554:
constructed a logical system of the local conditions, rocks and sediments, the minerals and ores, explained the various terms of general and specific local territorial features. He combined this discourse on all natural aspects with a treatise on the actual mining, the methods and processes, local extraction variants, the differences and oddities he had learnt from the miners. For the first time, he tackled questions on the formation of ores and minerals, attempted to bring the underlying mechanisms to light and introduce his conclusions in a systematic framework. He laid out the whole process in a scholarly dialogue and published it under the title
850:, "He who since the days of childhood had enjoyed robust health was carried off by a four-days' fever." Agricola was a fervent Catholic, who, according to Fabricius, "despised our Churches" and "would not tolerate with patience that anyone should discuss ecclesiastical matters with him". That did not stop Fabricius in the same letter from calling Agricola "that distinguished ornament of our Fatherland," whose "religious views...were compatible with reason, it is true, and were dazzling," though not "compatible with truth"; in 1551 Fabricius had already written the introductory poem to
1679:
641:. It discusses the effect of wind and water as powerful geological forces, the origin and distribution of ground water and mineralizing fluids, the origin of subterranean heat, the origin of ore channels, and the principal divisions of the mineral kingdom. However, he maintained that a certain 'materia pinguis' or 'fatty matter,' set into fermentation by heat, gave birth to fossil organic shapes, as opposed to fossil shells having belonged to living animals.
290:, investigated and researched in its natural environment by means of direct observation. Unrivalled in its complexity and accuracy, it served as the standard reference work for two centuries. Agricola stated in the preface, that he will exclude "all those things which I have not myself seen, or have not read or heard of". He continued, "That which I have neither seen, nor carefully considered after reading or hearing of, I have not written about."
682:
630:, published in 1533, he described the systems of Greek and Roman measures and weights. In the 16th century Holy Roman Empire there were no uniform dimensions, measures, and weights, which impeded trade and commerce. This work laid the foundation for Agricola's reputation as a humanist scholar; as he committed himself to the introduction of standardized weights and measures, he entered the public stage and occupied a political position.
835:
531:
523:
881:
To the physician and mayor of
Chemnitz, Georgius Agricola, a man most distinguished by piety and scholarship, who had rendered outstanding services to his city, whose legacy will bestow immortal glory on his name, whose spirit Christ himself absorbed into his eternal kingdom. His mourning wife and
553:
His primary post proved to be not very demanding and he lent all his spare time to his studies. Beginning in 1528 he immersed himself in comparisons and tests on what had been written about mineralogy and mining and his own observations of the local materials and the methods of their treatment. He
38:
501:, who had died in 1515. Manutius had established and maintained contacts and the friendship in a network among the many scholars, including the most celebrated, from all over Europe, whom he had encouraged to come to Venice and take care of the redaction of the numerous publications of the
562:
for the attempt to put the knowledge, won by practical inquiry into order and further investigate in reduced form. Agricola, in his capacity of physician, also suggested, that minerals and their effects on and relationship to human medicine should be a future subject of investigation.
857:
According to traditional urban customs, as a former lord mayor he was entitled to a burial in the local mother church. His religious affiliation, however, outweighed his secular prerogatives and monumental services for the city. Chemnitz
Protestant superintendent Tettelbach urged
877:, more than 50 km (31 mi) away and interred by von Pflug in the Zeitz cathedral. His wife had a memorial plate commissioned and placed inside, that was already removed during the 17th century. Its text, however has been preserved in the Zeitz annals, and reads:
695:
was published the year after his death, in 1556; it was perhaps finished in 1550, since the dedication to the elector and his brother is dated to that year. The delay is thought to be due to the book's many woodcuts. The work is a systematic, illustrated treatise on
313:, philosophy, geology, history, and many more. His innovative and comprehensive scholarly work, based on new and precise methods of production and control, has made his work a central part of scholarship and understanding of science during that period.
648:(The nature of the things that flow out of the earth's interior). It deals with the properties of water, its effects, taste, smell, temperature etc. and air under the earth, which, as Agricola reasoned, is responsible for earthquakes and volcanoes.
576:
Rechter
Gebrauch d'Alchimei, mitt vil bissher verborgenen, nutzbaren unnd lustigen Künsten, nit allein den fürwitzigen Alchimismisten, sonder allen kunstbaren Werckleutten, in und ausserhalb Feurs. Auch sunst aller menglichen inn vil wege
757:, such as the machine for lifting men and material into and out of a mine shaft. Water mills found application especially in crushing ores to release the fine particles of gold and other heavy minerals, as well as working giant
282:, that was published in 1556, one year after his death. This 12-volume work is a comprehensive and systematic study, classification and methodical guide on all available factual and practical aspects, that are of concern for
550:, where in 1516 significant silver ore deposits were found. The 15,000 inhabitants made Joachimsthal a busy, booming centre of mining and smelting works with hundreds of shafts for Agricola to investigate.
451:
538:
He returned to
Zwickau in 1527 and to Chemnitz in autumn of the same year, where he married Anna Meyner, a widow from Schneeberg. Upon his search for employment as town physician and pharmacist in the
297:
he was committed to a universal approach towards learning and research. He published over 40 complete scholarly works during his professional life on a wide range of subjects and disciplines, such as
611:
in 1533. Although little is known about his work as physician, Agricola entered his most productive years and soon became lord mayor of
Chemnitz and served as diplomat and historiographer for
454:(Zwickauer Ratsschule). In 1520 he published his first book, a Latin grammar manual with practical and methodical hints for teachers. In 1522 he ended his appointment to again study at
377:, particularly popular among Renaissance scholars, so "Georg Pawer" became "Georgius Agricola". Coincidentally, the name Georg/Georgius derives from Greek and also means "farmer".
661:
were published in 1546 as a comprehensive textbook and account of the discovery and occurrence of minerals, ores, metals, gemstones, earths and igneous rocks, followed by
665:
in 1548 and a number of smaller works on the metals during the following two years. Agricola served as
Burgomaster (lord mayor) of Chemnitz in 1546, 1547, 1551 and 1553.
505:. At the time of Agricola's visit, the business was run by Andrea Torresani and his daughter Maria. Agricola participated in the edition of a work in several volumes on
390:
Agricola was born in 1494 as Georg Pawer, the second of seven children of a clothier and dyer in
Glauchau. At the age of twelve he enrolled in the Latin school in
1180:"The Pirotechnica of Vannoccio Biringuccio - Translated from the Italian with an introduction and notes by Cyril Stanley Smith and Martha Teach Gnudi, p. 45"
779:
The work contains, in an appendix, the German equivalents for the technical terms used in the Latin text. Modern words that derive from the work include
1688:
1712:
1325:
and Lou Henry Hoover, tr., New York: Dover
Publications, 1950, (reprint of the London: Mining Magazine edition of 1912), p. viii of the introduction.
1727:
1697:
721:
was the main source of information on metals and mining techniques. Agricola acknowledged his debt to ancient authors, such as Pliny and
406:, he first inscribed to the summer semester for theology, philosophy and philology under rector Nikolaus Apel and for ancient languages,
1645:
1186:
1491:
1802:
1392:
Principles of
Geology: Being an Attempt to Explain the Former Changes of the Earth's Surface, by Reference to Causes Now in Operation
1407:
862:
to command the refusal of a burial inside the city. The command was issued and
Tettelbach immediately informed the Agricola party.
542:, preferably a place, where he could satisfy his ardent longings for the studies on mining, he settled in the suitable little town
1762:
619:(Lords of Saxony from the beginning to the present time), which took 20 years to accomplish and was only published in 1555 at
1527:
1471:
1444:
1373:
1346:
1263:""Rusticall chymistry": Alchemy, saltpeter projects, and experimental fertilizers in seventeenth-century English agriculture"
637:(On Subterranean Origins and Causes), in which he criticized older theories and laid out the foundations of modern physical
1797:
1211:
1787:
1016:
615:, who was looking to uncover possible territorial claims and commissioned Agricola with a large historical work, the
1562:
1112:
1545:
Die Reformation ihre innere Entwicklung und ihre Wirkungen im Umfange deLuterischen Bekenntnisses von J. Döllinger
1777:
1365:
Georgius Agricola, 500 Jahre: Wissenschaftliche Konferenz vom 25. – 27. März 1994 in Chemnitz, Freistaat Sachsen
772:
weakened it enough for easy removal. It was a dangerous method when used underground, and was made redundant by
1807:
823:
489:
and completed his studies in medicine. It remains unclear where he acquired his diploma. In 1524 he joined the
1792:
1767:
1757:
1772:
928:
1707:
1704:
translated by former President H. Hoover and his wife L.H. Hoover, full text (650 pages) and illustrations
882:
children. He died in the 62nd year of life on November 21, 1555 and was born in Glauchau on March 24, 1494
583:) which argued that true "alchemy" should not attempt transmutation of metals to gold or synthesizing the
1135:"Geschichte der Westsächsischen Hochschule Zwickau - Georgius Agricola lehrte von 1519 - 1522 in Zwickau"
859:
1782:
1722:
768:, which involved building fires against hard rock faces. The hot rock was quenched with water, and the
458:
for another year, where, as rector, he was supported by his former tutor and professor of classics,
1061:
1237:
1156:
1087:
717:
1338:
Healers and Achievers: Physicians Who Excelled in Other Fields and the Times in Which They Lived
792:
1694:
1639:
612:
584:
20:
1517:
1434:
1336:
1179:
842:
Agricola died on November 21, 1555. His "lifelong friend," the Protestant poet and classicist
269:
published in 1546, he is generally referred to as the father of mineralogy and the founder of
1662:
1363:
892:
701:
482:
374:
240:
1549:
1461:
1752:
1747:
1495:
1322:
228:
212:
99:
69:
1656:
259:
in describing activity that we today would characterize as chemical or alchemical, giving
8:
1411:
847:
741:
in detail, as well as washing the ores to collect the heavier valuable minerals, such as
657:
486:
333:
has bestowed a brief honorary title on him in recognition of his legacy, that his fellow
265:
1390:
1134:
1295:
1262:
1088:"Dr. Georg Agricola : ein Gelehrtenleben aus dem Zeitalter der Reformation - p. 9"
908:
567:
559:
462:, with whom he had always been in correspondence. He also subscribed to the studies of
399:
134:
1576:
1674:
1523:
1467:
1440:
1369:
1342:
1300:
1282:
1012:
951:
943:
415:
370:
232:
124:
114:
103:
73:
1683:
1603:
1290:
1274:
870:
819:
558:, (Bermannus, or a dialogue on metallurgy) in 1530. The work was highly praised by
459:
431:
169:
1543:
983:
1731:
1716:
1701:
843:
712:
676:
330:
278:
1670:
815:
604:
498:
1278:
1741:
1634:
1286:
947:
803:, Agricola applied this name to it, and thus originated a petrological term.
769:
539:
443:
407:
209:
681:
19:"Georg Agricola" redirects here. For the German physician and botanist, see
1304:
955:
903:
765:
722:
490:
435:
306:
587:
but rather study and develop the industrial methods of skilled craftsmen.
734:
294:
543:
1649:. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 386.
838:
Memorial tablet for Agricola at Zeitz cathedral, installed in June 2014
773:
750:
354:
322:
287:
220:
216:
151:
1655:
1638:
780:
738:
571:
471:
430:
Gifted with a precocious intellect and his freshly acquired title of
302:
260:
1035:
321:
He is often, although not universally referred to as "the Father of
37:
1177:
897:
866:
784:
730:
620:
608:
502:
463:
391:
310:
298:
224:
95:
65:
834:
764:
Agricola described mining methods which are now obsolete, such as
1608:
The Death of Nature: Women, Ecology and the Scientific Revolution
796:
788:
758:
726:
638:
467:
455:
419:
395:
366:
326:
270:
235:, he was broadly educated, but took a particular interest in the
1689:
Agricola's work on gemstones and mineralogy: De Natura Fossilium
1627:
1319:
De re metallica, translated from the first Latin edition of 1556
1185:. The American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers.
1492:"De Re Metallica – Agricola, Hoover, pp. xi-xii, xvi, xxi-xxiv"
800:
761:
to force air into the confined spaces of underground workings.
754:
697:
530:
494:
334:
283:
236:
900:, 11th-century Chinese author on land formation and mineralogy
1212:"Der Mann, der aufschrieb, wie das Silber aus dem Berg kommt"
1062:"Agricola, Georgius (Georg Bauer), wahrscheinlich in Zwickau"
874:
506:
478:
411:
244:
1009:
Geological Sciences; Geology: Landforms, Minerals, and Rocks
522:
742:
595:
In the same year Agricola received an offer of the city of
438:", with such effect that at the age of 24 he was appointed
196:
190:
172:
414:
in particular, He received his first Latin lectures under
927:
Marshall, James L.; Marshall, Virginia R. (Autumn 2005).
746:
705:
184:
178:
16:
German scholar, mineralogist and metallurgist (1494–1555)
1563:
Five-minute guide to the Cathedral of Sts Peter and Paul
434:, Agricola early threw himself into the pursuit of the "
247:. He was the first to drop the Arabic definite article
1334:
1113:"Neue deutsche Biographie, Bd.: 1, Agricola, Georgius"
1011:. New York: Britannica Educational Publishing, p. 10.
791:. In another example, believing the black rock of the
1003:
1001:
873:, four days later Agricola's body was carried off to
187:
617:
Dominatores Saxonici a prima origine ad hanc aetatem
418:, a celebrated humanist of the time and adherent of
193:
181:
986:. University of California - Museum of Paleontology
175:
1522:. Springer-Verlag. 13 August 2013. pp. 123–.
1489:
998:
725:, and made numerous references to Roman works. In
1666:. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1459:
1388:
1361:
1260:
1238:"Alchemical Imagery - illustrated title Agricola"
846:, wrote in a letter to the Protestant theologian
373:convinced him to consider the common practice of
1739:
1408:"DIE EISENBIBLIOTHEK UND IHRE AGRICOLA-BESTÄNDE"
926:
517:
1574:
208:; 24 March 1494 – 21 November 1555) was a
1432:
1617:. Vol. 1. pp. 334–336 (Cologne: Koenig).
865:Upon the initiative of his childhood friend,
810:(London) published an English translation of
263:its modern name. For his groundbreaking work
1691:, translated from Latin by Mark Chance Bandy
1453:
1405:
1085:
818:, the American mining engineer and his wife
343:the distinguished ornament of the Fatherland
1615:Wissenschaftliche Instrumente in ihrer Zeit
1463:D Natura Fossilium (Textbook of Mineralogy)
1426:
1355:
1261:Niermeier-Dohoney, Justin (December 2022).
1653:
1059:
920:
644:In 1546, he published the four volumes of
36:
1577:"Zum 450. Todestag von GEORGIUS AGRICOLA"
1382:
1294:
1178:Cyril Stanley Smith, Martha Teach Gnudi.
733:occur in and on the ground. He described
729:, Agricola described and illustrated how
607:), which he accepted and he relocated to
339:die ausgezeichnete Zierde des Vaterlandes
276:He is well known for his pioneering work
42:Georgius Agricola (fictive 1927 portrait)
1633:
1565:(in German). Retrieved 28 February 2023.
1439:. Library of Alexandria. pp. 197–.
1328:
833:
680:
556:Bermannus, sive de re metallica dialogus
529:
521:
1630:, (engl: Agricola Academic Association)
1485:
1483:
929:"Rediscovery of the Elements: Agricola"
450:, which was soon to be united with the
345:). He was baptized with his birth name
1740:
1341:. Xlibris Corporation. pp. 125–.
1335:Raphael S. Bloch, M.D. (31 May 2012).
1081:
1079:
978:
976:
974:
972:
708:from the ground, and metals from ore.
398:. From 1514 to 1518 he studied at the
1107:
1105:
1055:
1053:
1038:. Agricola-Forschungszentrum Chemnitz
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
646:De natura eorum quae effluunt e terra
425:
1480:
1466:. Courier Corporation. pp. 1–.
799:to be the same as Pliny the Elder's
590:
512:
1709:De Ortu & Causis Subterraneorum
1680:Works by or about Georgius Agricola
1436:The History of Chemistry (Complete)
1137:. Westsächsische Hochschule Zwickau
1115:. Münchener Digitalisierungszentrum
1076:
969:
493:, a prestigious printing office in
13:
1597:
1362:Friedrich Naumann (9 March 2013).
1102:
1050:
1021:
668:
14:
1819:
1654:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1907).
1621:
1368:. Springer-Verlag. pp. 27–.
1218:. DIE ZEIT Archiv. March 18, 1994
1036:"Georgius Agricola (1494 - 1555)"
691:Agricola's most famous work, the
526:A water mill used for raising ore
329:as a scientific discipline. Poet
1803:16th-century German male writers
704:. It shows processes to extract
635:De ortu et causis subterraneorum
574:published his German book named
168:
1610:(San Francisco: HarperCollins).
1568:
1556:
1536:
1510:
1399:
1311:
1254:
1230:
1204:
1192:from the original on 2015-08-07
1171:
599:(Chemnitz) for the position of
357:form of the modern German term
1149:
1127:
824:President of the United States
814:. The translation was made by
653:De veteribus et novis metallis
1:
1763:16th-century writers in Latin
914:
518:Town physician and pharmacist
380:
365:in English. His teacher, the
1628:Agricola Akademischer Verein
783:(from which was later named
316:
273:as a scientific discipline.
223:. Born in the small town of
7:
1798:16th-century German writers
1157:"Denkmal Georgius Agricola"
886:
663:De animantibus subterraneis
10:
1824:
1695:Agricola's De Re Metallica
1671:Works by Georgius Agricola
1548:. J. Manz. 1848. pp.
1460:Georgius Agricola (2004).
1410:. archives. Archived from
1389:Sir Charles Lyell (1832).
1007:Rafferty, John P. (2012).
942:(3). Alpha Chi Sigma: 59.
674:
633:In 1544, he published the
404:Georgius Pawer de Glauchaw
286:, the mining sciences and
18:
1788:Leipzig University alumni
1724:De Re Metallica Libri XII
1494:. Farlang. Archived from
1279:10.1177/00732753211033159
693:De re metallica libri xii
655:, more commonly known as
628:De Mensuris et ponderibus
581:The Proper Use of Alchemy
279:De re metallica libri XII
157:
147:
140:
130:
120:
110:
80:
47:
35:
28:
1490:H. Hoover, L.H. Hoover.
829:
534:Fire-setting underground
497:that was established by
446:at the 1519 established
385:
1657:"George Agricola"
1646:Encyclopædia Britannica
1640:"Agricola, Georg"
1433:Thomas Thomson (1830).
854:in praise of Agricola.
477:In 1523 he traveled to
452:Great School of Zwickau
1778:German Roman Catholics
1734:full digital facsimile
1719:full digital facsimile
884:
839:
688:
535:
527:
440:Rector extraordinarius
402:where, under the name
361:, which translates to
251:, exclusively writing
21:Georg Andreas Agricola
1808:Engineers from Saxony
1663:Catholic Encyclopedia
1575:Gisela-Ruth Engwald.
1064:. Deutsche Biographie
893:List of mineralogists
879:
837:
702:extractive metallurgy
684:
533:
525:
503:classics of antiquity
483:University of Bologna
325:" and the founder of
1793:German metallurgists
1768:German mineralogists
1758:People from Glauchau
1323:Herbert Clark Hoover
481:and enrolled in the
448:Zwickau Greek school
420:Erasmus of Rotterdam
293:As a scholar of the
229:Electorate of Saxony
100:Electorate of Saxony
70:Electorate of Saxony
1773:German philologists
1317:Georgius Agricola,
984:"Georgius Agricola"
848:Phillip Melanchthon
822:. Hoover was later
658:De Natura Fossilium
585:philosopher's stone
548:Bohemian Erzgebirge
432:Baccalaureus artium
266:De Natura Fossilium
1730:2020-10-21 at the
1715:2020-08-08 at the
1700:2009-12-09 at the
1613:Ralf Kern (2010).
1406:Annette Bouheiry.
1267:History of Science
1242:alchemywebsite.com
1086:Reinhold Hofmann.
909:Mineral collecting
840:
737:for ore veins and
718:Historia Naturalis
689:
568:Christian Egenolff
536:
528:
426:Humanist education
400:Leipzig University
135:Leipzig University
1783:History of mining
1675:Project Gutenberg
1529:978-3-322-95384-1
1519:Georgius Agricola
1498:on March 14, 2016
1473:978-0-486-49591-0
1446:978-1-4656-0789-8
1414:on April 12, 2019
1375:978-3-0348-7159-4
1348:978-1-4691-9248-2
749:. The work shows
711:Until that time,
651:The ten books of
591:Mayor of Chemnitz
513:Professional life
416:Petrus Mosellanus
375:name latinisation
371:Petrus Mosellanus
233:Holy Roman Empire
164:Georgius Agricola
161:
160:
142:Scientific career
125:Holy Roman Empire
104:Holy Roman Empire
74:Holy Roman Empire
30:Georgius Agricola
1815:
1684:Internet Archive
1667:
1659:
1650:
1642:
1604:Carolyn Merchant
1592:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1581:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1487:
1478:
1477:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1332:
1326:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1298:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1248:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1191:
1184:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1109:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1083:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1060:Wilhelm Pieper.
1057:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1032:
1019:
1005:
996:
995:
993:
991:
980:
967:
966:
964:
962:
933:
924:
871:Julius von Pflug
820:Lou Henry Hoover
460:Peter Mosellanus
337:cite regularly:
203:
202:
199:
198:
195:
192:
189:
186:
183:
180:
177:
174:
91:
89:
84:21 November 1555
62:
60:
40:
26:
25:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1738:
1737:
1732:Wayback Machine
1717:Wayback Machine
1702:Wayback Machine
1624:
1600:
1598:Further reading
1595:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1573:
1569:
1561:
1557:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1530:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1501:
1499:
1488:
1481:
1474:
1458:
1454:
1447:
1431:
1427:
1417:
1415:
1404:
1400:
1387:
1383:
1376:
1360:
1356:
1349:
1333:
1329:
1316:
1312:
1259:
1255:
1246:
1244:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1221:
1219:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1182:
1176:
1172:
1162:
1160:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1140:
1138:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1118:
1116:
1111:
1110:
1103:
1093:
1091:
1084:
1077:
1067:
1065:
1058:
1051:
1041:
1039:
1034:
1033:
1022:
1006:
999:
989:
987:
982:
981:
970:
960:
958:
931:
925:
921:
917:
889:
852:De re metallica
844:Georg Fabricius
832:
812:De re metallica
808:Mining Magazine
713:Pliny the Elder
686:De re metallica
679:
677:De re metallica
673:
670:De re metallica
593:
520:
515:
428:
388:
383:
331:Georg Fabricius
319:
171:
167:
131:Alma mater
106:
93:
87:
85:
76:
63:
58:
56:
54:
53:
43:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1821:
1811:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1736:
1735:
1720:
1705:
1692:
1686:
1677:
1668:
1651:
1637:, ed. (1911).
1635:Chisholm, Hugh
1631:
1623:
1622:External links
1620:
1619:
1618:
1611:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1593:
1567:
1555:
1535:
1528:
1509:
1479:
1472:
1452:
1445:
1425:
1398:
1381:
1374:
1354:
1347:
1327:
1310:
1273:(4): 546–574.
1253:
1229:
1203:
1170:
1148:
1126:
1101:
1075:
1049:
1020:
997:
968:
918:
916:
913:
912:
911:
906:
901:
895:
888:
885:
831:
828:
816:Herbert Hoover
675:Main article:
672:
667:
605:town physician
592:
589:
519:
516:
514:
511:
499:Aldus Manutius
427:
424:
387:
384:
382:
379:
341:, (literally:
318:
315:
159:
158:
155:
154:
149:
145:
144:
138:
137:
132:
128:
127:
122:
118:
117:
112:
108:
107:
94:
92:(aged 61)
82:
78:
77:
64:
51:
49:
45:
44:
41:
33:
32:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1820:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1733:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1718:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1664:
1658:
1652:
1648:
1647:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1616:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1582:. TU Chemnitz
1578:
1571:
1564:
1559:
1551:
1547:
1546:
1539:
1531:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1513:
1497:
1493:
1486:
1484:
1475:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1456:
1448:
1442:
1438:
1437:
1429:
1413:
1409:
1402:
1394:
1393:
1385:
1377:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1358:
1350:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1331:
1324:
1320:
1314:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1257:
1243:
1239:
1233:
1217:
1213:
1207:
1188:
1181:
1174:
1159:. Glauchau de
1158:
1152:
1136:
1130:
1114:
1108:
1106:
1090:. Archive org
1089:
1082:
1080:
1063:
1056:
1054:
1037:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1018:
1017:9781615305445
1014:
1010:
1004:
1002:
985:
979:
977:
975:
973:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
930:
923:
919:
910:
907:
905:
902:
899:
896:
894:
891:
890:
883:
878:
876:
872:
868:
863:
861:
860:Prince August
855:
853:
849:
845:
836:
827:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
806:In 1912, the
804:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
777:
775:
771:
770:thermal shock
767:
762:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
719:
714:
709:
707:
703:
699:
694:
687:
683:
678:
671:
666:
664:
660:
659:
654:
649:
647:
642:
640:
636:
631:
629:
624:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
601:Stadtleybarzt
598:
588:
586:
582:
578:
573:
569:
564:
561:
557:
551:
549:
545:
541:
540:Ore Mountains
532:
524:
510:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
485:and probably
484:
480:
475:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
444:Ancient Greek
441:
437:
433:
423:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
378:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
291:
289:
285:
281:
280:
274:
272:
268:
267:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
211:
207:
201:
165:
156:
153:
150:
146:
143:
139:
136:
133:
129:
126:
123:
119:
116:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
55:24 March 1494
50:
46:
39:
34:
27:
22:
1723:
1708:
1661:
1644:
1614:
1607:
1584:. Retrieved
1570:
1558:
1544:
1538:
1518:
1512:
1500:. Retrieved
1496:the original
1462:
1455:
1435:
1428:
1416:. Retrieved
1412:the original
1401:
1395:. J. Murray.
1391:
1384:
1364:
1357:
1337:
1330:
1318:
1313:
1270:
1266:
1256:
1245:. Retrieved
1241:
1232:
1220:. Retrieved
1215:
1206:
1194:. Retrieved
1173:
1161:. Retrieved
1151:
1139:. Retrieved
1129:
1117:. Retrieved
1092:. Retrieved
1066:. Retrieved
1040:. Retrieved
1008:
988:. Retrieved
959:. Retrieved
939:
935:
922:
904:Theophrastus
880:
864:
856:
851:
841:
811:
807:
805:
778:
766:fire-setting
763:
723:Theophrastus
716:
710:
692:
690:
685:
669:
662:
656:
652:
650:
645:
643:
634:
632:
627:
626:In his work
625:
616:
600:
596:
594:
580:
577:zugebrauchen
575:
565:
555:
552:
547:
544:Joachimsthal
537:
509:until 1526.
491:Aldine Press
476:
447:
439:
436:new learning
429:
403:
389:
362:
358:
350:
346:
342:
338:
320:
307:mercantilism
301:, medicine,
292:
277:
275:
264:
256:
252:
248:
221:metallurgist
217:mineralogist
205:
163:
162:
141:
1753:1555 deaths
1748:1494 births
936:The Hexagon
751:water mills
735:prospecting
613:Duke George
347:Georg Pawer
295:Renaissance
206:Georg Bauer
121:Citizenship
111:Nationality
52:Georg Bauer
1742:Categories
1247:2023-12-24
915:References
793:Schloßberg
774:explosives
381:Early life
369:professor
355:vernacular
323:mineralogy
288:metallurgy
152:Mineralogy
88:1555-11-22
59:1494-03-24
1418:April 12,
1287:0073-2753
961:7 January
948:0164-6109
781:fluorspar
739:surveying
731:ore veins
572:Frankfurt
472:chemistry
317:Etymology
303:metrology
261:chemistry
227:, in the
215:scholar,
1728:Archived
1713:Archived
1698:Archived
1606:(1980).
1586:April 5,
1502:April 5,
1305:34533386
1222:April 5,
1216:Die Zeit
1196:April 4,
1187:Archived
1163:April 5,
1141:April 4,
1119:April 4,
1094:April 5,
1068:April 5,
1042:April 4,
990:April 4,
898:Shen Kuo
887:See also
867:Naumburg
785:fluorine
753:used in
715:'s work
621:Freiberg
609:Chemnitz
597:Kepmnicz
566:In 1531
464:medicine
392:Chemnitz
311:pharmacy
299:pedagogy
257:chymista
241:refining
225:Glauchau
213:Humanist
96:Chemnitz
66:Glauchau
1682:at the
1296:9703379
956:4478114
869:bishop
797:Stolpen
789:bismuth
759:bellows
727:geology
639:geology
560:Erasmus
546:in the
468:physics
456:Leipzig
396:Zwickau
367:Leipzig
327:geology
271:geology
231:of the
204:; born
86: (
57: (
1526:
1470:
1443:
1372:
1345:
1303:
1293:
1285:
1015:
954:
946:
801:basalt
787:) and
755:mining
698:mining
495:Venice
470:, and
363:farmer
335:Saxons
284:mining
253:chymia
245:metals
237:mining
210:German
148:Fields
115:German
1580:(PDF)
1190:(PDF)
1183:(PDF)
932:(PDF)
875:Zeitz
830:Death
507:Galen
487:Padua
479:Italy
412:Latin
408:Greek
386:Youth
359:Bauer
353:is a
351:Pawer
1588:2019
1524:ISBN
1504:2019
1468:ISBN
1441:ISBN
1420:2019
1370:ISBN
1343:ISBN
1301:PMID
1283:ISSN
1224:2019
1198:2019
1165:2019
1143:2019
1121:2019
1096:2019
1070:2019
1044:2019
1013:ISBN
992:2019
963:2024
952:OCLC
944:ISSN
745:and
743:gold
706:ores
700:and
410:and
255:and
239:and
219:and
81:Died
48:Born
1673:at
1550:583
1291:PMC
1275:doi
795:at
747:tin
570:in
442:of
394:or
249:al-
243:of
1744::
1660:.
1643:.
1552:–.
1482:^
1321:,
1299:.
1289:.
1281:.
1271:60
1269:.
1265:.
1240:.
1214:.
1104:^
1078:^
1052:^
1023:^
1000:^
971:^
950:.
940:96
938:.
934:.
826:.
776:.
623:.
474:.
466:,
422:.
349:.
309:,
305:,
102:,
98:,
72:,
68:,
1590:.
1532:.
1506:.
1476:.
1449:.
1422:.
1378:.
1351:.
1307:.
1277::
1250:.
1226:.
1200:.
1167:.
1145:.
1123:.
1098:.
1072:.
1046:.
994:.
965:.
603:(
579:(
200:/
197:ə
194:l
191:ə
188:k
185:ɪ
182:r
179:ɡ
176:ˈ
173:ə
170:/
166:(
90:)
61:)
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
