET sensor with improved sensitivity towards nitro based explosive vapors"
2190:"25th Anniversary Article: Recent Advances in n-Type and Ambipolar Organic Field-Effect Transistors"
1105:
1592:
1138:
Koezuka, H.; Tsumura, A.; Ando, T. (1987). "Field-effect transistor with polythiophene thin film".
182:
in 1930, but the first OFET was not reported until 1987, when
Koezuka et al. constructed one using
1421:"Structures of Complexes Formed by Halogen Molecules with Aromatic and with Oxygenated Solvents 1"
1122:, Lilienfeld, Julius Edgar, "Electric current control mechanism", published 1927-07-19
2851:
550:-based OFETs show high carrier mobility of 20–40 cm/(V·s). Another popular OFET material is
179:
2821:
2790:
2770:
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915:
692:
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could cut the cost of solar power compared with conventional solar-cell manufacturing. Silicon
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375:
339:
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reported the first full-color, video-rate, flexible, plastic display made purely of organic
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1967:
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852:
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563:
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Organic conductive materials can be grouped into two main classes: polymers and conductive
72:
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semiconducting polymers. Poly(3-alkythiophenes) have been incorporated into prototypes of
8:
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2925:
2750:
2653:
2560:
2530:
1896:
Niedertemperaturabscheidung von Dünnschicht-Silicium für
Solarzellen auf Kunststofffolien
975:
843:
766:. The difference in energy between the π orbital, or highest occupied molecular orbital (
250:
2394:
2381:
Hush, Noel S. (2003). "An
Overview of the First Half-Century of Molecular Electronics".
2070:
2035:
1971:
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2090:
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McGehee D.G. & Topinka M.A. (2006). "Solar cells: Pictures from the blended zone".
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52:
1979:
1874:
1737:
OLED Fundamentals: Materials, Devices, and
Processing of Organic Light-Emitting Diodes
1380:"Energy efficiency with organic electronics: Ching W. Tang revisits his days at Kodak"
1328:
1311:
246:
99:. Challenges to the implementation of organic electronic materials are their inferior
2570:
2555:
2442:
2429:
2406:
2328:
2303:
2282:
Dudhe, Ravishankar S.; Sinha, Jasmine; Kumar, Anil; Rao, V. Ramgopal (30 June 2010).
2256:
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1998:
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Functional
Supramolecular Architectures: for Organic Electronics and Nanotechnology
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methods, but this obstacle can be overcome by using the derivative TIPS-pentacene.
535:
258:
211:
164:
56:
1485:
Bernanose, A.; Vouaux, P. (1953). "Organic electroluminescence type of emission".
990:
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is determined by the structure of the polymer. Compared to thermal evaporation,
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32:
2441:(3-Volume Set) by Hari Singh Nalwa, American Scientific Publishers. (2008),
2402:
719:. Common examples of solvent-based coating techniques include drop casting,
2765:
2745:
2648:
2410:
2260:
2252:
2213:
2205:
2166:
2158:
2086:
1993:
Halls J.J.M. & Friend R.H. (2001). Archer M.D. & Hill R.D. (eds.).
1364:
1265:
1208:
995:
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790:
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616:
489:
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are often used. Devices based on small molecules are usually fabricated by
2043:
1682:
1515:
Tang, C. W.; Vanslyke, S. A. (1987). "Organic electroluminescent diodes".
546:
As for OLEDs, some OFETs are molecular and some are polymer-based system.
151:). In 1977, it was discovered that oxidation enhanced the conductivity of
2720:
2658:
2598:
2511:
1707:
1404:
737:
620:
567:
480:. While this method enables the formation of well-controlled homogeneous
473:
448:
436:
371:
363:
144:
96:
64:
2428:
by Martin Pope and
Charles E. Swenberg, Oxford University Press (1999),
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920:
863:
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676:
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555:
458:
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300:
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materials leads to different chemical structures and forms of organic
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2780:
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1851:
1616:
1356:
1297:
10.1002/1521-4095(20020116)14:2<99::AID-ADMA99>3.0.CO;2-9
985:
732:
688:
638:(PC) have the potential for further cost reduction in photovoltaics.
551:
351:
321:
117:
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900:
786:
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313:
305:
235:
231:
129:
1659:
1310:
Reese, Colin; Roberts, Mark; Ling, Mang-Mang; Bao, Zhenan (2004).
885:
are expected to play an important role in the emerging science of
416:
Br6A, a next generation pure organic light emitting crystal family
40:
logic circuit. Total thickness is less than 3 μm. Scale bar: 25 mm
2846:
2710:
950:
712:
708:
559:
547:
538:
carrier, thereby changing its conductivity. Two major classes of
466:
325:
60:
1457:
217:
2695:
2459:
797:. Different forms of solar cells includes single-layer organic
659:
are now widely used, with many new products under development.
477:
420:
403:
223:
125:
121:
92:
2480:
2235:
Di, Chong-an; Zhang, Fengjiao; Zhu, Daoben (18 January 2013).
1016:
Organic Electronics: Materials, Manufacturing and Applications
412:
304:
Edge-on view of portion of crystal structure of hexamethylene
2935:
2841:
2426:
Electronic Processes in Organic Crystals and Polymers, 2 ed.
1637:
1224:"Organic semiconductors for organic field-effect transistors"
493:
328:
often form semiconducting materials when partially oxidized.
227:
199:
133:
2323:
Grasser, Tibor., Meller, Gregor. Baldo, Marc. (Eds.) (2010)
2140:
2954:
1829:
1794:
1590:
965:
771:
770:), and π* orbital, or lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (
767:
675:
electronics based on organic compound and low-cost organic
660:
501:
481:
470:
399:
37:
2017:
1281:"Organic Thin Film Transistors for Large Area Electronics"
711:
techniques require polymers to be dissolved in a volatile
518:
2470:
2107:
1910:"Printed electronics, is it a niche? – 25 September 2008"
1680:
1076:
731:. Spin-coating is a widely used technique for small area
566:) from pentacene itself using conventional spin-cast or,
539:
527:
451:
226:
was shown to form semiconducting charge-transfer complex
2056:
1759:
1278:
1167:"Organic field-effect transistors using single crystals"
2188:
Zhao, Yan; Guo, Yunlong; Liu, Yunqi (11 October 2013).
1992:
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2143:"n-Type Organic Semiconductors in Organic Electronics"
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816:
562:, it's difficult to fabricate thin film transistors (
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1960:
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1593:"Light-emitting diodes based on conjugated polymers"
1037:
Organic electronics. More materials and applications
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292:(OLED) research and device production grew rapidly.
241:
1907:
1309:
824:
155:. The 2000 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to
111:
2281:
1735:Daniel J. Gaspar, Evgueni Polikarpov, ed. (2015).
1137:
778:of organic photovoltaic materials. Typically, the
507:
454:can be selected according to the desired range of
2359:
1279:Dimitrakopoulos, C.D.; Malenfant, P.R.L. (2002).
600:Five structures of organic photovoltaic materials
534:to control the shape of a channel of one type of
2972:
1958:Nelson J. (2002). "Organic photovoltaic films".
1687:. The National Academies Press. pp. 105–6.
393:
295:
186:which shows extremely high conductivity. Other
1164:
707:films with variable degree of disorder. "Wet"
530:) is any semiconductor material that utilizes
2496:
2439:Handbook of Organic Electronics and Photonics
1872:
573:
522:Rubrene-OFET with the highest charge mobility
218:Electrically conductive charge transfer salts
103:, high cost, and diverse fabrication issues.
2338:
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1934:プラスチックフィルム上の有機TFT駆動有機ELディスプレイで世界初のフルカラー表示を実現
1514:
1510:
1508:
1986:
820:Illustration of thin film transistor device
500:-based methods are more suited to creating
2503:
2489:
2234:
2187:
1131:
1118:
276:light emitting diodes was demonstrated by
2125:
1957:
1908:Raghu Das, IDTechEx (25 September 2008).
1575:
1505:
1403:
1327:
1255:
1221:
1198:
1875:"Mass Production of Plastic Solar Cells"
1425:Journal of the American Chemical Society
1418:
815:
748:
687:Small molecule semiconductors are often
595:
587:
517:
419:
411:
299:
31:
2050:
1898:, Doctoral Thesis, ipe.uni-stuttgart.de
1549:
1377:
55:, characterization, and application of
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1951:
1165:Hasegawa, Tatsuo; Takeya, Jun (2009).
956:Organic field-effect transistor (OFET)
858:Organic electronics not only includes
744:
682:
630:Inexpensive polymeric substrates like
2484:
2011:
1342:
1112:
374:. Poly(p-phenylene vinylene) and its
116:Traditional conductive materials are
2380:
1995:Clean electricity from photovoltaics
1684:The Flexible Electronics Opportunity
1419:Mulliken, Robert S. (January 1950).
762:with a corresponding π* antibonding
95:) and comparatively high mechanical
1106:"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2000"
434:tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato)aluminium
342:techniques can be used to tune the
267:perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride
178:J.E. Lilienfeld first proposed the
24:
2335:(Print) 978-3-642-04538-7 (Online)
2317:
1948:. pinktentacle.com (24 June 2007).
1681:National Research Council (2015).
1336:
488:of poly(p-phenylene vinylene) and
354:conductors. Well-studied class of
25:
2997:
2452:
2288:Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical
1946:Flexible, full-color OLED display
1873:Bullis, Kevin (17 October 2008).
1215:
1158:
1018:2006, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. Print
753:Bilayer organic photovoltaic cell
242:Light and electrical conductivity
2614:Failure of electronic components
2458:
1710:Acta Crystallographica Section B
899:
825:Organic field-effect transistors
715:, filtered and deposited onto a
671:screen based on OLED materials;
249:was the first person to observe
112:Electrically conductive polymers
71:. Unlike conventional inorganic
2510:
2275:
2228:
2181:
2134:
2101:
1939:
1927:
1901:
1866:
1788:
1753:
1728:
1701:
1674:
1631:
1584:
1543:
1478:
1451:
1412:
1371:
1312:"Organic thin film transistors"
1303:
1272:
1056:Paolo Samori, Franco Cacialli
592:Organics-based flexible display
514:Organic field-effect transistor
508:Organic field-effect transistor
1108:. Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media.
1098:
1070:
1050:
1029:
1008:
981:Radio frequency identification
13:
1:
1980:10.1016/S1359-0286(02)00006-2
1329:10.1016/S1369-7021(04)00398-0
1248:10.1088/1468-6996/10/2/024313
1191:10.1088/1468-6996/10/2/024314
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290:organic light-emitting diodes
2609:List of emerging electronics
1550:Forrest, Stephen R. (2020).
1152:10.1016/0379-6779(87)90964-7
966:Organic light-emitting diode
782:lies in the range of 1-4eV.
646:materials such as paper and
394:Organic light-emitting diode
296:Conductive organic materials
7:
2475:Organic Semiconductor World
2127:10.1016/j.orgel.2021.106219
1222:Yamashita, Yoshiro (2009).
1039:2010, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.
892:
837:
198:In 1987, the first organic
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3002:
1936:. sony.co.jp (in Japanese)
841:
632:polyethylene terephthalate
577:
574:Organic electronic devices
511:
397:
106:
27:Field of materials science
2809:
2667:
2584:
2518:
2300:10.1016/j.snb.2010.04.022
1739:(1 ed.). CRC Press.
1722:10.1107/S0567740878003830
1228:Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater.
1171:Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater.
873:New applications include
805:cells and heterojunction
1577:10.1515/nanoph-2020-0322
2852:Electromagnetic warfare
2403:10.1196/annals.1292.016
1894:Koch, Christian (2002)
1797:Applied Physics Letters
1762:Applied Physics Letters
1517:Applied Physics Letters
801:cells, bilayer organic
504:with large dimensions.
338:synthesis and advanced
180:field-effect transistor
51:concerning the design,
2822:Automotive electronics
2771:Robotic vacuum cleaner
2731:Information technology
2536:Electronic engineering
2327:Springer, Heidelberg.
2253:10.1002/adma.201201502
2206:10.1002/adma.201302315
2159:10.1002/adma.200903628
1499:10.1051/jcp/1953500261
1472:10.1051/jcp/1953500064
860:organic semiconductors
821:
785:The difference in the
754:
601:
593:
523:
425:
417:
309:
41:
2756:Portable media player
2629:Molecular electronics
2624:Low-power electronics
2044:10.1557/JMR.2004.0252
961:Organic semiconductor
819:
752:
609:thin-film solar cells
599:
591:
521:
443:dyes, and conjugated
423:
415:
303:
263:copper phthalocyanine
173:polyphenylene sulfide
35:
2986:Artificial materials
2950:Terahertz technology
2931:Open-source hardware
2887:Consumer electronics
2857:Electronics industry
2619:Flexible electronics
2526:Analogue electronics
2467:at Wikimedia Commons
1405:10.1557/mrs.2012.125
1378:Forrest, S. (2012).
679:are also available.
265:and a derivative of
257:. Ching W. Tang and
63:that show desirable
2981:Organic electronics
2926:Nuclear electronics
2751:Networking hardware
2654:Quantum electronics
2639:Organic electronics
2561:Printed electronics
2531:Digital electronics
2465:Organic electronics
2395:2003NYASA1006....1H
2383:Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci
2325:Organic electronics
2114:Organic Electronics
2071:2006NatMa...5..675M
2036:2004JMatR..19.1924H
1972:2002COSSM...6...87N
1844:1990Natur.347..539B
1809:2010ApPhL..97a3308S
1774:2000ApPhL..77.2403P
1652:1998Natur.395..151B
1609:1990Natur.347..539B
1568:2020Nanop..10..322F
1529:1987ApPhL..51..913T
1437:10.1021/ja01157a151
1396:2012MRSBu..37..552F
1240:2009STAdM..10b4313Y
1183:2009STAdM..10b4314H
976:Printed electronics
887:molecular computers
883:Conductive polymers
862:, but also organic
849:Conductive polymers
844:Printed electronics
745:Organic solar cells
701:conductive polymers
699:. Devices based on
683:Fabrication methods
605:Organic solar cells
356:conductive polymers
348:conductive polymers
332:Conductive polymers
318:Polycyclic aromatic
316:solids and salts.
251:electroluminescence
188:conductive polymers
67:properties such as
45:Organic electronics
18:Plastic electronics
2904:Marine electronics
2877:Integrated circuit
2796:Video game console
2594:2020s in computing
2576:Thermal management
2241:Advanced Materials
2194:Advanced Materials
2147:Advanced Materials
1914:Electronics Weekly
1035:Hagen Klauk (Ed.)
1014:Hagen Klauk (Ed.)
931:Circuit deposition
907:Electronics portal
851:are lighter, more
822:
755:
723:, doctor-blading,
653:Electronic devices
602:
594:
580:Organic solar cell
524:
426:
418:
380:electroluminescent
320:compounds such as
310:
161:Alan G. MacDiarmid
42:
2968:
2967:
2945:Radio electronics
2571:Schematic capture
2556:Power electronics
2463:Media related to
2374:10.1071/CH9631090
2353:10.1071/CH9631076
2333:978-3-642-04537-0
2200:(38): 5372–5391.
2153:(34): 3876–3892.
2020:Sarıçiftçi, N. S.
1879:Technology Review
1817:10.1063/1.3460285
1782:10.1063/1.1317547
1694:978-0-309-30591-4
1646:(6698): 151–154.
1603:(6293): 539–541.
1230:(free download).
1173:(free download).
1092:10.1071/CH9631056
1066:978-3-527-32611-2
866:, conductors and
657:organic compounds
554:. Due to its low
461:; compounds like
350:, unlike typical
101:thermal stability
85:polymer chemistry
81:organic chemistry
49:materials science
16:(Redirected from
2993:
2940:Radio navigation
2837:Data acquisition
2546:Microelectronics
2505:
2498:
2491:
2482:
2481:
2462:
2422:
2377:
2368:(6): 1090–1103.
2356:
2347:(6): 1076–1089.
2312:
2311:
2279:
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2232:
2226:
2225:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2079:10.1038/nmat1723
2059:Nature Materials
2054:
2048:
2047:
2030:(7): 1924–1945.
2015:
2009:
2008:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1955:
1949:
1943:
1937:
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1617:10.1038/347539a0
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1259:
1219:
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1162:
1156:
1155:
1146:(1–3): 699–704.
1140:Synthetic Metals
1135:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1086:(6): 1056–1075.
1074:
1068:
1054:
1048:
1033:
1027:
1012:
941:Flexible display
909:
904:
903:
879:electronic paper
811:indium tin oxide
774:) is called the
691:, necessitating
558:in most organic
259:Steven Van Slyke
212:Steven Van Slyke
202:was produced at
165:Hideki Shirakawa
132:as well as many
21:
3001:
3000:
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2897:Small appliance
2892:Major appliance
2872:Home automation
2862:Embedded system
2817:Audio equipment
2805:
2801:Washing machine
2726:Home theater PC
2682:Central heating
2677:Air conditioner
2669:
2663:
2634:Nanoelectronics
2586:
2580:
2551:Optoelectronics
2541:Instrumentation
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2318:Further reading
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1103:
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1034:
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1013:
1009:
1005:
1000:
926:Carbon nanotube
905:
898:
895:
846:
840:
827:
747:
729:screen printing
725:inkjet printing
705:polycrystalline
685:
615:The so-called '
586:
578:Main articles:
576:
516:
510:
406:
398:Main articles:
396:
298:
247:André Bernanose
244:
220:
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2961:Communications
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2882:Home appliance
2879:
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2867:Home appliance
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2832:Control system
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2741:Microwave oven
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2604:Bioelectronics
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2453:External links
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2294:(1): 158–165.
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1390:(6): 552–553.
1370:
1351:(7): 2643–66.
1345:Chem. Soc. Rev
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1080:Aust. J. Chem.
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868:light emitters
842:Main article:
839:
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681:
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624:
575:
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532:electric field
512:Main article:
509:
506:
492:. The emitted
441:phosphorescent
395:
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368:polythiophenes
346:properties of
297:
294:
243:
240:
219:
216:
175:, and others.
157:Alan J. Heeger
113:
110:
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77:semiconductors
47:is a field of
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2566:Semiconductor
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2024:J. Mater. Res
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2014:
2006:
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1981:
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1897:
1891:
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1880:
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1841:
1838:(6293): 539.
1837:
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1024:9783527312641
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1017:
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997:
994:
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991:Schön scandal
989:
987:
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971:Photodetector
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673:biodegradable
670:
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428:OLED organic
422:
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360:polyacetylene
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208:Ching W. Tang
205:
204:Eastman Kodak
201:
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184:Polythiophene
181:
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169:polythiophene
166:
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153:polyacetylene
150:
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141:Henry Letheby
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127:
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120:, especially
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59:molecules or
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19:
2810:Applications
2791:Water heater
2766:Refrigerator
2746:Mobile phone
2649:Piezotronics
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2027:
2023:
2013:
1994:
1988:
1966:(1): 87–95.
1963:
1959:
1953:
1941:
1929:
1917:. Retrieved
1913:
1903:
1878:
1868:
1835:
1831:
1825:
1800:
1796:
1790:
1768:(15): 2403.
1765:
1761:
1755:
1736:
1730:
1713:
1709:
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1683:
1676:
1643:
1639:
1633:
1600:
1596:
1586:
1562:(1): 31–40.
1559:
1555:
1545:
1520:
1516:
1490:
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1480:
1463:
1459:
1453:
1428:
1424:
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1387:
1384:MRS Bulletin
1383:
1373:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1319:
1316:Mater. Today
1315:
1305:
1288:
1284:
1274:
1231:
1227:
1217:
1174:
1170:
1160:
1143:
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1133:
1114:
1100:
1083:
1078:
1072:
1057:
1052:
1036:
1031:
1015:
1010:
996:Spin coating
872:
857:
847:
832:
828:
807:photovoltaic
803:photovoltaic
799:photovoltaic
791:photovoltaic
784:
756:
721:spin-coating
686:
648:plastic film
644:
629:
621:glass sheets
617:roll-to-roll
603:
545:
525:
490:polyfluorene
427:
407:
330:
311:
271:
245:
221:
197:
177:
138:
115:
89:
69:conductivity
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43:
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2917:electronics
2721:Home cinema
2659:Spintronics
2599:Atomtronics
2512:Electronics
2389:(1): 1–20.
2018:Hoppe, H.;
1919:14 February
1523:(12): 913.
1493:: 261–263.
1060:2010 Wiley
864:dielectrics
795:solar cells
789:of organic
738:evaporation
697:sublimation
695:via vacuum
568:dip coating
486:derivatives
474:evaporation
459:wavelengths
449:Fluorescent
437:fluorescent
388:transistors
384:solar cells
376:derivatives
372:polyaniline
364:polypyrrole
272:In 1990, a
253:in organic
145:polyaniline
97:flexibility
2975:Categories
2921:Multimedia
2911:technology
2786:Television
2716:Home robot
2706:Dishwasher
2668:Electronic
2120:: 106219.
1716:(2): 689.
1285:Adv. Mater
1003:References
921:Bioplastic
693:deposition
677:solar cell
669:television
556:solubility
445:dendrimers
344:electrical
340:dispersion
282:Burroughes
143:described
73:conductors
65:electronic
2909:Microwave
2781:Telephone
2670:equipment
2644:Photonics
2477:homepage.
2308:0925-4005
2175:205235378
1466:: 64–68.
1445:0002-7863
1322:(9): 20.
1291:(2): 99.
1120:CA 272437
986:Radio tag
916:Annealing
733:thin film
717:substrate
689:insoluble
665:materials
655:based on
634:(PET) or
552:Pentacene
430:materials
352:inorganic
322:pentacene
314:molecular
255:materials
193:materials
118:inorganic
53:synthesis
2959:Wireless
2915:Military
2847:e-health
2827:Avionics
2696:Notebook
2692:Computer
2585:Advanced
2519:Branches
2471:orgworld
2419:24968273
2411:14976006
2269:26645918
2261:22865814
2214:24038388
2167:20715063
2095:43074502
2087:16946723
1860:43158308
1625:43158308
1365:20396828
1266:27877286
1209:27877287
893:See also
853:flexible
838:Features
787:band gap
780:band gap
776:band gap
560:solvents
498:solution
463:perylene
456:emission
358:include
306:TTF-TCNQ
236:TTF-TCNQ
232:halogens
139:In 1862
130:aluminum
124:such as
61:polymers
36:Organic
2711:Freezer
2391:Bibcode
2222:6042903
2067:Bibcode
2032:Bibcode
1968:Bibcode
1840:Bibcode
1805:Bibcode
1770:Bibcode
1668:4393960
1648:Bibcode
1605:Bibcode
1564:Bibcode
1525:Bibcode
1392:Bibcode
1257:5090443
1236:Bibcode
1200:5090444
1179:Bibcode
951:Melanin
946:Laminar
764:orbital
760:orbital
713:solvent
709:coating
548:Rubrene
471:thermal
467:rubrene
336:organic
326:rubrene
278:Bradley
274:polymer
149:Siemens
107:History
93:dopants
57:organic
2842:e-book
2776:Tablet
2736:Cooker
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536:charge
478:vacuum
476:under
404:AMOLED
370:, and
286:Friend
224:pyrene
163:, and
134:alloys
126:copper
122:metals
2955:Wired
2936:Radar
2761:Radio
2415:S2CID
2265:S2CID
2218:S2CID
2171:S2CID
2091:S2CID
1856:S2CID
1664:S2CID
1621:S2CID
502:films
494:color
230:with
228:salts
200:diode
2957:and
2938:and
2443:ISBN
2430:ISBN
2407:PMID
2387:1006
2329:ISBN
2304:ISSN
2257:PMID
2210:PMID
2163:PMID
2083:PMID
1999:ISBN
1921:2010
1741:ISBN
1689:ISBN
1441:ISSN
1361:PMID
1262:PMID
1205:PMID
1062:ISBN
1041:ISBN
1020:ISBN
877:and
772:LUMO
768:HOMO
727:and
661:Sony
582:and
564:TFTs
482:film
465:and
452:dyes
439:and
402:and
400:OLED
386:and
378:are
324:and
210:and
128:and
83:and
75:and
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