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239:... this small fungus had proved this season to be an expensive annoyance to florists engaged in winter forcing flowers. Rose-growers especially had found it to interfere seriously with their profits. The injury was caused by the projection of the sporangia which covered the flowers and leaves of the roses as if profusely dusted with black pepper. The flowers were almost unsaleable as the first impression was that the black dots were aphids.
264:. In stage III, after the development of the sporangium, there is a temporary cessation of growth. In stage IV, a subsporangial vesicle expands beneath the sporangium. This is followed by stage V, where the spore matures, and the region of hypha directly below the subsporangial vesicle continues elongating. Finally, in stage VI, the subsporangial vesicle bursts and throws the sporangium into the air.
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to vegetation, so as to be eaten by grazing animals. It then passes through the animals' digestive systems and grows in their feces. Although these fungi only grow to be 2–4 cm (0.8–1.6 in) tall, they can shoot their
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can accelerate 0–45 mph in the first millimeter of its flight, which corresponds to an acceleration of an 20000 g. Using a mucus-like substance found in the
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may be divided into six stages: In stage I, the sporangiophore initially elongates at the apex, but does not rotate. In stage II, the sporangiophore develops a
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Ootaki T, Ishikawa N, Konno K, Todoriki M, Miyazaki A, Minhara H (1993). "Analysis of growth and rotational behaviour of sporangiophores in
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Pauline, N'Douba Amako; Claude, Kouassi
Kouadio; Clovis, Koffi N'Dono Boni; Allal, Douira; Koutoua, Ayolié (2022).
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is covered with crystals of two distinct sizes. The larger crystals enclose spines having a central pore.
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The ability of this fungus to cause problems for florists was noted in the scientific literature in 1881:
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256:. According to McVickar (1942), and later amended by Ootaki et al. (1993), the development of
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459:"Coprophilous fungi of Daloa city: New species for the fungal flora of Côte d'Ivoire"
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McVickar DL. (1942). "The light-controlled diurnal rhythm of asexual reproduction in
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can adhere itself onto whatever it lands, thus completing its life cycle.
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This fungus normally grows beneath the surface – a sensitivity to
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Proceedings of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
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Bourret JA. (1985). "Influence of oxygen on tip growth of
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424:Bland CE, Charles TM (1972). "Fine structure of
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192:order. It is unique in that it adheres its
188:", is a species of fungus belonging to the
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287:has been reported to grow on the dung of
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272:has shown that the surface of the
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428:: surface and wall structure".
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252:inhibits radial growth at the
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399:American Journal of Botany
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180:, commonly known as the "
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49:Scientific classification
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728:Fungi described in 1780
542:pilobolus-crystallinus
513:Pilobolus crystallinus
364:Pilobolus crystallinus
333:Pilobolus crystallinus
310:Pilobolus crystallinus
285:Pilobolus crystallinus
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177:Pilobolus crystallinus
158:Pilobolus crystallinus
41:Pilobolus crystallinus
25:Pilobolus crystallinus
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230:Hydrogera crystallina
258:P. crystallinus
140:P. crystallinus
308:Meehan T. (1881). "
228:of this species is
217:of the fungus, the
201:, containing their
380:10.1007/bf00201353
715:
714:
700:Open Tree of Life
505:Taxon identifiers
366:(Wiggers) Tode".
232:F.H. Wigg. 1780.
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16:Species of fungus
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116:Pilobolaceae
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638:NatureServe
625:iNaturalist
244:Description
186:hat thrower
182:dung cannon
733:Zygomycota
722:Categories
494:BBC Nature
405:: 372–80.
374:: 132–38.
295:References
274:sporangium
262:sporangium
219:sporangium
211:sporangium
199:sporangium
82:Division:
43:sporangia
643:2.1152485
431:Mycologia
426:Pilobolus
395:Pilobolus
337:Mycologia
335:hyphae".
320:: 463–64.
190:Mucorales
166:F.H.Wigg.
134:Species:
127:Pilobolus
106:Mucorales
72:Kingdom:
66:Eukaryota
599:Fungorum
549:BioLib:
528:Q3456426
522:Wikidata
266:Scanning
226:basionym
112:Family:
62:Domain:
617:2558983
215:vesicle
207:vesicle
122:Genus:
102:Order:
92:Class:
705:454719
676:NZOR:
669:369761
630:383679
604:217752
591:PILBCR
565:566658
552:251348
537:ARKive
368:Planta
289:cattle
254:hyphae
250:oxygen
209:, the
203:spores
194:spores
184:" or "
692:21480
578:4HTV4
76:Fungi
664:NCBI
612:GBIF
586:EPPO
560:BOLD
268:and
224:The
651:NBN
573:CoL
471:doi
440:doi
407:doi
397:".
376:doi
372:189
345:doi
312:".
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164:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
_Tode_1013949.jpg)
