Philomela - Knowledge

44: 3779: 827:(1535–1577) depicts "Philomel" as the representative of poetry (Poesys), her sister Progne as satire (Satyra), and Tereus as "vayne Delight". The characterization of Philomela and the nightingale was that of a woman choosing to exercise her will in recovering her voice and resisting those forces which attempts to silence her. Critics have pointed to Gascoigne's use of the Philomela myth as a personal appeal and that he was fighting in verse a battle with his enemies who violently opposed his poems. In Gascoigne's poem "The complaynt of Philomene" (1576), the myth is employed to depict punishment and control. 435:) that told her story and sent it to Procne. Procne was incensed by her husband's actions and killed their son Itys (or "Itylos") in revenge. She boiled Itys and served him as a meal for Tereus. After Tereus ate Itys, the sisters presented Tereus with the severed head of his son, revealing the conspiracy. Tereus grabbed an axe and chased the sisters intending to kill them. They fled but were almost overtaken by Tereus at Daulia in Phocis. The sisters desperately prayed to the gods to be turned into birds and escape Tereus' rage and vengeance. The gods transformed Procne into a 642: 369: 3773: 456: 3767: 67: 2929: 932: 1181:(1899–1986), compares his efforts as a poet to the bird's lament though never having heard it. He describes its song as "encrusted with mythology" and that the evolution of the myth has distorted it—that the opinions of other poets and writers have kept both poet and reader from actually hearing the original sound and knowing the essence of the song. 1002:(1772–1834) to move away from associations that the nightingale's song was one of melancholy and identified it with the joyous experience of nature. He remarked that "in nature there is nothing melancholy", (line 15) expressing hope "we may not thus profane / Nature's sweet voices, always full of love / And joyance!" (lines 40–42). 899:, Shakespeare addresses his lover (the "fair youth") and compares his love poetry to the song of the nightingale, noting that "her mournful hymns did hush the night" (line 10), and that as a poet would "hold his tongue" (line 13) in deference to the more beautiful nightingale's song so that he "not dull you with my song" (line 14). 842:'s harsh rejection of the shepherd's romantic advances in the spirit of "time heals all wounds" by citing in the second stanza (among several examples) that eventually, with the passage of time, Philomel would become "dumb" to her own pain and that her attention would be drawn away from the pain by the events of life to come. 468:

Greek texts like Achilles Tatius and the Bibliotheca of Pseudo-Apollodorus, Philomela is transformed into a swallow and Procne into a nightingale, but in Latin texts Philomela is the nightingale and Procne is the swallow. The description of Tereus as an "epops" has generally been translated as a hoopoe (scientific name:

1109:(1837–1909) wrote a poem called "Itylus" based on the story in which Philomela and Procne, after being transformed into the nightingale and swallow, ask when they will be able to forget the grief of having slain Itylus—the answer being they will forget when the world ends. He also wrote the lyrical tragedy 922:

The image of the nightingale appears frequently in poetry of the period with it and its song described by poets as an example of "joyance" and gaiety or as an example of melancholy, sad, sorrowful, and mourning. However, many use the nightingale as a symbol of sorrow but without a direct reference to

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It is typical for myths from antiquity to have been altered over the passage of time or for competing variations of the myth to emerge. With the story of Philomela, most of the variations concern which sister became the nightingale or the swallow, and into what type of bird Tereus was transformed. In

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in the tragedy by Aeschylus—wherein the Greek dramatist directly evoked the Philomela myth. The poem describes Sweeney as a brute and that two women in the poem are conspiring against him for his mistreatment of them. This mirrors not only the elements of Agamemnon's death in Aeschylus' play but the

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in A.D. 8. Many of these sources were doubtless available to Ovid during his lifetime but have been lost or come to us at present only in fragments. In his version, Ovid recast and combined many elements from these ancient sources. Because his is the most complete, lasting version of the myth, it is

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The material of the Philomela myth has been used in various creative works—artistic and literary—for the past 2,500 years. Over the centuries, the myth has been associated with the image of the nightingale and its song described as both exceedingly beautiful and sorrowful. The continued use of the

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It is possible that social and political themes have woven their way into the story as a contrast between Athenians who believed themselves to be the hegemonic power in Greece and the more civilized of the Greek peoples, and the Thracians who were considered to be a "barbaric race". It is possible

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as an example of a poetic device that aids in the "recognition"—the change from ignorance to knowledge—of what has happened earlier in the plot. Such a device, according to Aristotle, is ″contrived″ by the poet, and thus is "inartistic". The connection between the nightingale's song and poetry is

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Eliot employs the myth to depict themes of sorrow, pain, and that the only recovery or regeneration possible is through revenge. Several of these mentions reference other poets' renderings of the myth, including those of Ovid and Gascoigne. Eliot's references to the nightingales singing by the

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and escort her sister, Philomela, to Thrace. King Pandion of Athens, the father of Philomela and Procne, was apprehensive about letting his one remaining daughter leave his home and protection and asks Tereus to protect her as if he were her father. Tereus agrees. However, Tereus

552:, Tereus was so remorseful for his actions against Philomela and Itys (the nature of the actions is not described) that he kills himself. Then two birds appear as the women lament his death. Many later sources omit Tereus' tongue-cutting mutilation of Philomela altogether. 853:

poem "The Nightingale", the narrator, who is in love with a woman he cannot have, compares his own romantic situation to that of Philomela's plight and claims that he has more reason to be sad. However, recent literary criticism has labelled this claim as

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that "a poet is a nightingale who sits in darkness and sings to cheer its own solitude with sweet sounds; his auditors are as men entranced by the melody of an unseen musician, who feel that they are moved and softened, yet know not whence or why."

1681:(Book III, chapter 14, section 8), in the translation by Sir James George Frazer, Pandion fought a war with Labdacus, King of Thebes and married his daughter Procne to Tereus to secure and alliance and obtain his assistance in fighting Thebes. 858:

and an unfortunate marginalization of the traumatic rape of Philomela. Sidney argues that the rape was an "excess of love" and less severe than being deprived of love as attested by the line, "Since wanting is more woe than too much having."

520:. Coincidentally, although most of the depictions of the nightingale and its song in art and literature are of female nightingales, the female of the species does not sing—it is the male of the species who sings its characteristic song. 946:

recast the myth and adapted the image of the nightingale with its song to be a poet and "master of a superior art that could inspire the human poet". For some romantic poets, the nightingale even began to take on qualities of the muse.

872:(c. 1588–1593) where characters directly reference Tereus and Philomela in commenting on rape and mutilation of Lavinia by Aaron, Chiron, and Demetrius. Prominent allusions to Philomela also occur in the depiction of Lucrece in 2780: 2290:

Raleigh, Sir Walter "The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd" (1600), lines 5–8: "Time drives the flocks from field to fold / When rivers rage and rocks grow cold, / And Philomel becometh dumb; / The rest complains of cares to

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Note though that earlier Greek accounts say the opposite (Procne as the nightingale, the "tongueless" Philomela as the silent swallow) and are more consistent with the facts of the myth. Frazer in his translation of the

324:(Publius Ovidius Naso) (43 BC – 17/18 AD), where the story reaches its full development during antiquity. It is likely that Ovid relied upon Greek and Latin sources that were available in his era such as the 567:, a city inhabited by Thracians. Thucydides cites as proof of this that poets who mention the nightingale refer to it as a "Daulian bird". It is thought that Thucydides commented on the myth in his famous work on the 541:) hold that Tereus was instead changed into a hoopoe. Various later translations of Ovid state that Tereus was transformed into other birds than the hawk and hoopoe, including references by Dryden and Gower to the 1819:

DeLuca, Kenneth (Hampden-Sydney College). "Deconstructing Tereus: An Introduction to Aristophanes' Birds" (paper prepared for the American Political Science Association Convention Chicago 2007). Found online

1092:(1822–1888), the poet asks upon hearing the crying of a fleeing nightingale if it can find peace and healing in the English countryside far away from Greece, although lamenting its pain and passion "eternal". 475:

Early Greek sources have it that Philomela was turned into a swallow, which has no song; Procne was turned into a nightingale, singing a beautiful but sad song in remorse. Later sources, among them

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her. After the assault, Tereus threatened her and advised her to keep silent. Philomela was defiant and angered Tereus. In his rage, he cut out her tongue and abandoned her in the cabin. In

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with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. ISBN 0-674-99135-4.

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describes Itys as the symbol of Greek art and pleasure is contrasted with Christ. The landscape of Greece is also compared to the landscape of England, specifically Kent and Oxford.

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Throughout the late Renaissance and Elizabethan eras, the image of Philomela and the nightingale incorporated elements of mourning and beauty after being subjected to an act of

472:). Since many of the earlier sources are no longer extant, or remain only in fragments, Ovid's version of the myth has been the most lasting and influential upon later works. 616:. She implies that the infanticide of Itys did not appear in the Tereus myth until Sophocles' play and that it was introduced because of what was borrowed from Euripides. 2879:

with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918.

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in 2 volumes (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd., 1921). See note 2 to section 3.14.8, citing Pearson, A. C. (editor)

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edited by August Meineike (1790–1870), published 1849. A few entries from this important ancient handbook of place names have been translated by Brady Kiesling.

1342: 276:), a bird renowned for its song. Because of the violence associated with the myth, the song of the nightingale is often depicted or interpreted as a sorrowful 4754: 1184:

Several artists have applied Ovid's account to new translations or reworkings, or adapted the story for the stage. Leonard Quirino notes that the plot of

955:" (1819) idealizes the nightingale as a poet who has achieved the poetry that Keats himself longs to write. Keats directly employs the Philomel myth in " 2362: 2110: 1131:(1861–1896), used the image of Philomel as inspiration for young Filipinos to use their voices to speak of Spanish injustice and colonial oppression. 2160: 749:

While Ovid's retelling of the myth is the more famous version of the story, he had several ancient sources on which to rely before he finished the

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with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, PH.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1919.

2954: 17: 659:, ancient dramatists and poets evoked the story of Philomela and the nightingale in their works. Most notably, it was the core of the tragedy 1475: 1033:(1770–1850), who called the nightingale a "fiery heart", depicted it "as an instance of natural poetic creation", and the "voice of nature". 1140:

The Philomela myth is perpetuated largely through its appearance as a powerful device in poetry. In the 20th century, American-British poet

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See Newman, Jane O. "'And Let Mild Women to Him Lose Their Mildness': Philomela, Female Violence, and Shakespeare's The Rape of Lucrece"

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While the myth has several variations, the general depiction is that Philomela, after being raped and mutilated by her sister's husband,

2274: 1821: 356:, she asked her husband to "Let me at Athens my dear sister see / Or let her come to Thrace, and visit me." Tereus agreed to travel to 2947: 2648: 912: 43: 4759: 1758: 1496: 938:(oil on canvas, painted 1636–1638), one of the late works of Flemish Baroque painter Peter Paul Rubens (1577–1640) (Prado, Madrid) 4744: 886: 1940:

According to Delany, Chaucer barely mentions it and the Chretien de Troyes omits the "grotesquerie" entirely. Delany, Sheila.

2933: 903:(1569–1645), a poet who is considered by some scholars to be the woman referred to in the poetry of William Shakespeare as " 831: 2632:

Eliot, T(homas) S(tearns). "The Waste Land" (New York: Horace Liveright, 1922), lines 98–103. See also lines 203–206, 428.

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Philomela and Procne showing the severed head of Itys to his father Tereus, engraved by Baur for a 1703 edition of Ovid's

1300: 1416: 1370: 4749: 2859: 487:' version of the story has the sisters reversed, so that Philomela married Tereus and that Tereus lusted after Procne. 2806: 2884: 1318: 1466:

Defining φιλόμηλος as "fond of apples or fruit", see Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; and Jones, Henry Stuart.

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The most complete and extant rendering of the story of Philomela, Procne, and Tereus can be found in Book VI of the

175: 4477: 3778: 2970: 2828: 1962: 1719: 1675: 1366: 959:" (1820) where the rape of Madeline by Porphyro mirrors the rape of Philomela by Tereus. Keats' contemporary, poet 325: 2262:

Negotiating Shakespeare's Language in Romeo and Juliet: Reading Strategies from Criticism, Editing and the Theatre

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Maslen, R. W., "Myths Exploited: the Metamorphoses of Ovid in Early Elizabethan England" in Taylor, A. B. (ed.),

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in 2 volumes (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd., 1921). (found

1577:– retrieved 23 November 2012), where Frazer points to several other ancient source materials regarding the myth. 612:—notably a wife killing her child in an act of revenge against her husband—and incorporated them in his tragedy 2399: 4764: 3925: 3461: 3241: 3036: 1971: 1843:

Fields, Beverly. "Keats and the Tongueless Nightingale: Some Unheard Melodies in 'The Eve of Saint Agnes'".

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write that although she was tongueless, Philomela was turned into a nightingale, and Procne into a swallow.

4181: 3051: 2746:"How Bengal woke up to 'band' culture in the 1970s, paving the way for a bona fide rock movement in Bangla" 2595:"Bird Imagery in Keats's 'Ode to a Nightingale' and Yeats's 'The Wild Swans at Coole': A Comparative Study" 891: 2107: 365:

for Philomela when he first saw her, and that lust grew during the course of the return voyage to Thrace.

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comments that the Roman mythographers "somewhat absurdly inverted the transformation of the two sisters".

1295: 1120:(1753–1806) in lamenting the sufferings of African slaves invokes the myth and challenges that her song " 1041: 687:

has a visionary premonition of her own death in which she mentioned the nightingale and Itys, lamenting:

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The reference to Philomela also exists in the name of a Bengali music troupe in Calcutta, India, called

4679: 4582: 3451: 3421: 3001: 1733:. Retrieved 23 November 2012). Notes on this passage include references several variations on the myth. 1253:

Several female writers have used the Philomela myth in exploring the subject of rape, women and power (

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Attic wine cup, circa 490 BC, depicting Philomela and Procne preparing to kill Itys. (Louvre, Paris)

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This article is about a figure in Greek mythology. For other uses of "Philomela" or "Philomel", see

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At the poem's conclusion, Coleridge writes of a father taking his crying son outside in the night:

984: 779: 331:(2nd century BC), or sources that are no longer extant or exist today only in fragments—especially 3766: 4221: 1616: 1283: 1228: 1054: 999: 508:, a Latinized form of Procne. Other related genera named after the myth include the Crag Martins 2773:"I try my best to use live music, within the limitations of budget and time: Prabuddha Banerjee" 907:", makes several references to Philomela in her patronage poem "The Description of Cookeham" in 4408: 4020: 3843: 3793: 3720: 3291: 3171: 2907: 2872: 2594: 2483: 1924: 1382: 1290: 1269: 549: 1857: 1254: 4710: 4537: 4226: 4030: 3965: 3622: 3547: 3532: 3391: 3351: 3336: 3266: 3221: 3136: 3066: 2400:"The Significance of the Reference to Philomel in "A Midsummer Night's Dream" by Shakespeare" 2063: 1169:

convent in "Sweeney and the Nightingales" (1919–1920) is a direct reference to the murder of

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Gila Aloni, "Palimpsestic Philomela: Reinscription in Chaucer's 'Legend of Good Women'", in

1065:(kingslayer) and Philomela (the ravished mute of king, who prompted his slaying) before the 919:

refers to Philomela's "sundry layes"(line 31) and later to her "mournful ditty" (line 189).

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The story of Philomela, Procne, and Tereus is largely influenced by Sophocles' lost tragedy

311:("fruit" or "sheep"), which means "lover of fruit", "lover of apples", or "lover of sheep". 4567: 4467: 4460: 4388: 4191: 4131: 4101: 3869: 3864: 3750: 3687: 3682: 3642: 3527: 3411: 3401: 3176: 3141: 3046: 3021: 3016: 2996: 2491: 1278: 1227:) wrote plays based on the story. The story was adapted into an opera by Scottish composer 960: 956: 952: 785: 583: 253: 3945: 2699:

Stating that it was adapted from Sophocles, Thales, Eva Hesse, R. Buckminster Fuller, see

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Dryden, John; Addison, Joseph; Eusden, Laurence; Garth, Sir Samuel (translators). Ovid.

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brought new life to the myth in her poem "Philomela's tongue says" (2019), published in

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wrote that Tereus was turned into a large-beaked bird whom some scholars translate as a

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Jose Rizal: Life, Works, and Writings of a Genius, Writer, Scientist, and National Hero

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For the comparison between Homer's version and Eusthathius' version of the myth, see:

4562: 4547: 4502: 4497: 4487: 4472: 4455: 4418: 4403: 4398: 4323: 4116: 4106: 4050: 3838: 3745: 3740: 3502: 3406: 3376: 3356: 3296: 3251: 3231: 3186: 3181: 3156: 3121: 3116: 3041: 2880: 2855: 2811: 2264:. (Farnham, England and Burlington, Vermont: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2009), p. 106. 2165: 1442:"And a nightingale sang... experienced males 'show off' to protect their territories" 1329: 1178: 811:, and ars mutandi musical eras of the late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries. 795: 568: 280:. In nature, the female nightingale is mute, and only the male of the species sings. 1207:(1997) which was a loose translation and retelling of twenty-four tales from Ovid's 395:

Philomela's defiant speech is rendered (in an 18th-century English translation) as:

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Marsh, Jenny. "Vases and Tragic Drama" in Rutter, N.K. and Sparkes, B.A. (editors)

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Aeschylus, with an English translation by Herbert Weir Smyth, PhD in two volumes.

1828: 1482: 1264: 1203: 866:(1564–1616) makes frequent use of the Philomela myth—most notably in his tragedy 198: 2610:

Yearsley, Ann. "A Poem on the Inhumanity of the Slave-Trade" (1788) lines 45–46.

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where an indirect reference to the myth may be called a "dark nocturnal secret".

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image in artistic, literary, and musical works has reinforced this association.

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because Sophocles' play confused the mythical Tereus with contemporary ruler

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Hair, Graham, and Stephen Arnold. "Some Works of Milton Babbitt, Reviewed",

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Coleridge, Samuel Taylor. "Philomela" (1798), lines 102–109 in Volume I of

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Shakespeare, William. "Cymbeline", Act II, Scene ii, and Act III, Scene iv.

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Ovid's Metamorphoses in Fifteen Books, translated by the most eminent hands

1310: 1274: 1212: 1117: 1062: 1045: 980: 850: 721: 608: 602:. Scholar Jenny Marsh claims Sophocles borrowed certain plot elements from 532: 510: 71: 3216: 1074: 975: 4572: 4035: 3960: 3431: 1629: 1391: 1141: 1100: 943: 731: 440: 269: 2366:. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), pp. 94–95, 105 and 191. 2170:, Raeleen Chai-Elsholz, Tatjana Silec. New York: Palgrave, 2011. 157–73. 1725:, 3.14.8; in Frazer, Sir James George (translator/editor). Apollodorus, 758: 4623: 4597: 4542: 4450: 4378: 4025: 3592: 3557: 3426: 3361: 3306: 3061: 2076: 2058: 1957: 1637: 1611: 1198: 963:(1792–1822) invoked a similar image of the nightingale, writing in his 948: 896: 790: 770: 579: 556: 480: 383:

Arriving in Thrace, he forced her to a cabin or lodge in the woods and

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Poetry analysis: The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd, by William Raleigh

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Honko, Lauri. "The Problem of Defining Myth" in Dundes, Alan (editor)

1470:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1st ed. 1843, 9th Ed. 1925, 1996). ( 4700: 4438: 4277: 4015: 3975: 3935: 3889: 3803: 3725: 3697: 3617: 3567: 3507: 3446: 3371: 3301: 3246: 3191: 3091: 2584:

Wordsworth, William. "O Nightingale, thou surely art" (1807), line 2.

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Ovid And the Cultural Politics of Translation in Early Modern England

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Halmamann, Carolin. "Sophoclean Fragments" in Ormand, Kirk (editor).

1170: 1078: 1066: 988: 880: 712: 708: 684: 674: 670: 666: 603: 524: 332: 287: 218: 192: 181: 2512: 2003: 696:

Clothed thee with soft brown plumes, and life apart from wail(ing)—

4577: 4557: 4428: 4423: 4413: 4318: 4308: 4287: 4272: 4231: 4201: 4136: 4066: 3970: 3920: 3874: 3712: 3702: 3667: 3662: 3632: 3577: 3542: 3537: 3512: 3441: 3366: 3331: 3326: 3226: 3166: 3106: 2558:. (Oxford: Blackwell, 1997), pp. 136–139; Mays, J. C. C. (editor). 1485:; citing "Doroth.Hist. ap. Ath. 7.276f". (Retrieved 7 October 2012) 1258: 1058: 820: 804: 743: 428: 229: 3026: 3011: 2727:

Hollander, John. "A Poem for Music: Remarks on the Composition of

2303:"'Darkling I Listen': The Nightingale's Song In and Out of Poetry" 1144:(1888–1965) directly referenced the myth in his most famous poem, 587: 423:

Philomela was unable to speak because of her injuries, and so she

4695: 4628: 4348: 4333: 4328: 4252: 4186: 4071: 3995: 3980: 3950: 3940: 3930: 3899: 3894: 3884: 3735: 3692: 3677: 3657: 3627: 3522: 3487: 3482: 3346: 3286: 3206: 3201: 3196: 3146: 3126: 3031: 2915: 2849: 2438:"A Moving Rhetoricke": Gender and Silence in Early Modern England 1944:. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994), 216–217, and 1915:

Book V, Lines 6041–6046, refer to a "lappewincke" or "lappewinge"

739: 655: 593: 572: 542: 476: 436: 424: 372:"The Rape of Philomela by Tereus", book 6, plate 59. Engraved by 2562:(Volume I, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001), p. 518. 2560:

The Collected Works of Samuel Taylor Coleridge: Poetical Works I

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XIV:4:568 (Houston, Texas: Rice University, 1974) (found online

773:. However, de Troyes was not alone in adapting Ovid's material. 669:(lost, extant only in fragments) and later in a set of plays by 502:

name of the martins (the larger-bodied among swallow genera) is

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Passion Made Public: Elizabethan Lyric, Gender, and Performance

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Behind the Arras: Tapestry Ekphrasis in Spenser and Shakespeare

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Book VI, lines 424–674. (Line numbers vary among translations.)

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In the poem "To the Nightingale", Argentine poet and fabulist,

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Sung Birds: Music, Nature, and Poetry in the Later Middle Ages

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Aristophanes: Three Comedies: The Birds, The Clouds, The Wasps

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According to Ovid, in the fifth year of Procne's marriage to

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Shakespeare's Ovid: The Metamorphoses in the Plays and Poems

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Palimpsests and the Literary Imagination of Medieval England

2018:(Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh, 2000) 121–123, 133–134. 1886:

compare with the "hawk" in Hyginus (Gaius Julius Hyginus ).

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Several writers omit key details of the story. According to

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Frazer, Sir James George (translator/editor). Apollodorus,

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where she asks Philomel to "sing in our sweet lullaby". In

636: 528: 432: 388: 384: 362: 353: 321: 283: 157: 148: 118: 103: 51: 2575:(with William Wordsworth) (London: J. & A. Arch, 1798) 1597:(Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard College, 1996), 290–299 2427:. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 235–236. 2031:(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998) 180–189. 1799: 1797: 1471: 479:

and in modern literature the English romantic poets like

142: 97: 2623:(Manila, Philippines: All Nations Publishing Co., 1994). 1839: 1837: 1791:(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984), 41–52. 1073:. Further, her performance of Philomela is styled after 931: 531:

while a number of retellings and other works (including

2388:(Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 2010), pp. 98–99. 1815: 1813: 1605: 1603: 1498:

The Fourth Book of Virgil's Georgics: With a Vocabulary

1343:

List of rape victims from ancient history and mythology

1794: 1689: 1687: 1665:

1:39–45 (November 2007) – retrieved 23 November 2012).

1081:, alluding to the possibility of her becoming another 814: 286:

and other writers have made the association that the

2238:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), p. 25. 1864:, Volume V. (London: F. J. DuRoveray, 1806), 139–140. 1834: 1014:

While his fair eyes, that swam with undropped tears,'

201:

who is frequently invoked as a direct and figurative

151: 139: 94: 91: 2969: 1810: 1715: 1713: 1711: 1709: 1707: 1705: 1703: 1655:"Reconstructing a Fragmentary Tragedy 2: Sophocles' 1649: 1647: 1600: 1127:

In "A la Juventud Filipina", Filipino national hero

620:

that these elements were woven into Sophocles' play

160: 145: 115: 100: 2902:

Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library

2507:Shippey, Thomas. "Listening to the Nightingale" in 1894:from Smyth, Herbert Weir (translator); Aeschylus. 1684: 1663:

Practitioners Voices in Classical Reception Studies

1561: 1559: 1409:"Male Nightingales Explore by Day, Seduce by Night" 627: 443:. Subsequently, the gods transformed Tereus into a 154: 136: 109: 106: 2251:. (University of Illinois Press, 1995), pp. 48–49. 926: 823:. In his long poem "The Steele Glas" (1576), poet 290:of her name was "lover of song", derived from the 2462:Lanyer, Emilia. "The Description of Cookeham" in 2052: 2050: 1700: 1644: 1161:And still she cried, and still the world pursues, 936:Tereus Confronted with the Head of his Son Itylus 783:and briefly alluded to the myth in his epic poem 559:, Tereus was not King of Thrace, but rather from 4736: 2524:Doggett, Frank. "Romanticism's Singing Bird" in 2139:Doggett, Frank. "Romanticism's Singing Bird" in 1902:(Cambridge, MA. Harvard University Press. 1926). 1789:Sacred Narrative: Readings in the Theory of Myth 1585: 1583: 1556: 1540: 1538: 1536: 1281:who uses the myth in several poems published in 1020:Should give me life, his childhood shall grow up 765:, adapted many of the myths recounted in Ovid's 406:Thro' the wide world your actions will proclaim; 268:, obtains her revenge and is transformed into a 2733:Vision and Resonance: Two Senses of Poetic Form 2363:The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare's Poetry 2338:. (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 2006), 26–32. 1697:(London: Jacob Tonson, 1717) Volume II, p. 201. 1534: 1532: 1530: 1528: 1526: 1524: 1522: 1520: 1518: 1516: 1088:In the poem "Philomela" (1853) by English poet 412:My mournful voice the pitying rocks shall move, 70:"The Rape of Philomela by Tereus", engraved by 2864:Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. 2837:Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. 2047: 1987:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1936), 3, 7. 1942:The Naked Text: Chaucer's Legend of Good Women 1022:Familiar with these songs, that with the night 594:Elements borrowed from other myths and stories 217:Philomela was the younger of two daughters of 2955: 2889:Online version at the Perseus Digital Library 1858:Notes to Book XIX (regarding line 605&c.) 1580: 1174:sister's revenge against Tereus in the myth. 1155:The change of Philomel, by the barbarous king 838:(1554–1618) relays consolation regarding the 692:Ah for thy fate, O shrill-voiced nightingale! 2912:Stephani Byzantii Ethnicorum quae supersunt, 2526:SEL: Studies in English Literature 1500–1900 2141:SEL: Studies in English Literature 1500–1900 1513: 1250:(The city that loves song), formed in 1983. 1012:Suspends his sobs, and laughs most silently, 1010:And he beheld the moon, and, hushed at once, 799:. References to Philomela are common in the 402:And suit the baseness of your hellish crime. 400:Still my revenge shall take its proper time, 4755:Metamorphoses into birds in Greek mythology 2351:Vol. 45, No. 3 (Autumn, 1994), pp. 304–326. 2059:"The Nightingale in Greek and Latin Poetry" 1877:. (Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012), 175. 1862:The Odyssey of Homer, translated by A. Pope 1609: 1436: 1434: 1402: 1400: 1201:(1930–1998) used the myth in his 1997 work 1159:Filled all the desert with inviolable voice 1157:So rudely forced; yet there the nightingale 1016:Did glitter in the yellow moon-beam! Well!— 998:, "The Nightingale" (1798) is an effort by 983:stage production of the story, produced by 777:recounted the story in his unfinished work 694:Some solace for thy woes did Heaven afford, 410:Obscur'd, and bury'd from the sight of men, 2962: 2948: 2867:Greek text available from the same website 2840:Greek text available from the same website 2701:The Living Composers Project: James Dillon 2684: 2545:(Boston: Ginn & Company, 1903), p. 11. 2008: 1890:, 45. Hyginus based his interpretation on 1267:in her novella "Nightingale" published in 1113:(1876) which concerns Philomela's brother. 416:Hear me, o Heav'n! and, if a God be there, 2916:Online version at the Topos Text Project. 2735:(New York: Oxford University Press, 1975) 2260:Hunter, Lynette, and Lichtenfels, Peter. 1018:It is a father's tale: But if that Heaven 913:Margaret Clifford, Countess of Cumberland 450: 418:Let him regard me, and accept my pray'r. 414:And my complainings echo thro' the grove. 2801: 2494:. However, he cites later examples like 2056: 1431: 1397: 930: 711:points to the "voice of the shuttle" in 640: 637:From antiquity and the influence of Ovid 454: 408:Or tho' I'm prison'd in this lonely den, 404:My self, abandon'd, and devoid of shame, 367: 65: 42: 2664: 2511:XXII:1 (1970), pp. 46–60 (found online 2475: 2300: 1880: 1319:2011 Governor General's Award for Drama 1122:shall teach sad Philomel a louder note, 14: 4737: 2573:Lyrical Ballads with a few other poems 2451:Shakespeare and the Question of Theory 1406: 1194:"is modeled on the legend of Tereus". 205:in literary and artistic works in the 2943: 2440:. (New York: Palgrave, 2002), p. 169. 2425:Shakespeare, National Poet-Playwright 2397: 2057:Chandler, Albert R. (November 1934). 1966:. 2.29. In the version translated by 1756: 1593:(translated by Lloyd-Jones, Hugh) in 1501:. Longmans, Green, and Co. p. 78 1494: 673:, the nephew of the great playwright 2783:from the original on 20 January 2021 1970:(London: Bohn, 1843). (found online 911:(1611). Lanier's poem, dedicated to 746:to the "lament of the nightingale". 2556:The Life of Samuel Taylor Coleridge 815:In Elizabethan and Jacobean England 24: 2770: 2689:. University Press of Mississippi. 2029:Revenge in Attic and later tragedy 1135: 994:First published in the collection 578:In a variation of the myth set in 244:. Philomela's other siblings were 25: 4781: 2921: 2718:new series, no. 90 (1969): 33–34. 2453:(New York: Methuen, 1985), p. 97. 2398:Smith, Nicole (4 December 2011). 2212:(Ithaca, New York: Cornell, 2006) 832:The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd 3777: 3771: 3765: 2971:Metamorphoses in Greek mythology 2927: 2667:"The Cards Indicate a Voyage on 2528:XIV:4 (1974), 570 (found online 2117:). (Retrieved 23 November 2012). 2016:Word and Image in Ancient Greece 1963:History of the Peloponnesian War 1036:Other notable mentions include: 878:, in the depiction of Imogen in 754:the basis for many later works. 628:Appearances in the Western canon 132: 87: 4760:Mythological people from Attica 2795: 2764: 2738: 2721: 2706: 2703:. (Retrieved 22 December 2012). 2693: 2675:Contemporary Literary Criticism 2658: 2635: 2626: 2613: 2604: 2593:Rana, Sujata; Dhankhar, Pooja. 2587: 2578: 2565: 2548: 2535: 2518: 2501: 2480:William Drummond of Hawthornden 2469: 2456: 2443: 2430: 2417: 2391: 2386:Women in the Age of Shakespeare 2378: 2369: 2354: 2341: 2328: 2294: 2284: 2267: 2254: 2241: 2228: 2215: 2199: 2186: 2173: 2149: 2133: 2120: 2096: 2083: 2034: 2021: 1990: 1977: 1951: 1934: 1918: 1905: 1867: 1850: 1781: 1750: 1736: 1668: 1323:More recently, poet and author 927:In Classical and Romantic works 624:and other works of the period. 27:Minor figure in Greek mythology 2532:– retrieved 24 November 2012). 2515:– retrieved 24 November 2012). 1974:– retrieved 23 November 2012). 1803:Arrowsmith, William (editor). 1488: 1460: 1376: 1360: 1299:(1989) (later adapted into an 490:It is salient to note that in 18:Philomela (princess of Athens) 13: 1: 4745:Princesses in Greek mythology 2822: 2687:Tennessee Williams: A Tribute 2655:(retrieved 24 November 2012). 2601:, vol. 11 (12 December 2011). 1407:Kaplan, Matt (4 March 2009). 1333:magazine's May 2019 edition. 1313:adapted the myth in her play 376:for a 1703 edition of Ovid's 74:for a 1562 edition of Ovid's 2281:). Retrieved 9 January 2013. 1985:An Introduction to Sophocles 1495:White, John T., ed. (1884). 1150:(1922), where he describes, 757:In the 12th century, French 259: 193: 182: 7: 2900:. Leipzig, Teubner. 1903. 2301:Addison, Catherine (2009). 2196:Book VIII, lines 5545–6075. 1831:. Retrieved 9 January 2013. 1610:Fitzpatrick, David (2001). 1336: 1296:The Love of the Nightingale 1042:William Makepeace Thackeray 586:("swallow") and her sister 10: 4786: 3763: 2683:, originally published in 2042:Women in the Ancient World 1900:Volume 2. Suppliant Women. 1573:, II:221ff. (found online 1571:The Fragments of Sophocles 1277:in her story "Philomela", 1217:The Great Whore of Babylon 1107:Algernon Charles Swinburne 307: 301: 295: 188: 174: 32:Philomela (disambiguation) 29: 4750:Mythological rape victims 4719: 4688: 4647: 4616: 4296: 4245: 4059: 3913: 3852: 3786: 3470: 2984: 2977: 2807:"Philomela's tongue says" 2665:Quirino, Leonard (1984). 2478:cites examples including 2225:(ProQuest, 2008), p. 164. 1219:) and English playwright 1211:. Both Israeli dramatist 1163:"Jug Jug" to dirty ears. 1029:Coleridge and his friend 892:A Midsummer Night's Dream 793:included the tale in his 738:compares the mourning of 212: 56:Temple of Apollo, Thermos 50:and Philomela carving up 2685:Jac Tharpe, ed. (1977). 2669:A Streetcar Named Desire 2651:26 December 2019 at the 2464:Salve Deus Rex Judaeorum 2113:22 November 2008 at the 2093:Book XIX, lines 518–523. 1875:A Companion to Sophocles 1413:National Geographic News 1354: 1191:A Streetcar Named Desire 909:Salve Deus Rex Judaeorum 780:The Legend of Good Women 2643:Notes on T. S. Eliot's 2541:Shelley, Percy Bysshe. 1931:, 1:41 section 8 and 9. 1617:The Classical Quarterly 1468:A Greek-English Lexicon 1284:Becoming the Villainess 1024:He may associate joy.— 1000:Samuel Taylor Coleridge 236:, was the wife of King 197:) is a minor figure in 2908:Stephanus of Byzantium 2509:Comparative Literature 2360:Cheney, Patrick (ed.) 2044:(ABC-CLIO, 2001), 276. 1983:Webster, Thomas B. L. 1383:Stephanus of Byzantium 1317:(2011), which won the 1301:opera of the same name 1291:Timberlake Wertenbaker 1166: 1027: 939: 699: 646: 582:, Philomela is called 464: 451:Variations on the myth 421: 380: 79: 63: 2877:Description of Greece 2349:Shakespeare Quarterly 2273:Lourenco, Alexander. 2183:Book II, lines 64–70. 2064:The Classical Journal 1929:Description of Greece 1679:of Pseudo-Apollodorus 1612:"Sophocles' "Tereus"" 1481:6 August 2020 at the 1235:by American composer 1152: 1083:Marquise de Maintenon 1007: 934: 730:and in the poetry of 689: 644: 523:In an early account, 496:binomial nomenclature 458: 439:and Philomela into a 397: 371: 329:of Pseudo-Apollodorus 274:Luscinia megarhynchos 69: 46: 4765:Textiles in folklore 4192:Menippe and Metioche 2936:at Wikimedia Commons 2934:Philomela and Procne 2895:Graeciae Descriptio. 2449:Parker, Patricia A. 2247:Henderson, Diana E. 2181:Troilus and Criseyde 1860:in Pope, Alexander. 1827:21 July 2015 at the 1720:Pseudo-Apollodorus, 1653:Fitzpatrick, David. 1350:, main-belt asteroid 1309:Canadian playwright 1279:Jeannine Hall Gailey 1231:in 2004, and a 1964 987:during the reign of 961:Percy Bysshe Shelley 957:The Eve of St. Agnes 953:Ode to a Nightingale 923:the Philomela myth. 862:Playwright and poet 786:Troilus and Criseyde 305:("song") instead of 4344:Baucis and Philemon 3717:Tyrrhenian pirates 2543:A Defense of Poetry 2436:Luckyj, Christina. 2334:Oakley-Brown, Liz. 2206:Elizabeth Eva Leach 2179:Chaucer, Geoffrey. 2040:Salisury, Joyce E. 1997:Antoninus Liberalis 1847:19 (1983), 246–250. 1763:faculty.de.gcsu.edu 1595:Sophocles Fragments 1263:including novelist 966:A Defence of Poetry 875:The Rape of Lucrece 864:William Shakespeare 374:Johann Wilhelm Baur 4212:Pyramus and Thisbe 4097:Arethusa (Boeotia) 2731:", pp. 289–306 in 2554:Ashton, Rosemary. 2079:– via JSTOR. 1640:– via JSTOR. 1630:10.1093/cq/51.1.90 1419:on 30 October 2013 1186:Tennessee Williams 1097:The Burden of Itys 1095:In his 1881 poem " 1031:William Wordsworth 940: 917:Lady Anne Clifford 763:Chrétien de Troyes 647: 465: 381: 341:(5th century BC). 320:of the Roman poet 80: 78:(Book VI, 519–562) 64: 4732: 4731: 4107:Arethusa (Ithaca) 3914:Inanimate objects 3761: 3760: 3187:Cycnus of Liguria 3182:Cycnus of Colonae 3172:Cycnus of Aetolia 3037:Agrius and Oreius 2932:Media related to 2803:Studdard, Melissa 2771:Sarkar, Roushni. 2641:Donnell, Sean M. 2619:Zaide, Gregorio. 2599:Language in India 2423:Cheney, Patrick. 2384:Kemp, Theresa D. 2194:Confessio Amantis 1913:Confessio Amantis 1845:Wordsworth Circle 1757:Magoulick, Mary. 1674:According to the 1448:. 9 November 2011 1233:vocal composition 1179:Jorge Luis Borges 951:(1795–1821), in " 915:and her daughter 796:Confessio Amantis 683:, the prophetess 677:. 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Archived from 1404: 1395: 1380: 1374: 1364: 1325:Melissa Studdard 1322: 1315:If We Were Birds 1288: 1077:from the era of 869:Titus Andronicus 825:George Gascoigne 775:Geoffrey Chaucer 514:, and Saw-wings 310: 309: 304: 303: 298: 297: 196: 191: 190: 185: 179: 178: 167: 166: 163: 162: 159: 156: 153: 150: 147: 144: 141: 138: 125: 124: 121: 120: 117: 114: 111: 108: 105: 102: 99: 96: 93: 21: 4785: 4784: 4780: 4779: 4778: 4776: 4775: 4774: 4735: 4734: 4733: 4728: 4715: 4684: 4643: 4612: 4292: 4241: 4102:Arethusa (Elis) 4055: 3909: 3848: 3787:Base appearance 3782: 3776: 3770: 3757: 3608:Lycian peasants 3466: 2973: 2968: 2924: 2825: 2820: 2800: 2796: 2786: 2784: 2769: 2765: 2755: 2753: 2744: 2743: 2739: 2726: 2722: 2711: 2707: 2698: 2694: 2663: 2659: 2653:Wayback Machine 2640: 2636: 2631: 2627: 2618: 2614: 2609: 2605: 2592: 2588: 2583: 2579: 2570: 2566: 2553: 2549: 2540: 2536: 2523: 2519: 2506: 2502: 2484:Charlotte Smith 2474: 2470: 2461: 2457: 2448: 2444: 2435: 2431: 2422: 2418: 2408: 2406: 2396: 2392: 2383: 2379: 2374: 2370: 2359: 2355: 2346: 2342: 2333: 2329: 2319: 2317: 2305: 2299: 2295: 2289: 2285: 2272: 2268: 2259: 2255: 2246: 2242: 2233: 2229: 2220: 2216: 2204: 2200: 2191: 2187: 2178: 2174: 2163: 2154: 2150: 2138: 2134: 2125: 2121: 2115:Wayback Machine 2101: 2097: 2088: 2084: 2055: 2048: 2039: 2035: 2027:Burnett, A. 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Her sister, 223:King of Athens 214: 211: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4782: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4742: 4740: 4725: 4724:Metamorphoses 4722: 4721: 4718: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4693: 4691: 4687: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4655:Cumaean Sibyl 4653: 4652: 4650: 4646: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4621: 4619: 4615: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4453: 4452: 4449: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4416: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 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3095: 3093: 3090: 3088: 3087:Arne Sithonis 3085: 3083: 3080: 3078: 3075: 3073: 3070: 3068: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3055: 3053: 3050: 3048: 3045: 3043: 3040: 3038: 3035: 3033: 3030: 3028: 3025: 3023: 3020: 3018: 3015: 3013: 3010: 3008: 3005: 3003: 3000: 2998: 2995: 2993: 2990: 2989: 2987: 2983: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2965: 2960: 2958: 2953: 2951: 2946: 2945: 2942: 2935: 2930: 2926: 2925: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2906: 2903: 2899: 2896: 2892: 2890: 2886: 2885:0-674-99328-4 2882: 2878: 2874: 2871: 2868: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2852: 2847: 2844: 2841: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2827: 2826: 2814: 2813: 2808: 2804: 2798: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2767: 2752:. 22 May 2021 2751: 2747: 2741: 2734: 2730: 2724: 2717: 2716: 2709: 2702: 2696: 2688: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2670: 2661: 2654: 2650: 2647: 2646: 2638: 2629: 2622: 2616: 2607: 2600: 2596: 2590: 2581: 2574: 2568: 2561: 2557: 2551: 2544: 2538: 2531: 2527: 2521: 2514: 2510: 2504: 2497: 2493: 2492:Mary Robinson 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2472: 2465: 2459: 2452: 2446: 2439: 2433: 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1586: 1584: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1562: 1560: 1552: 1551: 1550:Metamorphoses 1546: 1541: 1539: 1537: 1535: 1533: 1531: 1529: 1527: 1525: 1523: 1521: 1519: 1517: 1500: 1499: 1491: 1484: 1480: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1463: 1447: 1443: 1437: 1435: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1403: 1401: 1394: 1393: 1388: 1384: 1379: 1372: 1368: 1363: 1359: 1349: 1348:196 Philomela 1346: 1344: 1341: 1340: 1334: 1332: 1331: 1326: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1306: 1305:Richard Mills 1302: 1298: 1297: 1292: 1286: 1285: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1271: 1266: 1260: 1256: 1251: 1249: 1244: 1242: 1239:with text by 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1209:Metamorphoses 1206: 1205: 1200: 1197:British poet 1195: 1193: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1180: 1175: 1172: 1164: 1151: 1149: 1148: 1143: 1130: 1126: 1123: 1119: 1116:English poet 1115: 1112: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1091: 1087: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1067:Prince Regent 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1051: 1047: 1044:'s 1847–1848 1043: 1039: 1038: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1025: 1006: 1003: 1001: 997: 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