31:
43:
413:: Estuarine environments, or estuaries, are located at the lower parts of rivers that flow into the open sea. Since they are in the seaward section of the drowned valley system they receive sediment from both marine and fluvial sources. These contain facies that are affected by tide and wave fluvial processes. An estuary is considered to stretch from the landward limit of tidal facies to the seaward limit of coastal facies. Phosphorites are often deposited in fjords within estuarine environments. These are estuaries with shallow sill constrictions. During Holocene sea-level rise, fjord estuaries formed by drowning of glacially-eroded U-shaped valleys.
499:
487:
393:. Normally phosphates are deposited in very shallow, near-shore marine or low energy environments. This includes environments such as supratidal zones, littoral or intertidal zones, and most importantly estuarine. Currently, areas of oceanic upwelling cause the formation of phosphates. This is because of the constant stream of phosphate brought from the large, deep ocean reservoir (see below). This cycle allows continuous growth of organisms.
469:
sediment. There are two different environmental conditions in which phosphorites are produced within continental margins. Continental margins can consist of organic rich sedimentation, strong coastal upwelling, and pronounced low oxygen zones. They can also form in conditions such as oxygen rich bottom waters and organic poor sediments.
373:
from continental weathering, brought out by rivers to the ocean. It is then processed by both micro- and macro-organisms. Diatomaceous plankton, phytoplankton, and zooplankton process and dissolve phosphorus in the water. The bones and teeth of certain fish (e.g. anchovies) absorb phosphorus and are later deposited and buried in the
712:
Rare earth elements are being found within phosphorites. With increasing demand from modern technology a different method of finding rare earth elements, independent of China, is becoming increasingly important. With yields greater than those from deposits in China, phosphorites offer a new resource
406:
Intertidal zones are also part of the tidal flat system. The intertidal zone is located within the mean high and low tide levels. It is subject to tidal shifts, which means that it is subaerially exposed once or twice a day. It is not exposed long enough to support the growth of most vegetation. The
380:
Depending on the pH and salinity levels of the ocean water, organic matter will decay, releasing phosphorus from sediment in shallow basins. Bacteria and enzymes dissolve organic matter on the water–bottom interface, thus returning phosphorus to the beginning of its biogenic cycle. Mineralization of
476:
Insular phosphorites: Insular phosphorites are located in carbonate islands, plateaus, coral island consisting of a reef surrounding a lagoon or, atoll lagoon, marine lakes. The phosphorite here originates from guano. Replacement of deep sea sediments precipitates, that has been formed in place on
468:
Continental margin phosphorites: Convergent, passive, upwelling, non-upwelling. This environment accumulates phosphorites in the form of hardgrounds, nodules and granular beds. These accumulate by carbonate fluorapatite precipitation during early diagenesis in the upper few tens of centimeters of
372:
The heaviest accumulation of phosphorus is mainly on the ocean floor. Phosphorus accumulation occurs from atmospheric precipitation, dust, glacial runoff, cosmic activity, underground hydrothermal volcanic activity, and deposition of organic material. The primary inflow of dissolved phosphorus is
708:
to apply rock phosphate as a fertilizer in certain soil types and countries, although it has many drawbacks. According to the report it may have higher sustainability compared to more concentrated fertilizers because of reduced manufacturing costs and the possibility of local procurement of the
450:
Phosphatization: Phosphatization is a type of rare diagenetic processes. It occurs when fluids that are rich in phosphate are leached from guano. These are then concentrated and reprecipitated in limestone. Phosphatized fossils or fragments of original phosphatic shells are important components
185:
are common phosphate-bearing rocks. Phosphate-rich sedimentary rocks can occur in dark brown to black beds, ranging from centimeter-sized laminae to beds that are several meters thick. Although these thick beds can exist, they are rarely only composed of phosphatic sedimentary rocks. Phosphatic
416:
The most common occurrence of phosphorites is related to strong marine upwelling of sediments. Upwelling is caused by deep water currents that are brought up to coastal surfaces where a large deposition of phosphorites may occur. This type of environment is the main reason why phosphorites are
670:
and animal feed supplements and the balance for industrial chemicals. In addition, phosphorus from rock phosphate is also used in food preservatives, baking flour, pharmaceuticals, anticorrosion agents, cosmetics, fungicides, insecticides, detergents, ceramics, water treatment and metallurgy.
399:
Supratidal environments are part of the tidal flat system where the presence of strong wave activity is non-existent. Tidal flat systems are created along open coasts and relatively low wave energy environments. They can also develop on high energy coasts behind barrier islands where they are
472:
Seamount phosphorites: These are phosphorites that occur in seamounts, guyots, or flat topped seamounts, seamount ridges. These phosphorites are produced in association with iron and magnesium bearing crusts. In this setting the productivity of phosphorus is recycled within an iron oxidation
400:
sheltered from the high energy wave action. Within the tidal flat system, the supratidal zone lies in a very high tide level. However, it can be flooded by extreme tides and cut across by tidal channels. This is also subaerially exposed, but is flooded twice a month by spring tides.
417:
commonly associated with silica and chert. Estuaries are also known as a phosphorus “trap”. This is because coastal estuaries contain a high productivity of phosphorus from marsh grass and benthic algae which allow an equilibrium exchange between living and dead organisms.
210:
by phosphates. They also can be composed of peloids, ooids, fossils, and clasts that are made up of apatite. There are some phosphorites that are very small and have no distinctive granular textures. This means that their textures are similar to that of collophane, or fine
426:
Phosphate nodules: These are spherical concentrations that are randomly distributed along the floor of continental shelves. Most phosphorite grains are sand size although particles greater than 2 mm may be present. These larger grains, referred to as
438:
Bioclastic phosphates or bone beds: Bone beds are bedded phosphate deposits that contain concentrations of small skeletal particles and coprolites. Some also contain invertebrate fossils like brachiopods and become more enriched in
583:
of
Morocco) respectively in 2012 while global production reached 195 Mt. It is thought that in India there are almost 260 million tons of rock phosphate. Other countries with significant production include
351:
Phosphatic particles, laminae and beds are considered condensed when they have been concentrated. This is helped by the extracting and reworking processes of phosphatic particles or bioturbation.
704:
alternative to "chemical" phosphate fertilizer which has been further concentrated from it, because it is perceived as being more "natural". According to a report for the FAO, it can be more
943:
Middleton V. Gerald, 2003 Encyclopedia of Earth
Sciences series. Encyclopedia of Sediment and Sedimentary Rocks. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Dordrect, Boston, London. pp 131, 727, 519–524.
465:
phosphorites are within marine shelf environments. These are in a broad and shallow cratonic setting. This is where granular phosphorites, phosphorite hardgrounds, and nodules occur.
96:. This occurs through washing, screening, de-liming, magnetic separation or flotation. By comparison, the average phosphorus content of sedimentary rocks is less than 0.2%.
268:
represents some 15 million years of sedimentation. It reaches a thickness of 420 metres and covers an area of 350,000 km. Commercially mined phosphorites occur in
619:
is used to concentrate the mined ore to rock phosphate. The mined ore is crushed and washed, creating a slurry, this ore slurry is then treated with
874:
Galmed, M.A.; Nasr, M.M.; Khater, A.E-S.M. (2020). "Petrology of Early
Paleogene phosphorite deposits in Hazm Al-Jalamid, Northwest Saudi Arabia".
2047:
820:. Encyclopedia of Earth. Topic ed. Andy Jorgensen. Ed.-in-Chief C.J.Cleveland. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC
431:, can range up to several tens of centimeters in size. Phosphate nodules are known to occur in significant quantities offshore northern
473:
reduction phosphorus cycle. This cycle can also form glauconite which is normally associated with modern and ancient phosphorites.
171:. Phosphorite deposits often occur in extensive layers, which cumulatively cover tens of thousands of square kilometres of the
851:
722:
544:
As of 2006, the US is the world's leading producer and exporter of phosphate fertilizers, accounting for about 37% of world P
1319:
697:
oxides. Worldwide, the resources of high-grade ore are declining, and use of lower grade ore may become more attractive.
1122:
1003:
Baturin, G.N, Phosphorites on the Sea Floor: Origin, Composition and
Distribution. Elsevier. 1981, New York, pp. 24–50
917:
804:
773:
765:
1292:
1034:
1008:
713:
located within the U.S. that would likely lead to independence from influence of countries outside of the U.S.
30:
17:
1089:
678:
industry, beneficiated rock phosphate must be concentrated to levels of at least 28% phosphorus pentoxide (P
552:
exports. As of
December 2018, the world's total economic demonstrated resource of rock phosphate is 70
42:
2336:
650:
fertilizers. Elemental phosphorus is the base for furnace-grade phosphoric acid, phosphorus pentasulfide,
447:
after diagenetic processes have occurred. Bioclastic phosphates can also be cemented by phosphate minerals.
2331:
1277:
358:
Phosphatic particles that were moved by turbulent or gravity-driven flows and deposited by these flows.
2321:
2316:
202:. These layers contain the same textures and structures as fine-grained limestones and may represent
155:, which is often dissolved from vertebrate bones and teeth, whereas fluorapatite can originate from
1272:
1229:
Emsbo, Poul; McLaughlin, Patrick I.; Breit, George N.; Du Bray, Edward A.; Koenig, Alan E. (2015).
390:
76:. The phosphate content of phosphorite (or grade of phosphate rock) varies greatly, from 4% to 20%
1282:
1155:
1372:
1352:
1312:
705:
600:. Historically, large amounts of phosphates were obtained from deposits on small islands such as
1188:"Sustainable Phosphorus Measures: Strategies and Technologies for Achieving Phosphorus Security"
1050:
525:
for their phosphate content are not particularly common. The two main sources for phosphate are
1797:
1134:
655:
88:). Marketed phosphate rock is enriched ("beneficiated") to at least 28%, often more than 30% P
1762:
242:
1242:
1231:"Rare earth elements in sedimentary phosphate deposits: Solution to the global REE crisis?"
1062:
969:
651:
261:
77:
35:
8:
2326:
701:
675:
1246:
1066:
973:
1593:
1305:
891:
816:
647:
207:
73:
498:
1548:
1030:
1004:
913:
895:
847:
800:
769:
643:
517:
Deposits which contain phosphate in quantity and concentration which are economic to
160:
156:
116:
759:
689:
It must also have reasonable amounts of calcium carbonate (5%), and <4% combined
2245:
1957:
1744:
1613:
1250:
1209:
1199:
1103:
1070:
977:
953:
883:
601:
428:
381:
organic matter can also cause the release of phosphorus back into the ocean water.
367:
336:. In other words, the word pristine is used when phosphatic sediment, phosphatized
168:
69:
638:. Phosphoric acid is reacted with phosphate rock to produce the fertilizer triple
2057:
1817:
1670:
841:
631:
616:
537:
droppings, and rocks containing concentrations of the calcium phosphate mineral,
507:
491:
195:
172:
47:
2250:
2092:
1685:
1608:
1094:
1074:
887:
639:
615:
of phosphate ore is a process which includes washing, flotation and calcining.
486:
374:
216:
124:
2310:
2295:
2210:
2175:
2022:
1583:
1488:
1255:
1230:
1108:
1051:"The estuarine formation of United States Atlantic Coastal Plain phosphorite"
612:
568:
455:
265:
1204:
1187:
2220:
2200:
2072:
1719:
1697:
1638:
1538:
1483:
1468:
1334:
1183:
755:
337:
333:
289:
220:
100:
958:"Phosphorus Accumulation in Marine Sediments and Oceanic Phosphorus Cycle"
575:
are the world's largest miners of phosphate rock, with a production of 77
2109:
2000:
1980:
1970:
1847:
1772:
1618:
1553:
1523:
1478:
1436:
1409:
1404:
1394:
1357:
624:
620:
557:
462:
239:
123:-sedimentary apatite deposits of uncertain origin. It is also present as
1088:
GarcĂa, Marcelo; Correa, Jorge; Maksaev, VĂctor; Townley, Brian (2020).
2275:
2260:
2235:
2230:
2140:
2125:
2042:
2010:
1975:
1965:
1947:
1927:
1872:
1852:
1807:
1729:
1714:
1690:
1650:
1623:
1603:
1573:
1533:
1508:
1498:
1493:
1473:
1382:
1214:
1029:(4th ed.), Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ, pp. 217–223
667:
635:
341:
203:
120:
982:
957:
630:
This rock phosphate is then either solubilized to produce wet-process
2290:
2280:
2270:
2255:
2225:
2205:
2190:
2185:
2150:
2145:
2104:
2097:
2062:
2032:
2017:
1995:
1937:
1917:
1912:
1902:
1887:
1867:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1822:
1812:
1787:
1752:
1665:
1633:
1578:
1568:
1543:
1518:
1513:
1453:
1414:
1377:
694:
301:
250:
246:
199:
178:
686:), although most marketed grades of phosphate rock are 30% or more.
2265:
2240:
2165:
2135:
2130:
2052:
2037:
2005:
1985:
1882:
1857:
1734:
1709:
1702:
1680:
1675:
1628:
1563:
1448:
1399:
1389:
1347:
254:
182:
66:
1090:"Potential mineral resources of the Chilean offshore: an overview"
186:
sedimentary rocks are commonly accompanied by or interbedded with
2285:
2215:
2180:
2155:
2087:
1922:
1862:
1802:
1767:
1660:
1588:
1503:
1463:
1431:
1426:
1342:
1297:
597:
572:
538:
323:
305:
297:
293:
285:
281:
273:
258:
212:
164:
700:
Beneficiated rock phosphate is also marketed and accepted as an
2195:
2170:
2067:
2027:
1990:
1892:
1757:
1655:
1645:
1598:
1558:
1528:
1458:
1443:
1421:
1367:
1362:
839:
756:"Chapter 1 - Introduction: Phosphorus in the soil-plant system"
593:
589:
585:
580:
518:
361:
317:
269:
232:
228:
27:
Sedimentary rock containing large amounts of phosphate minerals
332:
Phosphates that are in pristine conditions have not undergone
2160:
2082:
2077:
1942:
1907:
1827:
1782:
1777:
611:
Phosphate ore is mined and beneficiated into rock phosphate.
605:
576:
564:
553:
526:
432:
313:
277:
191:
187:
1287:
1171:
231:. Peloidal or pelletal phosphorites occur normally; whereas
1932:
1877:
1792:
1724:
1228:
690:
666:
Approximately 90% of rock phosphate production is used for
530:
309:
224:
1123:
US Geological Survey
Minerals Yearbook 2006 Rock Phosphate
1087:
456:
Tectonic and oceanographic settings of marine phosphorites
407:
zone contains both suspension sedimentation and bed load.
534:
522:
389:
Phosphates are known to be deposited in a wide range of
296:. In the United States phosphorites have been mined in
215:-like texture. Phosphatic grains may be accompanied by
46:
Fossiliferous peloidal phosphorite, (4.7 cm across),
840:
Prothero, Donald R.; Schwab, Fred (22 August 2003).
1149:
1147:
761:Use of Phosphate Rocks for Sustainable Agriculture
420:
159:. Other sources also include chemically dissolved
2308:
1144:
873:
867:
908:Klein, Cornelis and Cornelius S. Hurlbut, Jr.,
579:, 29.4 Mt and 26.8 Mt (including 2.5 Mt in the
608:, but these sources are now largely depleted.
324:Classification of phosphatic sedimentary rocks
119:masses (grain sizes < 1 ÎĽm) referred to as
1313:
1288:International Fertilizer Industry Association
1048:
1044:
1042:
952:
1182:
1027:Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy
384:
362:Phosphorus cycle, formation and accumulation
939:
937:
935:
933:
931:
929:
927:
925:
1320:
1306:
1039:
835:
833:
831:
829:
827:
502:Phosphorite mine near Oron, Negev, Israel.
1254:
1213:
1203:
1107:
999:
997:
995:
993:
981:
753:
1161:. AIMR Report 2013 (Report). p. 90.
1021:
1019:
1017:
922:
497:
485:
41:
29:
824:
791:
789:
787:
785:
404:Littoral environments/intertidal zones:
14:
2309:
990:
946:
1301:
1014:
799:, Freeman, 1996, 2nd ed. pp. 345–349
749:
747:
745:
743:
741:
739:
737:
723:Phosphate mining in the United States
623:to cause calcium phosphate to become
481:
782:
795:Blatt, Harvey and Robert J. Tracy,
38:, Simplot Mine, Idaho. 4.6 cm wide.
24:
1327:
1176:
734:
634:, or smelted to produce elemental
25:
2348:
1266:
1153:
912:, Wiley, 1985, 20th ed., p. 360,
766:Food and Agriculture Organization
490:Guano phosphorite mining in the
1222:
1165:
1127:
1116:
1081:
846:. Macmillan. pp. 265–269.
421:Types of phosphorite deposition
1186:; White, Stuart (2013-01-31).
902:
876:Arabian Journal of Geosciences
809:
754:Zapata, F.; Roy, R.N. (2004).
556:, which occurs principally as
72:that contains high amounts of
13:
1:
728:
512:
235:phosphorites are not common.
238:Phosphorites are known from
227:-sized detrital grains, and
99:The phosphate is present as
7:
716:
451:within some these deposits.
249:, but are more common from
10:
2353:
1075:10.2113/gsecongeo.61.2.251
888:10.1007/s12517-020-05852-3
505:
461:Epeiric sea phosphorites:
365:
2118:
1956:
1743:
1333:
391:depositional environments
385:Depositional environments
344:have not been disturbed.
1256:10.1016/j.gr.2014.10.008
1109:10.5027/andgeoV47n1-3260
1025:Boggs, Sam, Jr. (2006).
1373:Basaltic trachyandesite
1353:Alkali feldspar granite
1205:10.3390/agronomy3010086
815:C.Michael Hogan. 2011.
661:
1049:Pevear, D. R. (1966).
656:phosphorus trichloride
503:
495:
411:Estuarine environments
243:banded iron formations
51:
39:
34:Peloidal phosphorite,
1763:Banded iron formation
1140:(Report). p. 10.
962:Biogeochemical Cycles
560:marine phosphorites.
506:Further information:
501:
489:
45:
33:
1273:US Geological Survey
910:Manual of Mineralogy
652:phosphorus pentoxide
262:Phosphoria Formation
78:phosphorus pentoxide
36:Phosphoria Formation
2337:Industrial minerals
1247:2015GondR..27..776E
1172:IFA 2012 statistics
1067:1966EcGeo..61..251P
974:1998GBioC..12..563D
843:Sedimentary Geology
676:chemical fertilizer
2332:Phosphate minerals
2119:Specific varieties
648:ammonium phosphate
504:
496:
482:Production and use
208:carbonate minerals
161:phosphate minerals
157:hydrothermal veins
74:phosphate minerals
52:
40:
2322:Sedimentary rocks
2304:
2303:
1549:Nepheline syenite
1235:Gondwana Research
983:10.1029/98GB02263
853:978-0-7167-3905-0
644:anhydrous ammonia
397:Supratidal zones:
169:metamorphic rocks
117:cryptocrystalline
16:(Redirected from
2344:
2317:Economic geology
2246:Rapakivi granite
1958:Metamorphic rock
1745:Sedimentary rock
1614:Quartz monzonite
1322:
1315:
1308:
1299:
1298:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1207:
1180:
1174:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1154:Britt, Allison.
1151:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1135:AIMR Report 2019
1131:
1125:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1055:Economic Geology
1046:
1037:
1023:
1012:
1001:
988:
987:
985:
950:
944:
941:
920:
906:
900:
899:
871:
865:
864:
862:
860:
837:
822:
813:
807:
793:
780:
779:
751:
602:Christmas Island
494:of Peru, c. 1860
477:the ocean floor.
368:Phosphorus cycle
206:replacements of
70:sedimentary rock
21:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2114:
2058:Pseudotachylite
1952:
1739:
1671:Tephriphonolite
1329:
1326:
1278:USGS Statistics
1269:
1264:
1227:
1223:
1181:
1177:
1170:
1166:
1158:
1152:
1145:
1137:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1121:
1117:
1086:
1082:
1047:
1040:
1024:
1015:
1002:
991:
951:
947:
942:
923:
907:
903:
872:
868:
858:
856:
854:
838:
825:
814:
810:
794:
783:
776:
752:
735:
731:
719:
685:
681:
674:For use in the
664:
646:to produce the
632:phosphoric acid
617:Froth flotation
551:
547:
515:
510:
508:Peak phosphorus
492:Chincha Islands
484:
458:
446:
442:
423:
387:
370:
364:
326:
264:of the western
257:sediments. The
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
115:F typically in
114:
110:
106:
95:
91:
87:
83:
48:Yunnan Province
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2350:
2340:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2251:Rhomb porphyry
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2093:Talc carbonate
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1962:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1749:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1686:Trachyandesite
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1609:Quartz diorite
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1339:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1328:Types of rocks
1325:
1324:
1317:
1310:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1293:Science Direct
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1268:
1267:External links
1265:
1263:
1262:
1241:(2): 776–785.
1221:
1175:
1164:
1143:
1126:
1115:
1095:Andean Geology
1080:
1061:(2): 251–256.
1038:
1013:
989:
968:(4): 563–572.
945:
921:
901:
866:
852:
823:
808:
781:
774:
732:
730:
727:
726:
725:
718:
715:
683:
679:
663:
660:
640:superphosphate
549:
545:
529:, formed from
514:
511:
483:
480:
479:
478:
474:
470:
466:
457:
454:
453:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
422:
419:
386:
383:
375:ocean sediment
366:Main article:
363:
360:
356:Allochthonous:
340:and phosphate
325:
322:
217:organic matter
198:and sometimes
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
125:hydroxyapatite
112:
108:
104:
93:
89:
85:
81:
63:rock phosphate
59:phosphate rock
26:
18:Phosphate rock
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2349:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2211:Litchfieldite
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2176:Hyaloclastite
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2023:Litchfieldite
2021:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1584:Phonotephrite
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1489:Hyaloclastite
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1323:
1318:
1316:
1311:
1309:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1283:PIRSA website
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1225:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1198:(1): 86–116.
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1184:Cordell, Dana
1179:
1173:
1168:
1157:
1150:
1148:
1136:
1130:
1124:
1119:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1084:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1045:
1043:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1010:
1006:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
984:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
954:Delaney, M.L.
949:
940:
938:
936:
934:
932:
930:
928:
926:
919:
918:0-471-80580-7
915:
911:
905:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
870:
855:
849:
845:
844:
836:
834:
832:
830:
828:
821:
819:
812:
806:
805:0-7167-2438-3
802:
798:
792:
790:
788:
786:
777:
775:92-5-105030-9
771:
767:
763:
762:
757:
750:
748:
746:
744:
742:
740:
738:
733:
724:
721:
720:
714:
710:
709:refined ore.
707:
703:
698:
696:
692:
687:
677:
672:
669:
659:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
628:
626:
622:
618:
614:
613:Beneficiation
609:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
582:
578:
574:
570:
569:United States
566:
561:
559:
555:
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
509:
500:
493:
488:
475:
471:
467:
464:
460:
459:
449:
437:
434:
430:
425:
424:
418:
414:
412:
408:
405:
401:
398:
394:
392:
382:
378:
376:
369:
359:
357:
352:
350:
345:
343:
339:
338:stromatolites
335:
331:
321:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
266:United States
263:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
241:
236:
234:
230:
226:
222:
221:clay minerals
218:
214:
209:
205:
201:
197:
194:, limestone,
193:
189:
184:
180:
176:
174:
173:Earth's crust
170:
166:
162:
158:
126:
122:
118:
102:
97:
79:
75:
71:
68:
64:
60:
56:
49:
44:
37:
32:
19:
2221:Luxullianite
2201:Lapis lazuli
2146:Blue Granite
2073:Serpentinite
2048:Metapsammite
1897:
1798:Conglomerate
1720:Trondhjemite
1698:Trachybasalt
1639:Pantellerite
1539:Monzogranite
1484:Hornblendite
1469:Granodiorite
1335:Igneous rock
1238:
1234:
1224:
1195:
1191:
1178:
1167:
1129:
1118:
1099:
1093:
1083:
1058:
1054:
1026:
965:
961:
948:
909:
904:
879:
875:
869:
857:. Retrieved
842:
817:
811:
796:
760:
711:
699:
688:
673:
665:
629:
610:
563:As of 2012,
562:
543:
516:
415:
410:
409:
403:
402:
396:
395:
388:
379:
371:
355:
353:
348:
346:
334:bioturbation
329:
327:
290:Saudi Arabia
237:
177:
101:fluorapatite
98:
62:
58:
54:
53:
2110:Whiteschist
2001:Greenschist
1981:Cataclasite
1971:Amphibolite
1898:Phosphorite
1848:Itacolumite
1773:Calcarenite
1619:Quartzolite
1554:Nephelinite
1524:Lamprophyre
1479:Harzburgite
1437:Napoleonite
1410:Charnockite
1405:Carbonatite
1395:Blairmorite
1358:Anorthosite
1215:10453/24038
1156:"Phosphate"
1102:(1): 1–13.
882:(17). 829.
859:15 December
706:sustainable
625:hydrophobic
621:fatty acids
558:sedimentary
463:Epeiric sea
342:hardgrounds
240:Proterozoic
55:Phosphorite
2327:Phosphorus
2311:Categories
2276:Teschenite
2261:Shonkinite
2236:Pietersite
2231:Novaculite
2141:Borolanite
2126:Adamellite
2043:Metapelite
2011:Calcflinta
1976:Blueschist
1966:Anthracite
1948:Wackestone
1928:Travertine
1873:Lumachelle
1853:Jaspillite
1808:Diamictite
1730:Websterite
1715:Troctolite
1691:Benmoreite
1651:Shonkinite
1624:Rhyodacite
1604:Pyroxenite
1574:Peridotite
1534:Lherzolite
1509:Kimberlite
1499:Ignimbrite
1494:Icelandite
1474:Granophyre
1383:Shoshonite
1035:0321643186
1009:044441990X
729:References
668:fertilizer
636:phosphorus
577:megatonnes
554:gigatonnes
513:Production
349:Condensed:
204:diagenetic
179:Limestones
121:collophane
2291:Variolite
2281:Theralite
2271:Tachylite
2256:Rodingite
2226:Mangerite
2206:Larvikite
2191:Jasperoid
2186:Jadeitite
2151:Epidosite
2105:Tectonite
2098:Soapstone
2063:Quartzite
2033:Migmatite
2018:Itabirite
1996:Granulite
1938:Turbidite
1918:Sylvinite
1913:Siltstone
1903:Sandstone
1888:Oil shale
1868:Limestone
1843:Gritstone
1838:Greywacke
1833:Geyserite
1823:Evaporite
1813:Diatomite
1788:Claystone
1753:Argillite
1666:Tachylyte
1634:Comendite
1579:Phonolite
1569:Pegmatite
1544:Monzonite
1519:Lamproite
1514:Komatiite
1454:Foidolite
1415:Enderbite
1378:Mugearite
896:221200370
818:Phosphate
797:Petrology
702:"organic"
695:aluminium
330:Pristine:
302:Tennessee
251:Paleozoic
247:Australia
200:sandstone
196:dolomites
183:mudstones
65:is a non-
50:, China.
2266:Taconite
2241:Pyrolite
2166:Ganister
2136:Aphanite
2131:Appinite
2053:Phyllite
2038:Mylonite
2006:Hornfels
1986:Eclogite
1883:Mudstone
1858:Laterite
1818:Dolomite
1735:Wehrlite
1710:Trachyte
1703:Hawaiite
1681:Tonalite
1676:Tephrite
1629:Rhyolite
1594:Porphyry
1564:Obsidian
1449:Essexite
1400:Boninite
1390:Basanite
1348:Andesite
1192:Agronomy
956:(1998).
764:. Rome:
717:See also
642:or with
255:Cenozoic
139:OH or Ca
67:detrital
2286:Unakite
2216:Llanite
2181:Ijolite
2156:Felsite
2088:Suevite
1923:Tillite
1863:Lignite
1803:Coquina
1768:Breccia
1661:Syenite
1589:Picrite
1504:Ijolite
1464:Granite
1432:Diorite
1427:Diabase
1343:Adakite
1243:Bibcode
1063:Bibcode
970:Bibcode
598:Tunisia
573:Morocco
539:apatite
429:nodules
306:Wyoming
298:Florida
294:Algeria
286:Tunisia
282:Morocco
274:Belgium
259:Permian
233:oolitic
213:micrite
165:igneous
2196:Kenyte
2171:Gossan
2068:Schist
2028:Marble
1991:Gneiss
1893:Oolite
1758:Arkose
1656:Sovite
1646:Scoria
1599:Pumice
1559:Norite
1529:Latite
1459:Gabbro
1444:Dunite
1422:Dacite
1368:Basalt
1363:Aplite
1033:
1007:
916:
894:
850:
803:
772:
654:, and
594:Jordan
590:Russia
586:Brazil
581:Sahara
567:, the
318:Kansas
270:France
229:pyrite
192:cherts
188:shales
2161:Flint
2083:Slate
2078:Skarn
1943:Varve
1908:Shale
1828:Flint
1783:Chert
1778:Chalk
1159:(PDF)
1138:(PDF)
892:S2CID
606:Nauru
565:China
527:guano
433:Chile
314:Idaho
278:Spain
163:from
1933:Tufa
1878:Marl
1793:Coal
1725:Tuff
1031:ISBN
1005:ISBN
914:ISBN
861:2012
848:ISBN
801:ISBN
770:ISBN
693:and
691:iron
662:Uses
604:and
596:and
571:and
531:bird
519:mine
354:(3)
347:(2)
328:(1)
316:and
310:Utah
292:and
253:and
225:silt
181:and
167:and
151:(OH)
2296:Wad
1251:doi
1210:hdl
1200:doi
1104:doi
1071:doi
978:doi
884:doi
535:bat
533:or
523:ore
521:as
245:in
143:(PO
131:(PO
107:(PO
61:or
2313::
1249:.
1239:27
1237:.
1233:.
1208:.
1194:.
1190:.
1146:^
1100:47
1098:.
1092:.
1069:.
1059:61
1057:.
1053:.
1041:^
1016:^
992:^
976:.
966:12
964:.
960:.
924:^
890:.
880:13
878:.
826:^
784:^
768:.
758:.
736:^
658:.
627:.
592:,
588:,
541:.
377:.
320:.
312:,
308:,
304:,
300:,
288:,
284:,
280:,
276:,
272:,
223:,
219:,
190:,
175:.
141:10
127:Ca
103:Ca
80:(P
57:,
1321:e
1314:t
1307:v
1259:.
1253::
1245::
1218:.
1212::
1202::
1196:3
1112:.
1106::
1077:.
1073::
1065::
1011:.
986:.
980::
972::
898:.
886::
863:.
778:.
684:5
682:O
680:2
550:5
548:O
546:2
445:5
443:O
441:2
439:P
435:.
153:2
149:6
147:)
145:4
137:3
135:)
133:4
129:5
113:3
111:)
109:4
105:5
94:5
92:O
90:2
86:5
84:O
82:2
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
