848:
899:
31:
832:
863:
88:
875:
887:
226:
63:
422:
652:
1540:
446:), having a straight trunk with little taper, a scruffy habit, and a narrow, pointed crown of short, compact, drooping branches with upturned tips. Through much of its range it averages 5–15 m (15–50 ft) tall with a trunk 15–50 cm (6–20 in) diameter at maturity, though occasional specimens can reach 30 m (98 ft) tall and 60 cm (24 in) diameter. The
716:) by virtue of its ability to grow in partially shaded conditions which inhibit pine seedlings. But black spruce seedlings are themselves intolerant to the low light and low moisture conditions under mature spruce stands. Balsam fir and northern white cedar, both more understory-tolerant species with deeper taproots, survive and eventually succeed the spruce in the absence of fire.
659:
Most stands are even-aged due to frequent fire intervals in black spruce forests. It commonly grows in pure stands on organic soils and in mixed stands on mineral soils. It is tolerant of nutrient-poor soils, and is commonly found on poorly drained acidic
704:(tamarack). Black spruce frequently out-competes shade-intolerant tamarack in the course of bog succession. However, as the peat soil is gradually elevated by the accumulation of organic matter, and the fertility of the site improves, balsam fir and
552:
in having a dense cover of small hairs on the bark of young branch tips, an often darker reddish-brown bark, shorter needles, smaller and rounder cones, and a preference for wetter lowland areas. Numerous differences in details of its needle and
668:
over most of its range; however, some ecologists question whether black spruce forests truly attain climax because fires usually occur at 50 to 150 year intervals, while "stable" conditions may not be attained for several hundred years.
727:
larva, causes defoliation, which kills trees if it occurs several years in a row, though black spruce is less susceptible than white spruce or balsam fir. Trees most at risk are those growing with balsam fir and white spruce.
695:(quaking aspen) are successional hardwoods that frequently invade burns in black spruce. Black spruce typically seeds in promptly after fire, and with the continued absence of fire, eventually dominates the hardwoods.
1246:
Kokelj, S.V.; Burn, C.R. (2003). "'Drunken forest' and near-surface ground ice in
Mackenzie Delta, Northwest Territories, Canada". In Marcia Phillips; Sarah Springman; Lukas Arenson (eds.).
898:
526: in) broad, spindle-shaped to nearly round, dark purple ripening red-brown, produced in dense clusters in the upper crown, opening at maturity but persisting for several years.
379:. It is the official tree of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador and is that province's most numerous tree. The range of the black spruce extends into northern parts of the
847:
1384:
2198:
613:
it shows progressively slower growth rates from the edges toward the centre. The roots are shallow and wide spreading, resulting in susceptibility to
2168:
1877:
1224:
2203:
2073:
1741:
763:
640:
and swamps, also on transitional sites between peatlands and uplands. In these areas it is rare on uplands, except in isolated areas of northern
712:) eventually replace black spruce and tamarack. On drier sites following fires, black spruce can take over stands of faster growing jack pine (
632:
In the southern portion of its range it is found primarily on wet organic soils, but farther north its abundance on uplands increases. In the
1816:
2163:
805:
by companies such as Nordic
Structures, which allows the high strength due to the tight growth rings to be assembled into larger timbers.
563:(balsam fir), it differs in having pendulous cones, persistent woody leaf-bases, and four-angled needles, arranged all round the shoots.
978:
1898:
1466:
Powers, R.F.; Adams, M.B.; Joslin, J.D.; Fisk, J.N. (2005). "Non-Boreal
Coniferous Forests of North America". In Andersson, F. (ed.).
2034:
1689:
2086:
2047:
1754:
1702:
1475:
2091:
1759:
1176:"Identification of selected internal wood characteristics in computed tomography images of black spruce: A comparison study"
1395:
831:
2188:
1653:
1158:
621:
asymmetric black spruce are often seen with diminished foliage on the windward side. Tilted trees colloquially called "
1247:
2193:
2183:
1525:
1335:
1052:
1023:
780:
2060:
1821:
1728:
1544:
1260:
698:
Black spruce is a pioneer that invades the sphagnum mat in filled-lake bogs, though often preceded slightly by
2104:
1916:
2173:
1803:
1681:
1095:
2008:
1232:
1113:
745:
645:
2099:
1911:
1707:
983:
392:
2052:
1831:
1109:
862:
784:
557:
morphology also exist but require careful microscopic examination to detect. From true firs, such as
1668:
1441:
1795:
947:
87:
30:
1595:
1420:
1959:
1903:
874:
790:
The timber is of low value due to the small size of the trees, but it is an important source of
2078:
1746:
1676:
1557:
802:
579:
1939:
854:
749:
407:
376:
198:
43:
1857:
1772:
1627:
1292:
1187:
8:
1127:
691:
52:
1890:
1296:
1191:
969:
2135:
1967:
1308:
1205:
993:
705:
633:
586:
388:
233:
82:
2021:
1867:
1852:
1614:
1521:
1471:
1331:
1256:
1209:
1154:
1108:. Vol. 2. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org,
1048:
1019:
685:
1103:
924:
886:
2140:
2026:
1972:
1619:
1364:
1300:
1195:
942:
677:
530:
2013:
2127:
1999:
1839:
1782:
1491:
1949:
1808:
2178:
1885:
1072:
987:
720:
700:
665:
571:
559:
474: in) long, stiff, four-sided, dark bluish green on the upper sides, paler
112:
1200:
1175:
582:
to assess the internal condition of the tree and avoid useless log breakdown.
574:
moisture content, it is easy to distinguish these two wood characteristics in
2157:
1767:
1658:
1580:
933:
757:
680:
622:
447:
380:
357:
215:
72:
67:
2117:
1929:
768:
673:
541:
535:
479:
1844:
1790:
1715:
1589:
817:
618:
1606:
1136:
County-level distribution map from the North
American Plant Atlas (NAPA)
2039:
1694:
1518:
The
Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Eastern Region
1465:
1369:
1352:
1312:
813:
809:
626:
575:
436:
225:
125:
651:
421:
1720:
1640:
737:
661:
641:
614:
567:
433:
1551:
1304:
2112:
1993:
1924:
1574:
791:
475:
368:
165:
2065:
1733:
1645:
360:
155:
145:
135:
1632:
1539:
795:
610:
554:
384:
372:
364:
175:
39:
904:
Black Spruce on a rainy autumn day in Abbot, ME, United States
740:
have been selected for use in parks and gardens. The cultivar
838:
443:
400:
396:
99:
676:, perpetuates numerous successional communities. Throughout
916:
724:
637:
451:
439:
798:. Fast-food chopsticks are often made from black spruce.
755:
Picea mariana is known to hybridize with
Serbian spruce,
1330:. Cambridge Massachusetts: Academic Press. p. 542.
1174:
Wei, Q.; Chui, Y. H.; Leblon, B.; Zhang, S. Y. (2009).
1102:. In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.).
482:
are the smallest of all of the spruces, 1.5–4 cm (
1283:
Conway, V.M (1949). "The bogs of central
Minnesota".
1470:(1st ed.). Amsterdam .: Elsevier. p. 271.
1447:. Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 78
1223:
Hogan, C. Michael (2008). Stromberg, Nicklas (ed.).
1173:
801:However, it is increasingly being used for making
1459:
1016:Pinaceae. Drawings and Descriptions of the Genera
2155:
1325:
1249:Proceedings of the 8th Int'l Conf. on Permafrost
1245:
2199:Provincial symbols of Newfoundland and Labrador
1138:. Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014.
992:Note that this website has been superseded by
609:Growth varies with site quality. In swamp and
1377:
948:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42328A2972877.en
672:The frequent fire return interval, a natural
1105:Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA)
1038:
1036:
744:'Nana' is a dwarf form which has gained the
1484:
1167:
979:World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
922:
533:occurs regularly with the closely related
224:
61:
29:
1368:
1350:
1199:
1042:
1033:
946:
2169:Least concern flora of the United States
1148:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
655:Black spruce taiga, Copper River, Alaska
650:
420:
1326:Kozlowski, T.T.; Ahlgren, C.E. (1974).
450:is thin, scaly, and greyish brown. The
2204:Trees of continental subarctic climate
2156:
1515:
1282:
1239:
1093:
1013:
375:, found in all 10 provinces and all 3
1556:
1555:
1222:
1070:
998:
774:
617:. In the northern part of its range,
16:North American species of spruce tree
1832:8083beb6-681a-46e2-9c51-b168dffeb997
1392:Saskatchewan Ministry of Environment
1153:. United Kingdom: Mitchell Beazley.
1142:
1066:
1064:
566:Due to the large difference between
2164:IUCN Red List least concern species
1413:
1071:Earle, Christopher J., ed. (2018).
934:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
578:images, which are widely used as a
539:(red spruce), and very rarely with
13:
1087:
218:) Britton, Sterns & Poggenburg
14:
2215:
1061:
625:" are associated with thawing of
432:is a slow-growing, small upright
2105:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:261574-1
1917:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:195883-2
1538:
1520:. New York: Knopf. p. 284.
897:
885:
873:
861:
846:
830:
812:, it has also been used to make
794:and the primary source of it in
506: in) long and 1–2 cm (
86:
1509:
1434:
1344:
1319:
1276:
1216:
454:are needle-like, 6–15 mm (
395:. It is a frequent part of the
1120:
962:
731:
416:
1:
1492:"BLACK SPRUCE'S UNIQUE FIBER"
1423:. Royal Horticultural Society
1225:"Black Spruce: Picea mariana"
909:
636:it is most abundant in peat
413:means "of the Virgin Mary".
7:
1255:. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema.
1149:Harrison, Lorraine (2012).
1114:Harvard University Herbaria
1018:. Koeltz Scientific Books.
853:Lit by the midnight sun in
746:Royal Horticultural Society
646:Upper Peninsula of Michigan
38:Stand of black spruce near
10:
2220:
1516:Little, Elbert L. (1980).
1421:"Picea mariana 'Nana' AGM"
1094:Taylor, Ronald J. (1993).
984:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
823:
604:
371:. It is widespread across
2189:Trees of Northern America
1983:
1564:
1442:"AGM Plants - Ornamental"
1201:10.1007/s10086-008-1013-1
1110:Missouri Botanical Garden
785:Newfoundland and Labrador
337:1789 not J.F. Arnold 1785
239:
232:
223:
204:
197:
83:Scientific classification
81:
59:
50:
37:
28:
23:
2194:Plants described in 1768
2184:Taiga and boreal forests
1385:"Forest Pest Fact Sheet"
1351:Bloomberg, W.J. (1950).
580:nondestructive technique
1180:Journal of Wood Science
1151:RHS Latin for Gardeners
1081:The Gymnosperm Database
425:Needles and young cones
1112:, St. Louis, MO &
1043:Rushforth, K. (1987).
803:cross laminated timber
656:
426:
1549:at Wikimedia Commons
1496:Chantiers Chibougamou
1285:Ecological Monographs
855:Ivvavik National Park
750:Award of Garden Merit
664:. It is considered a
654:
424:
44:Northwest Territories
2174:Least concern plants
941:: e.T42328A2972877.
779:Black spruce is the
706:northern white cedar
1328:Fire and Ecosystems
1297:1949EcoM...19..173C
1192:2009JWSci..55..175W
1014:Farjon, A. (1990).
923:Farjon, A. (2013).
771:are known as well.
767:, and hybrids with
692:Populus tremuloides
53:Conservation status
1468:Coniferous Forests
1370:10.5558/tfc26157-2
1357:Forestry Chronicle
1229:GlobalTwitcher.com
994:World Flora Online
880:Mature, open cones
775:Uses and symbolism
710:Thuja occidentalis
689:(paper birch) and
657:
634:Great Lakes region
427:
403:or boreal forest.
389:Great Lakes region
2151:
2150:
1853:Open Tree of Life
1558:Taxon identifiers
1543:Media related to
1477:978-0-444-81627-6
1353:"Fire and spruce"
686:Betula papyrifera
589:synonyms include
478:green below. The
345:
344:
338:
335:
327:
323:Pinus marylandica
319:
311:
307:Pinus denticulata
303:
295:
287:
279:
271:
270:(Castigl.) Du Roi
263:
255:
251:Abies denticulata
245:
76:
2211:
2144:
2143:
2131:
2130:
2121:
2120:
2108:
2107:
2095:
2094:
2082:
2081:
2069:
2068:
2056:
2055:
2043:
2042:
2030:
2029:
2017:
2016:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1976:
1975:
1963:
1962:
1953:
1952:
1943:
1942:
1933:
1932:
1920:
1919:
1907:
1906:
1894:
1893:
1881:
1880:
1871:
1870:
1865:Panartic Flora:
1861:
1860:
1848:
1847:
1835:
1834:
1825:
1824:
1812:
1811:
1809:NBNSYS0500000178
1799:
1798:
1786:
1785:
1776:
1775:
1763:
1762:
1750:
1749:
1737:
1736:
1724:
1723:
1711:
1710:
1698:
1697:
1685:
1684:
1672:
1671:
1662:
1661:
1649:
1648:
1636:
1635:
1623:
1622:
1610:
1609:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1585:
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1583:
1553:
1552:
1542:
1532:
1531:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1446:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1400:
1394:. Archived from
1389:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1254:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1231:. Archived from
1220:
1214:
1213:
1203:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1116:, Cambridge, MA.
1091:
1085:
1084:
1068:
1059:
1058:
1040:
1031:
1029:
1011:
996:
991:
966:
960:
959:
957:
955:
950:
920:
901:
889:
877:
865:
850:
834:
761:. The hybrid is
548:It differs from
545:(white spruce).
525:
524:
520:
515:
514:
510:
505:
504:
500:
497:
491:
490:
486:
473:
472:
468:
463:
462:
458:
408:specific epithet
391:, and the upper
336:
333:
325:
317:
309:
301:
293:
285:
283:Picea brevifolia
277:
269:
261:
253:
243:
228:
210:
91:
90:
70:
65:
64:
33:
21:
20:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2139:
2134:
2126:
2124:
2116:
2111:
2103:
2098:
2090:
2085:
2077:
2072:
2064:
2059:
2051:
2046:
2038:
2033:
2025:
2020:
2012:
2007:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1979:
1971:
1966:
1958:
1956:
1948:
1946:
1938:
1936:
1928:
1923:
1915:
1910:
1902:
1897:
1889:
1884:
1876:
1874:
1866:
1864:
1856:
1851:
1843:
1840:Observation.org
1838:
1830:
1828:
1820:
1815:
1807:
1802:
1794:
1789:
1781:
1780:MichiganFlora:
1779:
1771:
1766:
1758:
1753:
1745:
1740:
1732:
1727:
1719:
1714:
1706:
1701:
1693:
1688:
1680:
1675:
1667:
1665:
1657:
1652:
1644:
1639:
1631:
1626:
1618:
1613:
1605:
1603:
1594:
1593:
1588:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1560:
1536:
1535:
1528:
1514:
1510:
1500:
1498:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1478:
1464:
1460:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1426:
1424:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1324:
1320:
1305:10.2307/1948637
1281:
1277:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1252:
1244:
1240:
1221:
1217:
1172:
1168:
1161:
1147:
1143:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1092:
1088:
1069:
1062:
1055:
1041:
1034:
1026:
1012:
999:
968:
967:
963:
953:
951:
921:
917:
912:
905:
902:
893:
890:
881:
878:
869:
866:
857:
851:
842:
835:
826:
781:provincial tree
777:
734:
714:Pinus banksiana
607:
522:
518:
517:
512:
508:
507:
502:
498:
495:
493:
488:
484:
483:
470:
466:
465:
460:
456:
455:
419:
341:
291:Picea ericoides
247:
246:
219:
212:
206:
193:
190:P. mariana
85:
77:
66:
62:
55:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2217:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2141:wfo-0000511254
2132:
2122:
2109:
2096:
2083:
2070:
2057:
2044:
2031:
2018:
2005:
1989:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1973:wfo-0000482467
1964:
1954:
1944:
1934:
1921:
1908:
1895:
1882:
1872:
1862:
1849:
1836:
1826:
1813:
1800:
1787:
1777:
1764:
1751:
1738:
1725:
1712:
1699:
1686:
1673:
1663:
1650:
1637:
1624:
1611:
1601:
1586:
1570:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1534:
1533:
1526:
1508:
1483:
1476:
1458:
1433:
1412:
1376:
1343:
1336:
1318:
1291:(2): 173–206.
1275:
1261:
1238:
1235:on 2011-10-05.
1215:
1166:
1160:978-1845337315
1159:
1141:
1119:
1086:
1060:
1053:
1032:
1024:
997:
988:The Plant List
961:
914:
913:
911:
908:
907:
906:
903:
896:
894:
891:
884:
882:
879:
872:
870:
868:Immature cones
867:
860:
858:
852:
845:
843:
836:
829:
825:
822:
776:
773:
733:
730:
721:spruce budworm
701:Larix laricina
666:climax species
606:
603:
560:Abies balsamea
418:
415:
358:North American
343:
342:
340:
339:
328:
320:
318:(Mill.) Du Roi
312:
304:
296:
288:
280:
272:
264:
256:
242:
241:
240:
237:
236:
230:
229:
221:
220:
213:
202:
201:
195:
194:
187:
185:
181:
180:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
123:
116:
115:
110:
103:
102:
97:
93:
92:
79:
78:
60:
57:
56:
51:
48:
47:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2216:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2045:
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2032:
2028:
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2019:
2015:
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2001:
1995:
1991:
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1985:Abies mariana
1982:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1951:
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1918:
1913:
1909:
1905:
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1878:picea-mariana
1873:
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1597:
1596:Picea mariana
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1566:Picea mariana
1563:
1559:
1554:
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1548:
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1546:Picea mariana
1541:
1529:
1527:0-394-50760-6
1523:
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1401:on 2018-04-28
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1337:9780124242555
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1130:Picea mariana
1123:
1115:
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1107:
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1101:
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1098:Picea mariana
1090:
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1076:
1075:Picea mariana
1067:
1065:
1056:
1054:0-7470-2801-X
1050:
1046:
1039:
1037:
1027:
1025:3-87429-298-3
1021:
1017:
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1008:
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985:
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975:
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972:Picea mariana
965:
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928:
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919:
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766:
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764:Picea machala
760:
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758:Picea omorika
753:
751:
747:
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630:
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624:
623:drunken trees
620:
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602:
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595:P. brevifolia
592:
588:
583:
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569:
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531:hybridization
527:
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381:United States
378:
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355:
351:
350:
349:Picea mariana
332:
329:
324:
321:
316:
315:Pinus mariana
313:
310:(Michx) Muhl.
308:
305:
302:(Du Roi) Link
300:
297:
292:
289:
284:
281:
276:
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260:
259:Abies mariana
257:
252:
249:
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238:
235:
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227:
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217:
211:
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208:Picea mariana
203:
200:
199:Binomial name
196:
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113:Tracheophytes
111:
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84:
80:
74:
69:
68:Least Concern
58:
54:
49:
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
24:Black spruce
22:
19:
1984:
1565:
1545:
1537:
1517:
1511:
1499:. Retrieved
1495:
1486:
1467:
1461:
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1436:
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1415:
1403:. Retrieved
1396:the original
1391:
1379:
1360:
1356:
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1321:
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1266:. Retrieved
1248:
1241:
1233:the original
1228:
1218:
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1104:
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977:
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952:. Retrieved
938:
932:
926:
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807:
800:
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778:
769:Sitka spruce
762:
756:
754:
741:
735:
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684:
674:fire ecology
671:
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584:
565:
558:
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534:
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429:
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367:tree in the
354:black spruce
353:
348:
347:
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330:
322:
314:
306:
298:
290:
282:
274:
266:
258:
250:
207:
205:
189:
188:
176:
126:Gymnospermae
119:
106:
18:
1891:kew-2563398
1791:NatureServe
1716:iNaturalist
1590:Wikispecies
1405:11 November
954:13 November
808:Along with
732:Cultivation
417:Description
377:territories
369:pine family
331:Pinus nigra
299:Picea nigra
275:Peuce rubra
267:Abies nigra
2158:Categories
1957:WisFlora:
1886:Plant List
1501:31 October
1427:2020-04-17
1363:(2): 157.
1262:9058095827
1186:(3): 175.
910:References
814:spruce gum
810:red spruce
742:P. mariana
627:permafrost
619:ice pruned
591:A. mariana
576:ultrasound
442:(rarely a
437:coniferous
430:P. mariana
406:The Latin
132:Division:
2000:Q17358751
1682:233500911
1210:135727845
738:cultivars
736:Numerous
662:peatlands
642:Minnesota
615:windthrow
587:taxonomic
568:heartwood
550:P. glauca
542:P. glauca
536:P. rubens
434:evergreen
399:known as
393:Northeast
184:Species:
146:Pinopsida
136:Pinophyta
96:Kingdom:
46:, Canada
2125:VASCAN:
2118:24900527
2113:Tropicos
2079:11223509
2066:261574-1
1994:Wikidata
1947:VASCAN:
1930:24900169
1925:Tropicos
1796:2.160234
1747:10197201
1734:195883-2
1604:BioLib:
1575:Wikidata
1451:25 April
1047:. Helm.
1045:Conifers
792:pulpwood
644:and the
599:P. nigra
529:Natural
476:glaucous
244:Synonymy
234:Synonyms
166:Pinaceae
162:Family:
73:IUCN 3.1
2040:2685972
1940:4963880
1695:5284802
1633:1033617
1581:Q218425
1313:1948637
1293:Bibcode
1268:2 April
1188:Bibcode
841:habitat
824:Gallery
605:Ecology
572:sapwood
521:⁄
511:⁄
501:⁄
487:⁄
469:⁄
459:⁄
411:mariana
361:species
356:, is a
326:Antoine
172:Genus:
156:Pinales
152:Order:
142:Class:
100:Plantae
71: (
2092:183303
2014:230963
1937:uBio:
1899:PLANTS
1868:130203
1858:363879
1845:133457
1829:NZOR:
1760:183302
1669:picmar
1666:FEIS:
1659:150685
1524:
1474:
1334:
1311:
1259:
1208:
1157:
1051:
1022:
837:Boggy
796:Canada
678:boreal
611:muskeg
585:Older
555:pollen
452:leaves
387:, the
385:Alaska
373:Canada
365:spruce
352:, the
254:Michx.
40:Inuvik
2179:Picea
2128:22119
2074:IRMNG
2027:63Z6G
1875:PPE:
1773:42328
1742:IRMNG
1721:84296
1708:28305
1654:EUNIS
1646:PIEMA
1620:4HQ3K
1445:(PDF)
1399:(PDF)
1388:(PDF)
1309:JSTOR
1253:(PDF)
1206:S2CID
892:Seeds
839:taiga
597:, or
480:cones
444:shrub
401:taiga
397:biome
383:: in
334:Aiton
278:Rich.
262:Mill.
216:Mill.
177:Picea
120:Clade
107:Clade
2100:POWO
2087:ITIS
2061:IPNI
2048:GRIN
2035:GBIF
2009:APNI
1960:4495
1950:7174
1912:POWO
1904:PIMA
1822:3335
1817:NCBI
1783:1921
1768:IUCN
1755:ITIS
1729:IPNI
1703:GRIN
1690:GBIF
1641:EPPO
1607:2384
1522:ISBN
1503:2015
1472:ISBN
1453:2018
1407:2017
1332:ISBN
1270:2013
1257:ISBN
1155:ISBN
1049:ISBN
1020:ISBN
956:2021
939:2013
818:beer
816:and
725:moth
723:, a
719:The
638:bogs
570:and
448:bark
440:tree
294:Bean
286:Peck
2136:WFO
2053:681
2022:CoL
1968:WFO
1804:NBN
1677:FNA
1628:EoL
1615:CoL
1365:doi
1301:doi
1196:doi
943:doi
783:of
748:'s
363:of
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