787:, a formal consistory was held to make the final decisions on the candidates. Pope Pius' opening address was frank and detailed in cataloguing the shortcomings and faults of the luxurious lifestyle of the cardinals, and their activities on behalf of monarchs rather than the church: "Your lifestyle is such that you would appear to have been chosen, not to govern the state, but called to enjoy pleasures. You avoid neither hunting, nor games, nor the company of women. You put together parties that are more opulent than is fitting. You wear clothes that are far too expensive. You overflow with gold and silver.... We can't keep people from making requests, but we can easily refuse to entertain them. Think about who are appropriate, and I will choose from among their number...." He then gave the names of those who nominated themselves, or who had been nominated by others." When he finished, Cardinal Scarampi rose to speak. He remarked that Pius' predecessors had named nobles, eminent for learning and holy life. But he was proposing people whom Scarampi would not employ in his kitchen or in his stables. In fact, according to the cardinal, there was no need for new cardinals: "With too many of us, our value declines."
3355:
443:
choice of Pavia as the site of a meeting between council members and the Greek delegation, to discuss church union, which caught the attention of the duke of Milan, as he had hoped. The archbishop of Milan named him
Provost of the church of S. Lorenzo in Milan, even though he had not been elected to the post by the chapter of the church and was still a layman. The Council granted him a dispensation, despite their policy against such dispensations, which they considered a feature of papal corruption. But when Aeneas was sent on a diplomatic mission to Vienna in 1438, it was reported that he had died; and the duke of Milan, who had abandoned the Council and returned to Pope Eugenius' side, gave Aeneas' provostship to another candidate. In recompense, the Council appointed him a canon in the cathedral Chapter of Trent.
720:
not been friendly toward the papacy for some years, left Mantua on 29 November 1459, even more irritated than before. Pius' efforts had failed. Both returned to the north, and in April 1460 trouble broke out again. Cusa, who was at
Bruneck and engaged in negotiations with Sigismund, was surrounded, captured by the archduke, and forced to agree to Sigismund's demands. Cusa appealed to Pius II. A restrained Pius only summoned Sigismund to appear before him and explain his conduct, but Sigismund appealed to a future council in a statement handed the pope by his proctor on 4 August 1460. On 8 August, Sigismund was excommunicated and his domains were placed under the interdict.
1139:
637:, though a Frenchman and a blood cousin of the king of France, seemed certain to be elected. On 18 August, the first scrutiny took place; Aeneas and Calandrini each received 5 votes, while no one else received more than three. Whether out of trickery or out of hatred, no cardinal gave a vote for d'Estouteville. The results contradicted the expectations. D'Estouteville then set out to frustrate the ambitions of Aeneas. The second ballot took place on August 19; the results gave Piccolomini 9 votes, and D'Estouteville 6. After intense intrigue among the cardinals, including a private meeting of the Italian cardinals, who were urged by
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1000:
Venetians immediately answered the appeal. So did George
Kastriot Skanderbeg the leader of Albanian resistance, who on 27 November 1463 declared war on the Ottomans and attacked their forces near Ohrid. Pius II's planned crusade envisioned assembling 20,000 soldiers in Taranto, and another 20,000 would be gathered by Skanderbeg. They would have been marshaled in Durazzo under Skanderbeg's leadership and would have formed the central front against the Ottomans. The Pope did his best: he addressed an eloquent letter to the Ottoman ruler,
622:, were also candidates, and he thought that Calandrini might win. Aeneas and his friend Cardinal Calandrini of Bologna immediately headed from Viterbo to Rome, and when they reached the gate of the city, they were met by a friendly assembly of courtiers and common people, who shouted that one or the other of them would be made pope. On the evening of the death of Cardinal Capranica, the Milanese ambassador indicated it would be possible to carry the election of Piccolomini, who was being supported by the king of Naples.
497:, the historian of medieval Rome, wrote, "Versed in the affairs of the Empire and the Roman Curia, in which occupations he incessantly strove to acquire benefices that should raise him out of poverty, Piccolomini was not inspired by any ardent longing for virtue, nor was he stirred by the sublime genius of an exalted nature. There was nothing great in him. Endowed with fascinating gifts, this man of brilliant parts possessed no enthusiasms. We cannot even say that he pursued any aim beyond that of his own advantage."
244:
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2843:, p. 255. Quote: "If he could not defeat Sultan Mehmet in battle, perhaps he could persuade him by force of reason to see the error of his ways. In 1461 he drafted an extraordinary letter to the sultan in which he included a detailed refutation of the teachings of the Koran, an equally thorough exposition of the Christian faith, and a final appeal to renounce Islam and submit to baptism. It seems that the letter may never have been sent; if it was, it not surprisingly received no reply."
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1004:, urging him to become a Christian. The pope even suggested that if Mehmed were to convert, he would be recognized as "Emperor of the Greeks and of the East." However, there are historians who believe that the mentioned letter was sent to the Sublime Porte. Not surprisingly, if it was delivered, the invitation was not successful. In April 1462, a public pageant was staged for the pope to receive the relics of the head of
487:, King of the Romans celebrated him as Poet Laureate, and offered him a position at court as his secretary. In January 1443, Aeneas resigned as secretary of Felix V, and was appointed secretary and protonotary in the imperial chancellery. There he obtained the patronage of the emperor's chancellor, Kaspar Schlick. Some identify the love adventure that Aeneas related in his romance
2211:, p. 176: "Tum preces multorum porrectæ funt: Imperator unum efflagitauit, cui Pontifex cupide annuebat: Rex Franciæ duos: unum rex Aragonum: Ferdinandus rex Siciliæ,& Franciscus Mediolanensis dux plures: dux Sabaudiæ unum: dux Burgundiæ unum: marchio Montis ferrati unum: Florentini & Cosmas unum." Meserve and Simonetta II, pp. 225-231. Pastor III, p. 293.
426:, the object of which is variously related even by himself. He visited England as well as Scotland, underwent many perils and vicissitudes in both countries and left an account of each. The journey to Scotland proved so tempestuous that Piccolomini swore that he would walk barefoot to the nearest shrine of Our Lady from their landing port. This proved to be
704:. In anticipation of his departure for Mantua, Pius issued the bull "Cum Concedente Deo" on 5 January 1459, in which he considered the possibility of the pope dying outside Rome; he ordered that the conclave to elect his successor should take place only in Rome, contrary to previous practice. On 11 January 1459 Pope Pius appointed Cardinal
2629:, p. 255-256. Quote: "In just five years between 149 and 1464 he transformed his birthplace, the little village of Corsignano, redesigning it on classical lines according to all the latest theories of urban planning, giving it a cathedral and a magnificent palazzo for the use of his family, and renaming it after himself: Pienza."
780:, were hostile to him personally and skeptical of his project. Pius decided to hold a consistory for the creation of new cardinals. Suggestions poured in from all sides, petitioning for at least ten new cardinals. During Lent of 1460, he began consultations with the current cardinals, whose consent was necessary.
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The
European powers, however, had not ceased their pressure for the appointment of more cardinals. The cardinals, however, were insistent that there should be no creation of non-Italians. An agreement was finally reached that there would be six new cardinals, three Italians and three "ultramontani",
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in 1450, without the consent of the emperor, the count of Tyrol (Sigismund), or the cathedral chapter of Brixen. A public reconciliation was arranged, but no resolution of the basic problem was achieved, but rather postponed to a Diet to be held at Trent two years in the future. Sigismund, who had
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After his departure from Mantua on 19 January 1460, Pius II reached his former bishopric of Siena on 30 January, where, exhausted by his exertions at Mantua, he was advised by his doctors to rest, either in the city or at the
Petriolo hot springs. There he was joined by his recent host in Mantua,
442:
Upon his return to Basel, Aeneas again served from 1436 to 1438 as secretary of
Cardinal Domenico Capranica. He actively supported the council in its conflict with the Pope, and, although still a layman, eventually obtained a share in the direction of its affairs. He gave a speech advocating the
999:
The crusade for which the
Congress of Mantua had been convoked made no progress. In November 1463, Pope Pius II tried to organize the crusade against the Ottomans, similar to what Nicholas V and Calixtus III had tried to do before him. Pius II invited all the Christian nobility to join, and the
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under an engagement to assist the Pope. This he did most effectually by the diplomatic dexterity with which he smoothed away differences between the papal court of Rome and the German imperial electors. He played a leading role in concluding a compromise in 1447 by which the dying Pope
Eugenius
351:, where he first followed the humanities curriculum, and then that of civil law. At Siena he studied under the Augustinian Andreas of Milan, the noted historian. His preceptor and professor of civil law was Antonio de Rosellis. He also studied law under Mariano Sozzini. He then attended the
1976:, p. 30: "Publicato scrutinio compertum est novem cardinales Eneam elegisse: Genuensem, Ursinum, Ilerdensem, Bononiensem, fancti Marci,fanctorum quatuor Coronatorum , Zamorensem , Papiensem, & Portugallense; Rothomagensem vero tantum sex, reliquos longe inferius resedisse."
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Of his own work, Aeneas
Silvius wrote, "My style of writing is unpolished and bald, but it is frank, and without trappings. I never write with labour, because I do not stretch after things which are too high for me, and which I do not know; but what I have learned I write."
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Aeneas' character had hitherto been that of a man of the world with no strictness in morals or consistency in politics. Being sent on a mission to Rome in 1445, with the ostensible object of inducing Pope Eugene to convoke a new council, he was absolved from ecclesiastical
1235:, first published in 1584 in Rome by Archbishop Francesco Bandini Piccolomini, a distant relative. Bandini Piccolomini published it under the name of Iohannes Gobellinus, the scribe of the manuscript archetype of 1464, who was then named the author. Pius II chose to write
567:. In 1452 he accompanied Frederick to Rome, where Frederick wedded Eleanor and was crowned emperor by the pope. At the coronation, speaking in the name of the emperor, Aeneas repudiated the conciliar theory, holding that the pope and his cardinals were the best council.
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Passages such as those and others where he marvels at landscapes and other natural beauties, or stories about his dog
Musetta, were to be expurged from the first edition of his Commentaries, published in 1584, as embarrassingly unfitting, coming from the pen of a pope.
830:, archbishop of Salzburg. The appointment of Weisbriach was not made public until 31 May 1462, to avoid offending the foreign powers. The five cardinals whose names were published were all Italians. On 7 March 1460, Pope Pius had to write to the Duke of Burgundy,
521:
Pope Eugenius died on 23 February 1447, and the conclave to choose his successor lasted from 4 March to 6 March 1447. Aeneas Sylvius was one of the four ambassadors chosen to be the guardians of the conclave. The new pope, Tommaso Parentucelli, chose the name
679:
From the first day of his papacy, Pius' greatest priority was freeing Europe from the threat of the Turks, through a great crusade. He had also been preparing a bull, which in the event he never published, outlining his plans for a reform of the Roman Curia.
2859:, p. 324. Quote: "One rumor stated that the Sultan himself had lost faith in Islam. Pius sent an eloquent letter setting forth the Catholic faith, urging him to convert. Instead of converting, the Sultan assuaged his opposition to Islamic law by drinking."
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Despite the canonical requirement that the conclave to elect a successor should take place in the place where he died, Pius II's body was taken to Rome and interred at the Vatican, in Old St. Peter's Basilica, in the Chapel of St. Andrew. When his nephew,
3170:
Aeneae Sylvii De Picolominibus episcopi Tergestini De rebus Basileae gestis stante vel dissoluto concilio commentarius primitus e bibliotheca Vaticana in lucem editus praeposito proemio, subjectis adnotationibus cura Michaelis Catalani canonici Ecclesiae
1946:, p. 30: "Tertia die facta re diuina, cum ventum esset ad scrutinium, inuentum est Philippum cardinalem Bononiensem & Aeneam Senensem paribus vocibus ad summum Pontificatum præstolari, vtroque vocibus quinque vocato: ex reliquis nemo tres superavit."
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on 18 June 1464, arriving on 18 July. He hoped to increase the morale of the crusading army. However, the armed forces melted away at Ancona for want of transport and the outbreak of pestilence, and when at last the Venetian fleet arrived, led by Doge
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did he feel that he had returned to "a civilised part of the world and the inhabitable face of the Earth", Scotland and the far north of England being "wild, bare and never visited by the sun in winter". In Scotland, he fathered a child but it died.
1051:, Pius instructed bishops to impose ecclesiastical penalties on transgressors. Pius did not condemn the concept of trading in slaves, only the enslavement of Christians, who represented a very small minority of those captured and taken to Portugal.
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The cardinals at Ancona decided to put the papal galleys in the hands of the doge of Venice, on the understanding that they would be handed over to the next pope. They also sent the 48,000 gold ducats which Pius had on hand for the crusade to
577:. The ceremony took place on 12 August in a public consistory. As instructed, the envoys pressed the pope for a war against the Turks, which pleased Calixtus, who was of the same mind. He brought strong recommendations from Frederick and
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1933:(Frankfurt: Aubry, 1614), p. 29: "Cumque ambo una Vrbe peterent, uniuersam curiam, & maiorem populi parte extra moenia occurrentem inuenere: affirmantibus cunctis eorum alterum in pontificem maximum electum iri."
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At the same time, since he had long been concerned with the content of the College of Cardinals and with the behavior of some of its members, The French faction among the cardinals, especially d'Estouteville and
3162:, nunc demum post corruptissimas editiones summa diligentia castigata & in unum corpus redacta, quorum elenchum uersa pagella indicabit: his quoque accessit gnomologia ex omnibus Syluij operibus collecta.
2762:, p. 254. Quote: "For the next three years he worked in the royal chancery in Vienna, turning out in his spare time not only a quantity of mildly pornographic poetry but also a novel in much the same vein,
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On 26 April 1463, Pius II published his most famous retracation in the bull "In Minoribus Agentes," addressed to the rector and members of the University of Cologne. In it, he withdrew his treatise against
545:
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Geschichte der ganzen österreichischen, weltlichen und klösterlichen Klerisey beyderley Geschlechts ... Aus den Sammlungen ... Josephs Wendt von Wendtenthal (etc.): Das Erzherzogthum Oesterreich Ob der
708:
Vicar-General of the city of Rome and of the Patrimony of S. Peter; and on 15 January he named Bishop Galeazzo Cavrini of Mantua his Governor of Rome. He finally set out for the north on 22 January.
2782:, p. 254. Quote: "But such an existence could not continue indefinitely, and in 1445 Aeneas's life underwent a dramatic change. First, he broke with the antipope and was formally reconciled with
3124:, qua omnis ab inclinato Romanorum imperio historia, quae coepit fere anno Christi quadringentesimoseptimo, per mille & amplius annos, miro compendio, citra obscuritatem tamen, complectitur.
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wear each other out. Pius II was aware that he was nearing his end, and his malady probably prompted the feverish impatience with which, on 18 June 1464, he assumed the cross and departed for
510:
accepted the reconciliation tendered by the German princes. The documents were signed on 5 February and 7 February 1447. As a result, the council and the antipope were left without support.
1744:(1614), p. 14: "Is ut ædes sancti Petri primum ascendit, Ænea ad se accersito secretariatum ei subdiaconatumque confirmauit, atque in die coronationis ante se Crucem deferendam commisit."
723:
On 26 September 1459, he called for a new crusade against the Ottomans, and on 14 January 1460, he proclaimed the official crusade that was to last for three years. The pope influenced
581:(also King of Bohemia) for the nomination of Aeneas to the cardinalate, but delays arose from the Pope's resolution to promote his own nephews first, which he did on 17 September 1456.
834:, apologizing for having been unable to convince the cardinals to vote for the duke's almoner, Jean Jouffroy, bishop of Arras. He wrote that it was because the cardinals would have no
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1410:
In his Commentaries, he briefly mentions that he was sent to Scotland "to help a prelate come back into the King's favour" and later mentions that once in the presence of King (
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claimant to the throne of Naples, in opposition to the French House of Anjou, his next important act was to convene a congress of the representatives of Christian princes at
3372:, ed. Giuseppe Galasso et al. (Rome: Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, 2013) (Ottava appendice della Enciclopedia italiana di scienze, lettere ed arti), pp. 137–43.
2712:
Vol. VIII (Roma: Ludovico Cecchini 1876), p. 262, no. 660. Carol Richardson (1998), "The Lost Will and Testament of Cardinal Francesco Todeschini Piccolomini (1439-1503),"
1333:"audire grammaticos coepit, deinde poetas, & oratores auide sectatus, postremo ad ius ciuile se contulit: cuius professores cum aliquot annos audiuisset." Gragg, p. 12.
309:, but left it in 1443 to follow Frederick, whom he reconciled to the Roman obedience. He became Bishop of Trieste in 1447, Bishop of Siena in 1450, and a cardinal in 1456.
526:, and immediately confirmed Aeneas in his posts of papal subdeacon and secretary, and appointed him to carry the papal cross at his coronation. One of the first acts of
1224:, and in early and middle life produced numerous tracts on the political and theological controversies of his day. The pontiff even wrote an exhaustive refutation of
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1126:, died in 1503, he was buried next to Pius II. In 1506, because of the demolition of Old St. Peter's, the tombs were moved to the crypt. In 1612, when the church of
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Pius II succeeded in reconciling the Emperor and the King of Hungary, and derived great encouragement as well as pecuniary advantage from the discovery of mines of
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Finally, Pius was able to secure a positive vote on five names, and he was able to pressure the cardinals into accepting his own nomination of a sixth. These were:
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845:, who, when captured, confessed that he had planned to overthrow the papal government and plunder the cardinals and merchants. He was executed on 31 October.
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to choose the Italian Piccolomini over the French d'Estouteville, Aeneas was able to secure enough votes for his candidacy after the second ballot at the
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Pius II. Pont. Max. a calumniis vindicatus ternis retractationibus eius quibus dicta et scripta pro concilio Basileensi contra Eugenium PP. IV. eiuravit.
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Pius II. Pont. Max. a calumniis vindicatus ternis retractationibus eius quibus dicta et scripta pro concilio Basileensi contra Eugenium PP. IV. eiuravit.
1780:
Pius II. Pont. Max. a calumniis vindicatus ternis retractationibus eius quibus dicta et scripta pro concilio Basileensi contra Eugenium PP. IV. eiuravit.
1059:
Pope Pius II inaugurated an unusual urban project, perhaps the first city-planning exercise in modern Europe. He refurbished his hometown of Corsignano (
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Pius condemned the enslavement of newly baptized Christians as a "great crime". in a letter of 7 October 1462, addressed to the Bishop of Rubico in the
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340:, and his mother was Vittoria Forteguerri, who had 18 children including several twins, though no more than ten were alive at one time. The plague (
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901:, whom he gradually, though momentarily, quelled. The Neapolitan War was also concluded by the success of the Pope's ally the Aragonese Ferdinand.
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In August 1455, Aeneas again travelled to Rome on an embassy which included Johann Hinderbach to proffer the obedience of Germany to the new pope,
1067:, after himself. A cathedral and palaces were built in the best style of the day to decorate the city. They survive to this day. He also issued a
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8615:
968:, by which the papal authority in France had been weakened. But Louis XI had expected that Pius II would in return espouse the French cause in
1216:
The most valuable of his historical writings are his histories of Bohemia and of Emperor Frederick III. He sketched biographical treatises on
629:. Eighteen cardinals took part. The Italian cardinals were outnumbered by the foreigners. According to Aeneas' account, the wealthy cardinal
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972:, and when he found himself disappointed he virtually re-established the Pragmatic Sanction by royal ordinances. Pius II built a fortress in
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Tomassetti, pp. 159-165. The bull is wrongly dated 29 April 1461. It was 29 June, the feast of Ss. Peter and Paul. Pastor III, pp. 290-293.
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was completed, the bodies of both popes, as well as parts of their funeral monuments, were moved there and re-entombed on 1 February 1613.
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320:, which is the only autobiography of a pope ever to have been published. It appeared posthumously, in 1584, 120 years after his death.
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The History of the Popes, from the Close of the Middle Ages: Drawn from the Secret Archives of the Vatican and Other Original Sources.
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434:. The journey through the ice and snow left Aeneas afflicted with pain in his legs for the rest of his life. Only when he arrived at
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Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini, "Libellus dialogorum de generalis concilii auctoritate et gestis Basileensium," in Adam F. Kollar, ed.,
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from the third-person perspective, following Caesar's example. This posthumous edition altered some content judged inappropriate.
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2802:, p. 324. Quote: "Whenever chided with his past immoral life and writings, he would reply, 'Ignore Aeneas, but listen to Pius.'"
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Calixtus III died on 6 August 1458. The leading candidate was Cardinal Domenico Capranica, but he died on 14 August, during the
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Pius II was a prominent author of poetry in his lifetime, being named imperial poet laureate in 1442. But his reputation in
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344:) finally left him with only two sisters, Laudamia and Catherina. He worked with his father in the fields for some years.
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Pius was recalled to Rome, reaching the city on 6 October 1460. His presence was urged by the disturbances occasioned by
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1178:. He also wrote numerous erotic poems. All of the erotic material was written well before he was elected to the papacy.
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Northampton. Mass.: Smith College Department of History 1937. (Smith College Studies in History, Volume 22, nos. 1–2).
645:, to be elected with 12 votes. All 18 cardinals then ratified the election. He was crowned Pope on the front steps of
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Regesta chronologico-diplomatica Friderici IV., Romanorum regis (Imperatoris III): Vom Jahre 1440 bis März 1452,
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Regesta chronologico-diplomatica Friderici IV., Romanorum regis (Imperatoris III): Vom Jahre 1440 bis März 1452,
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In October 1461, he gained what at first appeared to be a brilliant success by inducing the new king of France,
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with an international reputation. Aeneas Silvius' longest and most enduring work is the story of his life, the
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Aeneae Syluij Piccolominei Senensis, qui post adeptum pontificatum Pius eius nominis secundus appellatus est,
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476:, where he fathered a child, a son, with a Breton woman called Elizabeth. The baby died 14 months later.
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Ferrante's natural daughter was to marry Pius' nephew Antonio. Pastor, pp. 20, 27-28. Creighton (1902),
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The Life of Pope Pius II: As Illustrated by Pinturicchio's Frescoes in the Piccolomini Library at Siena,
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In 1450, Aeneas was sent as ambassador by Emperor Frederick III to negotiate his marriage with Princess
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3194:(in Latin). Vol. 5 (Tomus V). Turin: Seb. Franco et Henrico Dalmazzo editoribus. pp. 145–182.
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Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini (Pius II) and Niklas von Wyle. The Tale of Two Lovers: Eurialus and Lucretia
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Historia B. Platinae de vitis pontificum Romanorum, a D.N. Jesu Christo usque ad Paulum II. venetum ...
2583:(in Latin). Vol. 5 (Tomus V). Turin: Seb. Franco et Henrico Dalmazzo editoribus. pp. 166–169.
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Leaños, Jaime (2011). "Opportunism or Self Awareness: The Misunderstood Persona of Pope Pius II," in:
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614:. The ambassador of the Duke of Milan wrote on 31 July that Cardinal Juan de Torquemada and Cardinal
2786:; then, in March 1446, he was ordained a priest. Thereafter he was a genuinely reformed character.."
1094:
and in favor of the Council of Basel. It contained the famous remark, "reject Aeneas, retain Pius" (
8256:
7831:
7348:
7259:
7195:
7117:
7088:
6708:
6703:
6581:
6481:
6466:
6451:
6293:
6114:
6004:
5922:
5746:
5723:
5674:
5347:
3212:
3199:
2918:Æneas Silvius (Enea Silvio De' Piccolomini – Pius II.): Orator, Man of Letters, Statesman, and Pope
1694:
578:
431:
168:
2274:
Duke Philip was the only ruler who had actually offered concrete aid at Mantua. Creighton (1902),
1138:
7874:
7730:
7457:
7180:
6812:
6773:
6740:
6186:
6166:
6034:
5912:
5862:
5641:
5442:
5382:
3523:
2537:, Volume 29 (Bar-le-Duc: Typis et sumptibus Ludovici Guerin, 1876), pp. 341-342. Earle and Lowe,
2450:
The Turn of the Soul: Representations of Religious Conversion in Early Modern Art and Literature,
1073:
904:
In particular, the Pope engaged for most of his reign in what looked like a personal war against
827:
748:
646:
17:
1499:
1381:
592:
on the Aventine. He was allowed to keep the diocese of Siena. He also acquired the bishopric of
570:
Bishop Aeneas Sylvius was a delegate of Frederick III at the Diet of Ratisbon in February 1454.
336:
territory of a noble but impoverished family. His father Silvio was a soldier and member of the
8570:
8345:
8231:
7944:
7249:
7190:
7185:
6819:
6625:
6546:
6471:
6351:
6029:
5917:
5857:
5534:
5422:
5176:
1589:
1185:, which were collected by himself, are also an important source of historical information. His
1158:
935:
873:, bishop of Urgel. The name of Burkhard von Weisbriach of Salzburg was also finally published.
689:
489:
352:
3274:
3189:
2938:
2927:
2726:
2705:(Cologne: Maternus Cholinus), p. 327. For the new inscriptions, see Vincenzo Forcella (1876),
2685:
2660:
2639:
2600:
2578:
2529:
2511:
2495:
2478:
2462:
2377:
2371:
2327:
2253:
2237:
2221:
2205:
2116:
2098:
2061:
1988:
1956:
1890:
1847:
1826:
1794:
1772:
1755:
1679:
1653:
1637:
1620:
1572:
1533:
1515:
1433:
1190:
1110:, the dying Pope could only view it from a window. He died two days later, on 14 August 1464.
886:
803:
564:
8241:
8226:
7939:
7796:
7703:
7503:
7486:
7399:
7343:
6954:
6781:
6206:
5987:
5852:
5698:
5404:
5342:
5301:
5286:
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3249:
2869:
2741:
2594:
2445:
2275:
2045:
1928:
1872:
1841:
1811:
1595:
1469:
1457: One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
1345:
890:
823:
715:
and Cardinal Nicholas of Cusa over the bishopric of Brixen, which had been given Nicholas by
494:
465:
In 1440, he composed a work in defense of the authority of the general council of Basel, the
8291:
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3121:
3096:
3022:
2917:
2889:
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1778:
1713:
1484:
1312:
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849:
thereby preserving the balance of power. On 18 December 1461, six cardinals were announced:
479:
Piccolomini served briefly as secretary to Pope Felix, and in 1442 was sent as envoy to the
8560:
8555:
8473:
8468:
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8458:
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7949:
7851:
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7545:
7481:
6358:
6327:
6224:
6105:
6019:
5899:
5802:
5519:
5514:
5437:
5387:
5318:
5296:
3000:
The Commentaries of Pope Pius II (1458–1464) and the Crisis of the Fifteenth-Century Papacy
1550:
850:
626:
605:
313:
89:
768:, who was hostile to the idea of a crusade. Two cardinals had died six months previously,
419:
8:
8522:
8246:
8236:
8185:
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8029:
7889:
7631:
7394:
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6842:
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6346:
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5707:
5651:
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5500:
5462:
4817:
4200:
3482:
3306:
3231:
2852:
2836:
2795:
2775:
2755:
2622:
1963:: "Villelmum Cardinalem Rhotomagensem, sive dolus fuit, sive odium, nemo ea vice elegit."
1411:
1320:, (Aubry, 1614), p. 1. Gragg, p. 11. Ivan Cloutas and Vito Castiglione Minischetti, ed.,
1257:
493:(1444) with an escapade of the chancellor. Of his activities at this period in his life,
435:
348:
2962:
Reject Aeneas, Accept Pius: Selected Letters of Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini, Pope Pius II
2898:
Il ‘cardinale tedesco’. Enea Silvio Piccolomini fra impero, papato, Europa, (1442–1455).
761:
584:
Finally, on 17 December 1456, he was named a cardinal, and next day he was assigned the
8534:
8311:
8080:
8004:
7972:
7791:
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7585:
7446:
7384:
7167:
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5842:
5834:
5577:
5278:
5245:
5096:
5090:
4985:
4837:
4832:
4797:
4666:
4646:
4566:
4465:
4440:
4430:
4330:
4315:
3839:
3567:
3560:
3442:
2812:
2069:, Volume 29 (Bar-le-Duc: Typis et sumptibus Ludovici Guerin, 1876), pp. 178-179, no. 1.
1990:
Inter graecos latinissimus, inter latinos graecissimus: Bessarion zwischen den Kulturen
1760:(in Latin). Vol. 2 (Tomus II) (second ed.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana.
1194:
954:
795:
615:
380:
360:
181:
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977:
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8146:
8120:
8105:
8009:
7994:
7924:
7914:
7783:
7715:
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7580:
7476:
7127:
6363:
5688:
5568:
5335:
5291:
5171:
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4852:
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4822:
4756:
4731:
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4671:
4621:
4586:
4541:
4506:
4496:
4486:
4470:
4455:
4415:
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4370:
4295:
4275:
4235:
4120:
3974:
3919:
3773:
3314:
3292:
3263:
3239:
3007:
2969:
2740:"Of his poems, we have very few left, and they are insignificant:" Creighton (1902),
2555:
2532:: A. D. 1-1571 denuo excusi et ad nostra usque tempora perducti ab Augustino Theiner,
2064:: A. D. 1-1571 denuo excusi et ad nostra usque tempora perducti ab Augustino Theiner,
1994:
1600:
Volume 1 (Rohrmann, 1838), p. 93, no. 801; and "Anhang", p. xxix, no. 17 (full text).
1269:
1198:
1115:
1060:
882:
866:
777:
773:
574:
531:
480:
451:
396:
368:
356:
207:
458:
was not enough for him to overcome his reluctance. He supported the creation of the
8370:
8175:
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7861:
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6606:
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6313:
6276:
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6014:
5974:
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4927:
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4882:
4857:
4842:
4812:
4751:
4746:
4696:
4626:
4616:
4596:
4571:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4501:
4460:
4410:
4405:
4395:
4375:
4365:
4325:
4270:
4245:
4220:
4195:
4185:
4175:
4160:
4059:
4039:
4029:
3994:
3929:
3924:
3904:
3864:
3804:
3743:
3728:
3723:
3658:
3643:
3618:
3608:
3359:
2766:, celebrating the amorous adventures of his friend, the Chancellor Caspar Schlick."
1091:
1020:
947:
943:
924:
842:
807:
791:
740:
724:
705:
459:
388:
298:
271:
77:
6229:
1846:, pp. 77-79. Pius II, "Oratio Calixtum papam offerendo oboedientiam Imperatoris,"
1008:
when it was brought from Patras in the Peloponnese to Rome by Thomas Palaeologus.
415:, he successively served Capranica, who ran out of money, and then other masters.
8428:
8395:
8339:
8333:
8190:
8095:
7999:
7811:
7305:
7270:
7224:
7107:
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6929:
6735:
6730:
6655:
6650:
6591:
6516:
6266:
6196:
5728:
5669:
5219:
5030:
4997:
4917:
4827:
4802:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4706:
4641:
4606:
4591:
4526:
4516:
4491:
4445:
4425:
4390:
4380:
4360:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4310:
4305:
4255:
4240:
4165:
4145:
4125:
4110:
4105:
4085:
4049:
4034:
3954:
3939:
3934:
3899:
3889:
3874:
3834:
3824:
3809:
3799:
3789:
3653:
3598:
3502:
3405:
3379:
3341:
3337:
3168:
3159:
3145:
3107:
3083:
3079:
3069:
2947:
2946:
Gragg, Florence Alden (translator); Gabel, Leona Christine (contributor) (1937).
2907:
1566:
1202:
1107:
831:
716:
619:
527:
454:
which it imposed. Even the offer to become one of the electors of a successor to
384:
287:
106:
73:
3191:
Bullarum, diplomatum et privilegiorum sanctorum romanorum pontificum taurinensis
2580:
Bullarum, diplomatum et privilegiorum sanctorum romanorum pontificum taurinensis
462:(Amadeus, Duke of Savoy) in November 1439, and participated in his coronation.
8630:
8491:
8316:
8110:
8085:
8049:
7989:
7982:
7977:
7967:
7821:
7806:
7745:
7621:
7611:
7367:
7142:
7071:
6919:
6854:
6640:
6630:
6616:
6601:
6281:
6176:
6060:
6039:
5573:
5452:
5427:
5399:
5330:
5164:
5120:
5102:
5071:
5065:
5057:
5051:
5045:
4877:
4807:
4741:
4691:
4681:
4661:
4636:
4581:
4576:
4546:
4521:
4450:
4435:
4420:
4355:
4300:
4290:
4265:
4150:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4024:
4009:
3944:
3909:
3879:
3849:
3844:
3829:
3763:
3738:
3713:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3683:
3603:
3593:
3475:
3467:
3217:
I. Abteilung: Briefe aus der Laienzeit (1431–1445). II. Band: Amtliche Briefe.
2783:
1152:
1048:
835:
799:
585:
455:
392:
364:
263:
55:
7684:
3255:
London: Longmans, Green, and Company, 1902. "Aeneas Silvius," pp. 55–106.
1684:, Volume 1 (London: K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Company 1891), pp. 347-350.
8549:
8375:
8301:
8267:
8251:
8211:
7894:
7869:
7645:
7555:
7540:
7462:
7034:
6994:
6879:
6801:
6786:
6635:
6596:
6402:
6286:
6083:
5752:
5467:
4912:
4892:
4867:
4736:
4701:
4676:
4631:
4611:
4536:
4531:
4511:
4385:
4320:
4280:
4260:
4250:
4155:
4064:
4019:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3914:
3894:
3884:
3859:
3819:
3768:
3758:
3753:
3733:
3688:
3648:
3633:
3613:
3555:
3513:
1458:
1263:
1123:
973:
870:
862:
819:
765:
701:
400:
297:
Aeneas Silvius was an author, diplomat, and orator, and private secretary of
132:
43:
3047:"Saint John Capistran and Despot George Branković: An Impossible Compromise"
2013:
G. Bourgin, "Les cardinaux français et le diaire caméral de 1439-1486," in:
467:
Libellus dialogorum de generalis concilii auctoritate et gestis Basileensium
8485:
8360:
8216:
8180:
7919:
7841:
7685:
7431:
7426:
7421:
7409:
7009:
6944:
6874:
6864:
6791:
6691:
6660:
6436:
6385:
6153:
6095:
5992:
5763:
5680:
5636:
5631:
5621:
5432:
5359:
5126:
4942:
4922:
4907:
4887:
4872:
4862:
4721:
4716:
4656:
4601:
4285:
4230:
4225:
4180:
4170:
4069:
4044:
4014:
3949:
3869:
3794:
3708:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3623:
3459:
3347:
3204:
I. Abteilung: Briefe aus der Laienzeit (1431–1445). I. Band: Privatbriefe.
3089:
1005:
894:
666:
638:
589:
291:
232:
142:
63:
2943:
11th edition, Vol. 21 (Cambridge University Press 1911), pp. 683–684.
751:. Pius described his delight with country life in very pleasing language.
8286:
8115:
8090:
8065:
8038:
8025:
7934:
7836:
7523:
7205:
7061:
6934:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6889:
6191:
6126:
5982:
5907:
5885:
5733:
5495:
5457:
4897:
4777:
4772:
4726:
4350:
4215:
4210:
4115:
4054:
3999:
3989:
3984:
3854:
3678:
3628:
3583:
2957:
2404:
N. Bisaha, "Pius II's letter to Sultan Mehmed II: A Re-examination," in:
912:, with the result of the almost complete submission of that condottiero.
898:
337:
8070:
7655:
6899:
6894:
6718:
6645:
6261:
6181:
5812:
5011:
4686:
4205:
4190:
4004:
3979:
3814:
3718:
3638:
3588:
3530:
2599:(Ithaca: Cornell University Press 2019), esp. pp. 17-32. Eugène Müntz,
1206:
1068:
784:
523:
473:
329:
203:
7004:
6999:
6969:
6665:
6428:
6412:
6397:
6241:
6131:
6009:
5999:
5867:
5646:
3748:
2955:
1001:
818:(the pope's choice, whose candidacy was much resisted); Pius' nephew
736:
728:
447:
3046:
8529:
7884:
7638:
7626:
7244:
7152:
6979:
6078:
5447:
3550:
1594:
Volume 1 (London: Arundel Society, 1881), pp. 28-30. Joseph Chmel,
1167:
1078:
1077:, on 28 April 1462, prohibiting damage to ancient ruins in Rome or
961:
928:
776:. Some of the Italian cardinals, led by the Patriarch of Aquileia,
657:
649:
on 3 September 1458 by the Protodeacon, Cardinal Prospero Colonna.
423:
5188:
3370:
Il contributo italiano alla storia del pensiero: storia e politica
2552:
The Slave Trade: The History of the Atlantic Slave Trade 1440–1870
2136:(Boston: Little Brown 1989; New York: Hachette+ORM, 2009), p. 129.
8141:
7755:
7377:
6949:
5787:
5661:
5604:
3115:. Stuttgart: Sumtibus Societatis literariæ stuttgardiensis, 1842.
2987:
Vol. V (Lieda Spain: University de Lieda 2011), pp. 243–263.
1314:
Commentarii rerum memorabilium, quae temporibus suis contigerunt,
560:
556:
506:
502:
450:, shunning the ecclesiastical state because of the obligation of
347:
In 1423, at the age of 18, he left to study at the university of
711:
While at Mantua, he undertook to mediate in the dispute between
8307:
Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary
7750:
7660:
7565:
7102:
6407:
6392:
6336:
6303:
2621:, (Montepulciano: Tip. Madonna della Querce, 1915), pp. 11-17.
2166:
Mémoires d'un Pape de la Renaissance. Les Commentarii de Pie II
1322:
Mémoires d'un Pape de la Renaissance. Les Commentarii de Pie II
1274:
1217:
1163:
1102:
1101:
In spite of suffering from a fever, Pope Pius II left Rome for
1064:
1036:
1032:
1031:; Florence cynically advised the Pope to let the Turks and the
969:
920:
909:
897:
were at this time troubled by rebellious barons and marauding
732:
697:
693:
593:
427:
228:
224:
93:
422:, Eugenius IV's legate at the council, on a secret mission to
30:
This article is about the Pope. For the Austrian general, see
7200:
6368:
6332:
3279:. Volume 7, Part 1 London: G. Bell, 1900. pp. 160–217.
1225:
1175:
1028:
1024:
1016:
727:, whom he held in high regard, to start a war against Sultan
537:
On 13 August 1447, at Cologne, Bishop Aeneas wrote the first
408:
404:
333:
2929:
A History of the Papacy during the period of the Reformation
2687:
A History of the Papacy during the period of the Reformation
2513:
A History of the Papacy during the period of the Reformation
2480:
A History of the Papacy during the period of the Reformation
2376:
Volume 1 (Rohrmann, 1838), p. 391, no. 3911. Marian Fidler,
2329:
A History of the Papacy during the period of the Reformation
2118:
A History of the Papacy during the period of the Reformation
2100:
A History of the Papacy during the period of the Reformation
1655:
A History of the Papacy during the period of the Reformation
1622:
A History of the Papacy during the period of the Reformation
1574:
A History of the Papacy during the period of the Reformation
1535:
A History of the Papacy during the period of the Reformation
1517:
A History of the Papacy during the period of the Reformation
1435:
A History of the Papacy during the period of the Reformation
1231:
His most important and longest work is his autobiographical
6373:
6092:
3498:
3449:
2912:
Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 2013.
2641:
Les artes a la cour des Papes pendant le XV e le XVI siècle
2602:
Les artes a la cour des Papes pendant le XV e le XVI siècle
2448:
in: Lieke Stelling, Harald Hendrix, Todd Richardson (edd),
1987:
Märtl, Claudia; Kaiser, Christian; Ricklin, Thomas (2013).
1681:
The History of the Popes: From the Close of the Middle Ages
1221:
1012:
412:
1906:
Eubel II, p. 6, no. 4; p. 12, note 9. Pastor III, pp. 5-6.
1489:(Woodbridge Suffolk UK: Boydell & Brewer, 2021), p. 5.
430:; the nearest shrine was 10 miles (16 km) distant at
8196:
Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution
3282:
3106:
Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomineus, qui postea Pius II. P. M.,
1414:) he was granted everything he had come to Scotland for.
1344:
Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomineus, qui postea Pius II. P. M.,
1828:
History of the Popes: From the Close of the Middle Ages
1813:
History of the Popes: From the Close of the Middle Ages
1715:
History of the Popes: From the Close of the Middle Ages
991:. On 9 September 1462, Pope Pius confirmed the action.
596:(Ermel and, Prussia; now in Poland) on 12 August 1457.
2890:
Pius II (Æneas Silvius Piccolomini) the Humanist Pope.
2408:
vol. 1 (Routledge 2002), pp. 183-201; ISSN: 1476-5276.
2134:
Dracula: Prince of many faces – His life and his times
934:
Pius II was also engaged in a series of disputes with
8227:
Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary
2452:
Boston-Leiden: Brill 2012, pp. 85-108, at pp. 99-100.
1959:(Roma: Tipi del Salviucci 1883), p. 184 (quoting the
1389:, Volume 1 (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2004), p. 511.
286:; 18 October 1405 – 14 August 1464), was head of the
2707:
Inscrizioni delle chiese e d'altri edificii di Roma,
518:
He was ordained a priest in Vienna on 4 March 1446.
305:, and then Pope Eugenius IV. He participated in the
3258:Earle, Thomas Foster; Lowe K.J.P (editors) (2005).
2992:
The Laurels and the Tiara: Pope Pius II, 1458–1464.
2728:
Aeneae Silvii Piccolomini Senensis... Opera inedita
2497:
The Rise and Decline of the Medici Bank, 1397-1494,
2386:
Part 4, volume 7 (Wien: Ghelen, 1786), pp. 301-312.
2254:
Aeneae Silvii Piccolomini Senensis... Opera inedita
1957:
Aeneae Silvii Piccolomini Senensis... Opera inedita
661:
Pope Pius II depicted in a fresco, located in the "
7300:
2909:Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini, Europe (c. 1400–1458).
2716:, Vol. 66 (1998), pp. 193-214, at p. 201, note 43.
1986:
1473:. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1205:. It is generally considered to be the source for
1189:contain one of the best known descriptions of the
927:, but, when he failed to achieve success, cast an
865:, the nomination of Louis XI and Philip the Good;
559:and concluded a satisfactory arrangement with the
3187:
3177:. Fermo: apud Jos. Alexandrum Paccasassium, 1803.
2906:Bisaha, Nancy (ed.); Brown, Robert (tr.) (2013).
1556:(Vienna: Ioannis T. Trattner, 1762), pp. 691–790.
1133:
652:
8547:
8297:Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII
3497:
3101:ed. Carolus Fea. Romae: Franciscus Bourlié 1823.
3027:Volume 3 London: Kegan Paul Trench Trübner 1894.
2576:
2256:, p. 199. Meserve and Simonetta II, pp. 228-231.
1293:Piccolomini wrote a biography of Frederick III,
3283:Meserve, Margaret; Marcello Simonetta (2007) .
3214:Der Briefwechsel des Eneas Silvius Piccolomini.
3201:Der Briefwechsel des Eneas Silvius Piccolomini.
1914:
1912:
1696:Der Briefwechsel des Eneas Silvius Piccolomini.
1552:Analecta monumentorum omnis aevi Vindobonensia,
3276:History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages
2662:History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages
2464:History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages
1993:. Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter. p. 108.
1774:History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages
1753:
1639:History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages
1019:, c. 1459. However, France was estranged; the
539:Epistola retractationis, ad Magistr. Jordanum
7286:
5204:
3483:
3396:Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals
2731:(Roma: Tipi del Salviucci 1883), pp. 342-370.
2446:"The Prospect of Conversion in Safayid Iran,"
2316:Eubel II, pp. 13-14. Pastor III, pp. 297-300.
379:In 1431 he accepted the post of secretary to
27:Head of the Catholic Church from 1458 to 1464
2575:The bull "Pro Excellenti", 13 August 1462:
1909:
1565:Aeneas Sylvius, "Letter to his father," in:
1501:Handbuch Gelehrtenkultur der Frühen Neuzeit,
1486:Illegitimacy in Medieval Scotland, 1100-1500
1383:Handbuch Gelehrtenkultur der Frühen Neuzeit,
1296:Historia rerum Friderici III., imperatroris,
942:(who was excommunicated for having arrested
8601:15th-century Italian Roman Catholic bishops
2997:
2813:"Pij II (1405–1464) - Slovenska biografija"
2596:Pienza: The Creation of a Renaissance City,
2500:(Washington DC: Beard Books, 1999), p. 153.
2428:"İnalcık: Fatih'i Hıristiyan yapmak istedi"
1718:, Volume 2 (St. Louis: Herder, 1902), p. 6.
625:On 16 August, the cardinals entered into a
391:. Capranica was protesting against the new
8312:Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary
8262:Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart
7293:
7279:
7133:International Alliance of Catholic Knights
5211:
5197:
3490:
3476:
3311:Absolute Monarchs: A History of the Papacy
3062:
2616:Pienza: i suoi monumenti e la sua diocesi,
794:, bishop of Rieti and brother of Cardinal
242:
62:
2932:. Vol. II. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
2925:
2683:
2527:Pastor III, pp. 281-282. Cesare Baronio,
2509:
2476:
2325:
2252:"Vilescunt omnia numerositate." Cugnoni,
2114:
2096:
1777:. Volume 7, Part 1, p. 165, note 3. Fea,
1651:
1618:
1570:
1531:
1513:
1431:
876:
735:. This conflict at its peak involved the
3236:Vicars of Christ: A History of the Popes
2937:Garnett, Richard (1911). "Pius II," in:
1699:, p. xxv. J.N.D. Kelly and M.J. Walsh,
1448:
1446:
1137:
1118:. The crusade of Pius II was at an end.
1027:was engrossed with the attempt to seize
764:, obstructed every move that might harm
656:
2922:London: A. Constable and Company, 1908.
2659:, pp. 148-164, at p. 152. Gregorovius,
2566:, (Barry Rose Publishers, 1975), p. 52.
2026:Pastor, pp. 19-20. Gregorovius, p. 170.
2017:vol. 24 (1904), pp. 277-318, at p. 293.
14:
8548:
5592:
3225:
3044:
2956:Izbicki, Thomas; Gerald Christianson;
2015:Mélanges d' archeologie et d' histoire
1852:, pp. 923-928, Pastor II, pp. 342-343.
1209:'s description of the ceremony in his
987:was established on 6 December 1461 by
953:In June 1461, Pius II canonized Saint
739:trying to assassinate the Sultan (see
399:for him, which had been designated by
7274:
5192:
3471:
3182:Eneae Silviae Piccolominei "Carmina".
2990:Mitchell, Rosamond Joscelyne (1962).
2265:Eubel II, p. 13. Pastor, pp. 294-297.
2132:Raymond T. McNally, Radu R Florescu,
1888:
1870:
1792:
1462:
1443:
1174:) is extant. All of his works are in
683:
599:
555:. In 1451, he undertook a mission to
544:Pope Nicholas transferred him to the
3260:Black Africans in Renaissance Europe
3141:. Mediolani: Antonius Zarotus, 1473.
3039:Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani
2966:Catholic University of America Press
2714:Papers of the British School at Rome
2539:Black Africans in Renaissance Europe
1703:, second edition (OUP 2010), p. 249.
1084:
915:Pius II also tried mediation in the
371:. He settled in Siena as a teacher.
8166:Suppression of the Society of Jesus
5218:
3262:. Cambridge University Press, 2005
3129:Basel: Apud Ioannem Bebelium, 1533.
2059:Pastor III, p. 29. Cesare Baronio,
816:Order of Hermits of Saint Augustine
359:, and where he became friends with
24:
8616:Burials at Sant'Andrea della Valle
7721:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran
2605:(Paris: Thorin 1878), pp. 300-305.
1039:to conduct the crusade in person.
783:On 4 March 1460, the Wednesday of
407:after enduring a stormy voyage to
294:from 19 August 1458 to his death.
280:Enea Silvio Bartolomeo Piccolomini
197:Enea Silvio Bartolomeo Piccolomini
25:
8657:
8646:Latin-language writers from Italy
3423:Prince-Bishop of Warmia (Ermland)
3324:
3164:Basel: Per Henrichum Petri, 1551.
2562:, see also John Francis Maxwell,
1467:". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
989:Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor
869:, son of the Count of Dreux; and
483:. On 27 July 1442, at Frankfurt,
418:In 1435, he was sent by Cardinal
32:Enea Silvio Piccolomini (general)
8528:
8516:
7847:Fourth Council of Constantinople
7802:Second Council of Constantinople
7255:
7254:
7243:
7211:Society of Saint Vincent de Paul
6759:Criticism of the Catholic Church
5170:
5159:
5158:
3454:19 August 1458 – 14 August 1464
3153:. Romae: Johann Schurener, 1475.
3147:Epistulae in cardinalatu editae.
3135:Epistolae in pontificatu editae.
2862:
2846:
2830:
2805:
2564:Slavery and the Catholic Church"
2467:. Volume 7, Part 1, pp. 205-209.
2145:Eubel II, p. 32, nos. 198, 199.
1942:Pastor III, p. 11. Piccolomini,
1452:
931:over Polish and Prussians both.
820:Francesco Todeschini-Piccolomini
754:
7817:Third Council of Constantinople
7741:First Council of Constantinople
5378:First seven ecumenical councils
3338:Commentarii rerum memorabilium
3289:The I Tatti Renaissance Library
3273:Gregorovius, Ferdinand (1900).
3211:Wolkan, Rudolf (ed.) (1909b).
3188:Tomassetti, Luigi, ed. (1860).
3080:Commentarii rerum memorabilium
3004:The University of Toronto Press
2881:
2789:
2769:
2749:
2734:
2719:
2695:
2677:
2668:
2647:
2632:
2608:
2587:
2569:
2544:
2521:
2503:
2488:
2470:
2455:
2438:
2420:
2411:
2398:
2389:
2364:
2355:
2346:
2337:
2319:
2310:
2301:
2292:
2283:
2268:
2259:
2246:
2230:
2214:
2198:
2189:
2180:
2171:
2157:
2148:
2139:
2126:
2108:
2090:
2081:
2072:
2053:
2038:
2029:
2020:
2007:
1979:
1966:
1949:
1936:
1930:Commentarii rerum memorabilium,
1921:
1900:
1882:
1864:
1855:
1834:
1819:
1804:
1786:
1765:
1747:
1734:
1721:
1706:
1687:
1672:
1663:
1645:
1630:
1612:
1603:
1582:
1559:
1543:
1525:
1507:
1492:
1477:
1421:
8056:Dissolution of the monasteries
7322:History of the Catholic Church
5953:Separation of church and state
3356:Works by or about Pope Pius II
2577:Luigi Tomassetti, ed. (1860).
2239:Commentarii rerum memorabilium
2207:Commentarii rerum memorabilium
1861:Eubel II, p. 12, nos. 1, 2, 3.
1642:Volume 7, Part 1, pp. 163-164.
1404:
1392:
1374:
1365:
1352:
1336:
1327:
1305:
1287:
1134:Literary reputation and legacy
1096:Aeneam rejicite, Pium recipite
885:between the supporters of the
653:Papal policies and initiatives
13:
1:
8611:Italian Renaissance humanists
8606:15th-century writers in Latin
7930:Fourth Council of the Lateran
7905:Second Council of the Lateran
7514:Apostles in the New Testament
3251:Historical Essays and Reviews
3198:Wolkan, Rudolf (ed.) (1909).
2871:Historical Essays and Reviews
2743:Historical Essays and Reviews
2277:Historical Essays and Reviews
2047:Historical Essays and Reviews
1727:J.N.D. Kelly and M.J. Walsh,
1280:
1166:novel. He also composed some
1023:broke his positive promises;
966:Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges
940:Archduke Sigismund of Austria
906:Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta
770:Antonio de la Cerda y Lloscos
700:for joint action against the
669:
323:
82:
8596:15th-century Italian writers
8044:Catholic Counter-Reformation
7910:Third Council of the Lateran
7900:First Council of the Lateran
7356:Catholic ecumenical councils
3184:(Città del Vaticano 1994). .
2994:London: Harvill Press, 1962.
2985:Imago Temporis. Medium Aevum
2949:The Commentaries of Pius II.
2940:The Encyclopædia Britannica.
2868:Quoted by Creighton (1902),
2614:Giovanni Battista Mannucci,
2154:Pastor III, pp. 99-100, 396.
1972:Pastor, p. 12. Piccolomini,
1843:The Commentaries of Pius II.
1693:Ady, p. 100. Wolkan (1909),
1253:Cardinals created by Pius II
855:Jacopo Piccolomini-Ammannati
446:He refused the offer of the
7:
3248:Creighton, Mandell (1902).
3030:Pellegrini, Marco. (2015).
2926:Creighton, Mandell (1882).
2817:www.slovenska-biografija.si
2725:Josephus Cugnoni (editor),
2684:Creighton (21 March 1882).
2665:. Volume 7, Part 1, p. 171.
2638:Pastor III, p. 304. Müntz,
2510:Creighton (21 March 1882).
2477:Creighton (21 March 1882).
2326:Creighton (21 March 1882).
2115:Creighton (21 March 1882).
2097:Creighton (21 March 1882).
1955:Josephus Cugnoni (editor),
1652:Creighton (21 March 1882).
1619:Creighton (21 March 1882).
1571:Creighton (21 March 1882).
1532:Creighton (21 March 1882).
1514:Creighton (21 March 1882).
1432:Creighton (21 March 1882).
1246:
1211:Six Livres de la République
1156:rests principally upon his
688:After allying himself with
411:and then a trip across the
284:Aeneas Silvius Bartholomeus
10:
8662:
7390:History of the Roman Curia
7250:Catholic Church portal
3221:. Wien: A. Hölder, 1909.
3208:. Wien: A. Hölder, 1909.
2915:Boulting, William (1908).
2701:Onuphrio Panvinio (1568),
1729:Oxford Dictionary of Popes
1701:Oxford Dictionary of Popes
1324:, Tallandier, 2001, p. 43.
1302:, Strasburg: Spoor, 1685 .
1042:
1015:in the papal territory at
994:
603:
29:
8581:Diplomats of the Holy See
8511:
8411:
8277:
8204:
8139:
8126:European wars of religion
8023:
7958:
7860:
7782:
7673:
7596:
7456:
7445:
7437:Eastern Catholic Churches
7312:
7238:
7176:Aid to the Church in Need
7166:
7023:
6836:
6797:Vatican Television Center
6772:
6682:
6572:
6442:Eastern Catholic Churches
6423:
6312:
6205:
6152:
6077:
6048:
5973:
5898:
5833:
5778:
5697:
5567:
5481:
5413:
5358:
5277:
5254:
5226:
5154:
5081:
5021:
4960:
4951:
4765:
4479:
4078:
3782:
3576:
3509:
3456:
3447:
3439:
3429:
3420:
3412:
3402:
3393:
3385:
3378:
3068:Morrall, Eric J. (1988).
2903:. Milano: UNICOPLI 2012.
2395:Eubel II, p. 171, note 1.
1463:Weber, Nicholas (1911). "
1144:Cristofano dell'Altissimo
1054:
853:, archbishop of Ravenna;
513:
387:, then on his way to the
250:
238:
214:
192:
187:
174:
161:
153:
148:
138:
128:
120:
112:
102:
61:
54:
41:
8257:Mary of the Divine Heart
7880:Clash against the empire
7832:Second Council of Nicaea
7726:Old St. Peter's Basilica
7118:Communion and Liberation
6582:Eastern Catholic liturgy
5747:Mystici Corporis Christi
5675:Sixto-Clementine Vulgate
3074:Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1988.
2887:Ady, Cecilia M. (1913).
2674:Pastor III, pp. 214-215.
2554:, p. 72, Picador, 1997,
2361:Pastor III, pp. 137-141.
2343:Pastor III, pp. 213-239.
2298:Pastor III, pp. 110-112.
2035:Pastor III, pp. 397-403.
881:In the struggle for the
639:Cardinal Barbo of Venice
631:Guillaume d'Estouteville
472:Aeneas then was sent to
374:
8523:Vatican City portal
7875:Investiture Controversy
7731:First Council of Nicaea
5933:Philosophy of canon law
5863:Mariology of the saints
5443:Investiture Controversy
4972:During the Roman Empire
3389:Antonio Cerdà i Lloscos
3366:Enea Silvio Piccolomini
3238:, Citadel Press, 2003,
3160:Opera quae extant omnia
3063:Works of Aeneas Sylvius
3045:Andrić, Stanko (2016).
3021:Pastor, Ludwig (1894).
2998:O'Brien, Emily (2015).
2934:. pp. 235–260, 365–500.
2896:Baldi, Barbara (2012).
2177:Pastor III, pp. 17, 62.
1985:Pastor III, pp. 12-13.
1889:Eubel (21 March 2024).
1871:Eubel (21 March 2024).
1849:Opera quae extant omnia
1793:Eubel (21 March 2024).
1754:Conradus Eubel (1914).
1740:Gragg, p. 44. Pius II,
1567:Opera quae extant omnia
1483:Susan Marshall (2021),
1074:Cum almam nostram urbem
828:Burkhard von Weisbriach
665:" in Siena, painted by
355:where he studied under
252:Other popes named Pius
8535:Catholicism portal
8346:Second Vatican Council
8232:Our Lady of La Salette
8039:Protestant Reformation
8026:Protestant Reformation
7945:Second Council of Lyon
7334:Ecclesiastical history
7186:Catholic Charities USA
6820:Acta Apostolicae Sedis
6808:Vatican Polyglot Press
5858:Mariology of the popes
5496:Protestant Reformation
5177:Catholic Church Portal
5037:Conflicts with the HRE
3380:Catholic Church titles
3313:, Random House, 2011,
3122:Decadum Blondi epitome
2893:London: Methuen, 1913.
2710:(in Italian and Latin)
2593:Charles Randall Mack,
1669:Pastor I, pp. 339-348.
1260:, secretary to Pius II
1159:The Tale of Two Lovers
1147:
1128:St. Andrea della Valle
936:King George of Bohemia
877:Naples, Rimini, Poland
676:
618:, the half-brother of
579:Ladislaus V of Hungary
548:on 23 September 1450.
530:was to appoint Aeneas
490:The Tale of Two Lovers
353:university of Florence
283:
275:
267:
8242:First Vatican Council
7940:First Council of Lyon
7704:Constantine the Great
7400:Christian monasticism
6940:Good Shepherd Sisters
6782:Holy See Press Office
6020:Doctors of the Church
5853:Immaculate Conception
5808:Anointing of the Sick
5343:History of the papacy
4953:History of the papacy
3285:Pius II: Commentaries
3219:(in German and Latin)
3206:(in German and Latin)
3180:Heck, A. van (1994).
2764:Lucretia and Euryalus
2530:Annales ecclesiastici
2384:(in German and Latin)
2062:Annales ecclesiastici
1470:Catholic Encyclopedia
1191:enthronement ceremony
1170:, of which only one (
1141:
824:protonotary apostolic
802:, bishop of Spoleto;
660:
495:Ferdinand Gregorovius
303:Emperor Frederick III
8591:Italian male writers
8586:House of Piccolomini
8419:Sexual abuse scandal
8328:Mit brennender Sorge
8171:Age of Enlightenment
7950:Bernard of Clairvaux
7827:Byzantine Iconoclasm
7766:Council of Chalcedon
7546:Council of Jerusalem
7415:Role in civilization
7395:Religious institutes
7327:By country or region
6813:L'Osservatore Romano
6751:Role in civilisation
6477:Croatian and Serbian
6225:Episcopal conference
6187:St. Peter's Basilica
5545:Sexual abuse scandal
5501:Catholic Reformation
5115:Revolutionary Papacy
5109:Age of Enlightenment
3307:Norwich, John Julius
3232:Coulombe. Charles A.
3108:De viris illustribus
1892:Hierarchia catholica
1874:Hierarchia catholica
1796:Hierarchia catholica
1757:Hierarchia catholica
1346:De viris illustribus
985:Diocese of Ljubljana
851:Bartolomeo Roverella
810:de Saxoferrato, the
713:Sigismund of Austria
647:St. Peter's Basilica
606:Papal conclave, 1458
553:Eleonore of Portugal
338:House of Piccolomini
314:Renaissance humanist
8626:Christian humanists
8247:Papal infallibility
8237:Our Lady of Lourdes
8186:Shimabara Rebellion
8030:Counter-Reformation
7148:Neocatechumenal Way
7113:Charismatic Renewal
6827:Annuario Pontificio
6425:Particular churches
6101:Ecumenical councils
5873:Perpetual virginity
5708:Communitas perfecta
5652:Sermon on the Mount
4962:Antiquity and Early
4766:17th–21st centuries
4480:13th–16th centuries
3226:For further reading
2853:Charles A. Coulombe
2837:John Julius Norwich
2796:Charles A. Coulombe
2776:John Julius Norwich
2756:John Julius Norwich
2653:Carolus Fea (ed.),
2623:John Julius Norwich
2494:Raymond De Roover.
2434:. 14 November 2009.
2417:Pastor III, p. 256.
2307:Pastor III, p. 137.
2289:Pastor III, p. 396.
1266:, nephew of Pius II
1258:Gregory of Heimburg
1116:Matthias of Hungary
919:of 1454–66 between
917:Thirteen Years' War
861:, who was only 17;
857:, bishop of Pavia;
806:, bishop of Teano;
804:Niccolò Fortiguerra
663:Piccolomini library
565:George of Poděbrady
328:Aeneas was born at
70:Portrait of Pius II
8636:15th-century popes
8621:Renaissance Papacy
8566:People from Pienza
8292:Our Lady of Fátima
8081:Ignatius of Loyola
8005:Catherine of Siena
7973:Pope Boniface VIII
7792:Benedict of Nursia
7761:Council of Ephesus
7598:Ante-Nicene period
7551:Split with Judaism
7385:Crusading movement
6985:Premonstratensians
5368:Ante-Nicene period
5246:Lists of Catholics
5097:Reformation Papacy
5091:Renaissance Papacy
5033:(1012–1044 / 1048)
4986:Ostrogothic Papacy
4079:9th–12th centuries
3433:Paul von Legendorf
2078:Pastor III, p. 30.
1371:Creighton, p. 235.
1148:
955:Catherine of Siena
796:Domenico Capranica
684:Congress at Mantua
677:
616:Filippo Calandrini
600:Election to papacy
534:on 17 April 1447.
381:Domenico Capranica
361:Poggio Bracciolini
8576:Bishops of Warmia
8543:
8542:
8503:COVID-19 pandemic
8481:Pope Benedict XVI
8386:Pope John Paul II
8161:Pope Benedict XIV
8147:French Revolution
8131:Thirty Years' War
8121:Robert Bellarmine
8106:John of the Cross
8010:Pope Alexander VI
7995:Council of Vienne
7925:Francis of Assisi
7915:Pope Innocent III
7784:Early Middle Ages
7778:
7777:
7774:
7773:
7716:Arian controversy
7669:
7668:
7617:Apostolic Fathers
7268:
7267:
6678:
6677:
6071:
5894:
5893:
5586:
5563:
5562:
5555:COVID-19 pandemic
5525:French Revolution
5515:Thirty Years' War
5423:Islamic conquests
5336:Apostolic fathers
5271:
5186:
5185:
5150:
5149:
5042:Wandering Papacy
5005:Saeculum obscurum
4978:Under Constantine
3783:5th–8th centuries
3577:1st–4th centuries
3561:papal resignation
3466:
3465:
3457:Succeeded by
3430:Succeeded by
3403:Succeeded by
3319:978-1-4000-6715-2
3298:978-0-674-01164-9
3041:Volume 83 (2015).
2975:978-0-8132-1442-9
2841:Absolute Monarchs
2780:Absolute Monarchs
2760:Absolute Monarchs
2627:Absolute Monarchs
2000:978-3-11-028265-8
1380:Herbert Jaumann,
1270:Bishops of Warmia
1085:Illness and death
1063:) and renamed it
1061:province of Siena
964:, to abolish the
883:Kingdom of Naples
859:Francesco Gonzaga
774:Jaime of Portugal
532:Bishop of Trieste
481:Diet of Frankfurt
452:sexual continence
420:Niccolò Albergati
369:Guarino da Verona
357:Francesco Filelfo
290:and ruler of the
257:
256:
208:Republic of Siena
97:
16:(Redirected from
8653:
8641:Bishops of Siena
8533:
8532:
8521:
8520:
8519:
8498:Patriarch Kirill
8371:Pope John Paul I
8176:Anti-clericalism
8156:Pope Innocent XI
8076:Society of Jesus
8061:Council of Trent
8015:Age of Discovery
7960:Late Middle Ages
7862:High Middle Ages
7852:East–West Schism
7736:Pope Sylvester I
7682:
7681:
7671:
7670:
7581:General epistles
7576:Pauline epistles
7509:John the Baptist
7492:Great Commission
7454:
7453:
7405:Catholic culture
7295:
7288:
7281:
7272:
7271:
7258:
7257:
7248:
7247:
6990:Redemptoristines
6838:Religious orders
6764:Anti-Catholicism
6714:Church buildings
6574:Catholic liturgy
6314:Consecrated life
6172:Apostolic Palace
6139:Synod of Bishops
6075:
6074:
6051:
5657:Ten Commandments
5590:
5589:
5572:
5473:Age of Discovery
5307:Great Commission
5275:
5274:
5259:
5213:
5206:
5199:
5190:
5189:
5174:
5162:
5161:
5082:Early Modern and
4992:Byzantine Papacy
4958:
4957:
3492:
3485:
3478:
3469:
3468:
3440:Preceded by
3416:Franz Kuhschmalz
3413:Preceded by
3386:Preceded by
3376:
3375:
3360:Internet Archive
3350:(first edition).
3302:
3220:
3207:
3195:
3176:
3152:
3140:
3128:
3114:
3092:(first edition).
3058:
3051:Byzantinoslavica
3036:
3017:
2979:
2933:
2902:
2875:
2866:
2860:
2857:Vicars of Christ
2850:
2844:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2809:
2803:
2800:Vicars of Christ
2793:
2787:
2773:
2767:
2753:
2747:
2738:
2732:
2723:
2717:
2711:
2699:
2693:
2691:
2681:
2675:
2672:
2666:
2651:
2645:
2636:
2630:
2620:
2612:
2606:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2573:
2567:
2548:
2542:
2536:
2525:
2519:
2517:
2507:
2501:
2492:
2486:
2484:
2474:
2468:
2459:
2453:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2424:
2418:
2415:
2409:
2402:
2396:
2393:
2387:
2385:
2368:
2362:
2359:
2353:
2350:
2344:
2341:
2335:
2333:
2323:
2317:
2314:
2308:
2305:
2299:
2296:
2290:
2287:
2281:
2272:
2266:
2263:
2257:
2250:
2244:
2234:
2228:
2218:
2212:
2202:
2196:
2193:
2187:
2184:
2178:
2175:
2169:
2161:
2155:
2152:
2146:
2143:
2137:
2130:
2124:
2122:
2112:
2106:
2104:
2094:
2088:
2085:
2079:
2076:
2070:
2068:
2057:
2051:
2042:
2036:
2033:
2027:
2024:
2018:
2011:
2005:
2004:
1983:
1977:
1970:
1964:
1953:
1947:
1940:
1934:
1925:
1919:
1916:
1907:
1904:
1898:
1896:
1886:
1880:
1878:
1868:
1862:
1859:
1853:
1838:
1832:
1831:II, pp. 300-304.
1823:
1817:
1808:
1802:
1800:
1790:
1784:
1769:
1763:
1761:
1751:
1745:
1738:
1732:
1725:
1719:
1710:
1704:
1691:
1685:
1676:
1670:
1667:
1661:
1659:
1649:
1643:
1634:
1628:
1626:
1616:
1610:
1607:
1601:
1586:
1580:
1578:
1563:
1557:
1547:
1541:
1539:
1529:
1523:
1521:
1511:
1505:
1496:
1490:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1456:
1455:
1450:
1441:
1439:
1425:
1419:
1408:
1402:
1401:, pp. 44, 46–47.
1396:
1390:
1388:
1378:
1372:
1369:
1363:
1356:
1350:
1340:
1334:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1309:
1303:
1301:
1291:
1195:Carinthian dukes
1092:Pope Eugenius IV
1021:Duke of Burgundy
948:Bishop of Brixen
944:Nicholas of Cusa
925:Teutonic Knights
843:Tiburzio di Maso
808:Alessandro Oliva
792:Angelo Capranica
772:and the Infante
762:Alain de Coëtivy
749:Ludovico Gonzaga
741:The Night Attack
725:Vlad III Dracula
706:Nicholas of Cusa
692:(Ferrante), the
674:
671:
633:, Archbishop of
546:diocese of Siena
505:and returned to
460:Antipope Felix V
395:'s refusal of a
389:Council of Basel
307:Council of Basel
299:Antipope Felix V
246:
221:
188:Personal details
178:17 December 1456
175:Created cardinal
87:
84:
80:
66:
39:
38:
21:
8661:
8660:
8656:
8655:
8654:
8652:
8651:
8650:
8546:
8545:
8544:
8539:
8527:
8517:
8515:
8507:
8429:World Youth Day
8407:
8396:World Youth Day
8340:Pacem in terris
8334:Pope John XXIII
8273:
8200:
8191:Edict of Nantes
8149:
8145:
8135:
8101:Teresa of Ávila
8096:Tridentine Mass
8032:
8028:
8019:
8000:Knights Templar
7954:
7856:
7812:Gregorian chant
7770:
7696:
7693:
7690:
7688:
7677:
7665:
7592:
7461:
7449:
7441:
7308:
7306:Catholic Church
7299:
7269:
7264:
7242:
7234:
7213:
7196:Relief Services
7162:
7108:Catholic Action
7098:Military orders
7035:Confraternities
7027:of the faithful
7026:
7019:
6841:
6832:
6768:
6674:
6568:
6427:
6419:
6352:Prior, Prioress
6308:
6201:
6197:Vatican Museums
6148:
6081:
6067:
6063:
6059:
6055:
6050:
6044:
5969:
5923:Social teaching
5890:
5829:
5774:
5729:One true church
5693:
5670:Sixtine Vulgate
5666:Official Bible
5580:
5576:
5571:
5559:
5477:
5409:
5354:
5324:Petrine primacy
5267:
5263:
5258:
5250:
5222:
5220:Catholic Church
5217:
5187:
5182:
5146:
5129:(1929–present)
5083:
5077:
5031:Tusculan Papacy
5023:
5017:
4998:Frankish Papacy
4963:
4947:
4761:
4475:
4074:
3778:
3572:
3505:
3503:Catholic Church
3496:
3462:
3453:
3445:
3435:
3426:
3418:
3408:
3406:Giacomo Tebaldi
3399:
3391:
3331:Tomb of Pius II
3327:
3299:
3228:
3218:
3205:
3174:
3150:
3138:
3126:
3120:Pii Pont. Max.
3112:
3065:
3057:(1–2): 202–227.
3034:
3032:"PIO II, papa,"
3014:
2976:
2900:
2884:
2879:
2878:
2867:
2863:
2851:
2847:
2835:
2831:
2821:
2819:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2794:
2790:
2774:
2770:
2754:
2750:
2739:
2735:
2724:
2720:
2709:
2700:
2696:
2690:. Vol. II.
2682:
2678:
2673:
2669:
2652:
2648:
2637:
2633:
2618:
2613:
2609:
2592:
2588:
2574:
2570:
2549:
2545:
2541:(2005), p. 281.
2534:
2526:
2522:
2516:. Vol. II.
2508:
2504:
2493:
2489:
2483:. Vol. II.
2475:
2471:
2460:
2456:
2444:Chloë Houston,
2443:
2439:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2416:
2412:
2403:
2399:
2394:
2390:
2383:
2369:
2365:
2360:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2338:
2332:. Vol. II.
2324:
2320:
2315:
2311:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2288:
2284:
2273:
2269:
2264:
2260:
2251:
2247:
2235:
2231:
2219:
2215:
2203:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2186:Pastor, p. 293.
2185:
2181:
2176:
2172:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2140:
2131:
2127:
2121:. Vol. II.
2113:
2109:
2103:. Vol. II.
2095:
2091:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2058:
2054:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2021:
2012:
2008:
2001:
1984:
1980:
1971:
1967:
1954:
1950:
1941:
1937:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1887:
1883:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1856:
1839:
1835:
1824:
1820:
1809:
1805:
1791:
1787:
1770:
1766:
1752:
1748:
1739:
1735:
1726:
1722:
1712:Ludwig Pastor,
1711:
1707:
1692:
1688:
1678:Ludwig Pastor,
1677:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1658:. Vol. II.
1650:
1646:
1635:
1631:
1625:. Vol. II.
1617:
1613:
1608:
1604:
1588:G. W. Kitchin,
1587:
1583:
1577:. Vol. II.
1564:
1560:
1548:
1544:
1538:. Vol. II.
1530:
1526:
1520:. Vol. II.
1512:
1508:
1497:
1493:
1482:
1478:
1453:
1451:
1444:
1438:. Vol. II.
1426:
1422:
1409:
1405:
1397:
1393:
1386:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1362:, p. 1, note b.
1357:
1353:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1317:
1310:
1306:
1299:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1249:
1136:
1108:Cristoforo Moro
1087:
1057:
1045:
997:
887:House of Aragon
879:
832:Philip the Good
778:Lodovico Scampi
757:
717:Pope Nicholas V
686:
672:
655:
620:Pope Nicholas V
608:
602:
516:
385:bishop of Fermo
377:
326:
288:Catholic Church
223:
219:
210:
201:
200:18 October 1405
199:
198:
179:
166:
107:Catholic Church
98:
85:
50:
47:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8659:
8649:
8648:
8643:
8638:
8633:
8628:
8623:
8618:
8613:
8608:
8603:
8598:
8593:
8588:
8583:
8578:
8573:
8568:
8563:
8558:
8541:
8540:
8538:
8537:
8525:
8512:
8509:
8508:
8506:
8505:
8500:
8495:
8488:
8483:
8478:
8477:
8476:
8471:
8466:
8461:
8456:
8451:
8446:
8441:
8436:
8426:
8421:
8415:
8413:
8409:
8408:
8406:
8405:
8404:
8403:
8393:
8388:
8383:
8378:
8373:
8368:
8358:
8353:
8348:
8343:
8336:
8331:
8324:
8319:
8317:Lateran Treaty
8314:
8309:
8304:
8299:
8294:
8289:
8283:
8281:
8275:
8274:
8272:
8271:
8264:
8259:
8254:
8249:
8244:
8239:
8234:
8229:
8224:
8219:
8214:
8208:
8206:
8202:
8201:
8199:
8198:
8193:
8188:
8183:
8178:
8173:
8168:
8163:
8158:
8152:
8150:
8142:Baroque period
8140:
8137:
8136:
8134:
8133:
8128:
8123:
8118:
8113:
8111:Peter Canisius
8108:
8103:
8098:
8093:
8088:
8086:Francis Xavier
8083:
8078:
8073:
8068:
8063:
8058:
8053:
8050:Exsurge Domine
8046:
8041:
8035:
8033:
8024:
8021:
8020:
8018:
8017:
8012:
8007:
8002:
7997:
7992:
7990:Pope Clement V
7987:
7986:
7985:
7983:Avignon Papacy
7978:Western Schism
7975:
7970:
7968:Thomas Aquinas
7964:
7962:
7956:
7955:
7953:
7952:
7947:
7942:
7937:
7932:
7927:
7922:
7917:
7912:
7907:
7902:
7897:
7892:
7887:
7882:
7877:
7872:
7866:
7864:
7858:
7857:
7855:
7854:
7849:
7844:
7839:
7834:
7829:
7824:
7822:Saint Boniface
7819:
7814:
7809:
7807:Pope Gregory I
7804:
7799:
7794:
7788:
7786:
7780:
7779:
7776:
7775:
7772:
7771:
7769:
7768:
7763:
7758:
7753:
7748:
7746:Biblical canon
7743:
7738:
7733:
7728:
7723:
7718:
7713:
7712:
7711:
7700:
7698:
7679:
7675:Late antiquity
7667:
7666:
7664:
7663:
7658:
7653:
7648:
7643:
7642:
7641:
7636:
7635:
7634:
7629:
7624:
7622:Pope Clement I
7612:Church Fathers
7609:
7603:
7601:
7594:
7593:
7591:
7590:
7589:
7588:
7583:
7578:
7573:
7568:
7563:
7553:
7548:
7543:
7538:
7537:
7536:
7531:
7526:
7521:
7511:
7506:
7501:
7496:
7495:
7494:
7489:
7484:
7479:
7468:
7466:
7451:
7443:
7442:
7440:
7439:
7434:
7429:
7424:
7419:
7418:
7417:
7412:
7402:
7397:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7381:
7380:
7375:
7373:Biblical canon
7368:Catholic Bible
7365:
7364:
7363:
7353:
7352:
7351:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7330:
7329:
7318:
7316:
7310:
7309:
7298:
7297:
7290:
7283:
7275:
7266:
7265:
7263:
7262:
7252:
7239:
7236:
7235:
7233:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7217:
7214:
7208:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7178:
7172:
7170:
7164:
7163:
7161:
7160:
7155:
7150:
7145:
7143:Legion of Mary
7140:
7135:
7130:
7125:
7120:
7115:
7110:
7105:
7100:
7095:
7094:
7093:
7092:
7091:
7081:
7080:
7079:
7072:Lay Carmelites
7069:
7059:
7058:
7057:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7031:
7029:
7021:
7020:
7018:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6997:
6992:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6947:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6922:
6920:Conceptionists
6917:
6912:
6907:
6902:
6897:
6892:
6887:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6855:Assumptionists
6851:
6849:
6834:
6833:
6831:
6830:
6823:
6816:
6809:
6806:
6805:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6784:
6778:
6776:
6770:
6769:
6767:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6722:
6721:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6700:
6699:
6688:
6686:
6680:
6679:
6676:
6675:
6673:
6672:
6671:
6670:
6669:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6653:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6623:
6622:
6621:
6620:
6619:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6578:
6576:
6570:
6569:
6567:
6566:
6565:
6564:
6559:
6557:Syro-Malankara
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6507:Italo-Albanian
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6439:
6433:
6431:
6421:
6420:
6418:
6417:
6416:
6415:
6410:
6405:
6395:
6390:
6389:
6388:
6378:
6377:
6376:
6371:
6361:
6356:
6355:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6325:
6318:
6316:
6310:
6309:
6307:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6290:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6234:
6233:
6232:
6227:
6216:
6214:
6203:
6202:
6200:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6177:Lateran Treaty
6174:
6169:
6164:
6158:
6156:
6150:
6149:
6147:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6135:
6134:
6124:
6123:
6122:
6117:
6103:
6098:
6089:
6087:
6072:
6046:
6045:
6043:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5996:
5995:
5990:
5979:
5977:
5971:
5970:
5968:
5967:
5966:
5965:
5960:
5950:
5949:
5948:
5938:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5913:Moral theology
5910:
5904:
5902:
5896:
5895:
5892:
5891:
5889:
5888:
5883:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5839:
5837:
5831:
5830:
5828:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5816:
5815:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5784:
5782:
5776:
5775:
5773:
5772:
5767:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5743:
5738:
5737:
5736:
5731:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5703:
5701:
5695:
5694:
5692:
5691:
5686:
5685:
5684:
5677:
5672:
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5428:Pope Gregory I
5425:
5419:
5417:
5411:
5410:
5408:
5407:
5402:
5400:Biblical canon
5397:
5395:Late antiquity
5392:
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5370:
5364:
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5265:Ecclesiastical
5252:
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5121:Roman Question
5118:
5112:
5111:(c. 1640–1740)
5106:
5103:Baroque Papacy
5100:
5094:
5087:
5085:
5079:
5078:
5076:
5075:
5072:Western Schism
5069:
5066:Avignon Papacy
5063:
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5061:
5055:
5049:
5040:
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5027:
5025:
5019:
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3364:Stefan Bauer,
3362:
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3326:
3325:External links
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3013:978-1442647633
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2644:, pp. 352-353.
2631:
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2487:
2485:, pp. 457-458.
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2437:
2419:
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2397:
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2370:Joseph Chmel,
2363:
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2334:, pp. 371-372.
2318:
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2195:Pastor, p. 62.
2188:
2179:
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2125:
2123:, pp. 412-413.
2107:
2105:, pp. 393-396.
2089:
2087:Pastor, p. 47.
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2019:
2006:
1999:
1978:
1965:
1948:
1935:
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1895:. Vol. 2.
1881:
1877:. Vol. 2.
1863:
1854:
1833:
1818:
1803:
1799:. Vol. 2.
1785:
1764:
1746:
1733:
1731:, pp. 246-248.
1720:
1705:
1686:
1671:
1662:
1660:, pp. 250-252.
1644:
1629:
1611:
1609:Morrall, p. 5.
1602:
1581:
1569:, p. 510-511.
1558:
1542:
1524:
1506:
1491:
1476:
1442:
1440:, pp. 236-239.
1420:
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1199:Prince's Stone
1153:belles lettres
1135:
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1049:Canary Islands
1044:
1041:
996:
993:
891:House of Anjou
878:
875:
867:Louis d'Albret
838:as cardinals.
800:Bernardo Eroli
756:
753:
685:
682:
654:
651:
627:papal conclave
604:Main article:
601:
598:
586:titular church
515:
512:
456:Pope Eugene IV
403:. Arriving at
393:Pope Eugene IV
376:
373:
365:Leonardo Bruni
325:
322:
255:
254:
248:
247:
240:
236:
235:
222:(aged 58)
218:14 August 1464
216:
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202:
196:
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176:
172:
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165:15 August 1447
163:
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124:14 August 1464
122:
118:
117:
116:19 August 1458
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
86: 1472-76
68:Detail of the
67:
59:
58:
56:Bishop of Rome
52:
51:
48:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8658:
8647:
8644:
8642:
8639:
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8609:
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8571:Italian popes
8569:
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8554:
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8399:
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8389:
8387:
8384:
8382:
8379:
8377:
8376:Mother Teresa
8374:
8372:
8369:
8366:
8362:
8359:
8357:
8354:
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8349:
8347:
8344:
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8332:
8330:
8329:
8325:
8323:
8320:
8318:
8315:
8313:
8310:
8308:
8305:
8303:
8302:Pope Pius XII
8300:
8298:
8295:
8293:
8290:
8288:
8285:
8284:
8282:
8280:
8276:
8270:
8269:
8268:Rerum novarum
8265:
8263:
8260:
8258:
8255:
8253:
8252:Pope Leo XIII
8250:
8248:
8245:
8243:
8240:
8238:
8235:
8233:
8230:
8228:
8225:
8223:
8222:United States
8220:
8218:
8215:
8213:
8212:Pope Pius VII
8210:
8209:
8207:
8203:
8197:
8194:
8192:
8189:
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7895:Scholasticism
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7870:Pope Urban II
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7646:Justin Martyr
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7556:New Testament
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7519:Commissioning
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7463:Apostolic Age
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7349:Papal primacy
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7191:Home Missions
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7084:Saint Francis
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7067:Saint Dominic
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6888:
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6880:Bethlehemites
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6807:
6803:
6802:Vatican Radio
6800:
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6789:
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6787:Vatican Media
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6571:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6444:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6434:
6432:
6430:
6426:
6422:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6400:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6387:
6384:
6383:
6382:
6379:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6366:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6334:
6331:
6330:
6329:
6326:
6323:
6320:
6319:
6317:
6315:
6311:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6239:
6238:
6235:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6222:
6221:
6218:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6208:
6204:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6159:
6157:
6155:
6151:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6133:
6130:
6129:
6128:
6125:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6112:
6111:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6091:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6084:List of popes
6080:
6076:
6073:
6070:
6066:
6062:
6058:
6054:
6047:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5985:
5984:
5981:
5980:
5978:
5976:
5972:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5955:
5954:
5951:
5947:
5944:
5943:
5942:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5905:
5903:
5901:
5897:
5887:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5868:Mother of God
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5840:
5838:
5836:
5832:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5814:
5811:
5810:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5785:
5783:
5781:
5777:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5765:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5753:People of God
5751:
5749:
5748:
5744:
5742:
5741:Infallibility
5739:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5726:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5709:
5705:
5704:
5702:
5700:
5696:
5690:
5687:
5683:
5682:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5667:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5617:Body and soul
5615:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5602:
5601:
5598:
5597:
5595:
5591:
5588:
5585:
5584:
5579:
5575:
5570:
5566:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5520:Enlightenment
5518:
5516:
5513:
5507:
5504:
5503:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5493:
5492:
5491:Protestantism
5489:
5488:
5486:
5484:
5480:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5468:Scholasticism
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5453:Schism (1378)
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5438:Schism (1054)
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5420:
5418:
5416:
5412:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5380:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5365:
5363:
5361:
5357:
5349:
5346:
5345:
5344:
5341:
5337:
5334:
5333:
5332:
5329:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5316:
5315:
5312:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5289:
5288:
5285:
5284:
5282:
5280:
5276:
5273:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5257:
5253:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5228:
5225:
5221:
5214:
5209:
5207:
5202:
5200:
5195:
5194:
5191:
5179:
5178:
5173:
5169:
5167:
5166:
5157:
5156:
5153:
5140:
5137:
5134:
5131:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5122:
5119:
5116:
5113:
5110:
5107:
5104:
5101:
5098:
5095:
5092:
5089:
5088:
5086:
5080:
5073:
5070:
5067:
5064:
5059:
5056:
5053:
5050:
5047:
5044:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5035:
5032:
5029:
5028:
5026:
5022:High and Late
5020:
5013:
5010:
5007:
5006:
5002:
4999:
4996:
4993:
4990:
4987:
4984:
4979:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4969:
4967:
4965:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4950:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4838:Benedict XIII
4836:
4834:
4833:Innocent XIII
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4798:Alexander VII
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4764:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4667:Innocent VIII
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4647:Callixtus III
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4567:Boniface VIII
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4478:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4466:Celestine III
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4441:Alexander III
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4431:Anastasius IV
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4331:Sylvester III
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4316:Benedict VIII
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4077:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3840:Anastasius II
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3781:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3575:
3569:
3566:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3557:
3556:Pope emeritus
3554:
3552:
3549:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3515:
3514:List of popes
3512:
3511:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3493:
3488:
3486:
3481:
3479:
3474:
3473:
3470:
3461:
3452:
3451:
3444:
3443:Callixtus III
3438:
3434:
3425:
3424:
3417:
3411:
3407:
3398:
3397:
3390:
3384:
3381:
3377:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3361:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3344:
3340:
3339:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3305:
3300:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3269:
3268:0-521-81582-7
3265:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3247:
3245:
3244:0-8065-2370-0
3241:
3237:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3193:
3192:
3186:
3183:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3125:
3123:
3117:
3111:
3109:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3094:
3091:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3066:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3043:
3040:
3033:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2996:
2993:
2989:
2986:
2982:
2977:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2930:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2899:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2885:
2873:
2872:
2865:
2858:
2854:
2849:
2842:
2838:
2833:
2818:
2814:
2808:
2801:
2797:
2792:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2772:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2752:
2745:
2744:
2737:
2730:
2729:
2722:
2715:
2708:
2704:
2698:
2689:
2688:
2680:
2671:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2657:
2650:
2643:
2642:
2635:
2628:
2624:
2617:
2611:
2604:
2603:
2598:
2597:
2590:
2582:
2581:
2572:
2565:
2561:
2560:0-330-35437-X
2557:
2553:
2550:Hugh Thomas,
2547:
2540:
2533:
2531:
2524:
2515:
2514:
2506:
2499:
2498:
2491:
2482:
2481:
2473:
2466:
2465:
2461:Gregorovius,
2458:
2451:
2447:
2441:
2433:
2429:
2423:
2414:
2407:
2401:
2392:
2382:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2367:
2358:
2349:
2340:
2331:
2330:
2322:
2313:
2304:
2295:
2286:
2279:
2278:
2271:
2262:
2255:
2249:
2242:
2240:
2233:
2226:
2224:
2217:
2210:
2208:
2201:
2192:
2183:
2174:
2167:
2160:
2151:
2142:
2135:
2129:
2120:
2119:
2111:
2102:
2101:
2093:
2084:
2075:
2065:
2063:
2056:
2049:
2048:
2041:
2032:
2023:
2016:
2010:
2002:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1982:
1975:
1969:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1945:
1939:
1932:
1931:
1924:
1918:Pastor, p. 7.
1915:
1913:
1903:
1894:
1893:
1885:
1876:
1875:
1867:
1858:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1829:
1822:
1815:
1814:
1807:
1798:
1797:
1789:
1782:
1781:
1776:
1775:
1771:Gregorovius,
1768:
1759:
1758:
1750:
1743:
1737:
1730:
1724:
1717:
1716:
1709:
1702:
1698:
1697:
1690:
1683:
1682:
1675:
1666:
1657:
1656:
1648:
1641:
1640:
1636:Gregorovius,
1633:
1624:
1623:
1615:
1606:
1599:
1598:
1593:
1592:
1585:
1576:
1575:
1568:
1562:
1555:
1553:
1546:
1537:
1536:
1528:
1519:
1518:
1510:
1503:
1502:
1495:
1488:
1487:
1480:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1460:
1459:public domain
1449:
1447:
1437:
1436:
1429:
1424:
1417:
1413:
1407:
1400:
1395:
1385:
1384:
1377:
1368:
1361:
1355:
1348:
1347:
1342:Piccolomini,
1339:
1330:
1323:
1316:
1315:
1308:
1298:
1297:
1290:
1286:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1264:Pope Pius III
1262:
1259:
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1076:
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1034:
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926:
922:
918:
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907:
902:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
874:
872:
871:Jaume Cardona
868:
864:
863:Jean Jouffroy
860:
856:
852:
846:
844:
839:
837:
836:ultramontanes
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
812:Prior General
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
788:
786:
781:
779:
775:
771:
767:
766:King Louis XI
763:
755:New cardinals
752:
750:
744:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
721:
718:
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709:
707:
703:
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623:
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528:Pope Nicholas
525:
519:
511:
508:
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498:
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492:
491:
486:
485:Frederick III
482:
477:
475:
470:
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457:
453:
449:
444:
440:
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429:
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421:
416:
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410:
406:
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401:Pope Martin V
398:
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386:
382:
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370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
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345:
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310:
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304:
301:and then the
300:
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182:Callixtus III
177:
173:
170:
169:Juan Carvajal
164:
160:
156:
152:
147:
144:
141:
137:
134:
133:Callixtus III
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
108:
105:
101:
95:
91:
79:
75:
71:
65:
60:
57:
53:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
8490:
8486:Pope Francis
8412:21st century
8361:Pope Paul VI
8338:
8326:
8279:20th century
8266:
8217:Pope Pius IX
8205:19th century
8181:Pope Pius VI
8048:
7920:Latin Empire
7890:Universities
7842:Pope Leo III
7709:Christianity
7694:state church
7686:Great Church
7487:Resurrection
7450:(30–325/476)
7447:Early Church
7432:Latin Church
7427:Papal States
7422:Vatican City
7230:Universities
7062:Third orders
7025:Associations
7015:Visitandines
7010:Trinitarians
6960:Mercedarians
6945:Hieronymites
6890:Camaldoleses
6875:Benedictines
6865:Augustinians
6825:
6818:
6811:
6792:Vatican News
6746:Distinctions
6552:Syro-Malabar
6437:Latin Church
6359:Grand master
6257:Metropolitan
6154:Vatican City
6049:Organisation
5928:Philosophers
5793:Confirmation
5770:In canon law
5764:Subsistit in
5762:
5758:Three states
5745:
5706:
5699:Ecclesiology
5681:Nova Vulgata
5679:
5637:Original sin
5632:Nicene Creed
5622:Divine grace
5581:
5463:Universities
5433:Papal States
5360:Great Church
5302:Resurrection
5279:Early Church
5175:
5163:
5133:World War II
5127:Vatican City
5003:
4974:(until 493)
4938:Benedict XVI
4933:John Paul II
4853:Clement XIII
4848:Benedict XIV
4823:Innocent XII
4757:Clement VIII
4732:Gregory XIII
4712:Marcellus II
4672:Alexander VI
4651:
4622:Innocent VII
4587:Benedict XII
4542:Nicholas III
4507:Alexander IV
4497:Celestine IV
4487:Honorius III
4471:Innocent III
4456:Gregory VIII
4416:Celestine II
4401:Callixtus II
4371:Alexander II
4296:Sylvester II
4276:Benedict VII
4236:Stephen VIII
4121:Benedict III
3975:Adeodatus II
3920:Boniface III
3774:Anastasius I
3448:
3421:
3394:
3369:
3348:Google Books
3343:
3336:
3310:
3284:
3275:
3259:
3250:
3235:
3213:
3200:
3190:
3181:
3169:
3157:
3146:
3134:
3119:
3105:
3097:
3090:Google Books
3085:
3078:
3070:
3054:
3050:
3038:
3035:(in Italian)
3023:
2999:
2991:
2984:
2961:
2948:
2939:
2928:
2916:
2908:
2901:(in Italian)
2897:
2888:
2882:Bibliography
2870:
2864:
2856:
2848:
2840:
2832:
2820:. Retrieved
2816:
2807:
2799:
2791:
2779:
2771:
2763:
2759:
2751:
2746:, pp. 77-78.
2742:
2736:
2727:
2721:
2713:
2706:
2702:
2697:
2686:
2679:
2670:
2661:
2655:
2649:
2640:
2634:
2626:
2619:(in Italian)
2615:
2610:
2601:
2595:
2589:
2579:
2571:
2563:
2551:
2546:
2538:
2528:
2523:
2512:
2505:
2496:
2490:
2479:
2472:
2463:
2457:
2449:
2440:
2431:
2422:
2413:
2405:
2400:
2391:
2378:
2372:
2366:
2357:
2348:
2339:
2328:
2321:
2312:
2303:
2294:
2285:
2276:
2270:
2261:
2248:
2238:
2232:
2222:
2216:
2206:
2200:
2191:
2182:
2173:
2165:
2159:
2150:
2141:
2133:
2128:
2117:
2110:
2099:
2092:
2083:
2074:
2060:
2055:
2050:, pp. 87-88.
2046:
2040:
2031:
2022:
2014:
2009:
1989:
1981:
1973:
1968:
1960:
1951:
1943:
1938:
1929:
1923:
1902:
1891:
1884:
1873:
1866:
1857:
1848:
1842:
1836:
1827:
1821:
1812:
1806:
1795:
1788:
1779:
1773:
1767:
1756:
1749:
1741:
1736:
1728:
1723:
1714:
1708:
1700:
1695:
1689:
1680:
1674:
1665:
1654:
1647:
1638:
1632:
1621:
1614:
1605:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1573:
1561:
1551:
1545:
1534:
1527:
1516:
1509:
1500:
1494:
1485:
1479:
1468:
1465:Pope Pius II
1434:
1427:
1423:
1418:, pp. 49-50.
1415:
1406:
1398:
1394:
1382:
1376:
1367:
1360:Privatbriefe
1359:
1354:
1343:
1338:
1329:
1321:
1313:
1307:
1295:
1289:
1241:
1237:Commentaries
1236:
1233:Commentaries
1232:
1230:
1215:
1210:
1203:Duke's Chair
1186:
1182:
1180:
1171:
1157:
1151:
1149:
1120:
1112:
1100:
1095:
1088:
1072:
1058:
1046:
1010:
1006:Saint Andrew
998:
982:
959:
952:
933:
914:
903:
895:Papal States
880:
847:
840:
789:
782:
758:
745:
722:
710:
687:
678:
667:Pinturicchio
642:
624:
611:
609:
590:Santa Sabina
583:
575:Calixtus III
572:
569:
550:
543:
538:
536:
520:
517:
499:
488:
478:
471:
466:
464:
445:
441:
417:
378:
346:
341:
327:
318:Commentaries
317:
311:
296:
292:Papal States
279:
260:Pope Pius II
259:
258:
239:Coat of arms
233:Papal States
220:(1464-08-14)
162:Consecration
157:4 March 1447
121:Papacy ended
113:Papacy began
90:Ducal Palace
69:
36:
8561:1464 deaths
8556:1405 births
8492:Laudato si'
8287:Pope Pius X
8116:Philip Neri
8091:Pope Pius V
8066:Thomas More
7935:Inquisition
7837:Charlemagne
7797:Monasticism
7607:Persecution
7499:Holy Spirit
7482:Crucifixion
7361:First seven
7220:Health care
7206:Pax Christi
7158:Schoenstatt
7123:Sant'Egidio
6955:Legionaries
6935:Franciscans
6910:Cistercians
6905:Carthusians
6860:Annonciades
6719:Altarpieces
6612:West Syriac
6607:East Syriac
6587:Alexandrian
6211:Holy orders
6192:Swiss Guard
6132:Dicasteries
6127:Roman Curia
6025:Evangelists
5983:Holy Family
5918:Personalism
5908:Natural law
5886:Josephology
5820:Holy orders
5458:Inquisition
5415:Middle Ages
5405:Monasticism
5373:Constantine
5297:Crucifixion
5141:(1945–1991)
5135:(1939–1945)
5123:(1870–1929)
5117:(1775–1848)
5105:(1585–1689)
5099:(1534–1585)
5093:(1417–1534)
5074:(1378–1417)
5068:(1309–1378)
5060:, 1228–1304
5054:, 1262–1297
5048:, 1257–1281
5039:(1048–1257)
5024:Middle Ages
4964:Middle Ages
4928:John Paul I
4903:Benedict XV
4883:Gregory XVI
4858:Clement XIV
4843:Clement XII
4813:Innocent XI
4752:Innocent IX
4747:Gregory XIV
4697:Clement VII
4627:Gregory XII
4617:Boniface IX
4597:Innocent VI
4572:Benedict XI
4562:Celestine V
4557:Nicholas IV
4552:Honorius IV
4502:Innocent IV
4461:Clement III
4411:Innocent II
4406:Honorius II
4396:Gelasius II
4376:Gregory VII
4366:Nicholas II
4326:Benedict IX
4271:Benedict VI
4246:Agapetus II
4221:Stephen VII
4196:Sergius III
4186:Benedict IV
4176:Theodore II
4161:Boniface VI
4060:Stephen III
4040:Gregory III
4030:Constantine
3995:Benedict II
3930:Adeodatus I
3925:Boniface IV
3905:Pelagius II
3865:Boniface II
3805:Celestine I
3744:Sylvester I
3729:Marcellus I
3724:Marcellinus
3659:Callixtus I
3644:Eleutherius
3619:Telesphorus
3609:Alexander I
3531:Papal names
2958:Philip Krey
2784:Eugenius IV
2223:Commentarii
1974:Commentarii
1961:Commentarii
1944:Commentarii
1742:Commentarii
1387:(in German)
1142:Pius II by
899:condottieri
737:Wallachians
673: 1507
612:Novendiales
397:cardinalate
342:iniqua lues
268:Pius PP. II
129:Predecessor
8550:Categories
8365:coronation
8071:Pope Leo X
7656:Tertullian
7586:Revelation
7561:Background
6975:Oratorians
6930:Dominicans
6900:Carmelites
6895:Camillians
6843:institutes
6656:Tridentine
6592:Antiochian
6512:Macedonian
6457:Belarusian
6347:Provincial
6262:Archbishop
6182:Roman Rota
6144:Properties
6069:By country
6065:Precedence
6030:Confessors
6010:Archangels
6000:Patriarchs
5900:Philosophy
5878:Veneration
5843:Assumption
5813:Last rites
5780:Sacraments
5724:Four marks
5535:Vatican II
5483:Modern era
5319:Succession
5084:Modern Era
5014:(974–1012)
4918:John XXIII
4828:Clement XI
4803:Clement IX
4793:Innocent X
4788:Urban VIII
4783:Gregory XV
4707:Julius III
4642:Nicholas V
4607:Gregory XI
4592:Clement VI
4527:Innocent V
4517:Clement IV
4492:Gregory IX
4446:Lucius III
4426:Eugene III
4391:Paschal II
4381:Victor III
4361:Stephen IX
4346:Damasus II
4341:Clement II
4336:Gregory VI
4311:Sergius IV
4306:John XVIII
4256:Benedict V
4241:Marinus II
4166:Stephen VI
4146:Adrian III
4126:Nicholas I
4111:Sergius II
4106:Gregory IV
4086:Stephen IV
4050:Stephen II
4035:Gregory II
3955:Theodore I
3940:Honorius I
3935:Boniface V
3900:Benedict I
3890:Pelagius I
3875:Agapetus I
3835:Gelasius I
3825:Simplicius
3810:Sixtus III
3800:Boniface I
3790:Innocent I
3654:Zephyrinus
3568:Pope-elect
3544:non-extant
3427:1457–1458
3175:(in Latin)
3151:(in Latin)
3139:(in Latin)
3127:(in Latin)
3113:(in Latin)
2535:(in Latin)
2067:(in Latin)
1816:II, p. 50.
1318:(in Latin)
1300:(in Latin)
1281:References
1207:Jean Bodin
1069:papal bull
908:, Lord of
785:Ember Days
524:Nicholas V
474:Strasbourg
330:Corsignano
324:Early life
204:Corsignano
154:Ordination
78:Berruguete
8381:Communism
8351:Ecumenism
7697:(380–451)
7689:(180–451)
7678:(313–476)
7600:(100–325)
7216:See also:
7168:Charities
7077:Discalced
7005:Trappists
7000:Theatines
6970:Olivetans
6915:Clarisses
6885:Blue nuns
6870:Basilians
6847:societies
6755:See also:
6641:Mozarabic
6631:Ambrosian
6617:Malankara
6602:Byzantine
6562:Ukrainian
6537:Ruthenian
6502:Hungarian
6487:Ethiopian
6462:Bulgarian
6429:sui iuris
6413:Postulant
6322:Religious
6277:Auxiliary
6272:Coadjutor
6242:Patriarch
6110:Cardinals
6057:Canon law
6053:Hierarchy
6035:Disciples
5958:Relations
5946:Evolution
5937:See also:
5882:See also:
5835:Mariology
5825:Matrimony
5798:Eucharist
5719:Ecumenism
5647:Salvation
5583:Catechism
5578:Tradition
5540:Communism
5388:Chalcedon
5008:(904–964)
5000:(756–857)
4994:(537–752)
4988:(493–537)
4980:(312–337)
4878:Pius VIII
4808:Clement X
4742:Urban VII
4692:Adrian VI
4682:Julius II
4662:Sixtus IV
4637:Eugene IV
4582:John XXII
4577:Clement V
4547:Martin IV
4522:Gregory X
4451:Urban III
4436:Adrian IV
4421:Lucius II
4356:Victor II
4301:John XVII
4291:Gregory V
4266:John XIII
4151:Stephen V
4141:Marinus I
4136:John VIII
4131:Adrian II
4101:Valentine
4096:Eugene II
4091:Paschal I
4025:Sisinnius
4010:Sergius I
3945:Severinus
3910:Gregory I
3880:Silverius
3850:Hormisdas
3845:Symmachus
3830:Felix III
3764:Damasus I
3739:Miltiades
3714:Eutychian
3704:Dionysius
3699:Sixtus II
3694:Stephen I
3684:Cornelius
3604:Evaristus
3599:Clement I
3594:Anacletus
3524:canonised
3519:graphical
3335:Pius II,
3171:Firmanae.
3167:Pius II.
3156:Pius II,
3144:Pius II.
3132:Pius II.
3118:Pius II,
3104:Pius II.
3095:Pius II.
3077:Pius II,
2692:, p. 475.
2518:, p. 472.
2243:, p. 177.
2236:Pius II,
2227:, p. 177.
2220:Pius II,
2204:Pius II,
1927:Pius II,
1897:, p. 262.
1801:, p. 235.
1762:, p. 247.
1627:, p. 247.
1579:, p. 246.
1540:, p. 240.
1522:, p. 239.
1504:, p. 511.
1498:Jaumann,
1430:, p. 53.
1311:Pius II,
1033:Venetians
1002:Mehmet II
980:in 1461.
978:Rocca Pia
729:Mehmed II
694:Aragonese
690:Ferdinand
448:diaconate
436:Newcastle
432:Whitekirk
312:He was a
139:Successor
8391:HIV/AIDS
7885:Crusades
7639:Irenaeus
7632:Ignatius
7627:Polycarp
7477:Ministry
7465:(30–100)
7339:Timeline
7260:Category
7153:Opus Dei
7138:Scouting
7128:Focolare
6995:Servites
6980:Piarists
6925:Crosiers
6661:Anglican
6597:Armenian
6527:Romanian
6517:Maronite
6492:Georgian
6482:Eritrean
6467:Chaldean
6452:Armenian
6447:Albanian
6328:Superior
6287:Emeritus
6267:Diocesan
6120:Advisers
6079:Holy See
6005:Prophets
5963:Politics
5734:Catholic
5714:Councils
5569:Theology
5448:Crusades
5383:Nicaea I
5314:Apostles
5292:Ministry
5261:Timeline
5241:Glossary
5165:Category
5139:Cold War
4913:Pius XII
4893:Leo XIII
4868:Pius VII
4737:Sixtus V
4702:Paul III
4677:Pius III
4632:Martin V
4612:Urban VI
4537:John XXI
4532:Adrian V
4512:Urban IV
4386:Urban II
4321:John XIX
4281:John XIV
4261:Leo VIII
4251:John XII
4156:Formosus
4065:Adrian I
4020:John VII
3970:Vitalian
3965:Eugene I
3960:Martin I
3915:Sabinian
3895:John III
3885:Vigilius
3860:Felix IV
3820:Hilarius
3769:Siricius
3759:Liberius
3754:Julius I
3734:Eusebius
3689:Lucius I
3649:Victor I
3634:Anicetus
3614:Sixtus I
3551:Antipope
2960:(2006).
2874:, p. 79.
2822:19 April
2406:Crusades
2280:, p. 90.
1879:, p. 12.
1825:Pastor,
1810:Pastor,
1428:Mémoires
1416:Mémoires
1399:Mémoires
1358:Wolkan,
1349:, p. 24.
1247:See also
1201:and the
1187:Epistles
1183:Epistles
1168:comedies
1124:Pius III
1079:Campagna
962:Louis XI
929:anathema
923:and the
889:and the
643:accessio
503:censures
424:Scotland
282:(Latin:
278:), born
167:by
74:van Gent
8356:Judaism
7756:Vulgate
7566:Gospels
7541:Stephen
7458:Origins
7378:Vulgate
7314:General
7304:of the
7302:History
7225:Schools
7181:Caritas
7089:Secular
7055:Workers
6950:Jesuits
6736:Museums
6731:Library
6709:Writers
6704:Artists
6684:Culture
6651:Paul VI
6532:Russian
6522:Melkite
6364:Brother
6342:General
6282:Titular
6252:Primate
6230:Eparchy
6220:Diocese
6167:Outline
6106:College
6096:Francis
6040:Virgins
6015:Martyrs
5941:Science
5848:History
5803:Penance
5788:Baptism
5689:Worship
5662:Vulgate
5610:Kingdom
5605:Trinity
5593:General
5348:Primacy
5256:History
5236:Outline
5058:Perugia
5052:Orvieto
5046:Viterbo
4943:Francis
4923:Paul VI
4908:Pius XI
4888:Pius IX
4873:Leo XII
4863:Pius VI
4722:Pius IV
4717:Paul IV
4657:Paul II
4652:Pius II
4602:Urban V
4286:John XV
4231:Leo VII
4226:John XI
4181:John IX
4171:Romanus
4070:Leo III
4045:Zachary
4015:John VI
3950:John IV
3870:John II
3795:Zosimus
3709:Felix I
3674:Anterus
3669:Pontian
3664:Urban I
3624:Hyginus
3501:of the
3460:Paul II
3358:at the
3303:3 vols.
2168:, p. 8.
1840:Gragg,
1783:, p. 1.
1461::
1412:James I
1197:on the
1193:of the
1172:Chrysis
1043:Slavery
995:Crusade
976:called
814:of the
563:leader
561:Hussite
557:Bohemia
507:Germany
334:Sienese
272:Italian
143:Paul II
49:Pius II
18:Pius II
8322:Nazism
8144:to the
7751:Jerome
7661:Origen
7344:Papacy
7103:Fimcap
7045:Marian
6965:Minims
6697:Marian
6547:Syriac
6542:Slovak
6472:Coptic
6408:Oblate
6403:Master
6398:Novice
6393:Hermit
6381:Sister
6337:Abbess
6304:Deacon
6299:Priest
6294:Parish
6237:Bishop
6207:Polity
5993:Joseph
5975:Saints
5642:Saints
5530:Nazism
4898:Pius X
4778:Paul V
4773:Leo XI
4727:Pius V
4351:Leo IX
4216:Leo VI
4211:John X
4116:Leo IV
4055:Paul I
4000:John V
3990:Leo II
3985:Agatho
3855:John I
3679:Fabian
3629:Pius I
3539:extant
3535:Tombs
3342:(1584)
3317:
3295:
3266:
3242:
3084:(1584)
3037:, in:
3010:
2972:
2558:
2241:(1584)
2225:(1584)
2209:(1584)
1997:
1554:vol. 2
1275:Pienza
1218:Europe
1164:erotic
1103:Ancona
1065:Pienza
1055:Pienza
1037:Ancona
974:Tivoli
970:Naples
921:Poland
910:Rimini
893:, the
826:; and
733:Turkey
698:Mantua
594:Warmia
514:Bishop
428:Dunbar
367:, and
276:Pio II
229:Marche
225:Ancona
149:Orders
103:Church
94:Urbino
8631:Popes
8424:Islam
7692:Roman
7651:Canon
7524:Peter
7472:Jesus
7201:CIDSE
7050:Youth
6774:Media
6741:Music
6666:Zaire
6646:Roman
6636:Braga
6626:Latin
6497:Greek
6369:Friar
6333:Abbot
6247:Major
6162:Index
6061:Laity
5627:Dogma
5574:Bible
5550:Islam
5506:Trent
5287:Jesus
5269:Legal
5231:Index
4687:Leo X
4206:Lando
4191:Leo V
4005:Conon
3980:Donus
3815:Leo I
3719:Caius
3639:Soter
3589:Linus
3584:Peter
3499:Popes
3400:1457
3368:, in
2380:Enns,
1226:Islam
1176:Latin
1162:, an
1029:Genoa
1025:Milan
1017:Tolfa
702:Turks
635:Rouen
409:Genoa
405:Basel
375:Basel
349:Siena
264:Latin
8474:2023
8469:2019
8464:2016
8459:2013
8454:2011
8449:2008
8444:2005
8439:2002
8434:2000
8401:1995
7571:Acts
7534:Paul
7529:John
7504:Mary
6726:Folk
6374:Monk
6115:List
6093:Pope
5988:Mary
3749:Mark
3450:Pope
3315:ISBN
3293:ISBN
3264:ISBN
3240:ISBN
3008:ISBN
2970:ISBN
2824:2020
2556:ISBN
1995:ISBN
1222:Asia
1220:and
1181:His
1013:alum
983:The
938:and
822:, a
413:Alps
215:Died
193:Born
76:and
44:Pope
7460:and
7410:Art
7040:Lay
6692:Art
6386:Nun
6108:of
5600:God
3346:at
3088:at
2432:NTV
1098:).
950:).
743:).
731:of
588:of
332:in
180:by
72:by
8552::
6845:,
6335:,
3309:,
3291:.
3287:.
3234:,
3055:74
3053:.
3049:.
3006:.
3002:.
2968:.
2964:.
2855:,
2839:,
2815:.
2798:,
2778:,
2758:,
2625:,
2430:.
1911:^
1445:^
1228:.
1213:.
1081:.
1071:,
957:.
946:,
798:;
670:c.
541:.
469:.
383:,
363:,
274::
270:,
266::
231:,
227:,
206:,
92:,
88:,
83:c.
8367:)
8363:(
7294:e
7287:t
7280:v
6840:,
6324::
6213:)
6209:(
6086:)
6082:(
5212:e
5205:t
5198:v
3491:e
3484:t
3477:v
3301:.
3270:.
3253:.
3110:.
3018:.
3016:.
2980:.
2978:.
2920:.
2826:.
2003:.
1146:.
675:.
262:(
96:)
81:(
34:.
20:)
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