165:
402:, Galloway et al. suggest that instead of considering technology as a secondary to ontology, technology be understood as prior to the very possibility of philosophy: "Does everything that exists, exist to me presented and represented, to be mediated and remediated, to be communicated and translated? There are mediative situations in which heresy, exile, or banishment carry the day, not repetition, communion, or integration. There are certain kinds of messages that state 'there will be no more messages'. Hence for every communication there is a correlative excommunication."
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445:. According to Green, a technology can be thought of as a neutral entity only when the sociocultural context and issues circulating the specific technology are removed. It will be then visible to us that there lies a relationship of social groups and power provided through the possession of technologies. A compatibilist position between these two positions is the interactional stance on technology proposed by
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380:, that technology is that which makes anamnesis, namely the access to truth, possible. Stiegler's deconstruction of the history of philosophy through technology as the supplement opens a different path to understand the place of technology in philosophy than the established field of philosophy of technology. In the same vein, philosophers – such as
216:
and technology to extend man's power over nature – for the betterment of society, through works which improve living conditions. The goal of this fictional foundation is "...the knowledge of causes, and secret motions of things; and the enlarging of the bounds of human empire, to the effecting of all
302:
have argued that modern technology constitutes a unified monolithic and deterministic force, and that the notion of technology being simply a tool is a serious error. Ellul views the modern technological world-system as being motivated by the needs of its own efficiency and power, not the welfare of
374:, as well as in his other works, that the question of technology has been repressed (in the sense of Freud) by the history of philosophy. Instead, Stiegler showed how the question of technology constitutes the fundamental question of philosophy. Stiegler shows, for example in Plato's
428:
is the idea that "features of technology its use and the role of a progressive society was to adapt to technological change." The alternative perspective would be social determinism which looks upon society being at fault for the "development and deployment" of technologies.
396:– argue that advances in and the pervasiveness of digital technologies transform the philosophy of technology into a new 'first philosophy'. Citing examples such as the analysis of writing and speech in Plato's dialogue
276:. They all saw technology as central to modern life, although Heidegger, Anders, Arendt and Marcuse were more ambivalent and critical than Dewey. The problem for Heidegger was the hidden nature of technology's essence,
603:# The Outdatedness of Human Beings 1. On the Soul in the Era of the Second Industrial Revolution. 1956 # The Outdatedness of Human Beings 2. On the Destruction of Life in the Era of the Third Industrial Revolution.
797:
310:
has identified two books published at the turn of the century as marking the development of the philosophy of technology as an academic subdiscipline with canonical texts. Those were
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354:) publish exclusively works in philosophy of technology. Philosophers of technology reflect broadly and work in the area and include interest on diverse topics of
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240:
Another, more materialistic position on technology which became very influential in the 20th-century philosophy of technology was centered on the ideas of
122:
are ontologically distinct because natural things have an inner principle of generation and motion, as well as an inner teleological final cause. While
237:
and regarded technique as a projection of human organs. In the
European context, Kapp is referred to as the founder of the philosophy of technology.
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which posed for humans what he called its greatest danger and thus its greatest possibility. Heidegger's major work on technology is found in
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358:, internet data and privacy, our understandings of internet cats, technological function and epistemology of technology, computer ethics,
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1958:
233:, published the fundamental book "Grundlinien einer Philosophie der Technik" in 1877. Kapp was deeply inspired by the philosophy of
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is that it arises as an imitation of nature (for example, weaving developed out of watching spiders). Greek philosophers such as
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Five early and prominent 20th-century philosophers to directly address the effects of modern technology on humanity include
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55:. The phrase "philosophy of technology" was first used in the late 19th century by German-born philosopher and geographer
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330:. Several collected volumes with topics in philosophy of technology have come out over the past decade and the journals
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1994:
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became one of the first modern authors to reflect on the impact of technology on society. In his utopian work
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can go beyond nature and complete "what nature cannot bring to a finish." Aristotle also argued that nature (
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86:(τέχνη) (art, or craft knowledge) and philosophical views on technology can be traced to the very roots of
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MA programme
Philosophy of Science, Technology, and Society at the University of Twente in the Netherlands
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550:
Grundlinien einer
Philosophie der Technik. Zur Entstehungsgeschichte der Cultur aus neuen Gesichtspunkten
409:, as a sub-field within philosophy of technology. Ibo van de Poel and David E. Goldberg edited a volume,
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While a number of important individual works were published in the second half of the twentieth century,
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663:, Alexander R. Galloway, Eugene Thacker, and McKenzie Wark (University of Chicago Press, 2013), p. 10.
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generally upheld the traditional view of technology as imitation of nature. During the
Renaissance,
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413:(2010) which contains a number of research articles focused on design, epistemology, ontology and
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During the period of the Roman empire and late antiquity authors produced practical works such as
132:(goal or end) which shapes it. Natural things strive for some end and reproduce themselves, while
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Franssen, Maarten; Lokhorst, Gert-Jan; van de Poel, Ibo; Zalta, Edward N., Ed. (Spring 2010).
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532:(entry "Technology, Philosophy of"), pp. 417–29. VCH Publishers, Weinheim, Germany, 1995.
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that states that social forces and technology co-construct and co-vary with one another.
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552:(Braunschweig/Brunswick 1877, Reprint Düsseldorf 1978, Engl. Translation Chicago 1978).
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and its implications, transcendence in space, and technological ethics more broadly.
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Philosophical discussion of questions relating to technology (or its Greek ancestor
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208:(1627), Bacon put forth an optimistic worldview in which a fictional institution (
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as an artisan makes things using blueprints. Moreover, Plato argues in the
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agreed that this imitation was often the case, but also argued that
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144:, the world is depicted as being the work of a divine craftsman (
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156:, that what a craftsman does is imitate this divine craftsman.
82:
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137:
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376:
153:
1779:
763:
Franssen, Maarten; Lokhorst, Gert-Jan; Poel, Ibo van de.
80:
The western term 'technology' comes from the Greek term
661:
Excommunication: Three
Inquiries in Media and Mediation
786:
781:
692:. Crows Nest, Australia: Allen & Unwin. p. 3.
677:. Crows Nest, Australia: Allen & Unwin. p. 2.
528:
Section 2, paragraph 10. Published in vol. 13 of the
405:
There has been additional reflection focusing on the
2941:
798:Filozofia techniki: problematyka, nurty, trudności
441:to selectively show technological determinism and
303:the human race or the integrity of the biosphere.
463:
461:
4699:
762:
458:
411:Philosophy and Engineering: An Emerging Agenda
159:
4682:
3778:
2927:
831:
721:Techné: Research in Philosophy and Technology
333:Techne: Research in Philosophy and Technology
225:The native German philosopher and geographer
126:is shaped by an outside cause and an outside
495:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
420:
540:
538:
503:
177:
148:) who created the world in accordance with
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4675:
3785:
3771:
2934:
2920:
838:
824:
251:
4441:
4404:Relationship between religion and science
3792:
65:Grundlinien einer Philosophie der Technik
563:"Elements of a Philosophy of Technology"
535:
163:
509:
475:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
14:
4700:
792:Essays on the Philosophy of Technology
782:Institute of Philosophy and Technology
433:used recent gun massacres such as the
90:. A common theme in the Greek view of
61:Elements of a Philosophy of Technology
3766:
2915:
2577:
1319:
857:
819:
787:Society for Philosophy and Technology
726:International Journal of Technoethics
687:
672:
338:Society for Philosophy and Technology
4641:
3428:Digital media use and mental health
3142:Sociology of the history of science
804:
774:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
755:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
75:
27:Studies of the nature of technology
24:
747:
289:The Question Concerning Technology
25:
4734:
4424:Sociology of scientific knowledge
4419:Sociology of scientific ignorance
4372:History and philosophy of science
3137:Sociology of scientific ignorance
2982:History and philosophy of science
2964:Economics of scientific knowledge
716:Ethics and Information Technology
699:
324:American Philosophy of Technology
51:) dates back to the very dawn of
4645:
4621:
4609:
3730:
3729:
3704:
2895:
2894:
2881:
681:
666:
654:
643:
585:Aristotle, Physics II.8, 199a15
530:Encyclopedia of Applied Physics
342:Philosophy Documentation Center
220:
4713:Science and technology studies
3813:Analytic–synthetic distinction
2943:Science and technology studies
845:
736:Science and Engineering Ethics
619:
606:
597:
588:
579:
555:
59:, who published a book titled
13:
1:
2578:
567:University of Minnesota Press
452:
4661:. You can help Knowledge by
3490:Normalization process theory
3047:Philosophy of social science
2367:Ordinary language philosophy
858:
312:Technology and the Good Life
7:
4146:Hypothetico-deductive model
4121:Deductive-nomological model
4106:Constructivist epistemology
2417:Contemporary utilitarianism
2332:Internalism and externalism
741:
711:Philosophy & Technology
704:
347:Philosophy & Technology
160:Middle ages to 19th century
102:endorsed this view. In his
38:that studies the nature of
10:
4739:
4640:
3113:construction of technology
1681:Svatantrika and Prasangika
1320:
765:"Philosophy of Technology"
750:"Philosophy of Technology"
512:"Philosophy of Technology"
470:"Philosophy of Technology"
296:Technological determinists
70:
4600:
4432:
4334:
4264:
4207:Semantic view of theories
4126:Epistemological anarchism
4078:
4063:dependent and independent
3800:
3700:
3645:Politicization of science
3605:
3391:
3160:
3095:
3007:
2972:
2949:
2875:
2827:
2727:
2689:
2636:
2603:
2594:
2590:
2573:
2523:
2435:
2273:
2264:
2197:
1980:
1971:
1949:
1904:
1846:
1798:
1752:
1743:
1706:
1577:
1442:
1389:
1380:
1330:
1326:
1315:
1254:
1226:
1183:
1135:
1092:
1045:
1017:
969:
941:
903:Philosophy of mathematics
893:Philosophy of information
868:
864:
853:
631:Discipleship & Ethics
426:Technological determinism
421:Technology and neutrality
407:philosophy of engineering
4708:Philosophy of technology
3949:Intertheoretic reduction
3938:Ignoramus et ignorabimus
3915:Functional contextualism
3052:Philosophy of technology
42:and its social effects.
32:philosophy of technology
18:Philosophy of Technology
4434:Philosophers of science
4212:Scientific essentialism
4161:Model-dependent realism
4096:Constructive empiricism
3989:Evidence-based practice
2372:Postanalytic philosophy
2313:Experimental philosophy
794:compiled by Frank Edler
510:Marquit, Erwin (1995).
252:20th century to present
4657:-related article is a
4517:Alfred North Whitehead
4507:Charles Sanders Peirce
3125:Sociology of knowledge
2505:Social constructionism
1517:Hellenistic philosophy
933:Theoretical philosophy
908:Philosophy of religion
898:Philosophy of language
178:
169:
4616:Philosophy portal
4367:Hard and soft science
4362:Faith and rationality
4231:Scientific skepticism
4011:Scientific Revolution
3794:Philosophy of science
3692:Transition management
3682:Technology assessment
3650:Regulation of science
3625:Evidence-based policy
3510:Sociotechnical system
3359:Traditional knowledge
3239:Psychology of science
3212:Mapping controversies
3118:shaping of technology
3077:Social constructivism
3042:Philosophy of science
2999:History of technology
2888:Philosophy portal
2407:Scientific skepticism
2387:Reformed epistemology
913:Philosophy of science
731:Technology in Society
688:Green, Lelia (2001).
673:Green, Lelia (2001).
594:Aristotle, Physics II
415:ethics in engineering
196:Scholastic philosophy
184:(1st century BC) and
167:
4342:Criticism of science
4217:Scientific formalism
4101:Constructive realism
4006:Scientific pluralism
3979:Problem of induction
3597:Women in engineering
3443:Financial technology
3423:Digital anthropology
3192:Criticism of science
3105:Actor–network theory
3067:Religion and science
2959:Economics of science
2308:Critical rationalism
2015:Edo neo-Confucianism
1859:Acintya bheda abheda
1838:Renaissance humanism
1549:School of the Sextii
923:Practical philosophy
918:Political philosophy
748:Reydon, Thomas A.C.
435:Port Arthur Massacre
336:(the journal of the
318:, Andrew Light, and
4409:Rhetoric of science
4347:Descriptive science
4091:Confirmation holism
3984:Scientific evidence
3944:Inductive reasoning
3873:Demarcation problem
3438:Engineering studies
3408:Cyborg anthropology
3197:Demarcation problem
3082:Social epistemology
1879:Nimbarka Sampradaya
1790:Korean Confucianism
1537:Academic Skepticism
614:The Human Condition
340:, published by the
229:, who was based in
4628:Science portal
4557:Carl Gustav Hempel
4512:Wilhelm Windelband
4399:Questionable cause
4222:Scientific realism
4043:Underdetermination
3878:Empirical evidence
3868:Creative synthesis
3718:History of science
3635:Funding of science
3505:Skunkworks project
3202:Double hermeneutic
2987:History of science
2500:Post-structuralism
2402:Scientific realism
2357:Quinean naturalism
2337:Logical positivism
2293:Analytical Marxism
1512:Peripatetic school
1424:Chinese naturalism
951:Aesthetic response
878:Applied philosophy
518:on 15 October 2015
443:social determinism
382:Alexander Galloway
314:(2000), edited by
217:things possible".
214:natural philosophy
170:
88:Western philosophy
53:Western philosophy
34:is a sub-field of
4670:
4669:
4635:
4634:
4477:
4476:
4389:Normative science
4246:Uniformitarianism
4001:Scientific method
3895:Explanatory power
3760:
3759:
3687:Technology policy
3418:Dematerialization
3227:black swan events
2909:
2908:
2871:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2288:Analytic feminism
2260:
2259:
2222:Kierkegaardianism
2184:Transcendentalism
2144:Neo-scholasticism
1990:Classical Realism
1967:
1966:
1739:
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1554:Neopythagoreanism
1311:
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1307:
1306:
928:Social philosophy
650:Techné Vol 7 No 1
491:cite encyclopedia
439:Dunblane Massacre
371:Technics and Time
242:Benjamin Franklin
194:(1556). Medieval
168:Sir Francis Bacon
16:(Redirected from
4730:
4723:Philosophy stubs
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4587:Bas van Fraassen
4542:Hans Reichenbach
4522:Bertrand Russell
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4265:Philosophy of...
4048:Unity of science
3841:Commensurability
3787:
3780:
3773:
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3763:
3733:
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3708:
3660:Right to science
3640:Horizon scanning
3615:Academic freedom
3515:Technical change
3376:Women in science
3371:Unity of science
3152:Strong programme
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2465:Frankfurt School
2412:Transactionalism
2362:Normative ethics
2342:Legal positivism
2318:Falsificationism
2303:Consequentialism
2298:Communitarianism
2271:
2270:
2139:New Confucianism
1978:
1977:
1785:Neo-Confucianism
1750:
1749:
1559:Second Sophistic
1544:Middle Platonism
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1160:Epiphenomenalism
1027:Consequentialism
961:Institutionalism
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366:Bernard Stiegler
262:Martin Heidegger
183:
76:Greek philosophy
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4428:
4414:Science studies
4330:
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4251:Verificationism
4156:Instrumentalism
4141:Foundationalism
4116:Conventionalism
4074:
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3655:Research ethics
3601:
3500:Reverse salient
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2546:Russian cosmism
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2515:Western Marxism
2480:New Historicism
2445:Critical theory
2431:
2427:Wittgensteinian
2323:Foundationalism
2256:
2193:
2174:Social contract
2030:Foundationalism
1963:
1945:
1929:Illuminationism
1914:Aristotelianism
1900:
1889:Vishishtadvaita
1842:
1794:
1735:
1702:
1573:
1502:Megarian school
1497:Eretrian school
1438:
1399:Agriculturalism
1376:
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191:De Re Metallica
180:De Architectura
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2450:Deconstruction
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2283:Applied ethics
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2247:Nietzscheanism
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2189:Utilitarianism
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2087:Transcendental
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2025:Existentialism
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4007:
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4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3889:
3886:
3885:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3788:
3783:
3781:
3776:
3774:
3769:
3768:
3765:
3751:
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3738:
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3736:
3728:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3707:
3703:
3702:
3699:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3598:
3595:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3525:Technoscience
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3495:Media studies
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3433:Early adopter
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3403:Co-production
3401:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3390:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3252:communication
3250:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3234:Pseudoscience
3232:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3182:Boundary-work
3180:
3178:
3177:Bibliometrics
3175:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3159:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3123:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3088:
3087:Transhumanism
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2937:
2932:
2930:
2925:
2923:
2918:
2917:
2914:
2902:
2901:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2878:
2877:
2874:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2828:Miscellaneous
2826:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2524:Miscellaneous
2522:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2510:Structuralism
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2495:Postmodernism
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2485:Phenomenology
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2422:Vienna Circle
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2352:Moral realism
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2154:Phenomenology
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2094:Individualism
2092:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1960:
1959:Judeo-Islamic
1957:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1935:ʿIlm al-Kalām
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1884:Shuddhadvaita
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1818:Scholasticism
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1755:
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1748:
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1742:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1632:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1318:
1314:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1269:Conceptualism
1267:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1198:Particularism
1196:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1165:Functionalism
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1150:Eliminativism
1148:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1055:Compatibilism
1053:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
994:Particularism
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
976:
974:
972:
968:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
948:
946:
944:
940:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
875:
873:
871:
867:
863:
856:
852:
848:
841:
836:
834:
829:
827:
822:
821:
818:
812:
809:
808:
799:
796:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
776:
775:
770:
766:
761:
757:
756:
751:
746:
745:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
708:
691:
690:Technoculture
684:
676:
675:Technoculture
669:
662:
657:
651:
646:
632:
628:
622:
615:
609:
600:
591:
582:
568:
564:
558:
551:
547:
541:
539:
531:
517:
513:
506:
498:
492:
477:
476:
471:
464:
462:
457:
450:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
427:
418:
416:
412:
408:
403:
401:
400:
395:
391:
390:McKenzie Wark
387:
383:
379:
378:
373:
372:
367:
363:
361:
360:biotechnology
357:
353:
349:
348:
343:
339:
335:
334:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
304:
301:
297:
293:
291:
290:
285:
281:
280:
275:
274:Hannah Arendt
271:
267:
263:
259:
249:
247:
243:
238:
236:
232:
228:
218:
215:
211:
207:
206:
201:
200:Francis Bacon
197:
193:
192:
187:
182:
181:
175:
166:
157:
155:
151:
150:eternal forms
147:
143:
139:
136:does not. In
135:
131:
130:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
84:
68:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
49:
43:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4663:expanding it
4652:
4637:
4592:Larry Laudan
4572:Imre Lakatos
4527:Otto Neurath
4502:Karl Pearson
4492:Pierre Duhem
4464:Isaac Newton
4394:Protoscience
4352:Epistemology
4226:Anti-realism
4224: /
4205: /
4196: /
4182: /
4180:Reductionism
4178: /
4151:Inductionism
4131:Evolutionism
3936:
3823:a posteriori
3822:
3818:
3740:Associations
3575:criticism of
3485:Leapfrogging
3468:linear model
3354:Team science
3344:Scientocracy
3267:Neo-colonial
3051:
3017:Anthropocene
2893:
2879:
2550:
2541:Postcritique
2531:Kyoto School
2490:Posthumanism
2470:Hermeneutics
2325: /
2266:Contemporary
2242:Newtonianism
2205:Cartesianism
2164:Reductionism
2000:Conservatism
1995:Collectivism
1933:
1661:Sarvāstivadā
1639:Anekantavada
1564:Neoplatonism
1532:Epicureanism
1465:Pythagoreans
1404:Confucianism
1370:Contemporary
1360:Early modern
1264:Anti-realism
1218:Universalism
1175:Subjectivism
971:Epistemology
772:
753:
689:
683:
674:
668:
660:
656:
645:
634:. Retrieved
630:
621:
613:
608:
599:
590:
581:
570:. Retrieved
566:
557:
549:
529:
522:25 September
520:. Retrieved
516:the original
505:
479:. Retrieved
473:
424:
410:
404:
399:The Phaedrus
397:
393:
375:
369:
364:
345:
331:
323:
320:David Strong
311:
305:
300:Jaques Ellul
294:
287:
283:
277:
255:
239:
224:
221:19th century
205:New Atlantis
203:
189:
171:
133:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
91:
81:
79:
64:
60:
46:
44:
31:
29:
4582:Ian Hacking
4567:Thomas Kuhn
4552:Karl Popper
4532:C. D. Broad
4449:Roger Bacon
4377:Non-science
4319:Linguistics
4299:Archaeology
4194:Rationalism
4184:Determinism
4171:Physicalism
4136:Fallibilism
4086:Coherentism
4016:Testability
3969:Observation
3964:Objectivity
3925:alternative
3856:Correlation
3846:Consilience
3585:theories of
3570:and society
3566:Technology
3560:transitions
3550:determinism
3545:convergence
3520:Technocracy
3302:controversy
3288:Scientific
3272:post-normal
3217:Metascience
3187:Consilience
3172:Antiscience
3037:Neo-Luddism
3032:Fuzzy logic
2536:Objectivism
2475:Neo-Marxism
2437:Continental
2347:Meta-ethics
2327:Coherentism
2232:Hegelianism
2169:Rationalism
2129:Natural law
2109:Materialism
2035:Historicism
2005:Determinism
1896:Navya-Nyāya
1671:Sautrāntika
1666:Pudgalavada
1602:Vaisheshika
1455:Presocratic
1355:Renaissance
1294:Physicalism
1279:Materialism
1185:Normativity
1170:Objectivism
1155:Emergentism
1145:Behaviorism
1094:Metaphysics
1060:Determinism
999:Rationalism
800:Rafal Lizut
627:"Technique"
431:Lelia Green
308:Paul Durbin
4702:Categories
4655:philosophy
4469:David Hume
4442:Precursors
4324:Psychology
4304:Economics
4198:Empiricism
4189:Pragmatism
4176:Positivism
4166:Naturalism
4036:scientific
3920:Hypothesis
3883:Experiment
3723:Technology
3675:science of
3670:history of
3555:revolution
3463:disruptive
3453:Innovation
3448:Hype cycle
3393:Technology
3364:ecological
3337:skepticism
3327:misconduct
3312:enterprise
3130:scientific
3057:Positivism
3027:Empiricism
3009:Philosophy
2835:Amerindian
2742:Australian
2681:Vietnamese
2661:Indonesian
2210:Kantianism
2159:Positivism
2149:Pragmatism
2124:Naturalism
2104:Liberalism
2082:Subjective
2020:Empiricism
1924:Avicennism
1869:Bhedabheda
1753:East Asian
1676:Madhyamaka
1656:Abhidharma
1522:Pyrrhonism
1289:Nominalism
1284:Naturalism
1213:Skepticism
1203:Relativism
1193:Absolutism
1122:Naturalism
1032:Deontology
1004:Skepticism
989:Naturalism
979:Empiricism
943:Aesthetics
847:Philosophy
636:2023-10-20
572:2022-04-09
546:Ernst Kapp
453:References
326:(2001) by
316:Eric Higgs
258:John Dewey
227:Ernst Kapp
100:Democritus
96:Heraclitus
57:Ernst Kapp
40:technology
36:philosophy
4309:Geography
4277:Chemistry
4236:Scientism
4031:ladenness
3851:Construct
3829:Causality
3630:Factor 10
3458:diffusion
3297:consensus
3292:community
3257:education
3097:Sociology
3072:Scientism
2951:Economics
2714:Pakistani
2676:Taiwanese
2623:Ethiopian
2596:By region
2582:By region
2397:Scientism
2392:Systemics
2252:Spinozism
2179:Socialism
2114:Modernism
2077:Objective
1985:Anarchism
1919:Averroism
1808:Christian
1760:Neotaoism
1731:Zurvanism
1721:Mithraism
1716:Mazdakism
1487:Cyrenaics
1414:Logicians
1047:Free will
1009:Solipsism
956:Formalism
284:Enframing
246:Karl Marx
174:Vitruvius
108:Aristotle
4604:Category
4256:Vitalism
4079:Theories
4053:Variable
3974:Paradigm
3861:function
3819:A priori
3808:Analysis
3801:Concepts
3750:Scholars
3745:Journals
3735:Category
3709:Portals
3590:transfer
3580:dynamics
3530:feminist
3332:priority
3317:literacy
3277:rhetoric
3243:Science
3207:Logology
2900:Category
2855:Yugoslav
2845:Romanian
2752:Scottish
2737:American
2666:Japanese
2646:Buddhist
2628:Africana
2618:Egyptian
2460:Feminist
2382:Rawlsian
2377:Quietism
2275:Analytic
2227:Krausism
2134:Nihilism
2099:Kokugaku
2062:Absolute
2057:Idealism
2045:Humanism
1833:Occamism
1800:European
1745:Medieval
1691:Yogacara
1651:Buddhist
1644:Syādvāda
1527:Stoicism
1492:Cynicism
1480:Sophists
1475:Atomists
1470:Eleatics
1409:Legalism
1350:Medieval
1274:Idealism
1228:Ontology
1208:Nihilism
1112:Idealism
870:Branches
859:Branches
742:Websites
705:Journals
437:and the
352:Springer
298:such as
186:Agricola
146:Demiurge
4314:History
4282:Physics
4272:Biology
4070:more...
4058:control
3954:Inquiry
3713:Science
3395:studies
3307:dissent
3247:citizen
3164:studies
3162:Science
3109:Social
2974:History
2850:Russian
2819:Spanish
2814:Slovene
2804:Maltese
2799:Italian
2779:Finland
2747:British
2729:Western
2719:Turkish
2704:Islamic
2699:Iranian
2651:Chinese
2638:Eastern
2605:African
2552:more...
2237:Marxism
2067:British
2010:Dualism
1906:Islamic
1864:Advaita
1854:Vedanta
1828:Scotism
1823:Thomism
1765:Tiantai
1708:Persian
1696:Tibetan
1686:Śūnyatā
1627:Cārvāka
1617:Ājīvika
1612:Mīmāṃsā
1592:Samkhya
1507:Academy
1460:Ionians
1434:Yangism
1391:Chinese
1382:Ancient
1345:Western
1340:Ancient
1299:Realism
1256:Reality
1246:Process
1127:Realism
1107:Dualism
1102:Atomism
984:Fideism
771:(ed.).
616:, 1958.
481:May 15,
279:Gestell
212:) uses
142:Timaeus
104:Physics
71:History
4026:choice
4021:Theory
3959:Nature
3888:design
3607:Policy
3540:change
3473:system
3322:method
3262:normal
2809:Polish
2789:German
2784:French
2769:Danish
2759:Canada
2709:Jewish
2671:Korean
2656:Indian
2198:People
2119:Monism
2072:German
2040:Holism
1973:Modern
1951:Jewish
1874:Dvaita
1847:Indian
1770:Huayan
1622:Ajñana
1579:Indian
1444:Greco-
1429:Taoism
1419:Mohism
1365:Modern
1332:By era
1321:By era
1236:Action
1117:Monism
1037:Virtue
1019:Ethics
388:, and
344:) and
134:techne
124:techne
120:techne
118:) and
116:physis
112:techne
92:techne
83:techne
48:techne
4653:This
2840:Aztec
2794:Greek
2774:Dutch
2764:Czech
2613:Bantu
2050:Anti-
1597:Nyaya
1587:Hindu
1447:Roman
1241:Event
883:Logic
767:. In
235:Hegel
231:Texas
138:Plato
129:telos
4659:stub
3930:null
3900:Fact
3821:and
3478:user
3381:STEM
3282:wars
1941:Sufi
1775:Chan
1634:Jain
1607:Yoga
1137:Mind
1077:Hard
1065:Hard
524:2015
497:link
483:2014
377:Meno
322:and
272:and
244:and
154:Laws
98:and
30:The
2215:Neo
1780:Zen
282:or
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140:'s
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