133:
750:
36:
3934:
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3910:
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1070:, a position he inherited from his father Pardot Kynes. In this role, a planetologist is described as having skills of an ecologist, geologist, meteorologist, and biologist, as well as basic understandings of human sociology. The planetologists apply this expertise to the study of entire planets.In the Dune series, planetologists are employed to understand planetary resources and to plan
3922:
911:
2198:
354:, all objects of intense later study. Galileo's study of the lunar mountains in 1609 also began the study of extraterrestrial landscapes: his observation "that the Moon certainly does not possess a smooth and polished surface" suggested that it and other worlds might appear "just like the face of the Earth itself".
711:
samples from the Moon. These samples provide the most comprehensive record of the composition of any Solar System body besides the Earth. The numbers of lunar meteorites are growing quickly in the last few years – as of April 2008 there are 54 meteorites that have been officially classified as lunar.
482:
In planetary science, the term geology is used in its broadest sense, to mean the study of the surface and interior parts of planets and moons, from their core to their magnetosphere. The best-known research topics of planetary geology deal with the planetary bodies in the near vicinity of the Earth:
365:
gradually allowed increased identification of the atmospheric as well as surface details of the planets. The Moon was initially the most heavily studied, due to its proximity to the Earth, as it always exhibited elaborate features on its surface, and the technological improvements gradually produced
333:
The ordered worlds are boundless and differ in size, and that in some there is neither sun nor moon, but that in others, both are greater than with us, and yet with others more in number. And that the intervals between the ordered worlds are unequal, here more and there less, and that some increase,
632:
One of the main problems when generating hypotheses on the formation and evolution of objects in the Solar System is the lack of samples that can be analyzed in the laboratory, where a large suite of tools are available, and the full body of knowledge derived from terrestrial geology can be brought
430:
This is both an observational and a theoretical science. Observational researchers are predominantly concerned with the study of the small bodies of the Solar System: those that are observed by telescopes, both optical and radio, so that characteristics of these bodies such as shape, spin, surface
385:
The Solar System has now been relatively well-studied, and a good overall understanding of the formation and evolution of this planetary system exists. However, there are large numbers of unsolved questions, and the rate of new discoveries is very high, partly due to the large number of
872:, and the mountain would slump back to a height of roughly 10 km (6 mi) in a geologically insignificant time. Some or all of these geologic principles can be applied to other planets besides Earth. For instance on Mars, whose surface gravity is much less, the largest volcano,
687:
have provided insight into the geochemical composition of the
Martian crust, although the unavoidable lack of information about their points of origin on the diverse Martian surface has meant that they do not provide more detailed constraints on theories of the evolution of the Martian
730:
Space probes made it possible to collect data in not only the visible light region but in other areas of the electromagnetic spectrum. The planets can be characterized by their force fields: gravity and their magnetic fields, which are studied through geophysics and space physics.
712:
Eleven of these are from the US Antarctic meteorite collection, 6 are from the
Japanese Antarctic meteorite collection and the other 37 are from hot desert localities in Africa, Australia, and the Middle East. The total mass of recognized lunar meteorites is close to 50 kg.
1041:
The main comparison that can be made is to features on the Earth, as it is much more accessible and allows a much greater range of measurements to be made. Earth analog studies are particularly common in planetary geology, geomorphology, and also in atmospheric science.
1074:
or other planetary-scale engineering projects. This fictional position in Dune has had an impact on the discourse surrounding planetary science itself and is referred to by one author as a "touchstone" within the related disciplines. In one example, a publication by
288:
Planetary scientists are generally located in the astronomy and physics or Earth sciences departments of universities or research centres, though there are several purely planetary science institutes worldwide. Generally, planetary scientists study one of the
495:. Of these, the Moon was studied first, using methods developed earlier on the Earth. Planetary geology focuses on celestial objects that exhibit a solid surface or have significant solid physical states as part of their structure. Planetary geology applies
773:, a stream of charged particles, streams out and around the terrestrial magnetic field, and continues behind the magnetic tail, hundreds of Earth radii downstream. Inside the magnetosphere, there are relatively dense regions of solar wind particles, the
521:
Geomorphology studies the features on planetary surfaces and reconstructs the history of their formation, inferring the physical processes that acted on the surface. Planetary geomorphology includes the study of several classes of surface features:
334:
others flourish and others decay, and here they come into being and there they are eclipsed. But that they are destroyed by colliding with one another. And that some ordered worlds are bare of animals and plants and all water.
1079:
in the journal Nature opens with a brief introduction on the fictional role in Dune, and suggests we should consider appointing individuals with similar skills to Liet-Kyenes to help with managing human activity on
930:
and radiation belts. Not all planets have atmospheres: their existence depends on the mass of the planet, and the planet's distance from the Sun – too distant and frozen atmospheres occur. Besides the four
978:
of a planet about its axis can be seen in atmospheric streams and currents. Seen from space, these features show as bands and eddies in the cloud system and are particularly visible on
Jupiter and Saturn.
3191:
3186:
1034:
Planetary science frequently makes use of the method of comparison to give a greater understanding of the object of study. This can involve comparing the dense atmospheres of Earth and Saturn's moon
864:; Few mountains are higher than 10 km (6 mi), few deep sea trenches deeper than that because quite simply, a mountain as tall as, for example, 15 km (9 mi), would develop so much
3181:
3176:
1351:
1038:, the evolution of outer Solar System objects at different distances from the Sun, or the geomorphology of the surfaces of the terrestrial planets, to give only a few examples.
3171:
3333:
3198:
769:
around a planet. Early space probes discovered the gross dimensions of the terrestrial magnetic field, which extends about 10 Earth radii towards the Sun. The
338:
In more modern times, planetary science began in astronomy, from studies of the unresolved planets. In this sense, the original planetary astronomer would be
1172:
This non-exhaustive list includes those institutions and universities with major groups of people working in planetary science. Alphabetical order is used.
309:
at the graduate level and concentrate their research in planetary science disciplines. There are several major conferences each year, and a wide range of
3225:
1479:(Digitized 9 May 2006). Vol. 1. Translation by Francis Legge, F.S.A. Original from Harvard University.: Society for promoting Christian knowledge
3010:
3005:
3166:
2629:
692:. As of July 24, 2013, 65 samples of Martian meteorites have been discovered on Earth. Many were found in either Antarctica or the Sahara Desert.
568:, depending on the location within the Solar System. This category includes the study of paleohydrological features (paleochannels, paleolakes).
2933:
828:
Planetary geodesy (also known as planetary geodetics) deals with the measurement and representation of the planets of the Solar System, their
3701:
1995:
1103:
592:
astronauts for the field geology they would encounter on their lunar missions. Overlapping sequences were identified on images taken by the
3716:
3424:
2904:
2487:
3535:
1330:(DPS) meeting held annually since 1970 at a different location each year, predominantly within the mainland US. Occurs around October.
261:
There are interrelated observational and theoretical branches of planetary science. Observational research can involve combinations of
3220:
2764:
2172:
2940:
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3203:
3040:
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549:– erosional effects generated by the harsh environment of space (continuous micrometeorite bombardment, high-energy particle rain,
1695:
Lefort, Alexandra; Williams, Rebecca; Korteniemi, Jarmo (2015), "Inverted
Channel", in Hargitai, Henrik; Kereszturi, Ákos (eds.),
2887:
100:
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72:
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1821:
1712:
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1625:
1017:
3887:
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3711:
3540:
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1012:. Until recently, the means of studying exoplanets have been extremely limited, but with the current rate of innovation in
473:
2754:
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2114:
1219:
1110:
1095:
79:
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3208:
3015:
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1264:
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53:
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1580:
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1988:
1897:
1207:
1145:
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119:
17:
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1348:
annual meeting, held during the
Northern Hemisphere summer, generally alternating between North America and Europe.
86:
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2177:
1327:
1176:
1138:
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The history of a planetary surface can be deciphered by mapping features from top to bottom according to their
57:
734:
Measuring the changes in acceleration experienced by spacecraft as they orbit has allowed fine details of the
68:
3343:
2990:
2945:
2824:
2814:
2809:
2794:
2789:
1342:(AGU) Joint Assembly (co-sponsored with other societies) in April–May, in various locations around the world.
1321:
1180:
1159:
1029:
366:
more detailed lunar geological knowledge. In this scientific process, the main instruments were astronomical
3328:
2674:
880:
is essentially the figure of the Earth abstracted from its topographic features. Therefore, the Mars geoid (
313:. Some planetary scientists work at private research centres and often initiate partnership research tasks.
3797:
3721:
3497:
2980:
2759:
1981:
1568:
Is
Extraterrestrial Life Suppressed on Subsurface Ocean Worlds due to the Paucity of Bioessential Elements?
1299:
198:, aiming to determine their composition, dynamics, formation, interrelations and history. It is a strongly
2634:
3323:
3122:
1377:
1293:
1281:
1152:
876:, is 27 km (17 mi) high at its peak, a height that could not be maintained on Earth. The Earth
2781:
1951:
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3900:
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3741:
3410:
3156:
3151:
3141:
2899:
2559:
1339:
1333:
1185:
793:
387:
672:). The combination of geochemistry and observational astronomy has also made it possible to trace the
3817:
3642:
3513:
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3136:
2804:
2589:
2473:
1286:
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665:
1812:
Buse, Katherine (2010). Cortiel, Jeanne; Hanke, Christine; Hutta, Jan Simon; Milburn, Colin (eds.).
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774:
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1567:
132:
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235:
46:
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3081:
2962:
2574:
2524:
988:
419:
147:. Analysis of planetary surfaces and surface features is a major component of planetary science
93:
2549:
926:
is an important transitional zone between the solid planetary surface and the higher rarefied
321:
The history of planetary science may be said to have begun with the
Ancient Greek philosopher
3681:
3050:
2819:
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2594:
2428:
1372:
1241:
1213:
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809:
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of the planets to be mapped. For example, in the 1970s, the gravity field disturbances above
593:
458:, is a major area of research besides Solar System studies. Every planet has its own branch.
2619:
1358:
Smaller workshops and conferences on particular fields occur worldwide throughout the year.
742:
were measured through lunar orbiters, which led to the discovery of concentrations of mass,
3802:
3665:
3595:
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3338:
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2100:
2081:
2061:
2051:
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326:
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266:
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are determined, and the history of their formation and evolution can be understood.
3914:
3467:
3353:
3101:
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2714:
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2182:
1907:
1850:
1700:
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1533:
1519:
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1131:
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848:, and the competition of geologic processes such as the collision of plates and of
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371:
310:
183:
137:
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3843:
3792:
3523:
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2539:
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351:
339:
1967:
190:) and the processes of their formation. It studies objects ranging in size from
3636:
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2704:
2699:
2504:
2413:
2036:
2021:
1973:
999:
789:
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1663:
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735:
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581:
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884:
is essentially the figure of Mars abstracted from its topographic features.
3926:
3848:
3731:
3648:
3553:
3462:
2985:
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2408:
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2031:
2016:
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298:
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227:
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141:
1548:
1273:(National Aeronautics and Space Administration, United States of America)
749:
746:, beneath the Imbrium, Serenitatis, Crisium, Nectaris and Humorum basins.
2911:
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2684:
2654:
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829:
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739:
689:
641:
are present on Earth, removed from their parent bodies, and delivered as
561:
379:
375:
975:
951:) have significant atmospheres. Two moons have significant atmospheres:
3812:
3771:
3751:
3746:
3654:
2882:
2649:
2423:
2347:
2273:
2252:
2026:
1881:
Carr, Michael H., Saunders, R. S., Strom, R. G., Wilhelms, D. E. 1984.
1195:
927:
923:
785:
781:
770:
754:
721:
668:
bodies: meteorites even exist that come from the core-mantle boundary (
654:
500:
451:
432:
322:
302:
274:
239:
1045:
The use of terrestrial analogs was first described by
Gilbert (1886).
3853:
3622:
3487:
3482:
2332:
2327:
2293:
2278:
2167:
2041:
2005:
1914:
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/bbm%3A978-1-4614-3134-3%2F1.pdf
1524:
1499:
1005:
885:
669:
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642:
627:
358:
294:
231:
203:
195:
3402:
1928:. In: Hargitai H (ed) Encyclopedia of Planetary Landforms. Springer.
1855:
1838:
1442:
1417:
765:
is sufficiently strong, its interaction with the solar wind forms a
35:
3615:
3447:
2722:
1906:
In: Hargitai H (ed) Encyclopedia of
Planetary Landforms. Springer.
1354:(EPSC), held annually around September at a location within Europe.
865:
708:
634:
560:
Hydrological features: the liquid involved can range from water to
554:
477:
402:
Planetary science studies observational and theoretical astronomy,
175:
1954:(world's largest space-interest group: see also their active news
844:
is to a large extent the result of its rotation, which causes its
3659:
2734:
1955:
1067:
960:
915:
869:
861:
849:
837:
823:
677:
646:
577:
565:
496:
403:
343:
306:
223:
1066:
553:). For example, the thin dust cover on the surface of the lunar
3726:
3452:
3045:
2373:
2197:
2132:
952:
881:
179:
159:
1945:
868:
at its base, due to gravity, that the rock there would become
840:
has elements of both astrophysics and planetary sciences. The
703:
were collected and transported to the Earth, and three Soviet
653:, but those meteorites collected in the last few decades from
2092:
1814:
Practices of Speculation Chapter 2: The Working Planetologist
877:
613:
534:
488:
163:
144:
1964:(PSI-published professional newsletter, weekly distribution)
1961:
1921:
In: Hargitai H (ed) Planetary Cartography and GIS. Springer.
1904:
Classification and Characterization of Planetary Landforms.
1472:
1270:
1227:
638:
492:
484:
347:
3921:
910:
836:
in three-dimensional, time-varying space). The science of
660:
The different types of meteorites that originate from the
3334:
Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer
2076:
889:
715:
649:
effect of Earth's atmosphere and the infiltration of the
251:
1694:
1385:– study of the surface and physical features of the Moon
1238:, (German: abbreviated DLR), the German Aerospace Center
1549:"Ten Things I Wish We Really Knew In Planetary Science"
1336:(AGU) annual Fall meeting in December in San Francisco.
1839:"A sustainable planet needs scientists to think ahead"
1727:
1324:
in Houston. Held annually since 1970, occurs in March.
533:
Volcanic and tectonic features (lava flows, fissures,
3898:
1787:
Herbert, Brian; Anderson, Kevin J. (August 1, 2000).
645:. Some of these have suffered contamination from the
1728:"UW – Laramie, Wyoming | University of Wyoming"
892:
are two important fields of application of geodesy.
273:, and comparative, experimental work in Earth-based
210:, and now incorporates many disciplines, including
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1653:
1607:
1570:, The Astronomical Journal, 156:151, October 2018.
1540:
438:Theoretical planetary astronomy is concerned with
277:. The theoretical component involves considerable
3011:Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems
3006:Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems
1654:Hargitai, Henrik; Kereszturi, Ákos, eds. (2015).
1608:Hargitai, Henrik; Kereszturi, Ákos, eds. (2015).
1016:, exoplanetology has become a rapidly developing
3970:
2630:List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules
2003:
1023:
895:
757:is deflected by the magnetosphere (not to scale)
1786:
1816:. Germany: Transcript Verlag. pp. 51–76.
1740:{curator.jsc.nasa.gov/antmet/lmc/lmcintro.pdf}
1585:Encyclopedia of Geology (Second Edition), 2021
1236:Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V.
856:field. These principles can be applied to the
676:back to a specific asteroid in the main belt,
3418:
2108:
1989:
1466:
1104:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
1411:
1409:
1225:
1201:
1830:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1746:
664:cover almost all parts of the structure of
454:and determining their physical properties,
342:, who discovered the four largest moons of
3425:
3411:
2115:
2101:
1996:
1982:
1836:
1699:, New York: Springer, pp. 1048–1052,
1491:
614:Cosmochemistry, geochemistry and petrology
557:is a result of micrometeorite bombardment.
510:
2173:Exoplanet orbital and physical parameters
1854:
1523:
1441:
1406:
1139:Journal of Geophysical Research – Planets
982:
596:, and these were used to prepare a lunar
250:, when concerned with the effects of the
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
3041:List of potentially habitable exoplanets
1931:Rossi, A.P., van Gasselt S (eds) (2018)
1775:
1743:
1232:French National Centre of Space Research
1084:
909:
748:
131:
27:Science of planets and planetary systems
1756:
1603:
1601:
633:to bear. Direct samples from the Moon,
442:: the application of the principles of
254:on the bodies of the Solar System, and
14:
3971:
1946:Planetary Science Research Discoveries
1883:The Geology of the Terrestrial Planets
1837:Seitzinger, Sybil (December 1, 2020).
1649:
1647:
1645:
1497:
1473:Hippolytus (Antipope); Origen (1921).
1415:
1318:Lunar and Planetary Science Conference
1167:
716:Planetary geophysics and space physics
425:
3828:Planetary Defense Coordination Office
3823:Space Situational Awareness Programme
3432:
3406:
3349:Geodynamics of terrestrial exoplanets
2096:
1977:
1805:
967:. A tenuous atmosphere exists around
576:, as first determined on terrestrial
3031:Habitability of yellow dwarf systems
3021:Habitability of neutron star systems
1811:
1598:
1416:Taylor, Stuart Ross (29 July 2004).
1394:Timeline of Solar System exploration
1311:
815:
474:Geology of solar terrestrial planets
461:
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
3374:Sudarsky's gas giant classification
3001:Habitability of binary star systems
1697:Encyclopedia of Planetary Landforms
1656:Encyclopedia of Planetary Landforms
1642:
1610:Encyclopedia of Planetary Landforms
1352:European Planetary Science Congress
1222:(CNSA, People's Republic of China).
1220:China National Space Administration
1111:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
1008:, the planets existing outside our
487:, and the two neighboring planets:
24:
3359:Nexus for Exoplanet System Science
3016:Habitability of natural satellites
1970:(professional networking and news)
1926:The Geology of Planetary Landforms
1875:
1418:"Why can't planets be like stars?"
1265:Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
1248:Indian Space Research Organisation
1228:Centre national d'études spatiales
414:, and an emerging subspecialty in
374:) and finally robotic exploratory
202:field, which originally grew from
25:
4000:
3026:Habitability of red dwarf systems
1939:
1546:
1208:List of government space agencies
1146:Meteoritics and Planetary Science
993:
832:fields and geodynamic phenomena (
784:includes, but is not limited to,
3956:
3944:
3932:
3920:
3908:
3123:Stars with proto-planetary discs
3087:NASA Star and Exoplanet Database
3077:Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia
2565:Extraterrestrial sample curation
2196:
1962:Planetary Exploration Newsletter
1062:, the major secondary character
34:
3036:Habitable zone for complex life
2474:Ultra-short period planet (USP)
2178:Methods of detecting exoplanets
1734:
1720:
1328:Division for Planetary Sciences
1177:Division for Planetary Sciences
1125:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
914:Cloud bands clearly visible on
45:needs additional citations for
3217:Discovered exoplanets by year
2122:
1688:
1573:
1561:
1500:"Silent upon a peak in Darien"
1368:Areography (geography of Mars)
1058:'s 1965 Science Fiction Novel
695:During the Apollo era, in the
657:are almost entirely pristine.
397:
13:
1:
3344:Extrasolar planets in fiction
2991:Extraterrestrial liquid water
1761:(1 ed.). Chilton Books.
1705:10.1007/978-1-4614-3134-3_202
1399:
1322:Lunar and Planetary Institute
1181:American Astronomical Society
1160:The Planetary Science Journal
1048:
1030:Comparative planetary science
1024:Comparative planetary science
896:Planetary atmospheric science
246:. Allied disciplines include
236:theoretical planetary science
158:) is the scientific study of
3989:Astronomical sub-disciplines
3798:Japan Spaceguard Association
3541:Earth-crossing minor planets
3498:Potentially hazardous object
3364:Planets in globular clusters
2981:Circumstellar habitable zone
1498:Taylor, Stuart Ross (1994).
1300:Russian Federal Space Agency
683:The comparatively few known
186:(in particular those of the
7:
3888:Fiction about impact events
3324:Exoplanet naming convention
2434:Planet/Brown dwarf boundary
1919:Planetary geologic mapping.
1378:Planetary coordinate system
1361:
1294:National Space Organization
1153:Planetary and Space Science
1089:
10:
4005:
2560:Extraterrestrial materials
2194:
1968:Women in Planetary Science
1890:Exploring Planetary Worlds
1340:American Geophysical Union
1334:American Geophysical Union
1205:
1186:American Geophysical Union
1096:Planetary science journals
1093:
1027:
997:
986:
899:
821:
794:geophysical fluid dynamics
719:
617:
606:
514:
471:
465:
316:
3870:
3836:
3818:The Spaceguard Foundation
3785:
3691:
3564:
3536:Asteroid close approaches
3514:Asteroid impact avoidance
3506:
3440:
3387:Discoveries of exoplanets
3382:
3311:
3100:
3059:
2961:
2873:
2780:
2713:
2590:Interplanetary dust cloud
2486:
2366:
2292:
2218:
2205:
2160:
2128:
2012:
1912:10.1007/978-1-4614-3134-3
1902:Hargitai H et al. (2015)
1664:10.1007/978-1-4614-3134-3
1618:10.1007/978-1-4614-3134-3
1320:(LPSC), organized by the
1202:Government space agencies
775:Van Allen radiation belts
388:interplanetary spacecraft
350:, and first observed the
3883:Fiction about meteoroids
3762:Sentinel Space Telescope
3092:Open Exoplanet Catalogue
3067:Nearby Habitable Systems
2953:Transit-timing variation
1118:Earth, Moon, and Planets
446:to the Solar System and
136:A geological map of the
3519:Asteroid laser ablation
3369:Small planet radius gap
3072:Exoplanet Data Explorer
2996:Galactic habitable zone
2570:Giant-impact hypothesis
2047:Extragalactic astronomy
1917:Hauber E et al. (2019)
1888:Morrison, David. 1994.
1791:(1 ed.). Spectra.
1757:Herbert, Frank (1965).
1389:Theoretical planetology
1004:Exoplanetology studies
806:mathematical geophysics
511:Planetary geomorphology
363:instrumental resolution
346:, the mountains on the
3458:Earth-grazing fireball
3329:Exoplanet phase curves
3167:Terrestrial candidates
3118:Multiplanetary systems
3082:NASA Exoplanet Archive
2765:Mean-motion resonances
2575:Gravitational collapse
2525:Circumstellar envelope
1658:. New York: Springer.
1612:. New York: Springer.
1226:
989:Planetary oceanography
983:Planetary oceanography
919:
858:solid surface of Earth
758:
707:robots also delivered
420:planetary oceanography
336:
311:peer reviewed journals
283:mathematical modelling
148:
3204:Potentially habitable
3109:Exoplanetary systems
3051:Superhabitable planet
2810:F/Yellow-white dwarfs
2695:Sample-return mission
2595:Interplanetary medium
1952:The Planetary Society
1373:Planetary cartography
1242:European Space Agency
1214:Canadian Space Agency
1085:Professional activity
1018:subfield of astronomy
913:
810:geophysical surveying
752:
607:Further information:
594:Lunar Orbiter program
586:stratigraphic mapping
507:to planetary bodies.
331:
325:, who is reported by
265:, predominantly with
135:
3803:Meteoritical Society
3339:Extragalactic planet
3319:Carl Sagan Institute
2600:Interplanetary space
2515:Circumplanetary disk
2188:Planet-hosting stars
1789:Dune: House Atreides
1346:Meteoritical Society
1260:Italian Space Agency
1191:Meteoritical Society
935:, three of the four
906:Global climate model
598:stratigraphic column
448:extrasolar planetary
54:improve this article
3707:Catalina Sky Survey
2680:Protoplanetary disk
2660:Planetary migration
2615:Interstellar medium
2394:Circumtriple planet
2389:Circumbinary planet
2004:Major subfields of
1581:"Planetary Geology"
1516:1994Natur.369..196T
1434:2004Natur.430..509T
1254:Israel Space Agency
1168:Professional bodies
1077:Sybil P. Seitzinger
1014:research technology
974:The effects of the
937:terrestrial planets
902:Atmospheric science
699:, 384 kilograms of
609:Geology of the Moon
574:deposition sequence
528:multi-ringed basins
450:systems. Observing
444:celestial mechanics
426:Planetary astronomy
412:atmospheric science
279:computer simulation
220:atmospheric science
69:"Planetary science"
3871:Related categories
2645:Nebular hypothesis
2620:Interstellar space
2605:Interstellar cloud
2585:Internal structure
2520:Circumstellar disc
2062:Physical cosmology
2052:Galactic astronomy
1933:Planetary Geology.
920:
852:, resisted by the
842:shape of the Earth
759:
685:Martian meteorites
394:the Solar System.
368:optical telescopes
267:robotic spacecraft
149:
3979:Planetary science
3896:
3895:
3837:Potential threats
3529:Ion-beam shepherd
3493:Near-Earth object
3473:Meteor procession
3434:Planetary defense
3400:
3399:
2976:Astrooceanography
2610:Interstellar dust
2482:
2481:
2358:Ultra-hot Neptune
2353:Ultra-hot Jupiter
2302:Eccentric Jupiter
2152:Planetary science
2090:
2089:
2082:Stellar astronomy
2072:Planetary science
2067:Planetary geology
2057:Orbital mechanics
1892:. W. H. Freeman.
1823:978-3-8394-4751-2
1714:978-1-4614-3133-6
1673:978-1-4614-3133-6
1627:978-1-4614-3133-6
1510:(6477): 196–197.
1312:Major conferences
816:Planetary geodesy
526:Impact features (
468:Planetary geology
462:Planetary geology
361:construction and
263:space exploration
212:planetary geology
200:interdisciplinary
184:planetary systems
154:(or more rarely,
152:Planetary science
130:
129:
122:
104:
18:Planetary Science
16:(Redirected from
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3468:Meteor air burst
3427:
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3404:
3403:
3354:Neptunian desert
2740:Tidally detached
2675:Planet formation
2665:Planetary system
2555:Exozodiacal dust
2545:Disrupted planet
2469:Ultra-cool dwarf
2399:Disrupted planet
2384:Chthonian planet
2216:
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2183:Planetary system
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2110:
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846:equatorial bulge
551:impact gardening
547:Space weathering
543:Aeolian features
540:Glacial features
416:planetary oceans
372:radio telescopes
168:celestial bodies
138:Sputnik Planitia
125:
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21:
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3392:Search projects
3378:
3307:
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2929:Radial velocity
2869:
2825:K/Orange dwarfs
2815:G/Yellow dwarfs
2776:
2770:Titius–Bode law
2709:
2640:Molecular cloud
2540:Detached object
2491:
2489:
2478:
2464:Toroidal planet
2454:Sub-brown dwarf
2362:
2288:
2260:(Super-Mercury)
2233:Coreless planet
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2077:Solar astronomy
2008:
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1876:Further reading
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1856:10.1038/468601a
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1305:UK Space Agency
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854:Earth's gravity
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798:mineral physics
728:
720:Main articles:
718:
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618:Main articles:
616:
611:
584:. For example,
519:
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352:rings of Saturn
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269:missions using
192:micrometeoroids
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2888:Direct imaging
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2550:Excretion disk
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2505:Accretion disk
2502:
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2037:Cosmochemistry
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2022:Astrochemistry
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1940:External links
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817:
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790:tectonophysics
763:magnetic field
761:If a planet's
736:gravity fields
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697:Apollo program
674:HED meteorites
666:differentiated
620:Cosmochemistry
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602:geological map
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244:exoplanetology
216:cosmochemistry
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3381:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2960:
2954:
2951:
2947:
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2942:
2939:
2935:
2932:
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2927:
2923:
2920:
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2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2898:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2866:
2865:Yellow giants
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2635:Merging stars
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2510:Asteroid belt
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2485:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2449:Pulsar planet
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2404:Double planet
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2343:Super-Neptune
2341:
2339:
2338:Super-Jupiter
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2313:Helium planet
2311:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2248:Hycean planet
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2238:Desert planet
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2228:Carbon planet
2226:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2204:
2199:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2150:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2127:
2118:
2113:
2111:
2106:
2104:
2099:
2098:
2095:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2007:
1999:
1994:
1992:
1987:
1985:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1920:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1899:
1898:0-7167-5043-0
1895:
1891:
1887:
1884:
1880:
1879:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1833:
1825:
1819:
1815:
1808:
1800:
1794:
1790:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1770:
1764:
1760:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1737:
1729:
1723:
1716:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1691:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1604:
1602:
1586:
1582:
1576:
1569:
1564:
1550:
1547:Stern, Alan.
1543:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1494:
1478:
1477:
1469:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1428:(6999): 509.
1427:
1423:
1419:
1412:
1410:
1405:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:(DPS) of the
1178:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1056:Frank Herbert
1053:
1052:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1037:
1031:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1001:
990:
980:
977:
976:rotation rate
972:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
933:giant planets
929:
925:
917:
912:
907:
903:
893:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
830:gravitational
825:
820:
813:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
778:
776:
772:
768:
767:magnetosphere
764:
756:
751:
747:
745:
741:
737:
732:
727:
726:Space physics
723:
713:
710:
706:
702:
701:lunar samples
698:
693:
691:
686:
681:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
662:asteroid belt
658:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
629:
625:
621:
610:
605:
604:of the Moon.
603:
599:
595:
591:
588:prepared the
587:
583:
582:Nicolas Steno
579:
575:
567:
563:
559:
556:
552:
548:
545:
542:
539:
536:
532:
529:
525:
524:
523:
518:
517:Geomorphology
508:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
479:
475:
469:
459:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
436:
434:
423:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
395:
393:
389:
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
364:
360:
355:
353:
349:
345:
341:
335:
330:
328:
324:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
286:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
259:
257:
253:
249:
248:space physics
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
208:Earth science
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
146:
143:
140:basin on the
139:
134:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
3963:Solar System
3849:101955 Bennu
3732:NEO Surveyor
3680:
3671:
3664:
3649:New Horizons
3647:
3635:
3621:
3614:
3601:
3578:
3571:
3565:Space probes
3554:Torino scale
3463:Impact event
3209:Proper names
2986:Earth analog
2971:Astrobiology
2963:Habitability
2900:Microlensing
2860:White dwarfs
2830:M/Red dwarfs
2820:Herbig Ae/Be
2805:Brown dwarfs
2747:Rogue planet
2728:Interstellar
2670:Planetesimal
2439:Planetesimal
2419:Giant planet
2409:Ecumenopolis
2307:Mini-Neptune
2243:Dwarf planet
2151:
2071:
2032:Astrophysics
2017:Astrobiology
1932:
1925:
1918:
1903:
1889:
1882:
1849:(601): 601.
1846:
1842:
1832:
1813:
1807:
1788:
1758:
1736:
1722:
1696:
1690:
1655:
1609:
1588:. Retrieved
1584:
1575:
1563:
1552:. Retrieved
1542:
1507:
1503:
1493:
1481:. Retrieved
1475:
1468:
1425:
1421:
1383:Selenography
1357:
1171:
1158:
1151:
1144:
1137:
1130:
1123:
1116:
1109:
1102:
1072:terraforming
1044:
1040:
1033:
1010:Solar System
1003:
973:
921:
874:Olympus Mons
834:polar motion
827:
819:
779:
760:
733:
729:
694:
682:
659:
631:
624:Geochemistry
571:
520:
505:geochemistry
481:
437:
429:
408:astrogeology
401:
384:
380:space probes
357:Advances in
356:
337:
332:
320:
299:astrophysics
287:
275:laboratories
260:
256:astrobiology
228:oceanography
188:Solar System
155:
151:
150:
142:dwarf planet
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
3951:Outer space
3939:Spaceflight
3580:Deep Impact
3441:Main topics
3221:before 2000
3137:Discoveries
2912:Polarimetry
2800:Binary star
2690:Rubble pile
2685:Ring system
2655:Outer space
2625:Kuiper belt
2580:Hills cloud
2535:Debris disk
2530:Cosmic dust
2459:Sub-Neptune
2444:Protoplanet
2379:Brown dwarf
2367:Other types
2323:Hot Neptune
2318:Hot Jupiter
2309:(Gas dwarf)
2284:Super-Earth
2269:Ocean world
2264:Lava planet
2258:Iron planet
2220:Terrestrial
2161:Main topics
802:geodynamics
740:lunar maria
690:lithosphere
562:hydrocarbon
398:Disciplines
370:(and later
162:(including
156:planetology
3973:Categories
3813:Spaceguard
3772:Spacewatch
3752:Pan-STARRS
3747:Orbit@home
3655:OSIRIS-REx
3132:Exoplanets
3113:Host stars
3060:Catalogues
2883:Astrometry
2845:Subdwarf B
2782:Host stars
2755:Retrograde
2650:Oort cloud
2488:Formation
2424:Mesoplanet
2348:Super-puff
2274:Mega-Earth
2253:Ice planet
2138:Definition
2123:Exoplanets
2027:Astrometry
1948:(articles)
1798:0553580272
1768:0441172717
1554:2009-05-22
1400:References
1196:Europlanet
1064:Liet-Kynes
1049:In fiction
1006:exoplanets
924:atmosphere
786:seismology
782:geophysics
780:Planetary
771:solar wind
755:solar wind
722:Geophysics
670:pallasites
655:Antarctica
643:meteorites
530:, craters)
501:geophysics
472:See also:
452:exoplanets
433:weathering
390:currently
378:, such as
376:spacecraft
329:as saying
327:Hippolytus
323:Democritus
303:geophysics
240:glaciology
196:gas giants
80:newspapers
3915:Astronomy
3808:NEOShield
3643:NEA Scout
3623:Hayabusa2
3488:Meteoroid
3483:Meteorite
3226:2000–2009
3192:1501–2000
3187:1001–1500
2875:Detection
2840:Red giant
2500:Accretion
2492:evolution
2333:Ice giant
2328:Gas giant
2279:Sub-Earth
2168:Exoplanet
2042:Cosmology
2006:astronomy
1682:132406061
1636:132406061
1296:(Taiwan).
886:Surveying
850:vulcanism
651:biosphere
647:oxidising
635:asteroids
628:Petrology
418:, called
392:exploring
359:telescope
295:astronomy
232:hydrology
204:astronomy
176:asteroids
170:(such as
110:June 2023
3695:tracking
3682:Stardust
3616:Hayabusa
3448:Asteroid
3182:501–1000
3162:Heaviest
3142:Extremes
2850:Subgiant
2723:Exocomet
1935:Springer
1865:21124410
1590:12 March
1460:12316875
1452:15282586
1362:See also
1090:Journals
963:'s moon
955:'s moon
928:ionizing
866:pressure
709:regolith
555:regolith
478:Icy moon
440:dynamics
3901:Portals
3854:2010 RF
3844:1950 DA
3737:NEOSSat
3666:Rosetta
3660:PROCYON
3507:Defense
3157:Largest
3152:Nearest
2855:T Tauri
2751:Orbits
2735:Exomoon
2715:Systems
2429:Planemo
2294:Gaseous
1885:. NASA.
1534:4349517
1512:Bibcode
1430:Bibcode
1307:(UKSA).
1068:Arrakis
969:Mercury
961:Neptune
916:Jupiter
890:mapping
870:plastic
862:orogeny
838:geodesy
824:Geodesy
744:mascons
678:4 Vesta
566:ammonia
497:geology
404:geology
344:Jupiter
340:Galileo
317:History
307:physics
224:physics
160:planets
94:scholar
3767:Sentry
3727:NEODyS
3717:LONEOS
3712:LINEAR
3673:Philae
3629:MASCOT
3586:HAMMER
3453:Bolide
3172:Kepler
3147:Firsts
3046:Tholin
2917:Timing
2835:Pulsar
2760:Trojan
2374:Blanet
2133:Planet
1896:
1863:
1843:Nature
1820:
1795:
1765:
1711:
1680:
1670:
1634:
1624:
1532:
1504:Nature
1483:22 May
1458:
1450:
1422:Nature
1267:(JAXA)
1250:(ISRO)
1132:Icarus
1080:Earth.
965:Triton
953:Saturn
947:, and
882:areoid
808:, and
626:, and
590:Apollo
578:strata
535:rilles
242:, and
182:) and
180:comets
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
3927:Stars
3702:ATLAS
3312:Other
3177:1–500
3102:Lists
2211:types
2206:Sizes
1678:S2CID
1632:S2CID
1530:S2CID
1456:S2CID
1256:(ISA)
1244:(ESA)
1216:(CSA)
1036:Titan
957:Titan
945:Venus
941:Earth
878:geoid
489:Venus
305:, or
172:moons
164:Earth
145:Pluto
101:JSTOR
87:books
3777:WISE
3757:SCAP
3722:NEAT
3602:DART
3596:Hera
3591:AIDA
3573:Dawn
3301:2024
3296:2023
3291:2022
3286:2021
3281:2020
3276:2019
3271:2018
3266:2017
3261:2016
3256:2015
3251:2014
3246:2013
3241:2012
3236:2011
3231:2010
2946:list
2934:list
2922:list
2905:list
2893:list
2490:and
2208:and
1956:blog
1894:ISBN
1861:PMID
1818:ISBN
1793:ISBN
1763:ISBN
1759:Dune
1709:ISBN
1668:ISBN
1622:ISBN
1592:2022
1485:2009
1448:PMID
1287:Ames
1282:GSFC
1271:NASA
1060:Dune
959:and
949:Mars
904:and
888:and
788:and
753:The
724:and
705:Luna
639:Mars
637:and
600:and
564:and
503:and
493:Mars
491:and
485:Moon
483:the
476:and
348:Moon
281:and
206:and
73:news
3693:NEO
2143:IAU
1908:doi
1851:doi
1847:468
1701:doi
1660:doi
1614:doi
1520:doi
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