Philomela - Knowledge

33: 3768: 816:(1535–1577) depicts "Philomel" as the representative of poetry (Poesys), her sister Progne as satire (Satyra), and Tereus as "vayne Delight". The characterization of Philomela and the nightingale was that of a woman choosing to exercise her will in recovering her voice and resisting those forces which attempts to silence her. Critics have pointed to Gascoigne's use of the Philomela myth as a personal appeal and that he was fighting in verse a battle with his enemies who violently opposed his poems. In Gascoigne's poem "The complaynt of Philomene" (1576), the myth is employed to depict punishment and control. 424:) that told her story and sent it to Procne. Procne was incensed by her husband's actions and killed their son Itys (or "Itylos") in revenge. She boiled Itys and served him as a meal for Tereus. After Tereus ate Itys, the sisters presented Tereus with the severed head of his son, revealing the conspiracy. Tereus grabbed an axe and chased the sisters intending to kill them. They fled but were almost overtaken by Tereus at Daulia in Phocis. The sisters desperately prayed to the gods to be turned into birds and escape Tereus' rage and vengeance. The gods transformed Procne into a 631: 358: 3762: 445: 3756: 56: 2918: 921: 1170:(1899–1986), compares his efforts as a poet to the bird's lament though never having heard it. He describes its song as "encrusted with mythology" and that the evolution of the myth has distorted it—that the opinions of other poets and writers have kept both poet and reader from actually hearing the original sound and knowing the essence of the song. 991:(1772–1834) to move away from associations that the nightingale's song was one of melancholy and identified it with the joyous experience of nature. He remarked that "in nature there is nothing melancholy", (line 15) expressing hope "we may not thus profane / Nature's sweet voices, always full of love / And joyance!" (lines 40–42). 888:, Shakespeare addresses his lover (the "fair youth") and compares his love poetry to the song of the nightingale, noting that "her mournful hymns did hush the night" (line 10), and that as a poet would "hold his tongue" (line 13) in deference to the more beautiful nightingale's song so that he "not dull you with my song" (line 14). 831:'s harsh rejection of the shepherd's romantic advances in the spirit of "time heals all wounds" by citing in the second stanza (among several examples) that eventually, with the passage of time, Philomel would become "dumb" to her own pain and that her attention would be drawn away from the pain by the events of life to come. 457:

Greek texts like Achilles Tatius and the Bibliotheca of Pseudo-Apollodorus, Philomela is transformed into a swallow and Procne into a nightingale, but in Latin texts Philomela is the nightingale and Procne is the swallow. The description of Tereus as an "epops" has generally been translated as a hoopoe (scientific name:

1098:(1837–1909) wrote a poem called "Itylus" based on the story in which Philomela and Procne, after being transformed into the nightingale and swallow, ask when they will be able to forget the grief of having slain Itylus—the answer being they will forget when the world ends. He also wrote the lyrical tragedy 911:

The image of the nightingale appears frequently in poetry of the period with it and its song described by poets as an example of "joyance" and gaiety or as an example of melancholy, sad, sorrowful, and mourning. However, many use the nightingale as a symbol of sorrow but without a direct reference to

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It is typical for myths from antiquity to have been altered over the passage of time or for competing variations of the myth to emerge. With the story of Philomela, most of the variations concern which sister became the nightingale or the swallow, and into what type of bird Tereus was transformed. In

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in the tragedy by Aeschylus—wherein the Greek dramatist directly evoked the Philomela myth. The poem describes Sweeney as a brute and that two women in the poem are conspiring against him for his mistreatment of them. This mirrors not only the elements of Agamemnon's death in Aeschylus' play but the

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in A.D. 8. Many of these sources were doubtless available to Ovid during his lifetime but have been lost or come to us at present only in fragments. In his version, Ovid recast and combined many elements from these ancient sources. Because his is the most complete, lasting version of the myth, it is

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The material of the Philomela myth has been used in various creative works—artistic and literary—for the past 2,500 years. Over the centuries, the myth has been associated with the image of the nightingale and its song described as both exceedingly beautiful and sorrowful. The continued use of the

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It is possible that social and political themes have woven their way into the story as a contrast between Athenians who believed themselves to be the hegemonic power in Greece and the more civilized of the Greek peoples, and the Thracians who were considered to be a "barbaric race". It is possible

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as an example of a poetic device that aids in the "recognition"—the change from ignorance to knowledge—of what has happened earlier in the plot. Such a device, according to Aristotle, is ″contrived″ by the poet, and thus is "inartistic". The connection between the nightingale's song and poetry is

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Eliot employs the myth to depict themes of sorrow, pain, and that the only recovery or regeneration possible is through revenge. Several of these mentions reference other poets' renderings of the myth, including those of Ovid and Gascoigne. Eliot's references to the nightingales singing by the

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and escort her sister, Philomela, to Thrace. King Pandion of Athens, the father of Philomela and Procne, was apprehensive about letting his one remaining daughter leave his home and protection and asks Tereus to protect her as if he were her father. Tereus agrees. However, Tereus

541:, Tereus was so remorseful for his actions against Philomela and Itys (the nature of the actions is not described) that he kills himself. Then two birds appear as the women lament his death. Many later sources omit Tereus' tongue-cutting mutilation of Philomela altogether. 842:

poem "The Nightingale", the narrator, who is in love with a woman he cannot have, compares his own romantic situation to that of Philomela's plight and claims that he has more reason to be sad. However, recent literary criticism has labelled this claim as

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that "a poet is a nightingale who sits in darkness and sings to cheer its own solitude with sweet sounds; his auditors are as men entranced by the melody of an unseen musician, who feel that they are moved and softened, yet know not whence or why."

1670:(Book III, chapter 14, section 8), in the translation by Sir James George Frazer, Pandion fought a war with Labdacus, King of Thebes and married his daughter Procne to Tereus to secure and alliance and obtain his assistance in fighting Thebes. 847:

and an unfortunate marginalization of the traumatic rape of Philomela. Sidney argues that the rape was an "excess of love" and less severe than being deprived of love as attested by the line, "Since wanting is more woe than too much having."

509:. Coincidentally, although most of the depictions of the nightingale and its song in art and literature are of female nightingales, the female of the species does not sing—it is the male of the species who sings its characteristic song. 935:

recast the myth and adapted the image of the nightingale with its song to be a poet and "master of a superior art that could inspire the human poet". For some romantic poets, the nightingale even began to take on qualities of the muse.

861:(c. 1588–1593) where characters directly reference Tereus and Philomela in commenting on rape and mutilation of Lavinia by Aaron, Chiron, and Demetrius. Prominent allusions to Philomela also occur in the depiction of Lucrece in 2769: 2279:

Raleigh, Sir Walter "The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd" (1600), lines 5–8: "Time drives the flocks from field to fold / When rivers rage and rocks grow cold, / And Philomel becometh dumb; / The rest complains of cares to

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Note though that earlier Greek accounts say the opposite (Procne as the nightingale, the "tongueless" Philomela as the silent swallow) and are more consistent with the facts of the myth. Frazer in his translation of the

313:(Publius Ovidius Naso) (43 BC – 17/18 AD), where the story reaches its full development during antiquity. It is likely that Ovid relied upon Greek and Latin sources that were available in his era such as the 556:, a city inhabited by Thracians. Thucydides cites as proof of this that poets who mention the nightingale refer to it as a "Daulian bird". It is thought that Thucydides commented on the myth in his famous work on the 530:) hold that Tereus was instead changed into a hoopoe. Various later translations of Ovid state that Tereus was transformed into other birds than the hawk and hoopoe, including references by Dryden and Gower to the 1808:

DeLuca, Kenneth (Hampden-Sydney College). "Deconstructing Tereus: An Introduction to Aristophanes' Birds" (paper prepared for the American Political Science Association Convention Chicago 2007). Found online

1081:(1822–1888), the poet asks upon hearing the crying of a fleeing nightingale if it can find peace and healing in the English countryside far away from Greece, although lamenting its pain and passion "eternal". 464:

Early Greek sources have it that Philomela was turned into a swallow, which has no song; Procne was turned into a nightingale, singing a beautiful but sad song in remorse. Later sources, among them

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her. After the assault, Tereus threatened her and advised her to keep silent. Philomela was defiant and angered Tereus. In his rage, he cut out her tongue and abandoned her in the cabin. In

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with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. ISBN 0-674-99135-4.

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describes Itys as the symbol of Greek art and pleasure is contrasted with Christ. The landscape of Greece is also compared to the landscape of England, specifically Kent and Oxford.

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Throughout the late Renaissance and Elizabethan eras, the image of Philomela and the nightingale incorporated elements of mourning and beauty after being subjected to an act of

461:). Since many of the earlier sources are no longer extant, or remain only in fragments, Ovid's version of the myth has been the most lasting and influential upon later works. 605:. She implies that the infanticide of Itys did not appear in the Tereus myth until Sophocles' play and that it was introduced because of what was borrowed from Euripides. 2868:

with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918.

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in 2 volumes (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd., 1921). See note 2 to section 3.14.8, citing Pearson, A. C. (editor)

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edited by August Meineike (1790–1870), published 1849. A few entries from this important ancient handbook of place names have been translated by Brady Kiesling.

1331: 265:), a bird renowned for its song. Because of the violence associated with the myth, the song of the nightingale is often depicted or interpreted as a sorrowful 4743: 1173:

Several artists have applied Ovid's account to new translations or reworkings, or adapted the story for the stage. Leonard Quirino notes that the plot of

944:" (1819) idealizes the nightingale as a poet who has achieved the poetry that Keats himself longs to write. Keats directly employs the Philomel myth in " 2351: 2099: 1120:(1861–1896), used the image of Philomel as inspiration for young Filipinos to use their voices to speak of Spanish injustice and colonial oppression. 2149: 738:

While Ovid's retelling of the myth is the more famous version of the story, he had several ancient sources on which to rely before he finished the

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with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, PH.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1919.

2943: 648:, ancient dramatists and poets evoked the story of Philomela and the nightingale in their works. Most notably, it was the core of the tragedy 1464: 1022:(1770–1850), who called the nightingale a "fiery heart", depicted it "as an instance of natural poetic creation", and the "voice of nature". 1129:

The Philomela myth is perpetuated largely through its appearance as a powerful device in poetry. In the 20th century, American-British poet

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See Newman, Jane O. "'And Let Mild Women to Him Lose Their Mildness': Philomela, Female Violence, and Shakespeare's The Rape of Lucrece"

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While the myth has several variations, the general depiction is that Philomela, after being raped and mutilated by her sister's husband,

2263: 1810: 345:, she asked her husband to "Let me at Athens my dear sister see / Or let her come to Thrace, and visit me." Tereus agreed to travel to 2936: 2637: 901: 32: 4748: 1747: 1485: 927:(oil on canvas, painted 1636–1638), one of the late works of Flemish Baroque painter Peter Paul Rubens (1577–1640) (Prado, Madrid) 4733: 875: 1929:

According to Delany, Chaucer barely mentions it and the Chretien de Troyes omits the "grotesquerie" entirely. Delany, Sheila.

2922: 892:(1569–1645), a poet who is considered by some scholars to be the woman referred to in the poetry of William Shakespeare as " 820: 2621:

Eliot, T(homas) S(tearns). "The Waste Land" (New York: Horace Liveright, 1922), lines 98–103. See also lines 203–206, 428.

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Philomela and Procne showing the severed head of Itys to his father Tereus, engraved by Baur for a 1703 edition of Ovid's

1289: 1405: 1359: 4738: 2848: 476:' version of the story has the sisters reversed, so that Philomela married Tereus and that Tereus lusted after Procne. 2795: 2873: 1307: 1455:

Defining φιλόμηλος as "fond of apples or fruit", see Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; and Jones, Henry Stuart.

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The most complete and extant rendering of the story of Philomela, Procne, and Tereus can be found in Book VI of the

164: 4466: 3767: 2959: 2817: 1951: 1708: 1664: 1355: 948:" (1820) where the rape of Madeline by Porphyro mirrors the rape of Philomela by Tereus. Keats' contemporary, poet 314: 2251:

Negotiating Shakespeare's Language in Romeo and Juliet: Reading Strategies from Criticism, Editing and the Theatre

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Maslen, R. W., "Myths Exploited: the Metamorphoses of Ovid in Early Elizabethan England" in Taylor, A. B. (ed.),

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in 2 volumes (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd., 1921). (found

1566:– retrieved 23 November 2012), where Frazer points to several other ancient source materials regarding the myth. 601:—notably a wife killing her child in an act of revenge against her husband—and incorporated them in his tragedy 2388: 4753: 3914: 3450: 3230: 3025: 1960: 1832:

Fields, Beverly. "Keats and the Tongueless Nightingale: Some Unheard Melodies in 'The Eve of Saint Agnes'".

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write that although she was tongueless, Philomela was turned into a nightingale, and Procne into a swallow.

4170: 3040: 2735:"How Bengal woke up to 'band' culture in the 1970s, paving the way for a bona fide rock movement in Bangla" 2584:"Bird Imagery in Keats's 'Ode to a Nightingale' and Yeats's 'The Wild Swans at Coole': A Comparative Study" 880: 2096: 354:

for Philomela when he first saw her, and that lust grew during the course of the return voyage to Thrace.

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comments that the Roman mythographers "somewhat absurdly inverted the transformation of the two sisters".

1284: 1109:(1753–1806) in lamenting the sufferings of African slaves invokes the myth and challenges that her song " 1030: 676:

has a visionary premonition of her own death in which she mentioned the nightingale and Itys, lamenting:

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The reference to Philomela also exists in the name of a Bengali music troupe in Calcutta, India, called

4668: 4571: 3440: 3410: 2990: 1722:. Retrieved 23 November 2012). Notes on this passage include references several variations on the myth. 1242:

Several female writers have used the Philomela myth in exploring the subject of rape, women and power (

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Attic wine cup, circa 490 BC, depicting Philomela and Procne preparing to kill Itys. (Louvre, Paris)

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This article is about a figure in Greek mythology. For other uses of "Philomela" or "Philomel", see

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At the poem's conclusion, Coleridge writes of a father taking his crying son outside in the night:

973: 768: 320:(2nd century BC), or sources that are no longer extant or exist today only in fragments—especially 3755: 4210: 1605: 1272: 1217: 1043: 988: 497:, a Latinized form of Procne. Other related genera named after the myth include the Crag Martins 2762:"I try my best to use live music, within the limitations of budget and time: Prabuddha Banerjee" 896:", makes several references to Philomela in her patronage poem "The Description of Cookeham" in 4397: 4009: 3832: 3782: 3709: 3280: 3160: 2896: 2861: 2583: 2472: 1913: 1371: 1279: 1258: 538: 1846: 1243: 4699: 4526: 4215: 4019: 3954: 3611: 3536: 3521: 3380: 3340: 3325: 3255: 3210: 3125: 3055: 2389:"The Significance of the Reference to Philomel in "A Midsummer Night's Dream" by Shakespeare" 2052: 1158:

convent in "Sweeney and the Nightingales" (1919–1920) is a direct reference to the murder of

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Gila Aloni, "Palimpsestic Philomela: Reinscription in Chaucer's 'Legend of Good Women'", in

1054:(kingslayer) and Philomela (the ravished mute of king, who prompted his slaying) before the 908:

refers to Philomela's "sundry layes"(line 31) and later to her "mournful ditty" (line 189).

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The story of Philomela, Procne, and Tereus is largely influenced by Sophocles' lost tragedy

300:("fruit" or "sheep"), which means "lover of fruit", "lover of apples", or "lover of sheep". 4556: 4456: 4449: 4377: 4180: 4120: 4090: 3858: 3853: 3739: 3676: 3671: 3631: 3516: 3400: 3390: 3165: 3130: 3035: 3010: 3005: 2985: 2480: 1267: 1216:) wrote plays based on the story. The story was adapted into an opera by Scottish composer 949: 945: 941: 774: 572: 242: 3934: 2688:

Stating that it was adapted from Sophocles, Thales, Eva Hesse, R. Buckminster Fuller, see

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Dryden, John; Addison, Joseph; Eusden, Laurence; Garth, Sir Samuel (translators). Ovid.

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brought new life to the myth in her poem "Philomela's tongue says" (2019), published in

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wrote that Tereus was turned into a large-beaked bird whom some scholars translate as a

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Jose Rizal: Life, Works, and Writings of a Genius, Writer, Scientist, and National Hero

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For the comparison between Homer's version and Eusthathius' version of the myth, see:

4551: 4536: 4491: 4486: 4476: 4461: 4444: 4407: 4392: 4387: 4312: 4105: 4095: 4039: 3827: 3734: 3729: 3491: 3395: 3365: 3345: 3285: 3240: 3220: 3175: 3170: 3145: 3110: 3105: 3030: 2869: 2844: 2800: 2253:. (Farnham, England and Burlington, Vermont: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2009), p. 106. 2154: 1431:"And a nightingale sang... experienced males 'show off' to protect their territories" 1318: 1167: 800:, and ars mutandi musical eras of the late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries. 784: 557: 269:. In nature, the female nightingale is mute, and only the male of the species sings. 1196:(1997) which was a loose translation and retelling of twenty-four tales from Ovid's 384:

Philomela's defiant speech is rendered (in an 18th-century English translation) as:

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Marsh, Jenny. "Vases and Tragic Drama" in Rutter, N.K. and Sparkes, B.A. (editors)

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Aeschylus, with an English translation by Herbert Weir Smyth, PhD in two volumes.

1817: 1471: 1253: 1192: 855:(1564–1616) makes frequent use of the Philomela myth—most notably in his tragedy 187: 2599:

Yearsley, Ann. "A Poem on the Inhumanity of the Slave-Trade" (1788) lines 45–46.

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where an indirect reference to the myth may be called a "dark nocturnal secret".

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image in artistic, literary, and musical works has reinforced this association.

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because Sophocles' play confused the mythical Tereus with contemporary ruler

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Hair, Graham, and Stephen Arnold. "Some Works of Milton Babbitt, Reviewed",

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Coleridge, Samuel Taylor. "Philomela" (1798), lines 102–109 in Volume I of

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Shakespeare, William. "Cymbeline", Act II, Scene ii, and Act III, Scene iv.

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Ovid's Metamorphoses in Fifteen Books, translated by the most eminent hands

1299: 1263: 1201: 1106: 1051: 1034: 969: 839: 710: 597: 591:. Scholar Jenny Marsh claims Sophocles borrowed certain plot elements from 521: 499: 60: 3205: 1063: 964: 4561: 4024: 3949: 3420: 1618: 1380: 1130: 1089: 932: 720: 429: 258: 2355:. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), pp. 94–95, 105 and 191. 2159:, Raeleen Chai-Elsholz, Tatjana Silec. New York: Palgrave, 2011. 157–73. 1714:, 3.14.8; in Frazer, Sir James George (translator/editor). Apollodorus, 747: 4612: 4586: 4531: 4439: 4367: 4014: 3581: 3546: 3415: 3350: 3295: 3050: 2065: 2047: 1946: 1626: 1600: 1187: 952:(1792–1822) invoked a similar image of the nightingale, writing in his 937: 885: 779: 759: 568: 545: 469: 372:

Arriving in Thrace, he forced her to a cabin or lodge in the woods and

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Poetry analysis: The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd, by William Raleigh

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Honko, Lauri. "The Problem of Defining Myth" in Dundes, Alan (editor)

1459:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1st ed. 1843, 9th Ed. 1925, 1996). ( 4689: 4427: 4266: 4004: 3964: 3924: 3878: 3792: 3714: 3686: 3606: 3556: 3496: 3435: 3360: 3290: 3235: 3180: 3080: 2573:

Wordsworth, William. "O Nightingale, thou surely art" (1807), line 2.

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Ovid And the Cultural Politics of Translation in Early Modern England

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Halmamann, Carolin. "Sophoclean Fragments" in Ormand, Kirk (editor).

1159: 1067: 1055: 977: 869: 701: 697: 673: 663: 659: 655: 592: 513: 321: 276: 207: 181: 170: 2501: 1992: 685:

Clothed thee with soft brown plumes, and life apart from wail(ing)—

4566: 4546: 4417: 4412: 4402: 4307: 4297: 4276: 4261: 4220: 4190: 4125: 4055: 3959: 3909: 3863: 3701: 3691: 3656: 3651: 3621: 3566: 3531: 3526: 3501: 3430: 3355: 3320: 3315: 3215: 3155: 3095: 2547:. (Oxford: Blackwell, 1997), pp. 136–139; Mays, J. C. C. (editor). 1474:; citing "Doroth.Hist. ap. Ath. 7.276f". (Retrieved 7 October 2012) 1247: 1047: 809: 793: 732: 417: 218: 3015: 3000: 2716:

Hollander, John. "A Poem for Music: Remarks on the Composition of

2292:"'Darkling I Listen': The Nightingale's Song In and Out of Poetry" 1133:(1888–1965) directly referenced the myth in his most famous poem, 576: 412:

Philomela was unable to speak because of her injuries, and so she

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Book V, Lines 6041–6046, refer to a "lappewincke" or "lappewinge"

728: 644: 582: 561: 531: 465: 425: 413: 361:"The Rape of Philomela by Tereus", book 6, plate 59. Engraved by 2551:(Volume I, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001), p. 518. 2549:

The Collected Works of Samuel Taylor Coleridge: Poetical Works I

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XIV:4:568 (Houston, Texas: Rice University, 1974) (found online

762:. However, de Troyes was not alone in adapting Ovid's material. 658:(lost, extant only in fragments) and later in a set of plays by 491:

name of the martins (the larger-bodied among swallow genera) is

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Passion Made Public: Elizabethan Lyric, Gender, and Performance

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Behind the Arras: Tapestry Ekphrasis in Spenser and Shakespeare

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Book VI, lines 424–674. (Line numbers vary among translations.)

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In the poem "To the Nightingale", Argentine poet and fabulist,

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Sung Birds: Music, Nature, and Poetry in the Later Middle Ages

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Aristophanes: Three Comedies: The Birds, The Clouds, The Wasps

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According to Ovid, in the fifth year of Procne's marriage to

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Shakespeare's Ovid: The Metamorphoses in the Plays and Poems

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Palimpsests and the Literary Imagination of Medieval England

2007:(Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh, 2000) 121–123, 133–134. 1875:

compare with the "hawk" in Hyginus (Gaius Julius Hyginus ).

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Several writers omit key details of the story. According to

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Frazer, Sir James George (translator/editor). Apollodorus,

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where she asks Philomel to "sing in our sweet lullaby". In

625: 517: 421: 377: 373: 351: 342: 310: 272: 146: 137: 107: 92: 40: 2564:(with William Wordsworth) (London: J. & A. Arch, 1798) 1586:(Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard College, 1996), 290–299 2416:. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 235–236. 2020:(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998) 180–189. 1788: 1786: 1460: 468:

and in modern literature the English romantic poets like

131: 86: 2612:(Manila, Philippines: All Nations Publishing Co., 1994). 1828: 1826: 1780:(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984), 41–52. 1062:. Further, her performance of Philomela is styled after 920: 520:

while a number of retellings and other works (including

2377:(Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 2010), pp. 98–99. 1804: 1802: 1594: 1592: 1487:

The Fourth Book of Virgil's Georgics: With a Vocabulary

1332:

List of rape victims from ancient history and mythology

1783: 1678: 1676: 1654:

1:39–45 (November 2007) – retrieved 23 November 2012).

1070:, alluding to the possibility of her becoming another 803: 275:

and other writers have made the association that the

2227:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), p. 25. 1853:, Volume V. (London: F. J. DuRoveray, 1806), 139–140. 1823: 1003:

While his fair eyes, that swam with undropped tears,'

190:

who is frequently invoked as a direct and figurative

140: 128: 83: 80: 2958: 1799: 1704: 1702: 1700: 1698: 1696: 1694: 1692: 1644:"Reconstructing a Fragmentary Tragedy 2: Sophocles' 1638: 1636: 1589: 1116:

In "A la Juventud Filipina", Filipino national hero

609:

that these elements were woven into Sophocles' play

149: 134: 104: 89: 2891:

Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library

2496:Shippey, Thomas. "Listening to the Nightingale" in 1883:from Smyth, Herbert Weir (translator); Aeschylus. 1673: 1652:

Practitioners Voices in Classical Reception Studies

1550: 1548: 1398:"Male Nightingales Explore by Day, Seduce by Night" 616: 432:. Subsequently, the gods transformed Tereus into a 143: 125: 98: 95: 2240:. (University of Illinois Press, 1995), pp. 48–49. 915: 812:. In his long poem "The Steele Glas" (1576), poet 279:of her name was "lover of song", derived from the 2451:Lanyer, Emilia. "The Description of Cookeham" in 2041: 2039: 1689: 1633: 1150:And still she cried, and still the world pursues, 925:Tereus Confronted with the Head of his Son Itylus 772:and briefly alluded to the myth in his epic poem 548:, Tereus was not King of Thrace, but rather from 4725: 2513:Doggett, Frank. "Romanticism's Singing Bird" in 2128:Doggett, Frank. "Romanticism's Singing Bird" in 1891:(Cambridge, MA. Harvard University Press. 1926). 1778:Sacred Narrative: Readings in the Theory of Myth 1574: 1572: 1545: 1529: 1527: 1525: 1270:who uses the myth in several poems published in 1009:Should give me life, his childhood shall grow up 754:, adapted many of the myths recounted in Ovid's 395:Thro' the wide world your actions will proclaim; 257:, obtains her revenge and is transformed into a 2722:Vision and Resonance: Two Senses of Poetic Form 2352:The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare's Poetry 2327:. (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 2006), 26–32. 1686:(London: Jacob Tonson, 1717) Volume II, p. 201. 1523: 1521: 1519: 1517: 1515: 1513: 1511: 1509: 1507: 1505: 1077:In the poem "Philomela" (1853) by English poet 401:My mournful voice the pitying rocks shall move, 59:"The Rape of Philomela by Tereus", engraved by 2853:Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. 2826:Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. 2036: 1976:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1936), 3, 7. 1931:The Naked Text: Chaucer's Legend of Good Women 1011:Familiar with these songs, that with the night 583:Elements borrowed from other myths and stories 206:Philomela was the younger of two daughters of 2944: 2878:Online version at the Perseus Digital Library 1847:Notes to Book XIX (regarding line 605&c.) 1569: 1163:sister's revenge against Tereus in the myth. 1144:The change of Philomel, by the barbarous king 827:(1554–1618) relays consolation regarding the 681:Ah for thy fate, O shrill-voiced nightingale! 2901:Stephani Byzantii Ethnicorum quae supersunt, 2515:SEL: Studies in English Literature 1500–1900 2130:SEL: Studies in English Literature 1500–1900 1502: 1239:(The city that loves song), formed in 1983. 1001:Suspends his sobs, and laughs most silently, 999:And he beheld the moon, and, hushed at once, 788:. References to Philomela are common in the 391:And suit the baseness of your hellish crime. 389:Still my revenge shall take its proper time, 4744:Metamorphoses into birds in Greek mythology 2340:Vol. 45, No. 3 (Autumn, 1994), pp. 304–326. 2048:"The Nightingale in Greek and Latin Poetry" 1866:. (Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012), 175. 1851:The Odyssey of Homer, translated by A. Pope 1598: 1425: 1423: 1391: 1389: 1190:(1930–1998) used the myth in his 1997 work 1148:Filled all the desert with inviolable voice 1146:So rudely forced; yet there the nightingale 1005:Did glitter in the yellow moon-beam! Well!— 987:, "The Nightingale" (1798) is an effort by 972:stage production of the story, produced by 766:recounted the story in his unfinished work 683:Some solace for thy woes did Heaven afford, 399:Obscur'd, and bury'd from the sight of men, 2951: 2937: 2856:Greek text available from the same website 2829:Greek text available from the same website 2690:The Living Composers Project: James Dillon 2673: 2534:(Boston: Ginn & Company, 1903), p. 11. 1997: 1879:, 45. Hyginus based his interpretation on 1256:in her novella "Nightingale" published in 1102:(1876) which concerns Philomela's brother. 405:Hear me, o Heav'n! and, if a God be there, 2905:Online version at the Topos Text Project. 2724:(New York: Oxford University Press, 1975) 2249:Hunter, Lynette, and Lichtenfels, Peter. 1007:It is a father's tale: But if that Heaven 902:Margaret Clifford, Countess of Cumberland 439: 407:Let him regard me, and accept my pray'r. 403:And my complainings echo thro' the grove. 2790: 2483:. However, he cites later examples like 2045: 1420: 1386: 919: 700:points to the "voice of the shuttle" in 629: 626:From antiquity and the influence of Ovid 443: 397:Or tho' I'm prison'd in this lonely den, 393:My self, abandon'd, and devoid of shame, 356: 54: 31: 2653: 2500:XXII:1 (1970), pp. 46–60 (found online 2464: 2289: 1869: 1308:2011 Governor General's Award for Drama 1111:shall teach sad Philomel a louder note, 4726: 2562:Lyrical Ballads with a few other poems 2440:Shakespeare and the Question of Theory 1395: 1183:"is modeled on the legend of Tereus". 194:in literary and artistic works in the 2932: 2429:. (New York: Palgrave, 2002), p. 169. 2414:Shakespeare, National Poet-Playwright 2386: 2046:Chandler, Albert R. (November 1934). 1955:. 2.29. In the version translated by 1745: 1582:(translated by Lloyd-Jones, Hugh) in 1490:. Longmans, Green, and Co. p. 78 1483: 662:, the nephew of the great playwright 2772:from the original on 20 January 2021 1959:(London: Bohn, 1843). (found online 900:(1611). Lanier's poem, dedicated to 735:to the "lament of the nightingale". 2545:The Life of Samuel Taylor Coleridge 804:In Elizabethan and Jacobean England 13: 2759: 2678:. University Press of Mississippi. 2018:Revenge in Attic and later tragedy 1124: 983:First published in the collection 567:In a variation of the myth set in 233:. Philomela's other siblings were 14: 4770: 2910: 2707:new series, no. 90 (1969): 33–34. 2442:(New York: Methuen, 1985), p. 97. 2387:Smith, Nicole (4 December 2011). 2201:(Ithaca, New York: Cornell, 2006) 821:The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd 3766: 3760: 3754: 2960:Metamorphoses in Greek mythology 2916: 2656:"The Cards Indicate a Voyage on 2517:XIV:4 (1974), 570 (found online 2106:). (Retrieved 23 November 2012). 2005:Word and Image in Ancient Greece 1952:History of the Peloponnesian War 1025:Other notable mentions include: 867:, in the depiction of Imogen in 743:the basis for many later works. 617:Appearances in the Western canon 121: 76: 4749:Mythological people from Attica 2784: 2753: 2727: 2710: 2695: 2692:. (Retrieved 22 December 2012). 2682: 2664:Contemporary Literary Criticism 2647: 2624: 2615: 2602: 2593: 2582:Rana, Sujata; Dhankhar, Pooja. 2576: 2567: 2554: 2537: 2524: 2507: 2490: 2469:William Drummond of Hawthornden 2458: 2445: 2432: 2419: 2406: 2380: 2375:Women in the Age of Shakespeare 2367: 2358: 2343: 2330: 2317: 2283: 2273: 2256: 2243: 2230: 2217: 2204: 2188: 2175: 2162: 2138: 2122: 2109: 2085: 2072: 2023: 2010: 1979: 1966: 1940: 1923: 1907: 1894: 1856: 1839: 1770: 1739: 1725: 1657: 1312:More recently, poet and author 916:In Classical and Romantic works 613:and other works of the period. 16:Minor figure in Greek mythology 2521:– retrieved 24 November 2012). 2504:– retrieved 24 November 2012). 1963:– retrieved 23 November 2012). 1792:Arrowsmith, William (editor). 1477: 1449: 1365: 1349: 1288:(1989) (later adapted into an 479:It is salient to note that in 1: 4734:Princesses in Greek mythology 2811: 2676:Tennessee Williams: A Tribute 2644:(retrieved 24 November 2012). 2590:, vol. 11 (12 December 2011). 1396:Kaplan, Matt (4 March 2009). 1322:magazine's May 2019 edition. 1302:adapted the myth in her play 365:for a 1703 edition of Ovid's 63:for a 1562 edition of Ovid's 2270:). Retrieved 9 January 2013. 1974:An Introduction to Sophocles 1484:White, John T., ed. (1884). 1139:(1922), where he describes, 746:In the 12th century, French 248: 182: 171: 7: 2889:. Leipzig, Teubner. 1903. 2290:Addison, Catherine (2009). 2185:Book VIII, lines 5545–6075. 1820:. Retrieved 9 January 2013. 1599:Fitzpatrick, David (2001). 1325: 1285:The Love of the Nightingale 1031:William Makepeace Thackeray 575:("swallow") and her sister 10: 4775: 3752: 2672:, originally published in 2031:Women in the Ancient World 1889:Volume 2. Suppliant Women. 1562:, II:221ff. (found online 1560:The Fragments of Sophocles 1266:in her story "Philomela", 1206:The Great Whore of Babylon 1096:Algernon Charles Swinburne 296: 290: 284: 177: 163: 21:Philomela (disambiguation) 18: 4739:Mythological rape victims 4708: 4677: 4636: 4605: 4285: 4234: 4048: 3902: 3841: 3775: 3459: 2973: 2966: 2796:"Philomela's tongue says" 2654:Quirino, Leonard (1984). 2467:cites examples including 2214:(ProQuest, 2008), p. 164. 1208:) and English playwright 1200:. Both Israeli dramatist 1152:"Jug Jug" to dirty ears. 1018:Coleridge and his friend 881:A Midsummer Night's Dream 782:included the tale in his 727:compares the mourning of 201: 45:Temple of Apollo, Thermos 39:and Philomela carving up 2674:Jac Tharpe, ed. (1977). 2658:A Streetcar Named Desire 2640:26 December 2019 at the 2453:Salve Deus Rex Judaeorum 2102:22 November 2008 at the 2082:Book XIX, lines 518–523. 1864:A Companion to Sophocles 1402:National Geographic News 1343: 1180:A Streetcar Named Desire 898:Salve Deus Rex Judaeorum 769:The Legend of Good Women 2632:Notes on T. S. Eliot's 2530:Shelley, Percy Bysshe. 1920:, 1:41 section 8 and 9. 1606:The Classical Quarterly 1457:A Greek-English Lexicon 1273:Becoming the Villainess 1013:He may associate joy.— 989:Samuel Taylor Coleridge 225:, was the wife of King 186:) is a minor figure in 2897:Stephanus of Byzantium 2498:Comparative Literature 2349:Cheney, Patrick (ed.) 2033:(ABC-CLIO, 2001), 276. 1972:Webster, Thomas B. L. 1372:Stephanus of Byzantium 1306:(2011), which won the 1290:opera of the same name 1280:Timberlake Wertenbaker 1155: 1016: 928: 688: 635: 571:, Philomela is called 453: 440:Variations on the myth 410: 369: 68: 52: 2866:Description of Greece 2338:Shakespeare Quarterly 2262:Lourenco, Alexander. 2172:Book II, lines 64–70. 2053:The Classical Journal 1918:Description of Greece 1668:of Pseudo-Apollodorus 1601:"Sophocles' "Tereus"" 1470:6 August 2020 at the 1224:by American composer 1141: 1072:Marquise de Maintenon 996: 923: 719:and in the poetry of 678: 633: 512:In an early account, 485:binomial nomenclature 447: 428:and Philomela into a 386: 360: 318:of Pseudo-Apollodorus 263:Luscinia megarhynchos 58: 35: 4754:Textiles in folklore 4181:Menippe and Metioche 2925:at Wikimedia Commons 2923:Philomela and Procne 2884:Graeciae Descriptio. 2438:Parker, Patricia A. 2236:Henderson, Diana E. 2170:Troilus and Criseyde 1849:in Pope, Alexander. 1816:21 July 2015 at the 1709:Pseudo-Apollodorus, 1642:Fitzpatrick, David. 1339:, main-belt asteroid 1298:Canadian playwright 1268:Jeannine Hall Gailey 1220:in 2004, and a 1964 976:during the reign of 950:Percy Bysshe Shelley 946:The Eve of St. Agnes 942:Ode to a Nightingale 912:the Philomela myth. 851:Playwright and poet 775:Troilus and Criseyde 294:("song") instead of 4333:Baucis and Philemon 3706:Tyrrhenian pirates 2532:A Defense of Poetry 2425:Luckyj, Christina. 2323:Oakley-Brown, Liz. 2195:Elizabeth Eva Leach 2168:Chaucer, Geoffrey. 2029:Salisury, Joyce E. 1986:Antoninus Liberalis 1836:19 (1983), 246–250. 1752:faculty.de.gcsu.edu 1584:Sophocles Fragments 1252:including novelist 955:A Defence of Poetry 864:The Rape of Lucrece 853:William Shakespeare 363:Johann Wilhelm Baur 4201:Pyramus and Thisbe 4086:Arethusa (Boeotia) 2720:", pp. 289–306 in 2543:Ashton, Rosemary. 2068:– via JSTOR. 1629:– via JSTOR. 1619:10.1093/cq/51.1.90 1408:on 30 October 2013 1175:Tennessee Williams 1086:The Burden of Itys 1084:In his 1881 poem " 1020:William Wordsworth 929: 906:Lady Anne Clifford 752:Chrétien de Troyes 636: 454: 370: 330:(5th century BC). 309:of the Roman poet 69: 67:(Book VI, 519–562) 53: 4721: 4720: 4096:Arethusa (Ithaca) 3903:Inanimate objects 3750: 3749: 3176:Cycnus of Liguria 3171:Cycnus of Colonae 3161:Cycnus of Aetolia 3026:Agrius and Oreius 2921:Media related to 2792:Studdard, Melissa 2760:Sarkar, Roushni. 2630:Donnell, Sean M. 2608:Zaide, Gregorio. 2588:Language in India 2412:Cheney, Patrick. 2373:Kemp, Theresa D. 2183:Confessio Amantis 1902:Confessio Amantis 1834:Wordsworth Circle 1746:Magoulick, Mary. 1663:According to the 1437:. 9 November 2011 1222:vocal composition 1168:Jorge Luis Borges 940:(1795–1821), in " 904:and her daughter 785:Confessio Amantis 672:, the prophetess 666:. 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Archived from 1393: 1384: 1369: 1363: 1353: 1314:Melissa Studdard 1311: 1304:If We Were Birds 1277: 1066:from the era of 858:Titus Andronicus 814:George Gascoigne 764:Geoffrey Chaucer 503:, and Saw-wings 299: 298: 293: 292: 287: 286: 185: 180: 179: 174: 168: 167: 156: 155: 152: 151: 148: 145: 142: 139: 136: 133: 130: 127: 114: 113: 110: 109: 106: 103: 100: 97: 94: 91: 88: 85: 82: 4774: 4773: 4769: 4768: 4767: 4765: 4764: 4763: 4724: 4723: 4722: 4717: 4704: 4673: 4632: 4601: 4281: 4230: 4091:Arethusa (Elis) 4044: 3898: 3837: 3776:Base appearance 3771: 3765: 3759: 3746: 3597:Lycian peasants 3455: 2962: 2957: 2913: 2814: 2809: 2789: 2785: 2775: 2773: 2758: 2754: 2744: 2742: 2733: 2732: 2728: 2715: 2711: 2700: 2696: 2687: 2683: 2652: 2648: 2642:Wayback Machine 2629: 2625: 2620: 2616: 2607: 2603: 2598: 2594: 2581: 2577: 2572: 2568: 2559: 2555: 2542: 2538: 2529: 2525: 2512: 2508: 2495: 2491: 2473:Charlotte Smith 2463: 2459: 2450: 2446: 2437: 2433: 2424: 2420: 2411: 2407: 2397: 2395: 2385: 2381: 2372: 2368: 2363: 2359: 2348: 2344: 2335: 2331: 2322: 2318: 2308: 2306: 2294: 2288: 2284: 2278: 2274: 2261: 2257: 2248: 2244: 2235: 2231: 2222: 2218: 2209: 2205: 2193: 2189: 2180: 2176: 2167: 2163: 2152: 2143: 2139: 2127: 2123: 2114: 2110: 2104:Wayback Machine 2090: 2086: 2077: 2073: 2044: 2037: 2028: 2024: 2016:Burnett, A. P. 2015: 2011: 2002: 1998: 1984: 1980: 1971: 1967: 1945: 1941: 1928: 1924: 1912: 1908: 1899: 1895: 1874: 1870: 1861: 1857: 1844: 1840: 1831: 1824: 1818:Wayback Machine 1807: 1800: 1791: 1784: 1775: 1771: 1761: 1759: 1748:"What is Myth?" 1744: 1740: 1730: 1726: 1707: 1690: 1681: 1674: 1662: 1658: 1641: 1634: 1597: 1590: 1577: 1570: 1553: 1546: 1532: 1503: 1493: 1491: 1482: 1478: 1472:Wayback Machine 1463:) found online 1454: 1450: 1440: 1438: 1429: 1428: 1421: 1411: 1409: 1394: 1387: 1370: 1366: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1328: 1297: 1254:Margaret Atwood 1251: 1214:The Three Birds 1193:Tales from Ovid 1154: 1151: 1149: 1147: 1145: 1127: 1125:In modern works 1015: 1012: 1010: 1008: 1006: 1004: 1002: 1000: 985:Lyrical Ballads 918: 838:'s (1554–1586) 806: 687: 684: 682: 638:Beginning with 628: 619: 585: 442: 409: 406: 404: 402: 400: 398: 396: 394: 392: 390: 324:' tragic drama 251: 204: 188:Greek mythology 124: 120: 79: 75: 51:, c. 630-625 BC 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4772: 4762: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4719: 4718: 4716: 4715: 4709: 4706: 4705: 4703: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4681: 4679: 4675: 4674: 4672: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4640: 4638: 4634: 4633: 4631: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4609: 4607: 4603: 4602: 4600: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4453: 4452: 4447: 4437: 4436: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4289: 4287: 4283: 4282: 4280: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4247:Hermaphroditus 4244: 4238: 4236: 4232: 4231: 4229: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4052: 4050: 4046: 4045: 4043: 4042: 4037: 4035:Teumessian fox 4032: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3990:Lyco and Orphe 3987: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3906: 3904: 3900: 3899: 3897: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3864:Cephalus' wife 3861: 3856: 3851: 3845: 3843: 3839: 3838: 3836: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3813:Mulberry fruit 3810: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3779: 3777: 3773: 3772: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3747: 3745: 3744: 3743: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3669: 3664: 3659: 3654: 3649: 3644: 3639: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3589: 3584: 3579: 3574: 3569: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3463: 3461: 3457: 3456: 3454: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3438: 3433: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3403: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3383: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3363: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3343: 3338: 3333: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3293: 3288: 3283: 3278: 3273: 3268: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3248: 3243: 3238: 3233: 3228: 3223: 3218: 3213: 3208: 3203: 3198: 3193: 3188: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3168: 3166:Cycnus of Ares 3163: 3158: 3153: 3148: 3143: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3113: 3108: 3103: 3098: 3093: 3088: 3083: 3078: 3073: 3068: 3063: 3058: 3053: 3048: 3043: 3038: 3033: 3028: 3023: 3018: 3013: 3008: 3003: 2998: 2993: 2988: 2983: 2977: 2975: 2968: 2964: 2963: 2956: 2955: 2948: 2941: 2933: 2927: 2926: 2912: 2911:External links 2909: 2908: 2907: 2894: 2880: 2859: 2849:978-0674995611 2832: 2813: 2810: 2808: 2807: 2783: 2752: 2726: 2709: 2694: 2681: 2646: 2634:The Waste Land 2623: 2614: 2601: 2592: 2575: 2566: 2553: 2536: 2523: 2506: 2489: 2485:Robert Bridges 2477:Robert Southey 2457: 2444: 2431: 2418: 2405: 2393:Article Myriad 2379: 2366: 2357: 2342: 2329: 2316: 2282: 2272: 2255: 2242: 2229: 2216: 2203: 2187: 2174: 2161: 2150:Leo Carruthers 2137: 2121: 2108: 2095:(found online 2084: 2071: 2035: 2022: 2009: 1996: 1990:Metamorphoses 1978: 1965: 1939: 1922: 1906: 1893: 1868: 1855: 1838: 1822: 1798: 1782: 1769: 1738: 1724: 1688: 1672: 1656: 1632: 1588: 1568: 1544: 1501: 1476: 1448: 1419: 1385: 1364: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1341: 1340: 1334: 1327: 1324: 1237:Nagar Philomel 1230:John Hollander 1226:Milton Babbitt 1210:Joanna Laurens 1142: 1136:The Waste Land 1126: 1123: 1122: 1121: 1114: 1103: 1093: 1082: 1079:Matthew Arnold 1075: 997: 917: 914: 878:'s lullaby in 825:Walter Raleigh 805: 802: 713:in his comedy 679: 627: 624: 618: 615: 584: 581: 441: 438: 387: 250: 247: 221:. Her sister, 212:King of Athens 203: 200: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4771: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4731: 4729: 4714: 4713:Metamorphoses 4711: 4710: 4707: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4682: 4680: 4676: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4644:Cumaean Sibyl 4642: 4641: 4639: 4635: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4610: 4608: 4604: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4442: 4441: 4438: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4405: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 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3084: 3082: 3079: 3077: 3076:Arne Sithonis 3074: 3072: 3069: 3067: 3064: 3062: 3059: 3057: 3054: 3052: 3049: 3047: 3044: 3042: 3039: 3037: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3019: 3017: 3014: 3012: 3009: 3007: 3004: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2992: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2978: 2976: 2972: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2954: 2949: 2947: 2942: 2940: 2935: 2934: 2931: 2924: 2919: 2915: 2914: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2895: 2892: 2888: 2885: 2881: 2879: 2875: 2874:0-674-99328-4 2871: 2867: 2863: 2860: 2857: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2841: 2836: 2833: 2830: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2816: 2815: 2803: 2802: 2797: 2793: 2787: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2756: 2741:. 22 May 2021 2740: 2736: 2730: 2723: 2719: 2713: 2706: 2705: 2698: 2691: 2685: 2677: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2659: 2650: 2643: 2639: 2636: 2635: 2627: 2618: 2611: 2605: 2596: 2589: 2585: 2579: 2570: 2563: 2557: 2550: 2546: 2540: 2533: 2527: 2520: 2516: 2510: 2503: 2499: 2493: 2486: 2482: 2481:Mary Robinson 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2461: 2454: 2448: 2441: 2435: 2428: 2422: 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1575: 1573: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1551: 1549: 1541: 1540: 1539:Metamorphoses 1535: 1530: 1528: 1526: 1524: 1522: 1520: 1518: 1516: 1514: 1512: 1510: 1508: 1506: 1489: 1488: 1480: 1473: 1469: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1452: 1436: 1432: 1426: 1424: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1392: 1390: 1383: 1382: 1377: 1373: 1368: 1361: 1357: 1352: 1348: 1338: 1337:196 Philomela 1335: 1333: 1330: 1329: 1323: 1321: 1320: 1315: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1295: 1294:Richard Mills 1291: 1287: 1286: 1281: 1275: 1274: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1260: 1255: 1249: 1245: 1240: 1238: 1233: 1231: 1228:with text by 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1198:Metamorphoses 1195: 1194: 1189: 1186:British poet 1184: 1182: 1181: 1176: 1171: 1169: 1164: 1161: 1153: 1140: 1138: 1137: 1132: 1119: 1115: 1112: 1108: 1105:English poet 1104: 1101: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1080: 1076: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1056:Prince Regent 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1040: 1036: 1033:'s 1847–1848 1032: 1028: 1027: 1026: 1023: 1021: 1014: 995: 992: 990: 986: 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