71:
47:
1200:
78:
524:
climate of east Nepal. The landscape south of the border tends to be steep with less than 15 percent of the area having a sustained slope of less than 15° and is strongly dissected by stream channels. Many of the hill slopes are structurally unstable, and the region is seismically active. The August
508:
The Arun is the largest trans-Himalayan river passing through Nepal and also has the greatest snow and ice-covered area of any
Nepalese river basin. The Arun drains more than half of the area contributing to the Sapta Kosi river system but provides only about a quarter of the total discharge. This
548:
at elevations of over 1,000 metres (3,300 ft). The vegetation in the southern two-thirds of the area has been extensively modified for subsistence agriculture. Most of the half million people in the Arun basin live in this southern area between 300 metres (980 ft) and 1,000 metres
436:, which accommodates the lower Bum-chu valley. Another river that meets Bum-chu is Trakar-chu. The river flows past the town of Kharda, gateway to the Khangzhung east face of Everest. The force of its accumulated waters carves its way, south of Drengtrang, through the main chain of the
448:
into Nepal. Since the river's elevation is about 3,500 metres (11,500 ft) at the border, while Makalu and
Kangchenjunga are both about 8,500 metres (27,900 ft), the valley is some 5,000 metres (16,000 ft) deep, one of the world's deepest.
520:
The river leaves the Tibet region at a height of about 3,500 metres (11,500 ft) and crosses the main
Himalayan ranges. Leaving their rain shadow, the river's flow increases substantially in the
428:
occupies the upper reaches of the Bum-chu and the lateral valleys formed by its tributaries, the foremost of which are Lolo-chu, Shel-chu, Rongpu-chu, Trakar-chu,
529:, with an epicentre around 50 km south of the Arun basin, had a moment magnitude of 6.9 and resulted in more than 100 deaths in the basin alone.
220:
889:
766:
735:
704:
465:
because of the seven rivers which join in east-central Nepal to form this river. The main rivers forming the Koshi system are – the
416:
may refer to a religious ceremony attempting to divine prospects for the coming year from the level of water in a pot or well,
829:
792:
70:
1931:
760:
729:
698:
583:
1831:
1449:
533:
882:
1921:
662:
855:
861:
849:
532:
The northern third of the
Nepalese portion of the Arun basin supports a rich, though human-modified, forest of
641:
875:
349:
509:
apparent contradiction is caused by the location of more than 80 percent of the Arun's drainage area in the
1856:
1851:
1561:
1396:
1846:
1697:
496:
The Sun Kosi contributes 44 per cent of the total water in the Sapta Koshi, the Arun 37 per cent and the
17:
1926:
1442:
1152:
1694:
1505:
949:
345:
979:
470:
1587:
750:
719:
688:
526:
329:
8:
1435:
1338:
1061:
1755:
1401:
1318:
1106:
721:
Himalayan Snow and
Glaciers: Associated Environmental Problems, Progress, and Prospects
619:
1810:
1643:
1177:
1137:
1086:
756:
725:
694:
579:
433:
1841:
1790:
1674:
1485:
1343:
1182:
1071:
959:
817:
781:
611:
105:
424:
of Tibet. Around 17 kilometres (11 mi) downstream, the Men-chu joins it. The
1890:
1836:
1795:
1770:
1765:
1733:
1669:
1577:
1556:
1520:
1045:
1035:
1009:
994:
573:
432:, Ra-chu Tsangpo, and Langkor Gya-chu. The Yeru Tsanpo converges with Bum-chu in
321:
1886:
1877:
1800:
1530:
1461:
1359:
1333:
1272:
1237:
1147:
1111:
1101:
1066:
202:
1915:
1895:
1872:
1760:
1710:
1705:
1684:
1633:
1592:
1551:
1375:
1323:
1292:
1252:
1232:
1157:
1096:
1030:
666:
445:
425:
421:
235:
222:
1805:
1597:
1416:
1411:
1328:
1297:
1277:
1262:
1257:
1205:
1091:
1076:
1040:
928:
569:
545:
490:
393:
517:. Average annual rainfall in Tibet is about 300 millimetres (12 in).
1613:
1535:
1525:
1515:
1495:
1480:
1406:
1242:
1227:
1222:
1167:
1162:
1132:
1127:
1014:
999:
989:
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954:
933:
923:
898:
510:
497:
486:
482:
474:
458:
333:
308:
190:
186:
176:
549:(3,300 ft) in widely scattered villages near the slopes they farm.
1510:
1500:
1490:
1458:
1267:
1247:
1172:
1081:
984:
974:
867:
637:
623:
462:
429:
337:
269:
31:
46:
1900:
1728:
1628:
1623:
1582:
1391:
1302:
1287:
1282:
964:
789:
Proceedings of two
Lausanne Symposia, August 1990, IAHS publ. no. 193
537:
514:
478:
437:
615:
1882:
1653:
1142:
1004:
791:. International Association of Hydrological Sciences. p. 778.
466:
182:
420:
is the
Tibetan word for water. The river originates near Gutso in
1815:
521:
602:
Morris, captain C.J. (September 1923). "The Gorge of the Arun".
1648:
1618:
441:
52:
1747:
1743:
1720:
1638:
1427:
902:
397:
341:
206:
165:
136:
126:
122:
56:
541:
1195:
782:"Hydrology and development of the Arun River, Nepal"
461:
or Sapta Koshi drains eastern Nepal. It is known as
493:in a southerly direction to emerge from the hills.
686:
1913:
77:
717:
1443:
883:
392:is an upper tributary draining glaciers from
97:
864:, OpenStreetMap, retrieved 19 December 2021.
858:, OpenStreetMap, retrieved 19 December 2021.
852:, OpenStreetMap, retrieved 19 December 2021.
568:
1450:
1436:
890:
876:
779:
724:. Concept Publishing Company. p. 90.
638:"Sikkim info - Bumchu Festival of Sikkim"
440:directly between the mountain massifs of
1588:Mahabharat Range (Lower Himalayan Range)
897:
748:
597:
595:
564:
562:
489:. The combined river flows through the
14:
1914:
601:
578:. Bath, England: Footprint Handbooks.
1431:
871:
690:Himalayan Rivers, Lakes, and Glaciers
592:
559:
452:
680:
24:
798:from the original on July 21, 2011
25:
1943:
843:
1198:
769:from the original on 2018-04-26.
755:. Orient Blackswan. p. 70.
738:from the original on 2018-04-26.
707:from the original on 2018-04-26.
693:. Indus Publishing. p. 89.
76:
69:
45:
835:from the original on 2011-07-21
644:from the original on 2010-06-12
1457:
810:
773:
742:
711:
663:"Bumchu - Sikkim Online Guide"
655:
630:
400:, the river's name changes to
368:In Tibet, the river is called
214: • coordinates
13:
1:
1010:Tama Kosi or Rongshar Tsangpo
552:
143:Physical characteristics
1932:International rivers of Asia
1562:Sino-Nepal Friendship Bridge
1397:Inner Terai Valleys of Nepal
780:Kattelmann, Richard (1990).
7:
1531:Sunkoshi or Matsang Tsangpo
1112:Trishuli or Kyirong Tsangpo
1005:Sun Kosi or Matsang Tsangpo
265: • location
198: • location
161: • location
98:
10:
1948:
1698:Autonomous Region of China
687:Sharad Singh Negi (1991).
350:People's Republic of China
85:Location of mouth in Nepal
29:
1865:
1824:
1783:
1742:
1719:
1693:
1683:
1662:
1606:
1570:
1544:
1468:
1384:
1368:
1352:
1311:
1215:
1193:
1120:
1054:
1023:
942:
916:
909:
325:
302:
292:
284:
279:
275:
263:
255:
251:
212:
196:
175:
171:
159:
151:
147:
142:
132:
118:
113:
93:
64:
44:
39:
1922:Rivers of Koshi Province
718:Jagdish Bahadur (2004).
604:The Geographical Journal
503:
407:
304: • right
51:View of Arun River from
30:Not to be confused with
27:River in China and Nepal
1545:Dams, barrages, bridges
363:
352:where it is called the
346:Tibet Autonomous Region
298:Yeru Tsanpo, Trakar-chu
294: • left
372:, also transliterated
1571:Geographical features
527:1988 Nepal earthquake
236:26.91306°N 87.15694°E
1607:Important localities
960:Bhote Koshi or Boqu
752:India's Water Wealth
330:trans-boundary river
1097:Narayani or Gandaki
376:or from Chinese as
344:. It originates in
332:and is part of the
280:Basin features
232: /
1832:Friendship Highway
1801:Nepal Bhasa/Newari
1756:Darbhanga division
1402:Kali Gandaki Gorge
985:Kosi or Sapta Kosi
819:Kattelmann, 1990,
481:, the Arun River,
241:26.91306; 87.15694
1909:
1908:
1784:Languages/ people
1779:
1778:
1425:
1424:
1191:
1190:
1168:Sarda or Mahakali
1143:Karnali or Ghagra
943:Sapta Koshi basin
762:978-81-250-0704-3
749:K.L. Rao (1979).
731:978-81-8069-091-4
700:978-81-85182-61-2
585:978-1-900949-33-0
453:Kosi River System
412:The Tibetan name
314:
313:
16:(Redirected from
1939:
1842:Mahendra Highway
1791:Standard Tibetan
1691:
1690:
1687:districts/ areas
1675:2008 Bihar flood
1452:
1445:
1438:
1429:
1428:
1208:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1183:West Rapti River
1072:East Rapti River
914:
913:
892:
885:
878:
869:
868:
862:Sapta Kosi River
837:
836:
834:
827:
814:
808:
807:
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803:
797:
786:
777:
771:
770:
746:
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739:
715:
709:
708:
684:
678:
677:
675:
674:
665:. Archived from
659:
653:
652:
650:
649:
634:
628:
627:
599:
590:
589:
566:
340:river system in
327:
305:
295:
266:
247:
246:
244:
243:
242:
237:
233:
230:
229:
228:
225:
181:Confluence with
162:
109:
101:
80:
79:
73:
49:
37:
36:
21:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1927:Rivers of Tibet
1912:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1861:
1837:Araniko Highway
1820:
1775:
1771:Munger division
1766:Purnia division
1738:
1734:Sagarmatha Zone
1715:
1679:
1670:Floods in Bihar
1658:
1614:Nyalam/ Tsongdu
1602:
1578:Tibetan Plateau
1566:
1557:Kosi embankment
1540:
1464:
1456:
1426:
1421:
1380:
1364:
1348:
1307:
1211:
1204:
1199:
1197:
1187:
1116:
1050:
1019:
950:Arun or Bum-chu
938:
917:Mahananda basin
905:
896:
846:
841:
840:
832:
828:, p. 778,
825:
816:
815:
811:
801:
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763:
747:
743:
732:
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656:
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645:
636:
635:
631:
616:10.2307/1780654
600:
593:
586:
567:
560:
555:
534:mixed hardwoods
506:
471:Indravati River
455:
410:
366:
303:
293:
264:
240:
238:
234:
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226:
223:
221:
219:
218:
215:
199:
160:
103:
89:
88:
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83:
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60:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1945:
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1929:
1924:
1907:
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1893:
1880:
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1740:
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1737:
1736:
1731:
1725:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1711:Tingri County
1708:
1702:
1700:
1688:
1681:
1680:
1678:
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1672:
1666:
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1432:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1388:
1386:
1385:Related topics
1382:
1381:
1379:
1378:
1372:
1370:
1369:Dams, barrages
1366:
1365:
1363:
1362:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1336:
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1326:
1321:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1238:Ghodaghodi Tal
1235:
1230:
1225:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1209:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1102:Rahughat Khola
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1058:
1056:
1055:Narayani basin
1052:
1051:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1038:
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1027:
1025:
1021:
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920:
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906:
895:
894:
887:
880:
872:
866:
865:
859:
856:Sun Kosi River
853:
845:
844:External links
842:
839:
838:
809:
772:
761:
741:
730:
710:
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679:
654:
629:
610:(3): 161–168.
591:
584:
575:Tibet Handbook
557:
556:
554:
551:
505:
502:
454:
451:
434:Tingkye County
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406:
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1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1761:Kosi division
1759:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1706:Nyalam County
1704:
1703:
1701:
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1696:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1682:
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1671:
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1640:
1637:
1635:
1634:Namche Bazaar
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1593:Sivalik Hills
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1552:Koshi Barrage
1550:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
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1522:
1519:
1517:
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1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1377:
1376:Koshi Barrage
1374:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1293:Salpa Pokhari
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1253:Gupha Pokhari
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1233:Bishazari Tal
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1207:
1196:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1121:Karnali basin
1119:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1062:Budhi Gandaki
1060:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1024:Bagmati basin
1022:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
947:
945:
941:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
921:
919:
915:
912:
908:
904:
900:
893:
888:
886:
881:
879:
874:
873:
870:
863:
860:
857:
854:
851:
848:
847:
831:
824:
823:
820:
813:
794:
790:
783:
776:
768:
764:
758:
754:
753:
745:
737:
733:
727:
723:
722:
714:
706:
702:
696:
692:
691:
683:
669:on 2010-02-17
668:
664:
658:
643:
639:
633:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
598:
596:
587:
581:
577:
576:
571:
565:
563:
558:
550:
547:
543:
539:
535:
530:
528:
523:
518:
516:
512:
501:
500:19 per cent.
499:
494:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
450:
447:
446:Kangchenjunga
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
426:Tingri county
423:
422:Nyalam County
419:
415:
405:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
361:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
323:
319:
310:
307:
301:
297:
291:
287:
283:
278:
274:
271:
268:
262:
258:
254:
250:
245:
217:
211:
208:
204:
201:
195:
192:
188:
184:
180:
178:
174:
170:
167:
164:
158:
154:
150:
146:
141:
138:
135:
131:
128:
124:
121:
117:
112:
107:
100:
96:
92:
72:
63:
58:
54:
48:
43:
38:
33:
19:
1866:Other basins
1598:Chatra Gorge
1476:Arun/Bum-chu
1475:
1417:Chatra Gorge
1412:Barun Valley
1278:Rani Pokhari
1263:Kubinde Daha
1258:Khaptad Lake
1206:Nepal portal
1107:Seti Gandaki
1092:Myagdi Khola
1077:Kali Gandaki
822:
818:
812:
800:. Retrieved
788:
775:
751:
744:
720:
713:
689:
682:
671:. Retrieved
667:the original
657:
646:. Retrieved
632:
607:
603:
574:
570:Gyurme Dorje
546:rhododendron
531:
519:
507:
495:
491:Chatra Gorge
456:
417:
413:
411:
401:
394:Shishapangma
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
367:
357:
353:
317:
315:
1407:Western Cwm
1339:Lhotse Shar
1223:Begnas Lake
1178:Thuli Bheri
1138:Budhi Ganga
1087:Marshyangdi
934:Ratua Khola
899:Hydrography
511:rain shadow
487:Tamur River
483:Barun River
475:Bhoté Koshi
309:Barun River
285:Tributaries
239: /
203:Tribenighat
187:Tamur River
94:Native name
1916:Categories
1501:Imja Khola
1491:Dudh Koshi
1486:Bhotekoshi
1319:Ambulapcha
1248:Gosaikunda
1228:Bharat Tal
975:Imja Khola
850:Arun River
673:2010-05-28
648:2010-05-28
553:References
463:Sapt Koshi
430:Kharda-chu
338:Sapt Koshi
318:Arun River
270:Kosi river
227:87°09′25″E
224:26°54′47″N
191:Sapta Kosi
34:, England.
32:River Arun
1891:Baitarani
1825:Transport
1729:Kosi Zone
1644:Bhimnagar
1629:Bahrabise
1624:Dolalghat
1583:Himalayas
1521:Sangkhuwa
1506:Indravati
1392:Gorakshep
1303:Imja Tsho
1273:Phoksundo
1046:Lakhandei
1036:Bisnumati
995:Sangkhuwa
980:Indravati
965:Dudh Kosi
538:Chir pine
522:monsoonal
515:Himalayas
479:Dudh Kosi
438:Himalayas
374:Phung-Chu
354:Phung Chu
256:Discharge
18:Phung Chu
1887:Brahmani
1883:Mahanadi
1878:Godavari
1811:Maithili
1685:Riparian
1654:Khagaria
1353:Icefalls
1344:Ngozumpa
1312:Glaciers
1148:Kalapani
1067:Daraundi
830:archived
821:op. cit.
793:Archived
767:Archived
736:Archived
705:Archived
642:Archived
572:(1999).
467:Sun Kosi
326:अरुण नदी
189:to form
183:Sun Kosi
114:Location
1896:Narmada
1873:Damodar
1816:Bajjika
1298:Tilicho
1158:Panjang
1031:Bagmati
802:May 27,
624:1780654
513:of the
414:Bum-chu
378:Peng Qu
370:Bum-chu
358:Bum-chu
348:of the
328:) is a
119:Country
106:Chinese
99:Bum-chu
55:VDC of
1857:NH 107
1852:NH 106
1796:Nepali
1663:Floods
1649:Supaul
1619:Kodari
1469:Rivers
1360:Khumbu
1334:Khumbu
1163:Rohini
1041:Kamala
929:Kankai
910:Rivers
759:
728:
697:
622:
582:
544:, and
485:, and
477:, the
473:, the
469:, the
442:Makalu
390:Moinqu
386:Men Qu
384:. The
322:Nepali
288:
259:
152:Source
102:
53:Leguwa
1847:NH 27
1806:Limbu
1748:India
1744:Bihar
1721:Nepal
1695:Tibet
1639:Lukla
1536:Tamur
1526:Siswa
1516:Sabha
1496:Hongu
1481:Barun
1462:basin
1324:Hunku
1268:Phewa
1243:Gokyo
1216:Lakes
1133:Bheri
1128:Babai
1015:Tamor
1000:Siswa
990:Sabha
970:Hongu
955:Barun
924:Mechi
903:Nepal
833:(PDF)
826:(PDF)
796:(PDF)
785:(PDF)
620:JSTOR
504:Nepal
498:Tamur
408:Tibet
398:Nepal
396:. In
382:Pumqu
342:Nepal
207:Nepal
177:Mouth
166:Tibet
155:Gutso
137:Tibet
133:State
127:China
123:Nepal
57:Nepal
1511:Kosi
1459:Kosi
1329:Imja
1288:Rupa
1283:Rara
1173:Seti
1153:Kali
1082:Madi
804:2011
757:ISBN
726:ISBN
695:ISBN
580:ISBN
459:Kosi
457:The
444:and
402:Arun
364:Name
334:Kosi
316:The
185:and
40:Arun
1901:Son
901:of
612:doi
542:fir
418:chu
388:or
380:or
356:or
336:or
1918::
1746:,
787:.
765:.
734:.
703:.
640:.
618:.
608:62
606:.
594:^
561:^
540:,
536:,
404:.
360:.
324::
205:,
125:,
1889:–
1885:–
1451:e
1444:t
1437:v
891:e
884:t
877:v
806:.
676:.
651:.
626:.
614::
588:.
320:(
108:)
104:(
59:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
