1168:. They discovered that one of the amputated fragments sent to space regenerated into a double-headed worm. The majority of such amputated worms (95%) did not do so, however. An amputated worm regenerated into a double-head creature after spending five weeks aboard the International Space Station (ISS) – though regeneration of amputated worms as double-headed heteromorphosis is not a rare phenomenon unique to a microgravity environment. In contrast, two-headed planaria regenerates can be induced by exposing amputated fragments to electrical fields. Such exposure with opposite polarity can induce a planarian with 2 tails. Two-headed planaria regenerates can be induced by treating amputated fragments with pharmacological agents that alter levels of calcium, cyclic AMP, and protein kinase C activity in cells, as well as by genetic expression blocks (interference RNA) to the canonical Wnt/β-Catenin signalling pathway.
1131:. Neoblasts are required for new cell production, and they therefore provide the cellular basis for planarian regeneration. Cell signaling mechanisms provide positional information that regulates the cell types and tissues that are produced from the neoblasts in regeneration. Many signaling molecules that provide positional information to neoblasts, in regeneration and homeostasis, are expressed in muscle cells. Following injury, muscle cells throughout the body can alter the expression of genes that encode molecules that provide positional information. Therefore, the activities of neoblasts and muscle cells following injuries are essential for successful regeneration.
1004:, adult stem cells, which proliferate and produce differentiated cells. Some researchers claim that the products derived from bisecting a planarian are similar to the products of planarian asexual reproduction; however, debates about the nature of asexual reproduction in planarians and its effect on the population are ongoing. Some species of planarian are exclusively asexual, whereas some can reproduce both sexually and asexually. In most of the cases the sexual reproduction involve two individuals; auto fecundation has been rarely reported (e.g. in
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cut the worm in two, and allowed both worms to regenerate each half would develop the light-shock reaction. In 1963, McConnell repeated the experiment, but instead of cutting the trained flatworms in two he ground them into small pieces and fed them to other flatworms. He reported that the flatworms learned to associate the bright light with a shock much faster than flatworms who had not been fed trained worms.
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780:. Planarians lack a circulatory system, and absorb oxygen through their body wall. They uptake food to their gut using a muscular pharynx, and nutrients diffuse to internal tissues. A three-branched intestine runs across almost the entire body, and includes a single anterior and two posterior branches. The planarian intestine is a
1000:. Eggs develop inside the body and are shed in capsules. Weeks later, the eggs hatch and grow into adults. In asexual reproduction, the planarian fissions and each fragment regenerates its missing tissues, generating complete anatomy and restoring functions. Asexual reproduction, similar to regeneration following injury, requires
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has ever reproduced his results of planarians scrunching when exposed to light. Subsequent explanations of this scrunching behaviour associated with cannibalism of trained planarian worms were that the untrained flatworms were only following tracks left on the dirty glassware rather than absorbing
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This experiment intended to test whether memory could be transferred chemically. The experiment was repeated with mice, fish, and rats, but it always failed to produce the same results. The perceived explanation was that rather than memory being transferred to the other animals, it was the hormones
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planarian flatworms by pairing a bright light with an electric shock. After repeating this several times they took away the electric shock, and only exposed them to the bright light. The flatworms would react to the bright light as if they had been shocked. Thompson and McConnell found that if they
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The planarian has a soft, flat, wedge-shaped body that may be black, brown, blue, gray, or white. The blunt, triangular head has two ocelli (eyespots), pigmented areas that are sensitive to light. There are two auricles (earlike projections) at the base of the head, which are sensitive to touch and
1489:
Vila-Farré, Miquel; Rozanski, Andrei; Ivanković, Mario; Cleland, James; Brand, Jeremias N.; Thalen, Felix; Grohme, Markus A.; von Kannen, Stephanie; Grosbusch, Alexandra L.; Vu, Hanh T.-K.; Prieto, Carlos E.; Carbayo, Fernando; Egger, Bernhard; Bleidorn, Christoph; Rasko, John E. J. (2023-10-19).
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that are found in the planarian parenchyma across the planarian body. They are small and round cells, 5 to 10 μm, and characterized by a large nucleus, which is surrounded by little cytoplasm. Neoblasts are required for regenerating missing tissues and organs, and they continuously replenish
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the presence of certain chemicals. The mouth is located in the middle of the underside of the body, which is covered with hairlike projections (cilia). There are no circulatory or respiratory systems; oxygen enters and carbon dioxide leaves the planarian's body by diffusing through the body wall.
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Historically, planarians have been considered "immortal under the edge of a knife." Very small pieces of the planarian, estimated to be as little as 1/279th of the organism it is cut from, can regenerate back into a complete organism over the course of a few weeks. New tissues can grow due to
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The organism itself does not have to be completely cut into separate pieces for the regeneration phenomenon to be witnessed. In fact, if the head of a planarian is cut in half down its center, and each side retained on the organism, it is possible for the planarian to regenerate two heads and
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Planarian regeneration combines new tissue production with reorganization to the existing anatomy, morphallaxis. The rate of tissue regrowth varies between species, but in frequently used lab species, functional regenerated tissues are available already 7–10 days following tissue amputation.
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261:, which includes hundreds of species, found in freshwater, marine, and terrestrial habitats. Planarians are characterized by a three-branched intestine, including a single anterior and two posterior branches. Their body is populated by
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any missing organ, which has made planarians a popular model in research of regeneration and stem cell biology. The genome sequences of several species are available, as are tools for molecular biology analysis.
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and excretory pores on them. Also, flame cells remove unwanted liquids from the body by passing them through ducts which lead to excretory pores, where waste is released on the dorsal surface of the planarian.
1146:, and comprise 20% or more of the cells in the adult animal. They are the only proliferating cells in the worm, and they differentiate into progeny that replace older cells. In addition, existing
857:, connect the ventral nerve chords forming ladder-like nerve system. The brain has been shown to exhibit spontaneous electrophysiological oscillations, similar to the electroencephalographic (
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Regeneration starts following an injury that require the growth of a new tissue. Neoblasts localized near the injury site proliferate to generate a structure of differentiating cells called
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of planarians make them a model system for investigating a number of biological processes, many of which may have implications for human health and disease. Advances in
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Rozanski, Andrei; Moon, HongKee; Brandl, Holger; Martín-Durán, José M; Grohme, Markus A; Hüttner, Katja; Bartscherer, Kerstin; Henry, Ian; Rink, Jochen C (2019-01-08).
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pp 3., "Planarians (the popular name for the group as a whole), or triclad flatworms (the more scientific designation of the same group), are acoelomate bilaterians".
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has emerged as the species of choice for modern molecular biology research, due to its diploid chromosomes and the availability of both asexual and sexual strains.
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Thus, one of their gametes will combine with the gamete of another planarian. Each planarian transports its secretion to the other planarian, giving and receiving
2963:
Rilling M (1996). "The mystery of the vanished citations: James McConnell's forgotten 1960s quest for planarian learning, a biochemical engram, and celebrity".
799:, are usually found. Some species have auricles that protrude from the margins of the head. The auricles can contain chemical and mechanical sensory receptors.
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Morokuma J, Durant F, Williams KB, Finkelstein JM, Blackiston DJ, Clements T, Reed DW, Roberts M, Jain M, Kimel K, Trauger SA, Wolfe BE, Levin M (April 2017).
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tissues by producing new cells. Neoblasts can self-renew and generate progenitors for different cell types. In contrast to adult vertebrate stem cells (e.g.,
784:, having no exit cavity, and therefore planarians uptake food and egest waste through the same orifice, located near the middle of the ventral body surface.
1194:
in the ingested ground animals that changed the behavior. McConnell believed that this was evidence of a chemical basis for memory, which he identified as
1037:(i.e., producing all somatic cell types). Moreover, they give rise to differentiating, post-mitotic, cells directly, and not by producing rapidly-dividing
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818:). Sometimes, those species with two eyes may present smaller accessory or supernumerary eyes. The subterranean triclads are often eyeless or blind.
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In 2012, Tal
Shomrat and Michael Levin have shown that planarians exhibit evidence of long-term memory retrieval after regenerating a new head.
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Sluys, R.; Kawakatsu, M.; Riutort, M.; Baguñà, J. (2009). "A new higher classification of planarian flatworms (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida)".
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Saló E, Abril JF, Adell T, Cebrià F, Eckelt K, Fernandez-Taboada E, Handberg-Thorsager M, Iglesias M, Molina MD, Rodríguez-Esteban G (2009).
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in the U.S., sought to determine how microgravity and micro-geomagnetic fields would affect the growth and regeneration of planarian
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function possible in these animals and scientists are studying them worldwide. Like other invertebrate model organisms, for example
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Newmark PA, Sánchez
Alvarado A (March 2002). "Not your father's planarian: a classic model enters the era of functional genomics".
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Triclads reproduce sexually and asexually, and different species may be able to reproduce by one or both modes. Planarians are
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2010:"Vertically- and horizontally-transmitted memories - the fading boundaries between regeneration and inheritance in planaria"
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1041:. Consequently, neoblasts divide frequently, and apparently lack a large sub-population of dormant or slow-cycling cells.
2835:"Planarian regeneration in space: Persistent anatomical, behavioral, and bacteriological changes induced by space travel"
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Aoki R, Wake H, Sasaki H, Agata K (March 2009). "Recording and spectrum analysis of the planarian electroencephalogram".
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Cebrià, Francesc; Nakazawa, Masumi; Mineta, Katsuhiko; Ikeo, Kazuho; Gojobori, Takashi; Agata, Kiyokazu (2002-04-03).
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3011:"An automated training paradigm reveals long-term memory in planarians and its persistence through head regeneration"
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was responsible for some of the first systematic studies (that still underpin modern research) before the advent of
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1803:"Evolutionary history of the Tricladida and the Platyhelminthes: an up-to-date phylogenetic and systematic account"
319:. Some also can move by undulations of the whole body by the contractions of muscles built into the body membrane.
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is remodeled to restore symmetry and proportion of the new planaria that forms from a piece of a cut up organism.
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The number of eyes in the triclads is variable depending on the species. While many species have two eyes (e.g.
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which in addition to excellent regenerative abilities, are easy to culture in the lab. In recent decades,
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Observations on some interesting phenomena in animal physiology, exhibited by several species of planariae
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Triclads play an important role in watercourse ecosystems and are often very important as bio-indicators.
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Witchley, Jessica N.; Mayer, Mirjam; Wagner, Daniel E.; Owen, Jared H.; Reddien, Peter W. (2013-08-29).
2316:"Telomere maintenance and telomerase activity are differentially regulated in asexual and sexual worms"
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The most frequently used planarian in high school and first-year college laboratories is the brownish
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Several planarian species are commonly used for biological research. Popular experimental species are
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1860:"Dissecting planarian central nervous system regeneration by the expression of neural-specific genes"
1714:"– Effect of landscape features and water quality on Triclads inhabiting head waters: the example of
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The order
Tricladida is split into three suborders, according to their phylogenetic relationships:
2119:"Stem Cells, Patterning and Regeneration in Planarians: Self-Organization at the Organismal Scale"
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Hayashi, Tetsutaro; Asami, Maki; Higuchi, Sayaka; Shibata, Norito; Agata, Kiyokazu (2006-07-13).
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1038:
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2994:(1973). "Chapter 1: Behavioral studies of the molecular basis of memory". In Deutsch JA (ed.).
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118:
2488:"Beta-catenin defines head versus tail identity during planarian regeneration and homeostasis"
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that have the ability to create all the various cell types. These adult stem cells are called
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1978:
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3386:
3324:
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Chan JD, Agbedanu PN, Zamanian M, Gruba SM, Haynes CL, Day TA, Marchant JS (February 2014).
2161:"Clonogenic Neoblasts Are Pluripotent Adult Stem Cells That Underlie Planarian Regeneration"
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Sluys, R. (1990). "A monograph of the
Dimarcusidae (Platyhelminthes, Seriata, Tricladida)".
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2379:"Planarian regeneration involves distinct stem cell responses to wounds and tissue absence"
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Hallez P. (1892). Classification des
Ticlades, Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France.
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595:
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2428:"Isolation of planarian X-ray-sensitive stem cells by fluorescence-activated cell sorting"
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853:. Longitudinal ventral nerve chords extend from the brain to the tail. Transverse nerves,
8:
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2125:, Methods in Molecular Biology, vol. 1774, New York, NY: Springer, pp. 57–172,
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637:
2884:"'Death and axes': unexpected Ca²⁺ entry phenologs predict new anti-schistosomal agents"
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Tan TC, Rahman R, Jaber-Hijazi F, Felix DA, Chen C, Louis EJ, Aboobaker A (March 2012).
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2718:"Planarian regeneration: achievements and future directions after 20 years of research"
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1607:"PlanMine 3.0—improvements to a mineable resource of flatworm biology and biodiversity"
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1446:, Methods in Molecular Biology, vol. 1774, New York, NY: Springer, pp. 1–56,
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A user-friendly visualization tool and database of planarian regeneration experiments
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Aboobaker AA (May 2011). "Planarian stem cells: a simple paradigm for regeneration".
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Riutort, Marta; Álvarez-Presas, Marta; Lázaro, Eva; Sol, Eduard; Paps, Jordi (2012).
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269:, which planarians use for regenerating missing body parts. Many species are able to
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2059:"Not your father's planarian: a classic model enters the era of functional genomics"
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2267:"Bromodeoxyuridine Specifically Labels the Regenerative Stem Cells of Planarians"
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825:. Between the epidermis and the gastrodermis there is a parenchymatous tissue or
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1114:. These animals have an apparently limitless regenerative capacity, and asexual
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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The triclads have an anterior end or head where sense organs, such as eyes and
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1492:"Evolutionary dynamics of whole-body regeneration across planarian flatworms"
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993:. In sexual reproduction, the mating generally involves mutual insemination.
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2218:"Planarian stem cells specify fate yet retain potency during the cell cycle"
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Planarians have a number of cell types, tissues and simple organs that are
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The body of the triclads is covered by a ciliated epidermis that contains
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1076:, the relative simplicity of planarians facilitates experimental study.
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Kenk, R., 1972. Freshwater planarians (Turbellarians) of North
America.
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More information on the genetic screen to identify regeneration genes
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has been shown to maintain its telomere length through regeneration.
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31:
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Wagner, Daniel E.; Wang, Irving E.; Reddien, Peter W. (2011-05-13).
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The planarian nervous systems consists of a bilobed shaped cerebral
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Schmidtea mediterranea: a model system for analysis of motile cilia
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289:. Formerly, the Tricladida was split according to their habitat:
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Link to an article discussing some work on planarian immortality
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Alejandro
Sanchez-Alvarado's Seminar: Regeneration in Planarians
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2265:
Newmark, Phillip A.; Sánchez
Alvarado, Alejandro (2000-04-15).
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Raz, Amelie A.; Wurtzel, Omri; Reddien, Peter W. (2021-04-20).
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Newmark, Phillip A.; Alvarado, Alejandro Sánchez (2002-03-01).
814:), others have many more distributed along the body (e.g. most
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2548:"Muscle cells provide instructions for planarian regeneration"
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2605:"The cellular and molecular basis for planarian regeneration"
1961:
Reddien, Peter W.; Alvarado, Alejandro Sánchez (2004-11-01).
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Sluys, Ronald; Riutort, Marta (2018), Rink, Jochen C. (ed.),
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More information on freshwater planarians and their biology
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776:, and the space between their organ systems is filled with
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1675:. Methods in Cell Biology. Vol. 93. pp. 81–98.
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Gurley KA, Rink JC, Sánchez
Alvarado A (January 2008).
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1561:
1341:"Planarian (flatworm) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia"
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As a model system in biological and biomedical research
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2998:. New York and London: Academic Press. pp. l–25.
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The excretory system is made of many tubes with many
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continue to live. Researchers, including those from
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1110:Planarians are also an emerging model organism for
909:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2722:The International Journal of Developmental Biology
2675:Handberg-Thorsager M, Fernandez E, Salo E (2008).
2007:
1807:The International Journal of Developmental Biology
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1214:Planarian species used for research and education
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335:Phylogenetic supertree after Sluys et al., 2009:
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2935:"Investigations of the cellular bases of memory"
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2806:"Do it again. Round up of regenerating animals"
2117:Rink, Jochen C. (2018), Rink, Jochen C. (ed.),
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2008:Neuhof M, Levin M, Rechavi O (September 2016).
1967:Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology
1960:
1275: – Satirical (and serious) science journal
2123:Planarian Regeneration: Methods and Protocols
1444:Planarian Regeneration: Methods and Protocols
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1251:. Other common species used are the blackish
3118:Tricladida on the Encyclopedia of Life (EOL)
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1198:. McConnell's results are now attributed to
315:, allowing them to glide along on a film of
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2677:"Stem cells and regeneration in planarians"
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1671:Rompolas P, Patel-King RS, King SM (2009).
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969:Learn how and when to remove this message
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86:Learn how and when to remove this message
1979:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.20.010403.095114
1963:"Fundamentals of Planarian Regeneration"
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849:that is referred to as the planarian
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3286:8fadcfbd-6d55-473e-9fd8-aecf7ad4595f
3097:Aboobaker, Aziz (27 February 2008).
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907:adding citations to reliable sources
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3015:The Journal of Experimental Biology
3009:Shomrat T, Levin M (October 2013).
2373:Wenemoser, Danielle; Reddien, Peter
1440:"Planarian Diversity and Phylogeny"
1060:technologies has made the study of
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1921:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.11.011
1780:10.1111/j.1463-6409.1990.tb00237.x
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27:Flatworms of the Turbellaria class
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2996:The Physiological Basis of Memory
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875:Reproductive system of planarians
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2603:Reddien, Peter W. (2018-10-04).
2445:10.1111/j.1440-169X.2006.00876.x
1877:10.1046/j.1440-169x.2002.00629.x
883:
135:
41:
2989:For a general review, see also
2983:
2956:
2926:
2875:
2826:
2798:
2709:
2653:
2596:
2419:
2366:
2307:
2258:
2209:
2152:
2050:
2001:
1900:
1851:
1794:
1705:
1664:
1121:
894:needs additional citations for
868:
59:it does not summarise the body.
3446:Negligibly senescent organisms
1655:
1598:
1496:Nature Ecology & Evolution
1482:
1393:
1172:Biochemical memory experiments
13:
1:
1681:10.1016/S0091-679X(08)93004-1
1345:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
1279:
1182:In 1955, Robert Thompson and
985:Planarian reproductive system
861:) activity of other animals.
3064:Planaria eating worm segment
2901:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003942
2564:10.1016/j.celrep.2013.07.022
1207:the memory of their fodder.
1013:
330:
297:(freshwater planarian); and
7:
3133:Featured Creatures Web site
2395:10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.06.017
2131:10.1007/978-1-4939-7802-1_2
1725:Revue Écologie Terre et Vie
1452:10.1007/978-1-4939-7802-1_1
1266:
555:
304:Planarians move by beating
249:(triclads) are free-living
10:
3467:
2977:10.1037/0003-066X.51.6.589
2621:10.1016/j.cell.2018.09.021
2234:10.1016/j.stem.2021.03.021
1509:10.1038/s41559-023-02221-7
1299:Journal of Natural History
1175:
1017:
872:
29:
3451:Invertebrate common names
3149:
2784:10.1016/j.tcb.2011.01.005
1319:10.1080/00222930902741669
503:
488:
481:
445:
430:
423:
408:
401:
391:
373:
366:
351:
344:
203:
198:
132:Scientific classification
130:
116:
107:
102:
3111:University of Nottingham
1564:Nature Reviews. Genetics
1039:transit amplifying cells
774:fluid-filled body cavity
55:may need to be rewritten
30:Not to be confused with
3076:, facts, anatomy, image
2681:Frontiers in Bioscience
2512:10.1126/science.1150029
2341:10.1073/pnas.1118885109
2177:10.1126/science.1203983
2063:Nature Reviews Genetics
1737:10.3406/revec.2010.1533
1031:hematopoietic stem cell
1024:Neoblasts are abundant
841:Planaria nervous system
57:. The reason given is:
3074:Schmidtea mediterranea
2772:Trends in Cell Biology
2284:10.1006/dbio.2000.9645
1611:Nucleic Acids Research
1260:Girardia dorotocephala
1221:Schmidtea mediterranea
1116:Schmidtea mediterranea
986:
842:
772:flatworms that lack a
764:Anatomy and physiology
604:
587:
572:
326:Phylogeny and taxonomy
243:
242:Unidentified planarian
119:Dugesia subtentaculata
2965:American Psychologist
2735:10.1387/ijdb.072414es
2383:Developmental Biology
2271:Developmental Biology
1820:10.1387/ijdb.113441mr
984:
840:
593:
578:
563:
293:(marine planarians);
241:
3281:Fauna Europaea (new)
2939:University of Durham
1379:. pp. 1230 pp.
1305:(29–30): 1763–1777.
1273:Worm Runner's Digest
903:improve this article
596:Platydemus manokwari
3021:(Pt 20): 3799–810.
2660:Dalyell JG (1814).
2504:2008Sci...319..323G
2332:2012PNAS..109.4209T
2228:(7): 1307–1322.e5.
1623:10.1093/nar/gky1070
1311:2009JNatH..43.1763S
1227:Schmidtea polychroa
638:Centrovarioplanidae
301:(land planarians).
3028:10.1242/jeb.087809
2026:10.1242/bio.020149
1712:Manenti R (2010).
1204:blinded experiment
1184:James V. McConnell
1101:Thomas Hunt Morgan
987:
843:
610:ranks after Sluys
605:
588:
573:
565:Sabussowia ronaldi
244:
3423:
3422:
3382:Open Tree of Life
3143:Taxon identifiers
3078:at GeoChemBio.com
2728:(8–10): 1317–27.
2377:W. (2010-08-15).
2171:(6031): 811–816.
2140:978-1-4939-7802-1
1768:Zoologica Scripta
1617:(D1): D812–D820.
1502:(12): 2108–2124.
1461:978-1-4939-7802-1
1386:978-0-8053-7146-8
1377:Benjamin Cummings
1254:Planaria maculata
1107:as a discipline.
1105:molecular biology
1033:), neoblasts are
979:
978:
971:
953:
552:
551:
543:
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515:
467:
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96:
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88:
68:lead layout guide
16:(Redirected from
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3351:NHMSYS0000841064
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3198:
3197:
3185:
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3170:
3169:
3168:
3138:
3137:
3114:
3099:"Immortal Worms"
3062:YouTube videos:
3041:
3040:
3030:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2987:
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2980:
2960:
2954:
2953:
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2941:. Archived from
2930:
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2913:
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2824:
2823:
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2156:
2150:
2149:
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2147:
2114:
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2054:
2048:
2047:
2037:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1958:
1941:
1940:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1879:
1855:
1849:
1846:
1833:
1832:
1822:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1722:
1716:Polycelis felina
1709:
1703:
1702:
1668:
1662:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1642:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1559:
1548:
1547:
1529:
1511:
1486:
1480:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1435:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1351:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1294:
1248:Girardia tigrina
1234:Dugesia japonica
1165:Dugesia japonica
1156:Tufts University
1026:adult stem cells
974:
967:
963:
960:
954:
952:
911:
887:
879:
580:Polycelis felina
484:
483:
426:
425:
404:
403:
394:
393:
369:
368:
347:
346:
339:
338:
263:adult stem cells
240:
192:
140:
139:
112:
100:
99:
91:
84:
80:
77:
71:
64:improve the lead
45:
44:
37:
21:
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3461:
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3455:
3426:
3425:
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3362:
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3323:
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3310:
3305:
3297:
3292:
3284:
3279:
3271:
3266:
3258:
3253:
3245:
3240:
3232:
3227:
3219:
3214:
3206:
3201:
3193:
3188:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3164:
3163:
3158:
3145:
3123:Land planarians
3049:
3044:
3007:
3003:
2988:
2984:
2961:
2957:
2948:
2946:
2931:
2927:
2894:(2): e1003942.
2880:
2876:
2851:10.1002/reg2.79
2831:
2827:
2818:
2816:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2768:
2761:
2714:
2710:
2687:(13): 6374–94.
2673:
2669:
2658:
2654:
2601:
2597:
2544:
2537:
2498:(5861): 323–7.
2484:
2477:
2424:
2420:
2374:
2371:
2367:
2326:(11): 4209–14.
2312:
2308:
2263:
2259:
2214:
2210:
2157:
2153:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2115:
2106:
2055:
2051:
2006:
2002:
1959:
1944:
1905:
1901:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1836:
1813:(1–2–3): 5–17.
1799:
1795:
1764:
1760:
1720:
1710:
1706:
1691:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1603:
1599:
1560:
1551:
1487:
1483:
1474:
1472:
1462:
1436:
1419:
1409:
1407:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1387:
1362:
1358:
1349:
1347:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1295:
1286:
1282:
1269:
1240:S. mediterranea
1216:
1180:
1178:Memory transfer
1174:
1124:
1073:D. melanogaster
1047:
1022:
1016:
975:
964:
958:
955:
912:
910:
900:
888:
877:
871:
835:
768:Planarians are
766:
558:
553:
544:
535:
526:
517:
468:
459:
333:
328:
229:
191:
169:Platyhelminthes
134:
92:
81:
75:
72:
61:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3464:
3454:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3404:
3391:
3378:
3368:
3355:
3342:
3329:
3316:
3303:
3290:
3277:
3268:Fauna Europaea
3264:
3251:
3238:
3225:
3212:
3199:
3186:
3171:
3155:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3135:
3134:
3120:
3115:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3070:
3060:
3055:
3048:
3047:External links
3045:
3043:
3042:
3001:
2982:
2971:(6): 589–598.
2955:
2925:
2888:PLOS Pathogens
2874:
2825:
2797:
2759:
2708:
2667:
2652:
2615:(2): 327–345.
2595:
2558:(4): 633–641.
2535:
2475:
2438:(6): 371–380.
2418:
2389:(2): 979–991.
2365:
2306:
2277:(2): 142–153.
2257:
2222:Cell Stem Cell
2208:
2151:
2139:
2104:
2075:10.1038/nrg759
2069:(3): 210–219.
2049:
2020:(9): 1177–88.
2000:
1973:(1): 725–757.
1942:
1915:(2): 908–914.
1899:
1870:(2): 135–146.
1850:
1834:
1793:
1758:
1731:(2): 279–285.
1704:
1689:
1663:
1654:
1597:
1576:10.1038/nrg759
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1385:
1356:
1332:
1283:
1281:
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1277:
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1265:
1215:
1212:
1176:Main article:
1173:
1170:
1123:
1120:
1112:aging research
1046:
1043:
1018:Main article:
1015:
1012:
1007:Cura foremanii
991:hermaphrodites
977:
976:
891:
889:
882:
873:Main article:
870:
867:
834:
833:Nervous system
831:
797:chemoreceptors
765:
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761:
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759:
758:
757:
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754:
748:
736:
735:
734:
728:
726:Dendrocoelidae
722:
708:Continenticola
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448:Dendrocoelidae
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388:Continenticola
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287:Continenticola
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3441:Animal models
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2992:Chapouthier G
2986:
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2970:
2966:
2959:
2945:on 2012-10-15
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2933:Kentridge B.
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2848:
2845:(2): 85–102.
2844:
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2836:
2829:
2815:
2814:New Scientist
2811:
2810:New Scientist
2807:
2801:
2793:
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2778:(5): 304–11.
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959:November 2016
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914:Find sources:
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678:Procerodoidea
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658:Bdellouroidea
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650:Meixnerididae
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179:Rhabditophora
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76:December 2023
69:
66:and read the
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2958:
2947:. Retrieved
2943:the original
2928:
2891:
2887:
2877:
2842:
2839:Regeneration
2838:
2828:
2817:. Retrieved
2809:
2800:
2775:
2771:
2725:
2721:
2711:
2694:10.2741/3160
2684:
2680:
2670:
2664:. Edinburgh.
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2552:Cell Reports
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2066:
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2052:
2017:
2014:Biology Open
2013:
2003:
1970:
1966:
1912:
1909:Neuroscience
1908:
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1810:
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1774:(1): 13–29.
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1614:
1610:
1600:
1570:(3): 210–9.
1567:
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1499:
1495:
1484:
1473:, retrieved
1443:
1408:. Retrieved
1401:"Tricladida"
1395:
1372:
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1335:
1302:
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1246:
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1125:
1122:Regeneration
1115:
1109:
1097:regeneration
1078:
1071:
1065:
1051:life history
1048:
1023:
1005:
995:
988:
965:
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946:
939:
932:
925:
913:
901:Please help
896:verification
893:
869:Reproduction
863:
844:
820:
809:
803:
801:
794:
786:
767:
740:Geoplanoidea
738:Superfamily
714:Planarioidea
712:Superfamily
700:Dimarcusidae
684:Procerodidae
676:Superfamily
670:Bdellouridae
664:Uteriporidae
656:Superfamily
630:Superfamily
619:
611:
606:
594:
579:
564:
504:
489:
478:Geoplanoidea
446:
431:
409:
398:Planarioidea
374:
352:
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321:
303:
276:
258:
246:
245:
188:
117:
97:
82:
73:
62:Please help
58:
54:
52:lead section
3307:iNaturalist
3175:Wikispecies
3107:Brady Haran
2745:2445/192658
1745:2434/147984
1365:Campbell NA
1187:conditioned
1137:pluripotent
1095:. However,
1083:to our own
1035:pluripotent
918:"Planarian"
816:Geoplaninae
789:flame cells
752:Geoplanidae
720:Planariidae
694:Cavernicola
632:Cercyroidea
506:Geoplanidae
411:Planariidae
376:Cavernicola
342:Tricladida
283:Cavernicola
255:Turbellaria
220:Cavernicola
218:Infraorder
212:Infraorder
175:Subphylum:
3430:Categories
3208:Tricladida
3195:Tricladida
3181:Tricladida
3151:Tricladida
2949:2007-02-08
2819:2012-10-21
2146:2023-12-05
1475:2023-12-02
1350:2010-05-01
1348:Retrieved
1280:References
1196:memory RNA
1140:stem cells
1081:homologous
1067:C. elegans
929:newspapers
855:commissure
827:mesenchyme
811:Microplana
778:parenchyma
770:bilaterian
746:Dugesiidae
644:Cercyridae
620:Tricladida
491:Dugesiidae
295:Paludicola
271:regenerate
259:Tricladida
247:Planarians
193:Lang, 1884
189:Tricladida
103:Planarian
18:Planarians
3103:Test Tube
3068:Planarian
2629:0092-8674
2572:2211-1247
2454:0012-1592
2293:0012-1606
2185:0036-8075
2083:1471-0056
1987:1081-0706
1937:207244874
1886:0012-1592
1829:0214-6282
1631:0305-1048
1544:264347538
1518:2397-334X
1160:flatworms
1144:neoblasts
1055:molecular
1014:Neoblasts
1002:neoblasts
823:rhabdites
782:blind sac
732:Kenkiidae
706:Suborder
692:Suborder
624:Suborder
601:geoplanid
584:planariid
433:Kenkiidae
331:Phylogeny
299:Terricola
267:neoblasts
251:flatworms
206:Suborder
199:Subdivis
155:Kingdom:
149:Eukaryota
32:Planarium
3247:46481314
3160:Wikidata
3109:for the
3037:23821717
2920:24586156
2869:28616247
2792:21353778
2754:19247944
2703:18508666
2647:30290140
2590:23954785
2530:18063757
2470:10048289
2462:16872450
2413:20599901
2360:22371573
2301:10753506
2252:33882291
2203:21566185
2099:28379017
2091:11972158
2044:27565761
1995:15473858
1929:19063945
1894:11940100
1788:84915439
1753:54499235
1699:20409812
1649:30496475
1592:28379017
1584:11972158
1536:37857891
1527:10697840
1470:29916154
1410:July 23,
1371:(2019).
1369:Reece JB
1327:85174457
1267:See also
1129:blastema
1020:Neoblast
847:ganglion
626:Maricola
614:, 2009:
608:Linnaean
569:Maricola
556:Taxonomy
354:Maricola
291:Maricola
279:Maricola
257:, order
214:Maricola
165:Phylum:
159:Animalia
145:Domain:
124:dugesiid
3166:Q534535
3125:on the
2911:3930560
2860:5469732
2638:7706840
2581:4101538
2521:2755502
2500:Bibcode
2492:Science
2404:2950745
2351:3306686
2328:Bibcode
2243:8254784
2194:3338249
2165:Science
2035:5051648
1640:6324014
1373:Biology
1307:Bibcode
1089:tissues
1058:genetic
943:scholar
805:Dugesia
750:Family
744:Family
730:Family
724:Family
718:Family
698:Family
682:Family
668:Family
662:Family
648:Family
642:Family
636:Family
310:ventral
308:on the
265:called
185:Order:
3413:142028
3387:555387
3371:NZOR:
3260:1TRCDO
3221:165597
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1148:tissue
1093:organs
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916:
618:Order
612:et al.
313:dermis
3408:WoRMS
3395:Plazi
3338:54468
3325:12395
3320:IRMNG
3312:64222
3273:14248
3234:7NGC4
2466:S2CID
2095:S2CID
1933:S2CID
1784:S2CID
1749:S2CID
1721:(PDF)
1588:S2CID
1540:S2CID
1323:S2CID
1202:. No
1085:cells
998:sperm
950:JSTOR
936:books
851:brain
317:mucus
306:cilia
3364:6159
3359:NCBI
3333:ITIS
3294:GBIF
3255:EPPO
3216:BOLD
3131:IFAS
3033:PMID
2916:PMID
2865:PMID
2788:PMID
2750:PMID
2699:PMID
2643:PMID
2625:ISSN
2609:Cell
2586:PMID
2568:ISSN
2526:PMID
2458:PMID
2450:ISSN
2409:PMID
2356:PMID
2297:PMID
2289:ISSN
2248:PMID
2199:PMID
2181:ISSN
2135:ISBN
2087:PMID
2079:ISSN
2040:PMID
1991:PMID
1983:ISSN
1925:PMID
1890:PMID
1882:ISSN
1825:ISSN
1695:PMID
1685:ISBN
1645:PMID
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1580:PMID
1532:PMID
1514:ISSN
1466:PMID
1456:ISBN
1412:2007
1381:ISBN
1257:and
1231:and
1091:and
1070:and
1062:gene
1049:The
922:news
599:, a
582:, a
567:, a
285:and
122:, a
3346:NBN
3299:427
3242:EoL
3229:CoL
3203:AFD
3190:ADW
3023:doi
3019:216
2973:doi
2906:PMC
2896:doi
2855:PMC
2847:doi
2780:doi
2740:hdl
2730:doi
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2633:PMC
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2576:PMC
2560:doi
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