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the viability of the fatigue scale adopted during the test, called
Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS). The purpose of the validation survey was to set a benchmark (i.e. FSS=4) on an acceptable level of fatigue for the Portuguese culture. The scale ranged from 1 meaning no fatigue to 7 being high. Participants had one month and a half to respond to the inquiry. Results on physical fatigue found that 93% of short/medium haul pilots scored higher than 4 on the FSS while 84% of long-haul pilots scored greater than 4. Mental fatigue found short/medium haul at 96% and long haul at 92%. The Questionnaire also asked: "Do you feel so tired that you shouldn’t be at the controls?". 13% of pilots said that this never happened. 51% of all participants said it happened a few times. Limitations of the study were: fatigue levels are subjective and research did not attempt to control the number of times pilots had available to respond to the questionnaires. Overall the study establishes that pilots are subject to high levels of fatigue on the job. Levels of fatigue collected were also compared with a validation test conducted on multiple sclerosis patients in Switzerland. These patients showed average fatigue levels of 4.6 while pilots in the Portuguese study scored an average of 5.3.
20:
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a well-rested state and again after being sleep deprived. In the tasks that were not as complex, such as reacting to warning lights and responding to automated alerts, it was found that there was a significant decrease in performance during the sleep deprived stage. The reaction times to warning lights increased from 1.5 to 2.5 seconds, and the number of errors doubled in the cockpit. However, tasks that were engaging and required more concentration were found to not be significantly affected by sleep deprivation. The study concluded that "...fatigue effects can produce impaired performance. The degree of performance impairment seems to be a function of the numbers of hours awake and the 'engagement' value of the task."
172:: A forty-minute nap after a long period of wakefulness can be extremely beneficial. As demonstrated in the Rosekind study, pilots who took a forty-minute nap were much more alert during the last 90 minutes of the flight and they also responded better on the psychomotor vigilance test (PVT) showing faster response rates and fewer lapses. The control group who had not taken a nap showed lapses during the approach and landing phases of the flight. In-seat cockpit napping is a risk-management tool for controlling fatigue. The
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will take a pilot a longer time to resume full alertness in case of emergency. Airlines schedule two crews or a junior first officer as a strategy to combat boredom during the cruise phases of flight. "Keep Awake" routines are another countermeasure. They consist of small events in flight designed to start a false problem that has previously been inputted by a flight engineer. "Keep awake" routines do not affect flight safety and their purpose reattain the pilot's full alertness and undivided attention.
73:(FAA) study of 55 human-factor aviation accidents from 1978 to 1999 concluded that number accidents increased proportionally to the amount of time the captain had been on duty. The accident proportion relative to exposure proportion rose from 0.79 (1–3 hours on duty) to 5.62 ( more than 13 hours on duty). According to the study, 5.62% of human-factors accidents occurred to pilots who had been on duty for 13 or more hours, which make up only 1% of total pilot duty hours.
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home base showing that fatigue is more prevalent on flights returning home. Pilots are more prone to microsleeps during the cruise phase of the flight while they are more alert and less likely to experience microsleeps during the take-off, approach and landing phases of the flight. Findings also show that fatigue was greater during night flights because pilots had already been awake for more than 12 hours and would begin duty by the time they were due to go to sleep.
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short haul pilots, 75% were classified to have experienced severe fatigue. Based on questionnaire results, the study also demonstrated that pilots who were highly concerned about their level of fatigue during the flight often scored higher on the fatigue scale and thus were likely to experience more fatigue. Not only this, operational factors, for example a change in flights, or from flight into discretionary time often cause the pilot to experience greater fatigue.
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e.g. 92% of the pilots in
Germany report they have felt too tired or unfit for duty while on flight deck at least once in the past three years. Yet, fearing disciplinary actions or stigmatization by the employer or colleagues, 70-80% of fatigued pilots would not file a fatigue report or declare to be unfit to fly. Only 20-30% will report unfit for duty or file a report under such an occurrence.
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258:, such as the Sleep, Activity, Fatigue, and Task Effectiveness model, optimize scheduling by being able to predict pilot fatigue at any point in time. Although the mathematical model is limited by individual pilot differences it is the most accurate existing prediction because it takes into account time-zone changes, time awake, and length of previous rest.
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parked with no intention of ". Limits are generally set on flight duty time across daily, weekly, and monthly time periods. These limits differ based on: what type of operation is being conducted, the time of day, and whether the flight is single-pilot or multi-pilot. There are also requirements for time free from duty after consecutive days on duty.
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routine logs recording their times of sleep and awakening. Pilots also completed two questionnaires. The first reflecting feelings of fatigue before and after the flight, recorded before departure, 1-hour intervals during the flight and then immediately after landing. The second questionnaire was the NASA task load index.
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en route to
Antonio Won Pat Airport which crashed into a hill three miles away from the runway. The accident killed 228 out of the 254 people on board, including the flight crew. The captain failed to brief the first officer on the approach procedure and descended below the minimum safe altitude. The
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All ICAO member states place some kind of operational limit, but there are differences in how this is done across nations. A survey of ten nations found that a total of twelve different operational factors were regulated, with each country regulating six factors on average. However, these factors are
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National aviation regulators typically use the hours-of-service approach to prevent fatigue. The hours-of-service is usually measured by flight duty period which is defined as "a period which commences when a flight crew member is required to report for duty... and which finishes when the aircraft is
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involves assigning the crew to specific tasks at specific times during the flight so that other members of the crew have time for activity breaks and bunk sleep. This allows well-rested crew members to be used during the critical phases of flight. Further research will need to show the optimal number
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High prevalence of fatigue was also revealed in a study by
Jackson and Earl investigating prevalence among short haul pilots. The study consisted of a questionnaire that was posted on a website, Professional Pilot's Rumour network (PPRUNE) and was able to obtain 162 respondents. Of the 162, all being
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Aircraft are becoming increasingly automated, often resulting in the flight crew becoming complacent because of less direct involvement especially during the cruise phases of a long haul flight. Long legs in cruise may cause pilots to become bored, thus incrementing the prevalence of risk because it
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All levels in between have descriptions aiding the pilot with his decision. Another example of self-assessment is simply a visual and analogue scale. The test is represented by a line with No
Fatigue and Fatigue labeled on two ends. The pilot will then draw a mark where he feels to be. Advantages of
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are recordings of alpha wave activity and they occur during wakeful relaxation often resulting in loss of attention. They are considered microsleeps if they last less than thirty seconds. Microsleep cases for pilots on outgoing flights were half compared to the number on incoming flights back to the
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In another study by Wilson, Caldwell and
Russell, participants were given three different tasks that simulated the pilot's environment. The tasks included reacting to warning lights, managing simulated cockpit scenarios, and conducting a simulated UAV mission. The subjects' performance was tested in
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is a well tested pharmaceutical compound with a half-life of two and a half hours and the drug is fully metabolized within 10 hours. It can be used to initiate sleep to help obtain a good rest. It must not be combined with any cockpit-naps. The drug also has no side effects, improving sleep quality
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are another measure found to be most beneficial when a pilot is experiencing partial sleep loss or high levels of fatigue. High fatigue coincides with the circadian trough where the human body experiences its lowest body temperature. Studies demonstrated that sleepiness was significantly higher for
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pilots on a high-fidelity flight simulator. The subjects were sleep deprived for 38 hours and their performance was monitored over the final 24 hours. After baseline correction, the systematic individual differences varied by 50% and concluded that fatigue's effect on performance varied drastically
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Symptoms associated with fatigue include slower reaction times, difficulty concentrating on tasks resulting in procedural mistakes, lapses in attention, inability to anticipate events, higher toleration for risk, forgetfulness, and reduced decision-making ability. The magnitude of these effects are
407:
crashed short of the runway on approach to
Kirksville Regional Airport in 2004 after its fatigued pilots had been on their sixth consecutive day of flight and on duty for 14 hours that day. The NTSB found the accident was caused by the pilots' failure to follow established safety procedures, while
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Between 2010 and 2012, more than 6.000 European pilots have been asked to self-assess the level of fatigue they are experiencing. These surveys revealed that well over 50% of the surveyed pilots experience fatigue as impairing their ability to perform well while on flight duty. The polls show that
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checklist is an example of self-assessment. Another measure that a pilot can employ to more accurately determine his level of fatigue is the Samn- Perelli Seven Point
Fatigue Scale (SPS). The evaluation has a scale of 1–7, 1 described as “Fully, Alert and Wide Awake” while 7 “Completely exhausted,
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The second questionnaire also administered during flight, assessed different dimensions including mental, physical and temporal demand as well as performance. Key findings from the study conveyed that: outgoing flights from the home base were rated as less stressful and night flights were rated as
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A study by Reis et Al. investigated the prevalence of fatigue on a group of
Portuguese airline pilots. 1500 active airline pilots who had all flown within the past six months received a questionnaire. Out of the population, 456 reliable responses were received. A pretest was conducted to determine
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The first step to understanding the critical impact fatigue can have on flight safety is to quantify it within the airline environment. An airline's management often struggles to balance rest with duty periods because it strives for maximum crew productivity. However, fatigue comes as a limitation
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crashed on approach to
Birmingham–Shuttlesworth International Airport. Both pilots, the only people on board the aircraft, were killed. The approach was unstabilized due to the flight crew's failure to monitor their altitude and their mismanagement of the flight management computer, both of which
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crashed at San Francisco International Airport while conducting a visual approach, killing three of the 307 people on board the Boeing 777-200ER. The NTSB determined that the flight crew had mismanaged the approach due to both Boeing and Asiana Airlines inadequate documentation the 777's systems,
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Many experts in aviation safety find that the current regulations are inadequate in combating fatigue. They point to high prevalence rates and laboratory studies as evidence for the current systems failure. While the current system helps prevent extended sleep deprivation, it does not take into
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On the other hand, research by Samen, Wegmann, and Vejvoda investigated the variation of fatigue among long-haul pilots. 50 pilots all from German airlines participated in the research. As participants, pilots were subject to physiological measures pre-departure and during flight and filled out
277:
National Guard Aviation Safety Division, under the direction of Lt Col Edward Vaughan, funded a project to improve the user interface of FAST, permitting daily use by pilot schedulers and integration with automated flight scheduling software. This improved, user-responsive interface, known as
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into its daily scheduling operations. This integration required the full-time attention of two pilot schedulers, but yielded valuable risk mitigation data that could be used by planners and leaders to predict and adjust critical times of fatigue in the flight schedule. In August 2007, the Air
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Using wrist-worn sleep monitors to track sleep accurately. Traditionally, sleep is tracked through personal estimation which is inaccurate. With this technology, regulators could implement operating restrictions or cautions for pilots with less than eight hours of sleep in the previous 24
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Flight 1002 in October 2008, a thirty-six-minute leg from Honolulu to Hilo, fell asleep and overshot their destination by 30 nautical miles. Subsequently, they woke up and landed the airplane safely. The day the incident occurred was the third consecutive day pilots started duty at 5:40
281:, was conceived and managed by Captain Lynn Lee and developed by Macrosystems. The project cited empirical data collected in combat and non-combat aviation operations, and challenged the U.S. government's established policies regarding fatigue as a factor in degrading human performance.
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Since the 1930s, airlines have been aware of the impact of fatigue on pilot's cognitive abilities and decision making. Nowadays prevalence of fatigue draws greater attention because of boom in air travel and because the problem can be addressed with new solutions and countermeasures.
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It has been estimated that 4-7% of civil aviation incidents and accidents can be attributed to fatigued pilots. "In the last 16 years, fatigue has been associated with 250 fatalities in air carrier accidents." Robert Sumwalt, NTSB vice chairman, said at an FAA symposium in July 2016.
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as "A physiological state of reduced mental or physical performance capability resulting from sleep loss or extended wakefulness, circadian phase, or workload." The phenomenon places great risk on the crew and passengers of an airplane because it significantly increases the chance of
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Blinking lights on aircraft avionics are extremely effective at capturing a pilot's attention, however, they contribute to fatigue. The maximum benefit is achieved by initially using blinking lights to capture the pilot's attention, but then displaying the message on a steadily lit
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Although pilots are often given layovers with ample time to rest, the environment itself may not be favorable to achieve full recovery. The temperature may be too warm, the place noisy or the time zone change may not facilitate biological sleep. As a result, the use of
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account circadian rhythm disruptions, time of day, or accumulated sleep debt. One study found that the findings show "a need to raise the level of knowledge within the industry regarding the causes and consequences of fatigue and of processes for its management".
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self-assessment include that they are quick and easy to administer, can be added to routine checklists and being more descriptive allow pilot to make a better decision. Disadvantages include that it is easy for the pilot to cheat and are often hard to disprove.
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is another effective in-flight strategy. Based on the time zone pilots take-off from, they can determine which times during the flight they will feel inadvertently drowsy. Humans usually feel drowsier mid-morning and then
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crashed in the US in 2009, killing 50 people (all 49 on board and one person on the ground). The NTSB concluded that the flight crew were experiencing fatigue, but was unable to determine how much it degraded their
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On January 25, 2024, Batik Air Flight 6723 veered off course for 210 nautical miles during a 28-minute period when both the pilot and copilot were asleep. Both of them woke up later and landed the plane without
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without causing insomnia or any detrimental effects on next-day alertness. As pilots know, they must not have any amount of a drug present in their systems at the time they begin duty. However, sleep expert
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crash in an official report, published on 1 March 2013. The plane with 93 passengers and 11 crew members on board crashed during a go-around at Tripoli airport, killing everyone but one person on board.
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Dijkman M, Sachs N, Levine E, Mallis M, Carlin MM, Gillen KA (1997). "Effects of reduced stimulation on neurobehavioral alertness depend on circadian phase during human sleep deprivation".
48:, circadian rhythm effects, and 'time-on task' fatigue. Regulators attempt to mitigate fatigue by limiting the number of hours pilots are allowed to fly over varying periods of time.
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Rosekind MR, Graeber RC, Dinges DF, Connell LJ, Rountree MS, Spinweber CL (1994). "Effects of planned cockpit rest on crew performance and alertness in long-haul operations".
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that crashed short of the runway at NAS Guantanamo Bay, Cuba on August 18, 1993. This is the first accident in history for which pilot fatigue was cited as the primary cause.
1496:"Loss of Control on Approach, Colgan Air, Inc., Operating as Continental Connection Flight 3407, Bombardier DHC-8-400, N200WQ, Clarence Center, New York, February 12, 2009"
1108:
Cajochen C, Zeitzer JM, Czeisler CA, Dijk DJ (2000). "Dose response relationship for light intensity and ocular and electroencephalographic correlates of human alertness".
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correlated to the circadian rhythm and length of time awake. Performance is affected the most when there is a combination of extended wakefulness and circadian influences.
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still has not adopted the cockpit napping strategy, however it is being utilized by Airlines such as British Airways, Air Canada, Emirates, Air New Zealand, Qantas.
1058:
Caldwell, John A.; Mallis, Melissa M.; Caldwell, J. Lynn; Paul, Michel A.; Miller, James C.; Neri, David F. (January 2009). "Fatigue Countermeasures in Aviation".
1461:"Collision with Trees and Crash Short of the Runway, Corporate Airlines Flight 5966, BAE Systems BAE-J3201, N875JX, Kirksville, Missouri, October 19, 2004"
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One United States Air Forces study found significant discrepancies regarding how fatigue affects different individuals. It tracked the performance of ten
1302:
Missoni, Eduard; Missoni, Ivan (February 2009). "Civil Aviation Rules on Crew Flight Time, Flight Duty, And Rest: Comparison of 10 ICAO Member States".
1637:"Crash During a Nighttime Nonprecision Instrument Approach to Landing, UPS Flight 1354, Airbus A300-600, N155UP, Birmingham, Alabama, August 14, 2013"
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Descent Below Visual Glidepath and Impact With Seawall, Asiana Airlines Flight 214, Boeing 777-200ER, HL7742, San Francisco, California, July 6, 2013
1288:
975:
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Williamson, Ann; Friswell, Rena (May 2011). "Investigating the relative effects of sleep deprivation and time of day on fatigue and performance".
1344:(2008-01-01). "Flight Crew Fatigue Management in a More Flexible Regulatory Environment: An Overview of the New Zealand Aviation Industry".
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Flight operations often take place at night, which can disrupt the circadian rhythms responsible for monitoring sleep and wake cycles.
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is a good measure with a scale of 1 to 7, with 1 meaning "fully alert" and 7 meaning "completely exhausted and unable to function."
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1246:"How maximum Flight Duty Periods and maximum Flight Times will affect Airlines – FAR 121 subpart Q versus FAR 117 – un-augmented"
442:, killing all 90 occupants on board. It is widely believed that fatigue among the crew was a contributing factor in the accident.
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conducting a non-precision approach in IMC and that "...their fatigue likely contributed to their degraded performance."
390:. Severe crew fatigue was found to have contributed to the accident, which killed all 200 people aboard the aircraft.
273:
1264:
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Reis, Cátia; Mestre, Catarina; Canhão, Helena (August 2013). "Prevalence of Fatigue in a group of Airline Pilots".
816:"Investigating systematic individual differences in sleep-deprived performance on a high-fidelity flight simulator"
457:, killing 158 occupants on board. The captain had fallen asleep during the flight, but woke up before the landing.
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captain's fatigue "...degraded his performance and contributed to his failure to properly execute the approach."
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767:"Performance and Psychological Measures of Fatigue Effects on Aviation Related Tasks of Varying Difficulty"
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Asiana Airline's insufficient training, and "flight crew fatigue, which likely degraded their performance".
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40:. Fatigue is particularly prevalent among pilots because of "unpredictable work hours, long duty periods,
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294:(HUDs) reduce the necessity of the pilot having to focus on the far runway and near instruments. The
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to rate fatigue before a flight can aid the decision of whether a pilot feels he is fit to fly. The
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Pilots often have to rely on self-assessment in order to decide if they are fit to fly. The
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level is the same as room lighting and, therefore, would not affect a pilot's night vision.
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105:
8:
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of crew members sufficient for a well rested operating crew to operate the flight safely.
1549:"Loss of control and poor CRM cited in fatal Ethiopian Boeing 737 accident near Lebanon"
1152:"Why We Sleep Pt II: Walker on the Dark Side of Sleeping Pills - Plus a CBT That Works?"
853:
851:
649:
Caldwell, John A. (2012). "Crew Schedules, Sleep Deprivation and Aviation Performance".
44:, and insufficient sleep". These factors can occur together to produce a combination of
1525:"Ethiopian Airlines Remains Convinced That Flight 409 Exploded | Aviation Week Network"
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1133:
789:
727:
Goode, Jeffrey H. (March 27, 2003). "Are pilots at risk of accidents due to fatigue?".
666:
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Caldwell, John; Mallis, Melissa (January 2009). "Fatigue Countermeasures in Aviation".
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has questioned the use of such hypnotic sleep drugs as they may not induce real sleep.
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the most stressful. The physiological measures found that microsleeps recorded by the
1426:. Aircraft Accident Report NTSB/AAR-00/01. National Transportation Safety Board. 2000
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Aviation, Government of Canada; Transport Canada; Safety and Security Group, Civil.
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fatigue was found to be a contributing factor. Eleven people were killed when the
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of incidents related to insufficient rest or fatigue at Aviation Safety Network
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1421:"Controlled Flight Into Terrain, Korean Air Flight 801, Boeing 747-300, HL7468"
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Samel,Wegmann, Vejvoda (July 1997). "Aircrew Fatigue in long haul operations".
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1169:"Fatigue Avoidance Scheduling Tool (FAST) Phase II SBIR Final Report, Part 1".
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1574:"Final Report of AFRIQIYAH Airways Aircraft Airbus A330-202, 5A-ONG Crash"
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1642:. National Transportation Safety Board. September 9, 2014. NTSB/AAR-14/02
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Wilson, Glen F.; Caldwell, John A.; Russel, Christopher A. (April 2007).
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process is no longer needed, optimal in diminishing the onset of fatigue.
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209:. Studies have shown that simply increasing lighting level to 100-200
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probes monitoring physiological activity during a pilot fatigue study.
272:(ANG), successfully integrated the Fatigue Avoidance Scheduling Tool
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is paramount in reducing fatigue since it inhibits the production of
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In early 2007, the 201 Airlift Squadron of the District of Columbia
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Van Dongen, Hans P.A; Caldwell, John A.; Caldwell, J. Lynn (2006).
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Pilot fatigue was identified as a probable contributor to the 2010
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often measured in different ways and vary significantly in limit.
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32:
1579:. Libyan Civil Aviation Authority. February 2013. Archived from
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Caldwell, John A. (September 12, 2004). "Fatigue in Aviation".
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1662:"Batik Air Grounds Pilots Following Alleged In-Flight Napping"
1265:"Table of Contents - Canadian Aviation Regulations - Part VII"
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Caldwell, John. A (July 21, 2004). "Fatigue in aviation".
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fatigued pilots who had not taken any walking breaks.
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531:International Standards and Recommended Practices
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774:The International Journal of Aviation Psychology
333:Accidents and incidents related to pilot fatigue
16:Reduced pilot performance from inadequate energy
898:"Prevalence of Fatigue Among Commercial Pilots"
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1224:"How Can Avionics Help Reduce Pilot Fatigue?"
1287:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
974:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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1304:Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine
1060:Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine
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860:Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine
651:Current Directions in Psychological Science
553:Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine
256:Implementation of fatigue prediction models
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125:increased progressively with flight duty.
51:
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401:crashed in Little Rock, Arkansas in 1999.
350:American International Airways Flight 808
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29:International Civil Aviation Organization
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800:from the original on September 25, 2017.
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585:
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100:
18:
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213:improves alertness in the cockpit. 100
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1447:Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease
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942:Pergamon: Accident Analysis Prevention
588:Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease
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1023:. European Cockpit Association AISBL.
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1615:National Transportation Safety Board
1503:National Transportation Safety Board
1468:National Transportation Safety Board
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1036:Crew Factors in Flight Operations IX
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680:
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1233:. Aircraft Electronics Association.
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13:
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1505:. February 2, 2010. NTSB/AAR-10/01
1482:"NTSB confirms pilots fell asleep"
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154:
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94:needing increasing consideration.
14:
1720:
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639:
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143:unable to function effectively”.
65:Studies on the effects of fatigue
691:Accident Analysis and Prevention
1617:. June 24, 2014. NTSB/AAR-14/01
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451:Mangalore International Airport
344:crash in Little Rock, Arkansas
71:Federal Aviation Administration
1005:. ICAO/IATA/IFALPA. p. 8.
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405:Corporate Airlines Flight 5966
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1:
1154:. 18 May 2020. Archived from
1122:10.1016/s0166-4328(00)00236-9
954:10.1016/S0001-4575(97)00023-7
741:10.1016/s0022-4375(03)00033-1
510:
428:Ethiopian Airlines Flight 409
395:American Airlines Flight 1420
342:American Airlines Flight 1420
262:Sleep and fatigue monitoring:
195:In-flight rostering or relief
88:
1244:Foltz, Joshua (2013-05-22).
1018:"Barometer on pilot fatigue"
495:Effects of fatigue on safety
462:Afriqiyah Airways Flight 771
447:Air India Express Flight 812
7:
1346:Chronobiology International
896:Jackson; Earl (June 2006).
600:10.1016/j.tmaid.2004.07.008
488:
434:shortly after takeoff from
10:
1725:
1250:Understanding FAR Part 117
1201:http://www.SeeAndAvoid.org
729:Journal of Safety Research
469:Asiana Airlines Flight 214
360:Korean Airlines Flight 801
1358:10.1080/07420520802118202
994:Millar, Michelle (2012).
820:Behavior Research Methods
786:10.1080/10508410701328839
703:10.1016/j.aap.2010.10.013
480:were a result of fatigue.
378:, stalled and crashed in
362:- August 6, 1997 - was a
663:10.1177/0963721411435842
477:UPS Airlines Flight 1354
1400:Aviation Safety Network
524:"Operation of Aircraft"
399:McDonnell Douglas MD-82
203:Proper cockpit lighting
52:Effect on flight safety
1396:"Accident description"
1316:10.3357/ASEM.1960.2009
1182:Cite journal requires
1072:10.3357/ASEM.2435.2009
872:10.3357/ASEM.3548.2013
565:10.3357/asem.2435.2009
449:crashed on landing at
420:Colgan Air Flight 3407
354:McDonnell Douglas DC-8
345:
307:Further considerations
250:Samn-Perelli checklist
230:over-the-counter drugs
222:Alternative strategies
109:
24:
915:10.1093/occmed/kql021
902:Occupational Medicine
426:On January 25, 2010,
340:
104:
22:
1016:Titelbach, Andreas.
533:. February 25, 2013.
372:Aeroflot Flight 5143
244:Implementation of a
164:In-flight strategies
106:Electroencephalogram
42:circadian disruption
1586:on October 10, 2013
1342:Gander, Philippa H.
1340:; Ratieta, Denise;
996:"Measuring Fatigue"
85:among individuals.
1206:2006-10-20 at the
833:10.3758/bf03192785
382:(then part of the
346:
270:Air National Guard
246:personal checklist
232:may be effective.
110:
25:
1484:. August 4, 2009.
1222:Novacheck, Paul.
475:August 14, 2013,
445:On May 22, 2010,
432:Mediterranean Sea
430:crashed into the
411:Pilots operating
46:sleep deprivation
1716:
1688:Database listing
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180:Activity breaks
170:Cockpit napping
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155:Countermeasures
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134:Self-assessment
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31:(ICAO) defines
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1669:. Retrieved
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1644:. Retrieved
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1619:. Retrieved
1606:
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1588:. Retrieved
1581:the original
1568:
1557:. Retrieved
1555:. 2012-01-17
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1403:. Retrieved
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1272:. Retrieved
1269:www.tc.gc.ca
1268:
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1196:
1175:cite journal
1164:
1156:the original
1146:
1116:(1): 75–83.
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1066:(1): 29–59.
1063:
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657:(2): 85–89.
654:
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629:. Retrieved
625:
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594:(2): 85–96.
591:
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559:(1): 29–59.
556:
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423:performance.
413:Go! Airlines
384:Soviet Union
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500:Pilot error
388:pilot error
316:Regulations
302:background.
127:Microsleeps
38:pilot error
1698:Categories
1671:2024-04-01
1646:January 6,
1621:January 6,
1559:2022-06-10
1534:2022-06-10
1509:January 6,
1274:2015-10-27
511:References
380:Uzbekistan
364:Boeing 747
89:Prevalence
1430:April 13,
1366:0742-0528
1095:Sleep Res
671:146585084
484:incident.
386:) due to
370:In 1985,
207:melatonin
1590:June 19,
1553:ASN News
1405:June 19,
1382:36832812
1374:18484369
1324:19198200
1283:cite web
1204:Archived
1130:10996410
1080:19180856
1003:ICAO.int
924:16733255
880:23926658
842:16956110
798:Archived
749:12963077
711:21376856
608:17292011
573:19180856
489:See also
279:Flyawake
234:Zolpidem
1470:. 2006.
1231:Aea.net
1138:4838086
962:9248502
794:6517393
440:Lebanon
33:fatigue
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631:May 2,
606:
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436:Beirut
352:was a
265:hours.
140:IMSAFE
1640:(PDF)
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1378:S2CID
1227:(PDF)
1134:S2CID
1021:(PDF)
999:(PDF)
790:S2CID
770:(PDF)
667:S2CID
527:(PDF)
455:India
82:F-117
1648:2021
1623:2021
1592:2018
1511:2021
1432:2019
1407:2018
1370:PMID
1362:ISSN
1320:PMID
1289:link
1188:help
1126:PMID
1076:PMID
976:link
958:PMID
920:PMID
876:PMID
838:PMID
745:PMID
707:PMID
633:2016
604:PMID
569:PMID
374:, a
274:FAST
123:EEGs
27:The
1354:doi
1312:doi
1118:doi
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950:doi
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393:On
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