Philo - Knowledge

2141:"De Vita Mosis", books i.-iii.; Schürer, l.c. p. 523, combines the three books into two; but, as Massebieau shows (l.c. pp. 42 et seq.), a passage, though hardly an entire book, is missing at the end of the present second book (Wendland, in "Hermes", xxxi. 440). Schürer (l.c. pp. 515, 524) excludes this work here, although he admits that from a literary point of view it fits into this group; but he considers it foreign to the work in general, since Moses, unlike the Patriarchs, can not be conceived as a universally valid type of moral action, and can not be described as such. The latter point may be admitted. but the question still remains whether it is necessary to regard the matter in this light. It seems most natural to preface the discussion of the law with the biography of the legislator, while the transition from Joseph to the legislation, from the statesman who has nothing to do with the divine laws to the discussion of these laws themselves, is forced and abrupt. Moses, as the perfect man, unites in himself, in a way, all the faculties of the patriarchal types. His is the "most pure mind" ("De Mutatione Nominum", 37 ), he is the "lover of virtue", who has been purified from all passions ("De Allegoriis Legum", iii. 45, 48 ). As the person awaiting the divine revelation, he is also specially fitted to announce it to others, after having received it in the form of the Commandments (ib. iii. 4 ). 2147:"De Specialibus Legibus", in which treatise Philo attempts to systematize the several laws of the Torah, and to arrange them in conformity with the Ten Commandments. To the first and second commandments he adds the laws relating to priests and sacrifices; to the third (misuse of the name of God), the laws on oaths, vows, etc.; to the fourth (on the Sabbath), the laws on festivals; to the fifth (to honor father and mother),the laws on respect for parents, old age, etc.; to the sixth, the marriage laws; to the seventh, the civil and criminal laws; to the eighth, the laws on theft; to the ninth, the laws on truthful testifying; and to the tenth, the laws on lust. The first book includes the following treatises of the current editions: "De Circumcisione"; "De Monarchia", books i. and ii.; "De Sacerdotum Honoribus"; "De Victimis". On the division of the book into these sections, the titles of the latter, and newly found sections of the text, see Schürer, l.c. p. 517; Wendland, l.c. pp. 136 et seq. The second book includes in the editions a section also entitled "De Specialibus Legibus" (ii. 270–277), to which is added the treatise "De Septenario", which is, however, incomplete in 492:, (29) who uttered many blasphemies against the Jews; and, among other things that he said, he charged them with neglecting the honors that belonged to Caesar; for that while all who were subject to the Roman empire built altars and temples to Gaius, and in other regards universally received him as they received the gods, these Jews alone thought it a dishonorable thing for them to erect statues in honor of him, as well as to swear by his name. Many of these severe things were said by Apion, by which he hoped to provoke Gaius to anger at the Jews, as he was likely to be. But Philo, the principal of the Jewish embassage, a man eminent on all accounts, brother to Alexander the Alabarch, (30) and one not unskillful in philosophy, was ready to betake himself to make his defense against those accusations; but Gaius prohibited him, and bid him begone; he was also in such a rage, that it openly appeared he was about to do them some very great mischief. So Philo being thus affronted, went out, and said to those Jews who were about him, that they should be of good courage, since Gaius's words indeed showed anger at them, but in reality had already set God against himself. 2480:", 24; "De Allegoriis Legum", ii. 24). It must furthermore be remembered that Philo in none of his other works mentions these colonies of allegorizing ascetics, in which he would have been highly interested had he known of them. But pupils of Philo may subsequently have founded near Alexandria similar colonies that endeavored to realize his ideal of a pure life triumphing over the senses and passions; and they might also have been responsible for the one-sided development of certain of the master's principles. While Philo desired to renounce the lusts of this world, he held fast to the scientific culture of Hellenism, which the author of this book denounces. Although Philo liked to withdraw from the world in order to give himself up entirely to contemplation, and bitterly regretted the lack of such repose ("De Specialibus Legibus", 1 ), he did not abandon the work that was required of him by the welfare of his people. 1827:(body), common to the Hellenistic view of mind-soul-body. In Philo's writings, however, mind and spirit are used interchangeably. It is the type; man is the copy. The similarity is found in the mind (νοῦς) of man. For the shaping of his nous, man (earthly man) has the Logos (the "heavenly man") for a pattern. The latter officiates here also as "the divider" (τομεύς), separating and uniting. The Logos as "interpreter" announces God's designs to man, acting in this respect as prophet and priest. As the latter, he softens punishments by making the merciful power stronger than the punitive. The Logos has a special mystic influence upon the human soul, illuminating it and nourishing it with a higher spiritual food, like the manna, of which the smallest piece has the same vitality as the whole. 1777:", in reference to the exalted position which the high priest occupied after the Exile as the real center of the Jewish state. The Logos, like the high priest, is the expiator of sins, and the mediator and advocate for men: ἱκέτης, and παράκλητος. Logos has the function of an advocate on behalf of humanity and also that of a God's envoy to the world. He puts human minds in order. The right reason is an infallible law, the source of any other laws. The angel closing Balaam's way (Numbers XXII, 31) is interpreted by Philo as manifestation of Logos, which acts as man's conscience. As such, the Logos becomes the aspect of the divine that operates in the world—through whom the world is created and sustained. 1729:

Divine Being the activity displayed in the world and to transfer it to the divine powers, which accordingly were sometimes inherent in God and at other times exterior to God. In order to balance these Platonic and Stoic conceptions, Philo conceived of these divine attributes as types or patterns of actual things ("archetypal ideas") in keeping with Plato, but also regarded them as the efficient causes that not only represent the types of things, but also produce and maintain them. Philo endeavored to harmonize this conception with the Bible by designating these powers as angels. Philo conceives the powers both as independent hypostases and as immanent attributes of a Divine Being.

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freedom of speech to kings and tyrants, at times daring to speak and to do things in opposition to their will? Do they not perceive that they have not only put their necks under the yoke like brute beasts, but that they have also surrendered and betrayed their whole bodies and souls likewise, and their wives and their children, and their parents, and all the rest of the numerous kindred and community of their other relations? ... when an opportunity offers, it is a good thing to attack our enemies and put down their power; but when we have no such opportunity, it is better to be quiet

762: 2440:("Die Therapeuten", etc., Leipsig, 1896) ascribe the entire work to Philo, basing their argument wholly on linguistic reasons, which seem sufficiently conclusive. But there are great dissimilarities between the fundamental conceptions of the author of the "De Vita Contemplativa" and those of Philo. The latter looks upon Greek culture and philosophy as allies, the former is hostile to Greek philosophy (see Siegfried in "Protestantische Kirchenzeitung", 1896, No.42). He repudiates a science that numbered among Its followers the sacred band of the 2426:' opinion particularly, that the Christian monkdom of the third century was here glorified in a Jewish disguise, was widely accepted ("Die Therapeuten", 1879). But the ritual of the society, which was entirely at variance with Christianity, disproves this view. The chief ceremony especially, the choral representation of the passage through the Red Sea, has no special significance for Christianity; nor have there ever been in the Christian Church nocturnal festivals celebrated by men and women together. 2409:

of a Scriptural passage. The feast of the fiftieth day is especially celebrated. The ceremony begins with a frugal meal consisting of bread, salted vegetables, and water, during which a passage of Scripture is interpreted. After the meal the members of the society in turn sing religious songs of various kinds, to which the assembly answers with a refrain. The ceremony ends with a choral representation of the triumphal festival that Moses and Miriam arranged after the passage through the

2605:. However, this was more likely due to his criticism of Rabbinic scholars, as Philo argued their works and ideas were "full of Sybaritic profligacy and licentiousness to their everlasting shame", "eager to give a specious appearance to infamous actions, so as to secure notoriety for disgraceful deeds", and ultimately, that he "disregards the envious disposition of such men, and shall proceed to narrate the true events of Moses' life," of which he felt were unjustly hidden. 1679:, or man; he affirmed a transcendent God without physical features or emotional qualities resembling those of human beings. Following Plato, Philo equates matter to nothingness and sees its effect in fallacy, discord, damage, and decay of things. Only God's existence is certain, no appropriate predicates can be conceived. In Philo, God exists beyond time and space and does not make special interventions into the world because he already encompasses the entire cosmos. 1769:

creation, Logos binds things together. As the receptacle and holder of ideas, Logos is distinct from the material world. At the same time, Logos pervades the world, supporting it. This image of God is the type for all other things (the "Archetypal Idea" of Plato), a seal impressed upon things. The Logos is a kind of shadow cast by God, having the outlines but not the blinding light of the Divine Being. He calls the Logos "second god " the "name of God,"

7891: 49: 2352:, one of the few events in his life which is known specifically. He relates that he was carrying a petition describing the sufferings of the Alexandrian Jews and asking the emperor to secure their rights. Philo gives a description of their sufferings, more detailed than Josephus's, to characterize the Alexandrian Greeks as the aggressors in the civil strife that had left many Jews and Greeks dead. 4211: 5405: 2319: 1843:, preferring a morality of virtues without passions, such as lust/desire and anger, but with a "common human sympathy". Commentators can also infer from his mission to Caligula that Philo was involved in politics. However, the nature of his political beliefs, and especially his viewpoint on the Roman Empire, is a matter of debate. 1945:

explain the Pentateuch catechetically, in the form of questions and answers ("Zητήματα καὶ Λύσεις, Quæstiones et Solutiones"). Only the following fragments have been preserved: abundant passages in Armenian – possibly the full work – in explanation of Genesis and Exodus, an old Latin translation of a

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and perfect Form, and Philo's conception of the Logos is directly related to the Middle Platonic view of God as unmoved and utterly transcendent, therefore intermediary beings were necessary to bridge the enormous gap between God and the material world. The Logos was the highest of these intermediary

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In the same way, Philo contrasts the two divine attributes of goodness and power (ἄγαθότης and ἀρχή, δίναμις χαριστική and συγκολαστική) as expressed in the names of God; designating "Yhwh" as Goodness, Philo interpreted "Elohim" (LXX. Θεός) as designating the "cosmic power"; and as he considered the

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God. He argued that God has no attributes (ἁπλοῡς), in consequence no name (ἅρρητος), and for that reason he cannot be perceived by man (ἀκατάληπτος). Further, God cannot change (ἅτρεπτος): He is always the same (ἀΐδιος). He needs no other being (χρῄζει γὰρ οὐδενὸς τὸ παράπαν), and is self-sufficient

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to be a provocation, asking, "Are you making war upon us, because you anticipate that we will not endure such indignity, but that we will fight on behalf of our laws, and die in defence of our national customs? For you cannot possibly have been ignorant of what was likely to result from your attempt

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he will of necessity take up caution as a shield, as a protection to prevent his suffering any sudden and unexpected evil; for as I imagine what a wall is to a city, that caution is to an individual. Do not these men then talk foolishly, are they not mad, who desire to display their inexperience and

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There are, in addition, Biblical elements: Philo, in connecting his doctrine of the Logos with Scripture, first of all bases on Gen. i. 27 the relation of the Logos to God. He translates this passage as follows: "He made man after the image of God," concluding therefrom that an image of God existed.

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At a very early stage, the use of Hebrew seems to have declined and the language of the Jews of Alexandria came to be Greek exclusively. The translation of the Torah (and in time the other books) allowed Greek to be a vehicle for Jewish culture. Indeed, there developed a very rich Jewish literature

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in Egypt, where each lives separately in his own dwelling. Six days of the week they spend in pious contemplation, chiefly in connection with Scripture. On the seventh day both men and women assemble together in a hall; and the leader delivers a discourse consisting of an allegorical interpretation

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in his "Philonea" (pp. 1–83). The third book is included under the title "De Specialibus Legibus" in ed. Mangey, ii. 299–334. The fourth book also is entitled "De Specialibus Legibus"; to it the last sections are added under the titles "De Judice" and "De Concupiscentia" in the usual editions;

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Philo endeavored to find the Divine Being active and acting in the world, in agreement with Stoicism, yet his Platonic conception of Matter as evil required that he place God outside of the world, in order to prevent God from having any contact with evil. Hence, he was obliged to separate from the

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This account, consisting originally of five books, has been preserved in fragments only (see Schürer, l.c. pp. 525 et seq.). Philo intended to show the fearful punishment meted out by God to the persecutors of the Jews (on Philo's predilection for similar discussions see Siegfried, "Philo von

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Similarly God cannot exist or change in space. He has no "where" (πού, obtained by changing the accent in Gen. iii. 9: "Adam, where art thou?"), is not in any place. He is Himself the place; the dwelling-place of God means the same as God Himself, as in the Mishnah = "God is" (comp. Freudenthal,

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Philo determines also the values of the numbers 50, 70, and 100, 12, and 120. There is also extensive symbolism of objects that is very extensive. Philo elaborates an extensive symbolism of proper names, following the example of the Bible and the Midrash, to which he adds many new interpretations.

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Philo's allegorical interpretation of scripture allows him to grapple with morally disturbing events and impose a cohesive explanation of stories. Specifically, Philo interprets the characters of the Bible as aspects of the human being, and the stories of the Bible as episodes from universal human

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was the first documented of its kind, and thereby often misunderstood. Many critics of Philo assumed his allegorical perspective would lend credibility to the notion of legend over historicity. Philo often advocated a literal understanding of the Torah and the historicity of such described events,

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tells of Philo's selection by the Alexandrian Jewish community as their principal representative before the Roman emperor Gaius Caligula. He says that Philo agreed to represent the Alexandrian Jews about the civil disorder that had developed between the Jews and the Greeks. Josephus also tells us

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attributes. God as such is untouched by unreasonable emotions, as appears, e.g., from Exodus ii. 12, where Moses, torn by his emotions, perceives God alone to be calm. He is free from sorrow, pain, and all such affections. But He is frequently represented as endowed with human emotions; and this

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with the demiurge's thoughts. These thoughts make the contents of Logos; they were the seals for making sensual things during world creation. Logos resembles a book with creature paradigms. An Architect's design before the construction of a city serves to Philo as another simile of Logos. Since

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On the parallel activity of the two powers and the symbols used therefor in Scripture, as well as on their emanation from God and their further development into new powers, their relation to God and the world, their part in the Creation, their tasks toward man, etc., see Siegfried, "Philo,"

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content from the 3rd and 4th centuries. Philo's ideas were further developed by later Judaism in the doctrines of the Divine Word creating the world, the divine throne-chariot and its cherub, the divine splendor and its shekinah, and the name of God as well as the names of the angels.

4773:) plays a prominent role in Philo as well and is yet another power among the divine powers that acts as an agent of creation. Whereas the Logos, as we have seen, is responsible for the intelligible world, Wisdom would seem to be responsible for the world perceived by the senses. 479:

Alexander. According to Josephus, Philo and the larger Jewish community refused to treat the emperor as a god, to erect statues in honour of the emperor, and to build altars and temples to the emperor. Josephus says Philo believed that God actively supported this refusal.

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basic idea that the world is eternal and indestructible contradicts all those Jewish teachings that were for Philo an indisputable presupposition. Bernays has proved at the same time that the text has been confused through wrong pagination, and he has cleverly restored

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in 1826. Comparison with surviving Greek and Latin fragments recommends the translation as literal and accurate so far as it goes, but suggests that some of the original content is missing. There are thought to be twelve original books, six on Genesis and six on

3820: 1753:' conception of the "dividing Logos" (λόγος τομεύς), which calls the various objects into existence by the combination of contrasts ("Quis Rerum Divinarum Heres Sit," § 43 ), as well as the Stoic characterization of the Logos as the active and vivifying power. 2370:, who he says retaliated against the Jews when they refused to worship Caligula as a god. Daniel Schwartz surmises that given this tense background it may have been politically convenient for Philo to favor abstract monotheism instead of overt pro-Judeanism. 2413:, the voices of the men and the women uniting in a choral symphony until the sun rises. After a common morning prayer each goes home to resume his contemplation. Such is the contemplative life (βίος θεωρητικός) led by these Θεραπευταί ("servants of Yhwh"). 2548:

Although Philo was a Jewish Middle Platonist, his influence on both Platonism and Judaism was limited compared to his adaptation by the early Christian Church fathers. His influence on Platonism was mostly restricted to Christian Middle Platonists such as

2132:"De Opificio Mundi" (comp. Siegfried in "Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftliche Theologie", 1874, pp. 562–565; L Cohn's important separate edition of this treatise, Breslau, 1889, preceded the edition of the same in "Philonis Alexandrini", etc., 1896, i.). 2151:. The greater part of the missing portion was supplied, under the title "De Cophini Festo et de Colendis Parentibus", by Mai (1818), and was printed in Richter's edition, v. 48–50, Leipsic, 1828. The complete text of the second book was published by 487:

There was now a tumult arisen at Alexandria, between the Jewish inhabitants and the Greeks; and three ambassadors were chosen out of each party that were at variance, who came to Gaius. Now one of these ambassadors from the people of Alexandria was

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Some 50 works by Philo have survived, and he is known to have written some 20 to 25 further works which have been lost. The following list gives conventional Latin and English titles and abbreviations commonly used in reference works.

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legislation, which is in complete harmony with nature ("De Opificio Mundi", § 1 ). The exposition of the Law then follows in two sections. First come the biographies of the men who antedated the several written laws of the Torah, as

2135:"De Abrahamo", on Abraham, the representative of the virtue acquired by learning. The lives of Isaac and Jacob have been lost. The three patriarchs were intended as types of the ideal cosmopolitan condition of the world. 1720:"Hellenistische Studien," p. 73), corresponding to the tenet of Greek philosophy that the existence of all things is summed up in God. God as such is motionless, as the Bible indicates by the phrase "God stands". 692:

as a designation for God". According to David B. Capes, "the problem for this case, however, is that Christian scholars are responsible for copying and transmitting Philo's words to later generations", and adds,

1966:. According to Philo's original idea, the history of primal man is here considered as a symbol of the religious and moral development of the human soul. This great commentary included the following treatises: 1542:

Philo regards the Bible as the source not only of religious revelation but also of philosophic truth. By applying the Stoic mode of allegoric interpretation to the Old Testament, he interpreted the stories of

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Alexandria", p. 157). Philo says he was regarded by his people as having unusual prudence, due to his age, education, and knowledge. This indicates that he was already an older man at this time (40 CE).

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A "Liber Antiquitatum Biblicarum", which was printed in the sixteenth century and then disappeared, has been discussed by Cohn in "J. Q. R." 1898, x. 277–332. It narrates Biblical history from Adam to Saul

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to introduce these innovations respecting our temple." In his entire presentation, he implicitly supports the Jewish commitment to rebel against the emperor rather than allow such sacrilege to take place.

2238:"On Providence", preserved only in Armenian, and printed from Aucher's Latin translation in the editions of Richter and others (on Greek fragments of the work see Schürer, l.c. pp. 531 et seq.). 2392:

This work describes the mode of life and the religious festivals of a society of Jewish ascetics, who according to the author, are widely scattered over the earth, and are found especially in every

2366:, Philo describes the situation of the Jews in Egypt, writing that they numbered not less than a million and inhabited two of the five districts in Alexandria. He recounts the abuses of the prefect 5029:, 1888, ii. 535-545; on Philo as influenced by the Halakah, see B Ritter, "Philo und die Halacha", Leipsic, 1879, and Siegfried's review of the same in the "Jenaer Literaturzeitung", 1879, No. 35. 2472:

a detestable, common drinking-bout. This can not be explained as a Stoic diatribe; for in this case Philo would not have repeated it. And Philo would have been the last to interpret the Platonic

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Although the names of his parents are unknown, it is known that Philo came from a family which was noble, honourable and wealthy. It was either his father or paternal grandfather who was granted

5179:"Gesammelte Abhandlungen", 1885, i. 283-290; "Abhandlung der Berliner Akademie", 1876, Philosophical-Historical Division, pp. 209–278; ib. 1882, sect. iii. 82; Von Arnim, l.c. pp. 1–52 2159:

The treatises "De Fortitudine", "De Caritate", and "De Pœnitentia" are a kind of appendix to "De Specialibus Legibus". combines them into a special book, which, he thinks, was composed by Philo.

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Then the laws are discussed in detail: first the chief ten commandments (the Decalogue), and then the precepts in amplification of each law. The work is divided into the following treatises:

428:. He accumulated an immense amount of wealth, becoming not only the richest man in that city but also in the entire Hellenistic world. Alexander was so rich that he gave a loan to the wife of 3988:

in Greek already in the second century BCE. By the time of the era of Philo, it is hardly surprising that he was a highly accomplished Greek stylist, and probably knew little to no Hebrew.

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and feet, eyes and ears, tongue and windpipe, as allegories. In Philo's interpretation, Scripture adapts itself to human conceptions; and so God is occasionally represented as a man for

460:. Some expatriate Hellenes (Greeks) in Alexandria condemned the Jews for a supposed alliance with Rome, even as Rome was seeking to suppress Jewish national and cultural identity in the 2476:

in the vulgar way in which it is explained in the "De Vita Contemplativa", 7 (ii. 480), as he repeatedly uses the myth of double man allegorically in his interpretation of Scripture ("

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surveys evidence and concludes: "Although it is improbable that Philo varied from the custom of writing the Tetragram when quoting from Scripture, it is likely that he used the word

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On the difference between the physical and ethical allegory, the first of which refers to natural processes and the second to the psychic life of man, see Siegfried, l.c. p. 197.

2616:(1575), one of the first Jewish commentaries on Philo, describes four "serious defects" of Philo: reading the Torah in Greek, not Hebrew; belief in primordial matter rather than 1970:"Legum allegoriae", books i.-iii., on Gen. ii. 1-iii. 1a, 8b-19 (on the original extent and contents of these three books and the probably more correct combination of i. and ii.) 1575:, § 8 . He did not reject the subjective experience of ancient Judaism; yet, he repeatedly explained that the Septuagint cannot be understood as a concrete, objective history. 1691:(ἑαυτῷ ἱκανός). God can never perish (ἅφθαρτος). He is the simply existent (ὁ ὤν, τὸ ὄν), and has no relations with any other being (τὸ γὰρ ὄν, ᾗ ὄν ἐστιν, οὐχὶ τῶν πρός τι). 1638:

Six, the product of the masculine and feminine numbers 3 × 2 and in its parts equal to 3+3, is the symbol of the movement of organic beings ("De Allegoriis Legum," i. 2 ).

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Three is the number of the body ("De Allegoriis Legum," i. 2 ) or of the Divine Being in connection with His fundamental powers ("De Sacrificiis Abelis et Caini," § 15 ).

436:. Due to his extreme wealth, Alexander was also influential in imperial Roman circles as a friend of emperor Claudius. Through Alexander, Philo had two nephews, 2499: 1912: 9052: 5499: 2065:(the dreams of Joseph, of the cupbearer, the baker, and Pharaoh). Philo's three other books on dreams have been lost. The first of these (on the dreams of 1703:

of the Bible to be a monstrous impiety that was incompatible with the Platonic opposition of God to matter, instead interpreting the ascription to God of

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Seven has the most various and marvelous attributes ("De Opiticio Mundi," §§ 30-43 ; comp. I. G. Müller, "Philo und die Weltschöpfung," 1841, p. 211).

7865: 2073:) preceded the present book i., and discussed the dreams in which God Himself spoke with the dreamers, this fitting in very well with Gen. xx. 3. 1954:. The explanation is confined chiefly to determining the literal sense, although Philo frequently refers to the allegorical sense as the higher. 361:

Philo's dates of birth and death are unknown but can be judged by Philo's description of himself as "old" when he was part of the delegation to

2468:, whom Philo prized ("Quod Omnis Probus", i., ii.; "Quis Rerum Divinarum Heres Sit", 43; "De Providentia", ii. 42, 48, etc.). He considers the 2423: 1783:

argues that Philo's Logos was derived from his understanding of the "postbiblical Wisdom literature, in particular the Wisdom of Solomon". The

2152: 1795:, around the 1st century BCE, with the aim of bolstering the faith of the Jewish community in a hostile Greek world. It is one of the seven 2299: 1764:

Philo also adapted Platonic elements in designating the Logos as the "idea of ideas" and the "archetypal idea". Philo identified Plato's

9351: 7925: 1523:(holy word, godly word, righteous word), uttered sometimes directly and sometimes through the mouth of a prophet, and especially through 1470: 5395: 4297: 1632:," §§ 15, 16 , etc.); but in an evil sense four is the number of the passions, πάθη ("De Congressu Quærendæ Eruditionis Gratia." § 17 ). 4769:. and was influenced by it. The obvious identification of Logos and Wisdom in the Wisdom of Solomon is a case in point. Wisdom (Greek 640:, suggest some familiarity. Philo offers for some names three or four etymologies, sometimes including the correct Hebrew root (e.g., 5008:

On a doxographic source used by Philo in book i., § 4 , see Wendland in "Sitzungsbericht der Berliner Akademie". 1897. No. xlix. 1-6.

2275: 1922:– longer exegesis explaining esoteric meanings; the surviving text deals only with the Book of Genesis, with the notable omission of 1060: 1929:"Exposition of the Law" – more straightforward synthesis of topics in the Pentateuch, probably written for gentiles as well as Jews. 5802: 5109:

See also commentary by Pieter W. van der Horst, 'Philo's Flaccus: The First Pogrom. Introduction, Translation, and Commentary' 2005

2162:"De Præmiis et Pœnis" and "De Execratione". On the connection of both This is the conclusion of the exposition of the Mosaic law. 9356: 5569:. Extrait du tome I de la Bibliothèque de l'École des Hautes Études, Section des Sceicne religieuses. Paris: Ernest Leroux, 1889. 4273: 2594: 4945:, adds after No. 7 the lost books Περὶ Διαθηκῶν); ("Bibliothèque de l'Ecole des Hautes Etudes", p. 23, note 2, Paris, 1889) 2125:. These were the Patriarchs, who were the living impersonations of the active law of virtue before there were any written laws. 17: 8563: 5792: 5608: 5581: 5377: 5352: 4758: 4134: 3980: 3950: 3872: 3742: 1644:

Eight, the number of the cube, has many of the attributes determined by the Pythagoreans ("Quæstiones in Genesin," iii. 49 ).

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still being developed by the rabbis of the period together serve as a blueprint for the pursuit of individual enlightenment.

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Albert Geljon and David Runia, "Philo of Alexandria On Planting: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary", 2019, p. 2

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translation. Exact date of writing and original plan of organization is not known for much of the text attributed to Philo.

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YHWH at Patmos: Rev. 1:4 in Its Hellenistic and Early Jewish Setting, Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament

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Some claimed this lack of credit or affinity for Philo by the Rabbinic leadership at the time was due to his adoption of

761: 8149: 7549: 6896: 1505:, which he considers the source and standard not only of religious truth but of all truth. Its pronouncements are the 9336: 7461: 5706: 5678: 5653: 5632: 5532: 5462: 4810: 3519: 369:

estimates his birth year as sometime between 15 and 10 BCE. Philo's reference to an event under the reign of Emperor

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The Old Rabbinic Doctrine of God, Two Volumes: I. The Names and Attributes of God and II, Essays in Anthropomorphism

9346: 9122: 9042: 9022: 7789: 1962:Νόμων Ἱερῶν Ἀλληγορίαι, or "Legum Allegoriæ", deals, so far as it has been preserved, with selected passages from 7918: 7519: 6523: 5734: 5643: 1463: 7113: 5782: 5758: 2505:"Interpretatio Hebraicorum Nominum", a collection, by an anonymous Jew, of the Hebrew names occurring in Philo. 9306: 7857: 6257: 3545: 3462: 2624:; unbelief in the Lord as evidenced by excessively allegorical interpretation of scripture; and neglect of the 1671:, he contrasted the nature of God with the nature of the physical world. Philo did not consider God similar to 9301: 9012: 8523: 7654: 7649: 7388: 6656: 3811: 1700: 1237: 726:

and that (2) he quotes scriptures in the same way he would have pronounced it, that is, by translating it as

226: 127: 5772: 5748: 2628:. Dei Rossi later gives a possible defense of Philo and writes that he can neither absolve nor convict him. 2138:"De Josepho", the life of Joseph, intended to show how the wise man must act in the actually existing state. 1868:), but also include histories and comments on philosophy. Most of these have been preserved in Greek by the 9331: 9082: 8951: 7588: 6713: 6624: 6300: 2083: 1242: 1055: 9316: 8384: 7772: 6633: 6473: 5854: 4228: 4000: 1667:

both through the negation of opposed ideas, and through detailed, positive explanations of the nature of

4999:

on the fragment "De Deo", which contains a commentary on Gen. xviii. 2, see Massebieau, l.c. p. 29;

1733:

Creation the most important proof of divine goodness, he found the idea of goodness especially in Θεός.

401:(from a priestly family). His ancestors and family had social ties and connections to the priesthood in 9321: 9265: 7911: 7837: 7108: 6797: 4826: 3511:

Philonis Alexandrini de animalibus: The Armenian Text with an Introduction, Translation, and Commentary

3500: 3478: 3395: 1923: 1591:

represents tranquility, a stage of "relative" (incomplete but progressing) righteousness. According to

1456: 1404: 1357: 1136: 599:

The extent of Philo's knowledge of Hebrew, however, is debated. Philo was more fluent in Greek than in

456:

Philo lived in an era of increasing ethnic tension in Alexandria, exacerbated by the new strictures of

171: 8528: 4292: 4245:

Engberg-Pedersen, Troels (2004). "Stoicism in the Apostle Paul". In Zupko, J.; Strange, S. K. (eds.).

3437: 9311: 9152: 9102: 8032: 7739: 6701: 6136: 6131: 3816: 1846:

Philo did suggest in his writings that a prudent man should withhold his true opinion about tyrants:

1596: 1389: 1267: 1171: 1045: 954: 818: 522: 502: 437: 2250:, viii. 6, 7. The meaning of the title is open to discussion; it may be identical with the following 2062: 1647:

Nine is the number of strife, according to Gen. xiv. ("De Congressu Qu. Eruditionis Gratia," § 17 ).

677:, and they tend to follow the translation of the Septuagint more closely than the Hebrew version. . 9142: 9092: 8901: 8191: 7870: 7819: 7664: 7303: 6513: 6327: 5907: 5877: 5385: 2106: 1683: 1232: 697: 2246: 9341: 9222: 8533: 7804: 7749: 7608: 7505: 7024: 6792: 6483: 6433: 6392: 6382: 5987: 5716: 5435: 5426: 5422: 4981:(on the work Περὶ Μισθῶν cited in this treatise see Massebieau, l.c. pp. 27 et seq., note 3) 4237: 4224: 3734: 3489:. Vol. 1–10. Translated by F.H. Colson. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. 1929–62. 1812: 1322: 841: 518: 466: 461: 441: 424:

Philo had one brother, Alexander Lysimachus, who was the general tax administrator of customs in

284: 8886: 6572: 433: 9291: 8508: 8420: 7554: 6889: 6836: 6342: 6312: 6222: 6011: 6006: 3598: 2313: 2102: 1352: 1292: 1262: 1022: 959: 715: 652: 620: 514: 414: 246: 217: 159: 74: 31: 4748: 4124: 373:

indicates that he died sometime between 45 and 50 CE. Philo also recounts that he visited the

9227: 9217: 9112: 8638: 8593: 8096: 7694: 7598: 7368: 7331: 7283: 7171: 6817: 6592: 6498: 6463: 6443: 6262: 6237: 6217: 6192: 6146: 6105: 6100: 5973: 5483: 4921: 4765:

It is more than likely that Philo knew the postbiblical Wisdom literature, in particular the

4287: 4215: 4092: 4044: 3968: 3402: 2550: 2367: 2241:"De Animalibus" (on the title see Schürer, l.c. p. 532; in Richter's ed. viii. 101–144). 2156:

and they include, also, as appendix, the sections "De Justitia" and "De Creatione Principum".

1302: 1272: 1166: 574: 326: 5565: 5477: 4928:, "Philonis Alexandrini", etc., ii., pp. xviii. et seq., 1-41; "Philologus", lvii. 248-288); 4865: 3351: 3332: 3294: 3275: 3272: 3269: 3208: 3189: 3170: 3167: 3148: 3129: 3110: 3107: 3104: 3101: 3082: 3063: 3025: 3022: 3003: 2965: 2927: 2908: 2889: 2851: 2832: 2813: 2794: 2775: 2720: 2701: 2682: 2663: 2302:

consider it genuine, with the exception of the partly interpolated passages on the Essenes.

9232: 9032: 8493: 7714: 7363: 6684: 6602: 6557: 6547: 6518: 6227: 6187: 5777: 5753: 4972:

on the lost second book see Schürer, l.c. p. 507, and Von Arnim, l.c. pp. 53–100)

3660: 3422: 3416: 3313: 3233: 3230: 3227: 3044: 2984: 2946: 2870: 2756: 2230: 2200:

Historical works (describing current events in Alexandria and the Roman Empire), including

1682:

Philo also integrated select theology from the rabbinic tradition, including God's sublime

1414: 1156: 1121: 1004: 714:(1) the exegete knows and reads biblical manuscripts in which the tetragram is written in 8831: 8618: 8553: 5857:

at the University of Leipzig. English translations of Philo's writings are also available

2282:(in "Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftliche Theologie", 1888, pp. 49–71), and others. Now 1612: 8: 9296: 9072: 8633: 8578: 8498: 8440: 8323: 8218: 7948: 7809: 7440: 7378: 7288: 7225: 7135: 7123: 6755: 6723: 6577: 6567: 6458: 6212: 6066: 6051: 6036: 6031: 6016: 5997: 5992: 5978: 5900: 5858: 5491: 5414: 4635: 4533: 4216: 4058: 4005: 3615: 3428: 2598: 2331: 1963: 1419: 904: 772: 740: 664: 562: 322: 290:

The only event in Philo's life that can be decisively dated is his representation of the

140: 53:

Imaginative illustration of Philo made in 1584 by the French portrait artist André Thevet

5413: 298:

in 40 CE following civil strife between the Jewish and Greek communities of Alexandria.

9192: 8851: 8816: 8726: 8253: 8086: 8037: 7794: 7757: 7724: 7719: 7684: 7641: 7529: 7500: 7420: 7383: 6918: 6718: 6651: 6423: 6397: 6372: 6367: 6352: 6247: 6026: 5982: 5577: 5524:

From Logos to Trinity: The Evolution of Religious Beliefs from Pythagoras to Tertullian

5472: 5233: 4820: 4802: 3494: 3472: 3389: 3381: 2558: 2422:

as disguised Christian monks. This view has found advocates even in very recent times;

1872:; some survive only through an Armenian translation, and a smaller number survive in a 1635:

Five is the number of the senses and of sensibility ("De Opificio Mundi," § 20 , etc.).

1600: 1429: 1424: 1394: 1347: 1327: 1176: 1151: 929: 899: 856: 633: 513:

Philo along with his brothers received a thorough education. They were educated in the

366: 276: 110: 8801: 4269: 2513:

revised it. On the etymology of names occurring in Philo's exegetical works see below.

1555:

to demonstrate that Greek philosophers' ideas had already been laid out in the Bible:

8981: 8881: 8846: 8671: 8648: 8643: 8518: 8134: 8124: 7973: 7958: 7934: 7890: 7847: 7480: 7425: 7415: 7407: 7373: 7258: 7207: 7029: 6882: 6812: 6782: 6503: 6488: 6377: 6322: 6161: 6091: 6086: 5963: 5871: 5702: 5674: 5649: 5628: 5604: 5528: 5458: 5373: 5348: 4806: 4766: 4754: 4159: 4130: 4100: 4088: 3976: 3868: 3833: 3738: 3515: 3458: 2619: 2609: 2520: 2477: 2267: 2093: 2058: 1784: 1704: 1629: 1317: 1307: 1297: 1212: 1146: 1141: 974: 949: 909: 753: 580: 406: 386: 8751: 8445: 2561:, a 2nd Century CE Middle Platonist who also wrote on Judaism and was influenced by 2271: 9237: 8911: 8871: 8861: 8811: 8796: 8786: 8746: 8706: 8696: 8573: 8543: 8503: 8389: 8225: 8203: 7993: 7983: 7699: 7559: 7511: 7430: 7248: 6641: 6468: 6357: 6272: 6179: 6151: 6126: 6056: 5938: 5796: 5573: 5560: 5225: 3932:"On Consorting with the Preliminary Studies" 6 ; "De Specialibus Legibus," ii. 229; 3860: 2495:"De Mundo", a collection of extracts from Philo, especially from the preceding work 2325: 2166:

This exposition is more exoteric than allegorical and might have been intended for

1796: 1676: 1532: 1384: 1332: 1027: 969: 934: 924: 914: 881: 586: 530: 410: 349: 291: 193: 135: 8906: 4744: 2535: 2144:"De Decalogo", the introductory treatise to the chief ten commandments of the Law. 1900: 1780: 1531:. Although he distinguishes between the words uttered by God himself, such as the 9187: 9182: 8946: 8891: 8876: 8856: 8836: 8791: 8766: 8676: 8628: 8613: 8513: 8473: 8364: 8359: 8186: 8074: 7988: 7963: 7894: 7799: 7729: 7485: 7435: 7253: 7140: 6827: 6807: 6787: 6733: 6646: 6597: 6508: 6252: 6242: 6001: 5850: 5696: 5622: 5547: 5522: 5452: 5342: 5216:

N. A. Dahl and Alan F. Segal (1978). "Philo and the Rabbis on the Names of God".

5022: 3726: 3644: 3589: 3509: 3452: 2574: 2433: 1904: 1765: 1342: 1191: 1083: 999: 989: 646: 641: 600: 536:

In his works, Philo shows extensive influence not only from philosophers such as

237: 5684: 4885:

James R. Royse, with Adam Kamesar, "The Works of Philo", in Kamesar, ed. (2009).

4842:, "The Idea and the Reality of the City in the Thought of Philo of Alexandria"; 4466: 4336:("De Opificio Mundi, § 9 ; "De Allegoriis Legum," i. 2 ; "De Somaniis," ii. 10 ) 4038: 3375: 2318: 2291: 1933:

Philo's commentary on the Pentateuch is usually classified within three genres.

9286: 9242: 9132: 9062: 8961: 8936: 8806: 8776: 8736: 8701: 8558: 8483: 8468: 8463: 8354: 8344: 8054: 8005: 7659: 7326: 7150: 7145: 7118: 6987: 6854: 6849: 6822: 6691: 6669: 6607: 6582: 5968: 5806: 5430: 5418: 5065: 5018: 4839: 4232: 4220: 3668: 3648: 3640: 2562: 2032: 1908: 1869: 1836: 1564: 1409: 1277: 1247: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1181: 1161: 979: 719: 674: 5838: 5218:

Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic, and Roman Period

3921: 3769:, III.13, section regarding the necessity of the literal six days of creation. 2498:"De Sampsone" and "De Jona", in Armenian, published with Latin translation by 1487:. His work attempts to combine Plato and Moses into one philosophical system. 556:. Philo's largest philosophical influence was Plato, drawing heavily from the 257: 9280: 9247: 8956: 8941: 8931: 8916: 8866: 8821: 8781: 8716: 8711: 8681: 8548: 8488: 8430: 8154: 7968: 7569: 7470: 7062: 6967: 6844: 6777: 6762: 6738: 6674: 6562: 6207: 5409: 5390: 4941:

iii. p. 506] correctly combines Nos. 6 and 7 into one book; Massebieau,

4925: 4163: 3652: 3535: 3406: 2531: 2437: 2405: 2374: 2283: 2148: 2070: 1981: 1741:

Philo also treats the divine powers of God as a single independent being, or

1712: 1399: 1282: 1257: 623:. His numerous etymologies of Hebrew names, which are along the lines of the 429: 390: 374: 6772: 5886: 5812: 5543: 5229: 4954:

Von Arnim, "Quellenstudien zu Philo von Alexandria", 1899, pp. 101–140)

3864: 2432:("Revue de l'Histoire des Religions", 1887, xvi. 170 et seq., 284 et seq.), 2418: 8926: 8921: 8896: 8826: 8761: 8721: 8691: 8686: 8598: 8588: 8478: 8213: 8208: 8196: 8117: 8103: 8027: 7784: 7689: 7679: 7579: 7544: 7524: 7465: 7393: 7278: 7181: 7128: 6728: 6428: 6347: 6287: 5596: 5085:, Chapters 6–9 (43, 53–56, 62, 66, 68, 71–72), Yonge's translation (online) 3664: 3656: 3540: 2602: 2489: 2453: 2441: 2393: 2253:Περὶ Ἰουδαίων an apology for the Jews (Schürer, l.c. pp. 532 et seq.). 1911:. All six books are preserved through an Armenian translation published by 1687: 1536: 1502: 1337: 1186: 919: 871: 616: 592: 5825: 5384: 3852: 3785:

Daniel R. Schwartz, "Philo, His Family, and His Times", in Kamesar (2009).

2608:

For a long time, Philo was read and analyzed mostly by Christian authors.

2262:

This is the second half of a work on the freedom of the just according to

1811:

The Logos has a special relation to man. Philo seems to look at man as a

9207: 9002: 8976: 8971: 8771: 8756: 8623: 8603: 8583: 8435: 8410: 8369: 8230: 8139: 8129: 8091: 8049: 8012: 7978: 7762: 7674: 7603: 7539: 7495: 7313: 7268: 7221: 7155: 6999: 6962: 6859: 6802: 6767: 6587: 2401: 2244:ϓποθετικά ("Counsels"), a work known only through fragments in Eusebius, 2182: 2018: 1792: 1774: 1287: 1252: 1065: 1050: 984: 944: 802: 612: 553: 457: 306: 120: 5408: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the 5287: 5237: 4151: 1820: 706:

when making a secondary reference to the divine name in his exposition".

9212: 9172: 8741: 8731: 8608: 8538: 8425: 8394: 8374: 8318: 8313: 8268: 8163: 7827: 7734: 7709: 7669: 7263: 7034: 7019: 7014: 6982: 6957: 6696: 6317: 6081: 6041: 6021: 4603:

On the Posterity of Cain and His Exile, V, 14; On Dreams, XXXVII, 2.245

2625: 2461: 2449: 2445: 2429: 2295: 2279: 1865: 1800: 1788: 1750: 1556: 1528: 1484: 1312: 1098: 1088: 994: 964: 939: 861: 787: 624: 608: 425: 334: 330: 310: 280: 70: 3413:(The Surviving Works of Philo of Alexandria) . Berlin: George Reimer. 1622:

Two is the number of schism, of that which has been created, of death.

9252: 9202: 8966: 8841: 8568: 8339: 8263: 8170: 8144: 8064: 7490: 7321: 7212: 7009: 6994: 6977: 6972: 6952: 6552: 6493: 6402: 6332: 6277: 6141: 6121: 5958: 5923: 5866: 4033: 2582: 2526:

For a list of the lost works of Philo see Schürer, l.c. p. 534.

2469: 2457: 2066: 2057:"De Somniis", book i., on Gen. xxviii. 12 et seq., xxxi. 11 et seq. ( 1951: 1548: 1103: 866: 797: 792: 637: 549: 321:

in his time; specifically, he explored the connections between Greek

155: 7903: 2373:

Philo considers Caligula's plan to erect a statue of himself in the

1824: 475:

that Philo was skilled in philosophy and that he was brother to the

9177: 8653: 8379: 8349: 8308: 8303: 8069: 8044: 7842: 7475: 7057: 7004: 6905: 6438: 6407: 6362: 6337: 6295: 6232: 6202: 6096: 5666:. Number 1 in Philo of Alexandria Commentary Series. Brill, Leiden. 5476: 3576: 2578: 2349: 2263: 2025: 1998: 1991: 1974: 1947: 1840: 1742: 1708: 1664: 1592: 1568: 1196: 876: 497: 476: 471: 370: 362: 341: 318: 314: 295: 5878:

The Works of Philo - searchable text from University of the Aegean

680:

Philo identified the angel of the Lord (in the singular) with the

8415: 8278: 8059: 8017: 8000: 7832: 7534: 7445: 7293: 7240: 7176: 7070: 6453: 6448: 6387: 6307: 6046: 4558:"De Migratione Abrahami," § 18 ; "De Specialibus Legibus," § 36 . 4195: 2586: 2410: 2167: 2114: 2097: 2039: 1860:

The works of Philo are mostly allegorical interpretations of the

1552: 1093: 628: 526: 5601:

The Land of the Body: Studies in Philo's Representation of Egypt

1615:, explaining at length the importance of the first 10 numerals: 9197: 8288: 8258: 8110: 8022: 7953: 7780: 7343: 6930: 6478: 6267: 6156: 5507: 3806: 3621: 3605: 2554: 2510: 2506: 1672: 1628:

Four is potentially what ten is actually, the perfect number ("

1439: 687: 670: 604: 568: 541: 394: 5582:""Essai sur la Chronologie de la Vie et des Œuvres de Philon"" 4990:

This is often referred to nowadays as "De Fuga et Inventione".

2266:

principles. The genuineness of this work has been disputed by

1650:

Ten is the number of perfection ("De Plantatione Noë," § 29 ).

432:, as well as gold and silver to overlay the nine gates of the 48: 8298: 8273: 8081: 7336: 7186: 7077: 7052: 6947: 5953: 5892: 5572: 5439:. Vol. 10. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. p. 11–13. 4805:. Foreword by David M. Scholer Yonge. Hendrickson Pub. 1993. 4786:

Resurrection in Paul: Cognition, Metaphor, and Transformation

3643:

cannot be exactly determined. He does not quote the Books of

3625: 2465: 2397: 2226:, the latter two surviving only through Armenian translation. 2122: 2118: 2089: 2048:"De Congressu Quærendæ Eruditionis Gratia", on Gen. xvi. 1–6; 1889: 1885: 1873: 1861: 1746: 1544: 1524: 1518: 1512: 1506: 701: 685: 681: 545: 537: 489: 402: 345: 175: 5215: 4037: 3569:"Philo" is the literal Greek translation of the Hebrew name 1946:

part of the "Genesis", and fragments from the Greek text in

444:. The latter was the first husband of the Herodian princess 8283: 7564: 7347: 7217: 6874: 3608: 2473: 2287: 2110: 2008: 1816: 1757: 1716:

serves to explain expressions referring to His repentance.

1588: 1580: 673:). However, his works do not display much understanding of 418: 231: 208: 202: 4270:"Jewish Hellenistic Philosopher Aristobolus of Alexandria" 2436:("Philo About the Contemplative Life", Oxford, 1895), and 2400:. The writer, however, confines himself to describing the 2096:". The Creation is, according to Philo, the basis for the 7704: 7191: 7091: 5689:

Geschichte des jüdischen Volkes im Zeitalter Jesu Christi

4183:"De Agricultura Noë," § 12 ; "De Somniis," i. 681, ii. 25 2092:

and his laws, which is usually prefaced by the treatise "

1950:, in the "Sacra Parallela", in the "Catena", and also in 1761:

beings, and was called by Philo "the first-born of God."

1668: 1584: 684:. In the text attributed to Philo, he "consistently uses 3940: 3938: 2534:

has argued convincingly that this work is spurious. Its

2519:

The pseudo-Philonic "Breviarium Temporum", published by

1903:") – short verse-by-verse exposition: four books on the 5624:

Exegesis and Philosophy: Studies on Philo of Alexandria

3853:"The Roman-Jewish Wars and Hebrew Cultural Nationalism" 1563:§ 43 ; and the conception of the wise man expounded by 529:, in the study of Jewish traditional literature and in 5182: 3993: 2573:

Though never properly attributed, Philo's marriage of

1957: 9053:

The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction

4118: 4116: 3935: 2270:(in "Monatsschrift", ii. 30 et seq., 61 et seq.), by 496:

This event is also described in Book 2, Chapter 5 of

329:. For example, he maintained that the Greek-language 199: 27:

Hellenistic Jewish philosopher (c. 20 BCE – c. 50 CE)

5803:

Philo Judaeus of Alexandria: Jews in the Greek World

5066:"CHURCH FATHERS: Church History, Book II (Eusebius)" 3603: 3570: 1756:

But Philo followed the Platonic distinction between

1749:". Philo's conception of the Logos is influenced by 657: 353:

while at other times favoring allegorical readings.

251: 205: 5327:

Studia Philonica Annual, ISSN: 1052-4533 (1989 ff.)

3857:

Major Turning Points in Jewish Intellectual History

2045:"Quis Rerum Divinarum Heres Sit", on Gen. xv. 2–18; 1711:reasons. The same holds good also as regards God's 615:translation of Hebraic texts later compiled as the 196: 5496:The Politics of Philo Judaeus: Practice and Theory 4113: 2274:("Gesch." iii. 464 et seq.), and more recently by 1619:One is God's number and the basis for all numbers. 6632: 4122: 4087: 3859:, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 31–44, 1879: 9278: 5664:On the Creation of the Cosmos according to Moses 4244: 2483: 1483:Philo represents the apex of Jewish-Hellenistic 5694: 5502:and Erwin R. Goodenough. Yale University Press. 5292:Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought 4734:, J.N.D. Kelly, Prince Press, 2004, p. 20. 4695:Who is the Heir of Divine Things? XLII, 205-206 4429:, ed. P. Borgen, et al. (Bellingham, WA: 2005). 4413:, ed. P. Borgen et al. (Bellingham, WA: 2005)). 3851:Aberbach, David (2003), Aberbach, David (ed.), 3507: 2509:enlarged it by adding New Testament names; and 5520: 4722:On the Unchageableness of God, XXXVII, 181-182 4427:The Works of Philo: Greek Text with Morphology 4411:The Works of Philo: Greek Text with Morphology 4397:, ed. P. Borgen et al. (Bellingham, WA: 2005). 4395:The Works of Philo: Greek Text with Morphology 4280: 3908:, xviii.8, § 1, Whiston's translation (online) 1884:Most of Philo's surviving work deals with the 7919: 6890: 5908: 5645:Philo in Early Christian Literature: A Survey 5100:, Chapter 28-31, Yonge's translation (online) 4500:("De Gigantibus," § 2 ; "De Somniis," i. 22 ) 4123:Stuckenbruck, Loren T.; North, Wendy (2004). 3962: 3960: 3717:xviii.8, § 1; comp. ib. xix.5, § 1; xx.5, § 2 2348:), Philo describes his diplomatic mission to 2257: 2004:"Quod Deus sit immutabilis", on Gen. vi. 4-12 1490: 1464: 8161: 8115: 8101: 5641: 5620: 5615:Philo of Alexandria and the Timaeus of Plato 5508:"Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 B.C.E.—40 C.E.)" 5498:. With a "General Bibliography of Philo" by 5454:Philo of Alexandria: An Exegete for His Time 5399:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 5317:Theologisches Wörterbuch zum Neuen Testament 5205:. New York: JQR. pp. 41–45 and 295–306. 4354:Who is the Heir of Divine Things, XXXII, 160 3949:sfn error: no target: CITEREFDillon1996140 ( 3454:Philo of Alexandria: An Exegete for His Time 3368: 2585:provided a formula later picked up by other 2385: 1892:). Within this corpus are three categories: 669:'descend' as the origin of the name 377:in Jerusalem at least once in his lifetime. 5382: 5200: 4753:. Princeton University Press. p. 159. 4409:I, §44: "...ἱκανὸς αὐτὸς ἑαυτῷ ὁ θεός..." ( 4193: 3922:http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250102.htm 3377:The Works of Philo: Complete and Unabridged 2617: 2339: 2054:"De Mutatione Nominum", on Gen. xvii, 1-22; 1559:' idea of binary oppositions, according to 269: 7926: 7912: 7356: 6897: 6883: 5915: 5901: 5344:The Middle Platonists, 80 B.C. to A.D. 220 5131:comp. Wendland, "Philo", ii., pp. vi.-x.). 4659:Compare "The Confusion of Tongues," § 11 . 4529: 4527: 3975:. Cambridge University Press. p. 18. 3957: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3775: 1527:, whom Philo considers the real medium of 1471: 1457: 344:to harmonize Jewish scripture, mainly the 303:Hellenistic Jewish community in Alexandria 47: 5617:. Philosophia antiqua, 44. Brill, Leiden. 4540:, Volume 1, Continuum, 2003, pp. 458–462. 4081: 3944: 1987:"De eo quod deterius potiori insidiatur"; 544:, but also poets and orators, especially 483:Josephus' complete comments about Philo: 7640: 5937: 5527:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 5288:Philo Judaeus and the True Torah Library 4881: 4879: 4877: 4875: 4677:"Quis Rerum Divinarum Heres Sit," § 42 . 4512: 4363:On the Unchangeableness of God, XIII, 62 4229:"Philo Judaeus: His Methods of Exegesis" 4152:"Middle Platonism – Philo of Alexandria" 4001:"Philo Judaeus: His Knowledge of Hebrew" 3966: 3850: 3457:. by Peder Borgen. Leiden: Brill. 1997. 3411:Philonis Alexandrini Opera quæ supersunt 2317: 2077: 1595:, Philo was largely inspired in this by 5471: 4743: 4576:Allegorical Interpretation, I, VIII, 19 4524: 4471:Jahrbuch für Protestantische Theologie, 4156:The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 4019:Anthony Hanson, "Philo's Etymologies"; 3969:"1.1: Philo, His Family, and His Times" 3772: 2631: 1835:His ethics were strongly influenced by 1084:Maimonidean / Anti-Maimonidean 14: 9279: 6917: 6416: 5505: 5450: 5340: 5188: 5093: 5091: 4650:Questions and Answers on Genesis 2:62) 4129:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 122. 3575:'beloved of God', 'God loves me'; see 3310:Quod deterius potiori insidiari soleat 2985:On the Posterity of Cain and His Exile 2795:On Mating with the Preliminary Studies 1830: 525:and particularly in the traditions of 7933: 7907: 7629: 6916: 6878: 5896: 5383:Schürer, Emil; Bigg, Charles (1911). 5304:Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart 4872: 4668:Questions and Answers on Genesis 2.62 4469:, "Der Begriff des Himmelreichs," in 4300:from the original on October 30, 2017 4149: 4126:Early Jewish and Christian Monotheism 2416:The ancient Church looked upon these 2404:, a colony of hermits settled on the 2178:Philo is also credited with writing: 294:in a delegation to the Roman emperor 5823: 5717:"Philo Judaeus (Jewish philosopher)" 5671:Philo of Alexandria: An Introduction 5541: 5372:. Cambridge University Press, 2009. 5118:regarding other titles see Schürer, 4065:, Volume 1, Continuum, 2003, p. 460. 4032: 3556: 2173: 1864:(known in the Hellenic world as the 1799:or wisdom books included within the 1723: 1497:Allegorical interpretations of Plato 5566:Le classement des oeuvres de Philon 5553:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 5513:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 5088: 4640:, P. Vallentine, 1912, pp. 114–115. 4612:On the Confusion of Tongues, XI, 41 4447:"Quod Deus Sit Immutabilis," § 11 . 3593: 2966:Concerning Noah's Work as a Planter 2305: 1958:Allegorical commentary of the Torah 1694: 1686:, and man's inability to behold an 645: 365:in 38 CE. Jewish history professor 241: 24: 9352:Philosophers in ancient Alexandria 5836: 5444: 4713:Every Good Man is Free, VII, 46-47 4519:Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy 4491:("De Confusione Linguarum," § 34 ) 4078:, 5th ed., HarperOne, 1978, p. 11. 3270:Questions and Answers on Genesis I 2355: 2014:"De Plantatione", on Gen. ix. 20b; 301:Philo was a leading writer of the 25: 9368: 7462:Attributes of God in Christianity 5728: 5586:Revue de l'Histoire des Religions 5542:Lévy, Carlos (February 6, 2018). 5506:Hillar, Marian (April 21, 2005). 4788:(Atlanta: SBL Press, 2016). p.100 4438:"De Confusione Linguarum," § 27 . 3487:Philo with an English Translation 3438:"Index of Philosophical Writings" 3431:(1926; indexed by Hans Leisegang) 2664:Hypothetica: Apology for the Jews 2565:, cannot be definitively proven. 2229:Works now lost, but mentioned by 2088:Philo wrote a systematic work on 2051:"De Profugis", on Gen. xvi. 6–14; 1773:The Logos is also designated as " 1561:Who is the Heir of Divine Things? 1501:Philo bases his doctrines on the 305:, Egypt. He wrote expansively in 9123:The Closing of the American Mind 9043:Civilization and Its Discontents 9023:A Vindication of Natural Society 7889: 5887:Works of Philo - searchable text 5853:have been made available by the 5403: 5370:The Cambridge Companion to Philo 5321: 5309: 5297: 5280: 5268: 5256: 5244: 5209: 5194: 5173: 5160: 5147: 5134: 5125: 5112: 5103: 4509:"De Migratione Abrahami," § 32 . 4456:"De Allegoriis Legum," iii. 12 . 4327:("De Allegoriis Legum," ii. 12 ) 4276:from the original on 2017-06-21. 4259:Sandmel (1979), p. 24–25; 84–85. 4241:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. 4209: 3973:The Cambridge Companion to Philo 3295:Who is the Heir of Divine Things 2557:, even potential connections to 760: 192: 7520:Great Architect of the Universe 6524:Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite 5648:. Minneapolis: Fortress Press. 5076: 5058: 5045: 5032: 5011: 5002: 4993: 4984: 4975: 4966: 4957: 4948: 4931: 4914: 4901: 4888: 4858: 4849: 4844:Journal of the History of Ideas 4833: 4791: 4778: 4750:The Origins of Jewish Mysticism 4737: 4725: 4716: 4707: 4698: 4689: 4680: 4671: 4662: 4653: 4644: 4624: 4615: 4606: 4597: 4588: 4579: 4570: 4561: 4552: 4543: 4503: 4494: 4485: 4476: 4459: 4450: 4441: 4432: 4416: 4400: 4384: 4375: 4366: 4357: 4348: 4339: 4330: 4321: 4312: 4262: 4253: 4203: 4192:"De Specialibus Legibus", §§ 2 4186: 4177: 4150:Moore, Edward (June 28, 2005). 4143: 4068: 4052: 4026: 4013: 3926: 3911: 3899: 3886: 3844: 3826: 3674: 3633: 3582: 3252:Questions and Answers on Exodus 2791:De congressu eruditionis gratia 2530:"De Incorruptibilitate Mundi". 1613:Pythagorean-inspired numerology 9357:1st-century Greek philosophers 5922: 5817:Society of Biblical Literature 4621:On Flight and Finding, XX, 111 4594:On Flight and Finding, XX, 112 4521:(2nd ed): Philo Judaeus, 1999. 4247:Traditions and Transformations 4021:Journal of Theological Studies 3800: 3788: 3760: 3748: 3720: 3708: 3695: 3563: 3546:Elephantine papyri and ostraca 3333:On the Unchangeableness of God 3314:Worse is Wont to Attack Better 3291:Quis rerum divinarum heres sit 3041:De sacrificiis Abelis et Caini 2210:Philosophical works including 2061:); "De Somniis", book ii., on 1936: 1880:Commentaries on the Pentateuch 1028:Mansur ibn Sulayman al-Ghamari 632:to Genesis and of the earlier 13: 1: 9013:Oration on the Dignity of Man 7299:Trinity of the Church Fathers 6657:Giovanni Pico della Mirandola 5334: 4200:; "De Præmiis et Pœnis", § 1 4093:"2: The Use of the Name YHWH" 3514:. Chico, CA: Scholars Press. 3508:Terian, Abraham, ed. (1981). 2484:Other works ascribed to Philo 1888:(the first five books of the 1787:is a Jewish work composed in 1606: 734: 636:, although not modern Hebrew 92: 85: 62: 9083:The Society of the Spectacle 7630: 6904: 5855:Open Greek and Latin Project 5849:Open source XML versions of 5783:Resources in other libraries 5759:Resources in other libraries 5580:(1906). Jean Réville (ed.). 5347:. Cornell University Press. 5027:Geschichte des Volkes Israel 4704:On the Creation, LI, 145-146 4099:. Mohr Siebeck. p. 60. 3967:Schwartz, Daniel R. (2009). 3688: 3228:Allegorical Interpretation I 2702:On the Eternity of the World 2216:On the Eternity of the World 2084:Moses in rabbinic literature 1611:Philo frequently engages in 1243:Eliezer ben Elijah Ashkenazi 508: 451: 232: 7: 7550:Phenomenological definition 5867:Philo-Judaeus of Alexandria 5673:. Oxford University Press. 5368:Kamesar, Adam, ed. (2009). 5306:(1909ff., 4th ed. 1998 ff.) 4855:Goodenough (1983), pp. 1–3. 4549:On the Confusion of Tongues 4272:. earlyjewishwritings.com. 3757:, JQR 22 (1931) pp. 295-306 3731:On the Historicity of Jesus 3604: 3571: 3529: 3348:Quod omnis probus liber sit 2909:On the Migration of Abraham 2776:On the Confusion of Tongues 1658: 658: 448:. Marcus died in 43 or 44. 252: 10: 9373: 9327:Hellenistic Jewish writers 4686:"De Vita Mosis," iii. 14 . 4638:Hellenism and Christianity 4567:On the Creation, XLIV, 129 4318:Sandmel (1979), p. 22–23. 3971:. In Kamesar, Adam (ed.). 3840:. Encyclopedia Britannica. 3755:Philo and the Names of God 3626: 3588:The Septuagint translates 3004:On Rewards and Punishments 2568: 2487: 2311: 2258:That all good men are free 2081: 1977:", on Gen. iii. 24, iv. 1; 1519: 1513: 1507: 1494: 1491:Allegorical interpretation 1358:Menachem Mendel Schneerson 1238:Elijah Ba'al Shem of Chelm 738: 702: 686: 389:from Roman dictator Gaius 221: 172:Allegorical interpretation 29: 9261: 9165: 9153:Intellectuals and Society 9103:The Culture of Narcissism 8994: 8662: 8454: 8403: 8332: 8246: 8239: 8179: 7941: 7887: 7856: 7818: 7771: 7748: 7636: 7625: 7578: 7454: 7406: 7312: 7239: 7200: 7164: 7101: 7090: 7043: 6938: 6929: 6925: 6912: 6835: 6754: 6747: 6683: 6623: 6616: 6540: 6286: 6178: 6132:Metrodorus of Stratonicea 6114: 6074: 6065: 5946: 5930: 5839:"Philo Resource Page 3.1" 5813:"Studia Philonica Annual" 5778:Resources in your library 5754:Resources in your library 5669:Sandmel, Samuel. (1979). 4732:Early Christian Doctrines 4482:Deut. v. 31; Ex. xvii. 6. 4076:Early Christian Doctrines 3445:Documenta Catholica Omnia 3369:Editions and translations 3329:Quod Deus sit immutabilis 3149:On the Contemplative Life 2543: 2387:On the Contemplative Life 2195:On the Contemplative Life 1597:Aristobulus of Alexandria 1579:experience. For example, 1268:Simcha Bunim of Peshischa 1061:Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat 819:Aristobulus of Alexandria 523:Ancient Egyptian religion 438:Tiberius Julius Alexander 380: 279:philosopher who lived in 270: 181: 165: 149: 126: 116: 106: 102: 81: 58: 46: 39: 9337:Jews of Roman Alexandria 9143:The Malaise of Modernity 9093:The History of Sexuality 8192:Catholic social teaching 7304:Trinitarian universalism 6328:Eustathius of Cappadocia 5883:(site currently offline) 5695:Sly, Dorothy I. (1996). 5613:Runia, David T. (1986). 5603:Tübingen, Mohr Siebeck. 5341:Dillon, John M. (1996). 5201:Marmorstein, A. (1920). 4784:Frederick S. Tappenden, 3551: 2614:Me'or Enayim: Imre Binah 1855: 1736: 1583:represents the mind and 1233:Joseph Solomon Delmedigo 462:Roman province of Judaea 18:Philo's view of God 9347:Philosophers of Judaism 9223:Philosophy of education 7506:Godhead in Christianity 6393:Gaius Marius Victorinus 5988:Demetrius of Amphipolis 5793:Works by or about Philo 5721:Encyclopædia Britannica 5701:. New York: Routledge. 5521:Hillar, Marian (2012). 5436:The Jewish Encyclopedia 5423:Jacob Zallel Lauterbach 5396:Encyclopædia Britannica 5230:10.1163/157006378X00012 4585:On the Creation, VI, 24 4538:A History of Philosophy 4293:Encyclopædia Britannica 4288:"Aristobulus of Paneas" 4238:The Jewish Encyclopedia 4225:Jacob Zallel Lauterbach 4063:A History of Philosophy 3906:Antiquities of the Jews 3865:10.1057/9781403937339_3 3735:Sheffield Phoenix Press 3209:On the Embassy to Gaius 2772:De confusione linguarum 2599:literal interpretations 2063:Gen. xxxvii. 40 et seq. 2024:"Resipuit; Noë, seu De 1806: 1745:, which he designates " 1539:, as the special laws. 519:culture of ancient Rome 467:Antiquities of the Jews 442:Marcus Julius Alexander 356: 309:on the intersection of 285:Roman province of Egypt 8162: 8116: 8102: 6012:Lastheneia of Mantinea 6007:Hestiaeus of Perinthus 5451:Borgen, Peder (1997). 5433:; et al. (eds.). 5042:pp. 519 , 520-522 4825:: CS1 maint: others ( 4235:; et al. (eds.). 4194: 4023:18, 1967; pp. 128–139. 3499:: CS1 maint: others ( 3477:: CS1 maint: others ( 3394:: CS1 maint: others ( 3352:Every Good Man is Free 3266:Quaestiones in Genesim 3168:On the Life of Moses I 3098:De specialibus legibus 2928:On the Change of Names 2905:De migratione Abrahami 2618: 2340: 2335: 2314:Alexandrian riots (38) 2212:Every Good Man Is Free 2185:for Judaism including 1920:Allegorical Commentary 1853: 1573:Every Good Man is Free 1293:Isaac Orobio de Castro 1263:Shneur Zalman of Liadi 960:Shem-Tov ibn Falaquera 732: 722:and not translated by 710:James Royse concludes: 708: 621:deuterocanonical books 517:of Alexandria and the 494: 415:Julio-Claudian dynasty 397:wrote that Philo came 340:Philo's deployment of 160:philosophy of religion 32:Philo (disambiguation) 9307:1st-century BC Romans 9228:Philosophy of history 9218:Philosophy of culture 9113:A Conflict of Visions 7332:Fate of the unlearned 7284:Shield of the Trinity 6818:Nicholas Wolterstorff 6593:Theodoric of Freiberg 6263:Clement of Alexandria 6193:Eudorus of Alexandria 6147:Aeschines of Neapolis 5826:"Philo of Alexandria" 5662:Runia, D. T. (2001). 5642:Runia, D. T. (1993). 5621:Runia, D. T. (1990). 5544:"Philo of Alexandria" 5484:Catholic Encyclopedia 4381:Ex. xxxii. 20 et seq. 4045:Catholic Encyclopedia 3945:Dillon & 1996 140 3249:Quaestiones in Exodum 3145:De vita contemplativa 3000:De praemiis et poenis 2852:On Flight and Finding 2848:De fuga et inventione 2626:Jewish oral tradition 2551:Clement of Alexandria 2368:Aulus Avilius Flaccus 2321: 2247:Præparatio Evangelica 2206:De legatione ad Gaium 2078:Exposition of the Law 2028:", on Gen. ix. 24–27; 1848: 1699:Philo considered the 1303:Samuel David Luzzatto 1273:Samson Raphael Hirsch 894:Spanish and European: 862:Ibn Bajjah (Avempace) 712: 695: 485: 327:Second Temple Judaism 9302:1st-century BCE Jews 9233:Political philosophy 9033:Democracy in America 6603:Berthold of Moosburg 6548:John Scotus Eriugena 6519:David the Invincible 6228:Alexander Peloplaton 5492:Goodenough, Erwin R. 5478:"Philo Judæus" 5140:Further down in the 5055:pp. 522 et seq. 4636:Gerald Friedlander, 4423:De mutatione nominum 3812:De Viris Illustribus 3045:On the Birth of Abel 2981:De posteritate Caini 2924:De mutatione nominum 2698:De aeternitate mundi 2660:Apologia pro Judaeis 2632:List of extant works 2500:Jean-Baptiste Aucher 2444:, inspired men like 2231:Eusebius of Caesarea 2187:On the Life of Moses 2042:", on Gen. xii. 1–6; 2033:Confusione Linguarum 1994:", on Gen. iv. 16-25 1913:Jean-Baptiste Aucher 1545:the first five books 1005:Judah Leon Abravanel 566:, and also from the 399:de genere sacerdotum 30:For other uses, see 9332:Jewish philosophers 9073:One-Dimensional Man 7866:Slavic Native Faith 7289:Trinitarian formula 7226:Father of Greatness 7109:Abrahamic religions 6724:Ralph Waldo Emerson 6198:Philo of Alexandria 6037:Menedemus of Pyrrha 6032:Heraclides Ponticus 6017:Timolaus of Cyzicus 5993:Euaeon of Lampsacus 5415:Crawford Howell Toy 5142:Jewish Encyclopedia 4747:(24 January 2011). 4534:Frederick Copleston 4217:Crawford Howell Toy 4059:Frederick Copleston 4006:Jewish Encyclopedia 3821:English translation 2332:Nuremberg Chronicle 2035:", on Gen. xi. 1–9; 2001:", on Gen. vi. 1–4; 1984:", on Gen. iv. 2–4; 1831:Ethics and politics 1435:Microcosm–macrocosm 1353:Joseph Soloveitchik 1023:Natan'el al-Fayyumi 824:Philo of Alexandria 748:Part of a series on 741:Hellenistic Judaism 515:Hellenistic culture 434:temple in Jerusalem 323:Platonic philosophy 188:Philo of Alexandria 141:Hellenistic Judaism 9317:1st-century Romans 9193:Cultural pessimism 9188:Cultural criticism 8087:National character 7828:Abrahamic prophecy 7758:Ayyavazhi theology 7530:Apophatic theology 6919:Conceptions of God 6719:Emanuel Swedenborg 6652:Cristoforo Landino 6634:Florentine Academy 6424:Plutarch of Athens 6373:Eusebius of Myndus 6368:Maximus of Ephesus 6353:Theodorus of Asine 6248:Numenius of Apamea 6027:Axiothea of Phlius 5983:Erastus of Scepsis 5830:EarlyChurch.org.uk 5807:Dr. Henry Abramson 5698:Philo's Alexandria 5500:Howard L. Goodhart 5157:iii., p. 542. 4799:The Works of Philo 3838:www.britannica.com 3639:The extent of his 3620:'Messenger of 3425:(1902, 1906, 1915) 3419:(1896, 1897, 1898) 3382:Charles Duke Yonge 3102:The Special Laws I 2559:Numenius of Apamea 2336: 2011:", on Gen. ix. 20; 1601:Alexandrian school 1348:Abraham Isaac Kook 1328:Monsieur Chouchani 930:Joseph ibn Tzaddik 900:Hasdai ibn Shaprut 867:Ismaili philosophy 857:Brethren of Purity 503:Historia Ecclesiae 430:king Herod Agrippa 367:Daniel R. Schwartz 277:Hellenistic Jewish 265: 50 CE 261: 20 BCE 111:Ancient philosophy 9322:Middle Platonists 9274: 9273: 8990: 8989: 8135:Spontaneous order 8125:Social alienation 7974:Cultural heritage 7935:Social philosophy 7901: 7900: 7883: 7882: 7879: 7878: 7621: 7620: 7617: 7616: 7512:Latter Day Saints 7481:Divine simplicity 7402: 7401: 7259:Consubstantiality 7235: 7234: 7086: 7085: 7030:Theistic finitism 6872: 6871: 6868: 6867: 6813:Peter van Inwagen 6783:Roderick Chisholm 6709: 6708: 6665: 6664: 6536: 6535: 6532: 6531: 6378:Priscus of Epirus 6180:Middle Platonists 6174: 6173: 6170: 6169: 6162:Dio of Alexandria 6087:Diocles of Cnidus 5872:Project Gutenberg 5735:Library resources 5609:978-3-16-149250-1 5561:Massebieau, Louis 5457:. Leiden: Brill. 5378:978-0-521-86090-1 5354:978-0-8014-8316-5 5294:41(3), Fall 2008. 5286:Naomi G. Cohen, " 5070:www.newadvent.org 4846:61(3), July 2000. 4767:Wisdom of Solomon 4760:978-0-691-14215-9 4136:978-0-567-42917-9 4089:Sean M. McDonough 3982:978-0-521-86090-1 3874:978-1-4039-3733-9 3767:De Opificio Mundi 3743:978-1-909697-49-2 3681:pp. 214–218. 3619: 3602: 3557:Explanatory notes 3366: 3365: 2943:De opificio mundi 2620:creatio ex nihilo 2610:Azariah dei Rossi 2521:Annius of Viterbo 2478:De Opificio Mundi 2174:Independent works 2094:De Opificio Mundi 2021:", on Gen. ix. 21 1992:posteritate Caini 1785:Wisdom of Solomon 1724:Divine attributes 1663:Philo stated his 1630:De Opificio Mundi 1567:, the founder of 1481: 1480: 1318:Eliezer Berkovits 1308:Elijah Benamozegh 1298:Moses Mendelssohn 1213:Francisco Sanches 1172:Reconstructionist 975:Isaac ben Sheshet 970:Moses of Narbonne 950:Samuel ibn Tibbon 910:Abraham bar Hiyya 754:Jewish philosophy 668: 656: 607:chiefly from the 605:Jewish Scriptures 521:, to a degree in 407:Hasmonean dynasty 387:Roman citizenship 250: 230: 185: 184: 16:(Redirected from 9364: 9312:1st-century Jews 9238:Social criticism 9158: 9148: 9138: 9128: 9118: 9108: 9098: 9088: 9078: 9068: 9058: 9048: 9038: 9028: 9018: 9008: 8244: 8243: 8226:Frankfurt School 8204:Communitarianism 8167: 8121: 8107: 7928: 7921: 7914: 7905: 7904: 7893: 7638: 7637: 7627: 7626: 7514: 7354: 7353: 7249:Athanasian Creed 7099: 7098: 6936: 6935: 6927: 6926: 6914: 6913: 6899: 6892: 6885: 6876: 6875: 6752: 6751: 6630: 6629: 6621: 6620: 6469:Ammonius Hermiae 6414: 6413: 6273:Origen the Pagan 6152:Philo of Larissa 6127:Hagnon of Tarsus 6072: 6071: 6057:Crates of Athens 5944: 5943: 5935: 5934: 5917: 5910: 5903: 5894: 5893: 5882: 5874: 5846: 5837:Seland, Torrey. 5833: 5820: 5797:Internet Archive 5724: 5712: 5659: 5638: 5593: 5574:Louis Massebieau 5557: 5548:Zalta, Edward N. 5538: 5517: 5488: 5480: 5468: 5440: 5407: 5406: 5400: 5388: 5365: 5363: 5361: 5328: 5325: 5319: 5313: 5307: 5301: 5295: 5284: 5278: 5275:De Vita Mosis, I 5272: 5266: 5263:De Vita Mosis, I 5260: 5254: 5251:De Vita Mosis, I 5248: 5242: 5241: 5213: 5207: 5206: 5198: 5192: 5186: 5180: 5177: 5171: 5164: 5158: 5151: 5145: 5138: 5132: 5129: 5123: 5116: 5110: 5107: 5101: 5098:Embassy to Gaius 5095: 5086: 5080: 5074: 5073: 5062: 5056: 5049: 5043: 5036: 5030: 5015: 5009: 5006: 5000: 4997: 4991: 4988: 4982: 4979: 4973: 4970: 4964: 4961: 4955: 4952: 4946: 4935: 4929: 4918: 4912: 4911:iii. p. 504 4905: 4899: 4892: 4886: 4883: 4870: 4862: 4856: 4853: 4847: 4837: 4831: 4830: 4824: 4816: 4801:. Translated by 4795: 4789: 4782: 4776: 4775: 4741: 4735: 4729: 4723: 4720: 4714: 4711: 4705: 4702: 4696: 4693: 4687: 4684: 4678: 4675: 4669: 4666: 4660: 4657: 4651: 4648: 4642: 4628: 4622: 4619: 4613: 4610: 4604: 4601: 4595: 4592: 4586: 4583: 4577: 4574: 4568: 4565: 4559: 4556: 4550: 4547: 4541: 4531: 4522: 4516: 4510: 4507: 4501: 4498: 4492: 4489: 4483: 4480: 4474: 4463: 4457: 4454: 4448: 4445: 4439: 4436: 4430: 4420: 4414: 4407:Legum Allegoriae 4404: 4398: 4391:Legum Allegoriae 4388: 4382: 4379: 4373: 4370: 4364: 4361: 4355: 4352: 4346: 4343: 4337: 4334: 4328: 4325: 4319: 4316: 4310: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4284: 4278: 4277: 4266: 4260: 4257: 4251: 4250: 4242: 4213: 4212: 4207: 4201: 4199: 4190: 4184: 4181: 4175: 4174: 4172: 4170: 4147: 4141: 4140: 4120: 4111: 4110: 4106:978-31-6147055-4 4085: 4079: 4072: 4066: 4056: 4050: 4049: 4041: 4030: 4024: 4017: 4011: 4010: 3997: 3991: 3990: 3964: 3955: 3954: 3942: 3933: 3930: 3924: 3915: 3909: 3903: 3897: 3890: 3884: 3883: 3882: 3881: 3848: 3842: 3841: 3830: 3824: 3804: 3798: 3792: 3786: 3783: 3770: 3764: 3758: 3752: 3746: 3724: 3718: 3712: 3706: 3703:Embassy to Gaius 3699: 3682: 3678: 3672: 3637: 3631: 3629: 3628: 3614: 3612: 3597: 3595: 3586: 3580: 3574: 3567: 3525: 3504: 3498: 3490: 3482: 3476: 3468: 3448: 3442: 3399: 3393: 3385: 3380:. Translated by 3224:Legum allegoriae 3205:Legatio ad Gajum 2655:Stud. Philonica 2640: 2639: 2623: 2346:Embassy to Gaius 2343: 2341:Legatio ad Gaium 2307:Embassy to Gaius 2007:"De Agricultura 1980:"De sacrificiis 1758:imperfect matter 1701:anthropomorphism 1695:Anthropomorphism 1533:Ten Commandments 1522: 1521: 1516: 1515: 1510: 1509: 1473: 1466: 1459: 1376: 1333:Emmanuel Levinas 1124: 955:Joseph ben Judah 935:Abraham ibn Ezra 925:Abraham ibn Daud 915:Bahya ibn Paquda 882:Rabbinic Judaism 844: 775: 764: 745: 744: 705: 704: 691: 690: 663: 661: 651: 649: 531:Greek philosophy 411:Herodian dynasty 350:Greek philosophy 292:Alexandrian Jews 273: 272: 266: 262: 255: 245: 243: 235: 225: 223: 215: 214: 211: 210: 207: 204: 201: 198: 136:Middle Platonism 97: 94: 90: 87: 67: 64: 51: 37: 36: 21: 9372: 9371: 9367: 9366: 9365: 9363: 9362: 9361: 9277: 9276: 9275: 9270: 9257: 9183:Critical theory 9161: 9156: 9146: 9136: 9126: 9116: 9106: 9096: 9086: 9076: 9066: 9056: 9046: 9036: 9026: 9016: 9006: 8986: 8664: 8658: 8456: 8450: 8399: 8328: 8235: 8187:Budapest School 8175: 7964:Cosmopolitanism 7937: 7932: 7902: 7897: 7895:Religion portal 7875: 7852: 7814: 7795:Holy Scriptures 7767: 7744: 7632: 7613: 7574: 7510: 7486:Divine presence 7450: 7398: 7352: 7308: 7254:Comma Johanneum 7231: 7196: 7160: 7094: 7082: 7039: 6921: 6908: 6903: 6873: 6864: 6831: 6828:Edward N. Zalta 6808:Alvin Plantinga 6788:Michael Dummett 6743: 6734:Bernard Bolzano 6705: 6679: 6661: 6647:Marsilio Ficino 6612: 6598:Meister Eckhart 6528: 6509:John Philoponus 6412: 6282: 6253:Ammonius Saccas 6243:Maximus of Tyre 6166: 6110: 6061: 6002:Python of Aenus 5926: 5921: 5880: 5864: 5824:Bradshaw, Rob. 5811: 5789: 5788: 5787: 5764: 5763: 5743: 5742: 5738: 5731: 5715: 5709: 5656: 5635: 5535: 5487:. Vol. 12. 5465: 5447: 5445:Further reading 5431:Singer, Isidore 5404: 5359: 5357: 5355: 5337: 5332: 5331: 5326: 5322: 5314: 5310: 5302: 5298: 5285: 5281: 5273: 5269: 5261: 5257: 5249: 5245: 5214: 5210: 5199: 5195: 5187: 5183: 5178: 5174: 5170:iii. note 168). 5165: 5161: 5152: 5148: 5139: 5135: 5130: 5126: 5117: 5113: 5108: 5104: 5096: 5089: 5081: 5077: 5064: 5063: 5059: 5050: 5046: 5037: 5033: 5023:Oskar Holtzmann 5016: 5012: 5007: 5003: 4998: 4994: 4989: 4985: 4980: 4976: 4971: 4967: 4962: 4958: 4953: 4949: 4936: 4932: 4919: 4915: 4907:comp. Schürer, 4906: 4902: 4893: 4889: 4884: 4873: 4863: 4859: 4854: 4850: 4838: 4834: 4818: 4817: 4813: 4797: 4796: 4792: 4783: 4779: 4761: 4742: 4738: 4730: 4726: 4721: 4717: 4712: 4708: 4703: 4699: 4694: 4690: 4685: 4681: 4676: 4672: 4667: 4663: 4658: 4654: 4649: 4645: 4629: 4625: 4620: 4616: 4611: 4607: 4602: 4598: 4593: 4589: 4584: 4580: 4575: 4571: 4566: 4562: 4557: 4553: 4548: 4544: 4532: 4525: 4517: 4513: 4508: 4504: 4499: 4495: 4490: 4486: 4481: 4477: 4464: 4460: 4455: 4451: 4446: 4442: 4437: 4433: 4421: 4417: 4405: 4401: 4389: 4385: 4380: 4376: 4371: 4367: 4362: 4358: 4353: 4349: 4344: 4340: 4335: 4331: 4326: 4322: 4317: 4313: 4303: 4301: 4286: 4285: 4281: 4268: 4267: 4263: 4258: 4254: 4233:Singer, Isidore 4210: 4208: 4204: 4191: 4187: 4182: 4178: 4168: 4166: 4148: 4144: 4137: 4121: 4114: 4107: 4086: 4082: 4073: 4069: 4057: 4053: 4031: 4027: 4018: 4014: 3999: 3998: 3994: 3983: 3965: 3958: 3948: 3943: 3936: 3931: 3927: 3919:Church History, 3916: 3912: 3904: 3900: 3891: 3887: 3879: 3877: 3875: 3849: 3845: 3834:"Philo Judaeus" 3832: 3831: 3827: 3805: 3801: 3793: 3789: 3784: 3773: 3765: 3761: 3753: 3749: 3727:Richard Carrier 3725: 3721: 3713: 3709: 3700: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3685: 3679: 3675: 3638: 3634: 3594:מַלְאַךְ יְהוָה 3587: 3583: 3568: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3532: 3522: 3492: 3491: 3485: 3470: 3469: 3465: 3451: 3440: 3436: 3387: 3386: 3374: 3371: 3023:On Providence I 2947:On the creation 2757:On the Cherubim 2634: 2575:Jewish exegesis 2571: 2546: 2492: 2486: 2390: 2364:Against Flaccus 2360: 2357:Against Flaccus 2316: 2310: 2260: 2176: 2086: 2080: 2038:"De Migratione 1982:Abelis et Caini 1960: 1939: 1907:and two on the 1905:Book of Genesis 1882: 1858: 1833: 1809: 1739: 1726: 1697: 1661: 1609: 1571:, according to 1537:edicts of Moses 1499: 1493: 1477: 1448: 1447: 1444: 1377: 1374: 1367: 1366: 1363: 1362: 1343:Gershom Scholem 1323:Eliyahu Dessler 1202: 1201: 1125: 1120: 1113: 1112: 1109: 1108: 1071: 1070: 1033: 1032: 1010: 1009: 1000:Isaac Abarbanel 990:Elia del Medigo 887: 886: 845: 840: 833: 832: 829: 828: 808: 807: 776: 771: 743: 737: 511: 454: 383: 359: 267:), also called 264: 260: 195: 191: 168: 152: 145: 95: 88: 77: 68: 65: 54: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9370: 9360: 9359: 9354: 9349: 9344: 9342:Metaphysicians 9339: 9334: 9329: 9324: 9319: 9314: 9309: 9304: 9299: 9294: 9289: 9272: 9271: 9269: 9268: 9262: 9259: 9258: 9256: 9255: 9250: 9245: 9243:Social science 9240: 9235: 9230: 9225: 9220: 9215: 9210: 9205: 9200: 9195: 9190: 9185: 9180: 9175: 9169: 9167: 9163: 9162: 9160: 9159: 9149: 9139: 9133:Gender Trouble 9129: 9119: 9109: 9099: 9089: 9079: 9069: 9063:The Second Sex 9059: 9049: 9039: 9029: 9019: 9009: 8998: 8996: 8992: 8991: 8988: 8987: 8985: 8984: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8964: 8959: 8954: 8949: 8944: 8939: 8934: 8929: 8924: 8919: 8914: 8909: 8904: 8899: 8894: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8874: 8869: 8864: 8859: 8854: 8849: 8844: 8839: 8834: 8829: 8824: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8794: 8789: 8784: 8779: 8774: 8769: 8764: 8759: 8754: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8709: 8704: 8699: 8694: 8689: 8684: 8679: 8674: 8668: 8666: 8660: 8659: 8657: 8656: 8651: 8646: 8641: 8636: 8631: 8626: 8621: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8571: 8566: 8561: 8556: 8551: 8546: 8541: 8536: 8531: 8526: 8521: 8516: 8511: 8506: 8501: 8496: 8491: 8486: 8481: 8476: 8471: 8466: 8460: 8458: 8452: 8451: 8449: 8448: 8443: 8438: 8433: 8428: 8423: 8418: 8413: 8407: 8405: 8401: 8400: 8398: 8397: 8392: 8387: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8357: 8352: 8347: 8342: 8336: 8334: 8330: 8329: 8327: 8326: 8321: 8316: 8311: 8306: 8301: 8296: 8291: 8286: 8281: 8276: 8271: 8266: 8261: 8256: 8250: 8248: 8241: 8237: 8236: 8234: 8233: 8228: 8223: 8222: 8221: 8211: 8206: 8201: 8200: 8199: 8189: 8183: 8181: 8177: 8176: 8174: 8173: 8168: 8159: 8158: 8157: 8147: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8113: 8108: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8078: 8077: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8055:Invisible hand 8052: 8047: 8042: 8041: 8040: 8030: 8025: 8020: 8015: 8010: 8009: 8008: 7998: 7997: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7945: 7943: 7939: 7938: 7931: 7930: 7923: 7916: 7908: 7899: 7898: 7888: 7885: 7884: 7881: 7880: 7877: 7876: 7874: 7873: 7868: 7862: 7860: 7854: 7853: 7851: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7824: 7822: 7816: 7815: 7813: 7812: 7807: 7805:Predestination 7802: 7797: 7792: 7787: 7777: 7775: 7769: 7768: 7766: 7765: 7760: 7754: 7752: 7746: 7745: 7743: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7702: 7697: 7692: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7672: 7667: 7662: 7660:Biblical canon 7657: 7652: 7646: 7644: 7634: 7633: 7623: 7622: 7619: 7618: 7615: 7614: 7612: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7585: 7583: 7576: 7575: 7573: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7516: 7515: 7503: 7498: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7458: 7456: 7455:Other concepts 7452: 7451: 7449: 7448: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7412: 7410: 7404: 7403: 7400: 7399: 7397: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7360: 7358: 7351: 7350: 7341: 7340: 7339: 7329: 7327:Apocalypticism 7324: 7318: 7316: 7310: 7309: 7307: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7245: 7243: 7241:Trinitarianism 7237: 7236: 7233: 7232: 7230: 7229: 7215: 7210: 7204: 7202: 7198: 7197: 7195: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7168: 7166: 7162: 7161: 7159: 7158: 7156:Zoroastrianism 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7132: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7116: 7105: 7103: 7096: 7088: 7087: 7084: 7083: 7081: 7080: 7075: 7074: 7073: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7041: 7040: 7038: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6991: 6990: 6988:Urmonotheismus 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6933: 6923: 6922: 6910: 6909: 6902: 6901: 6894: 6887: 6879: 6870: 6869: 6866: 6865: 6863: 6862: 6857: 6855:Roman Ingarden 6852: 6850:Edmund Husserl 6847: 6841: 6839: 6833: 6832: 6830: 6825: 6823:Crispin Wright 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6793:W. V. O. Quine 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6758: 6749: 6745: 6744: 6742: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6710: 6707: 6706: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6692:Ralph Cudworth 6689: 6687: 6681: 6680: 6678: 6677: 6672: 6670:Giordano Bruno 6666: 6663: 6662: 6660: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6638: 6636: 6627: 6618: 6614: 6613: 6611: 6610: 6608:Paul of Venice 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6583:Henry of Ghent 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6544: 6542: 6538: 6537: 6534: 6533: 6530: 6529: 6527: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6420: 6418: 6411: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6304: 6303: 6292: 6290: 6284: 6283: 6281: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6184: 6182: 6176: 6175: 6172: 6171: 6168: 6167: 6165: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6118: 6116: 6112: 6111: 6109: 6108: 6103: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6078: 6076: 6069: 6063: 6062: 6060: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5976: 5971: 5969:Philip of Opus 5966: 5961: 5956: 5950: 5948: 5941: 5932: 5928: 5927: 5920: 5919: 5912: 5905: 5897: 5891: 5890: 5884: 5875: 5862: 5847: 5834: 5821: 5809: 5799: 5786: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5769: 5765: 5762: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5745: 5744: 5733: 5732: 5730: 5729:External links 5727: 5726: 5725: 5713: 5707: 5692: 5682: 5667: 5660: 5654: 5639: 5633: 5618: 5611: 5594: 5570: 5558: 5539: 5533: 5518: 5503: 5489: 5473:Bréhier, Émile 5469: 5463: 5446: 5443: 5442: 5441: 5427:"Philo Judæus" 5419:Carl Siegfried 5401: 5391:Chisholm, Hugh 5380: 5366: 5353: 5336: 5333: 5330: 5329: 5320: 5308: 5296: 5279: 5267: 5255: 5243: 5208: 5193: 5191:, p. 144. 5181: 5172: 5159: 5146: 5133: 5124: 5122:, p. 535. 5111: 5102: 5087: 5075: 5057: 5044: 5031: 5019:Bernhard Stade 5010: 5001: 4992: 4983: 4974: 4965: 4956: 4947: 4930: 4913: 4900: 4887: 4871: 4857: 4848: 4840:David T. Runia 4832: 4811: 4790: 4777: 4759: 4745:Schäfer, Peter 4736: 4724: 4715: 4706: 4697: 4688: 4679: 4670: 4661: 4652: 4643: 4623: 4614: 4605: 4596: 4587: 4578: 4569: 4560: 4551: 4542: 4523: 4511: 4502: 4493: 4484: 4475: 4458: 4449: 4440: 4431: 4415: 4399: 4383: 4374: 4365: 4356: 4347: 4338: 4329: 4320: 4311: 4279: 4261: 4252: 4221:Carl Siegfried 4202: 4185: 4176: 4142: 4135: 4112: 4105: 4080: 4074:J.N.D. Kelly, 4067: 4051: 4048:. Vol. 1. 4025: 4012: 3992: 3981: 3956: 3934: 3925: 3910: 3898: 3885: 3873: 3843: 3825: 3799: 3787: 3771: 3759: 3747: 3719: 3707: 3693: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3684: 3683: 3673: 3632: 3627:ἄγγελος Κυρίου 3581: 3561: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3549: 3548: 3543: 3538: 3531: 3528: 3527: 3526: 3520: 3505: 3483: 3463: 3449: 3434: 3433: 3432: 3426: 3420: 3400: 3370: 3367: 3364: 3363: 3360: 3357: 3354: 3349: 3345: 3344: 3341: 3338: 3335: 3330: 3326: 3325: 3322: 3319: 3316: 3311: 3307: 3306: 3303: 3300: 3297: 3292: 3288: 3287: 3284: 3281: 3278: 3267: 3263: 3262: 3259: 3256: 3253: 3250: 3246: 3245: 3242: 3239: 3236: 3225: 3221: 3220: 3217: 3214: 3211: 3206: 3202: 3201: 3198: 3195: 3192: 3187: 3183: 3182: 3179: 3176: 3173: 3165: 3161: 3160: 3157: 3154: 3151: 3146: 3142: 3141: 3138: 3135: 3132: 3130:On the Virtues 3127: 3123: 3122: 3119: 3116: 3113: 3099: 3095: 3094: 3091: 3088: 3085: 3083:On Dreams I-II 3080: 3076: 3075: 3072: 3069: 3066: 3061: 3057: 3056: 3053: 3050: 3047: 3042: 3038: 3037: 3034: 3031: 3028: 3020: 3019:De providentia 3016: 3015: 3012: 3009: 3006: 3001: 2997: 2996: 2993: 2990: 2987: 2982: 2978: 2977: 2974: 2971: 2968: 2963: 2962:De plantatione 2959: 2958: 2955: 2952: 2949: 2944: 2940: 2939: 2936: 2933: 2930: 2925: 2921: 2920: 2917: 2914: 2911: 2906: 2902: 2901: 2898: 2895: 2892: 2887: 2883: 2882: 2879: 2876: 2873: 2868: 2864: 2863: 2860: 2857: 2854: 2849: 2845: 2844: 2841: 2838: 2835: 2833:On Drunkenness 2830: 2826: 2825: 2822: 2819: 2816: 2811: 2807: 2806: 2803: 2800: 2797: 2792: 2788: 2787: 2784: 2781: 2778: 2773: 2769: 2768: 2765: 2762: 2759: 2754: 2750: 2749: 2746: 2743: 2740: 2737: 2733: 2732: 2729: 2726: 2723: 2718: 2717:De agricultura 2714: 2713: 2710: 2707: 2704: 2699: 2695: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2680: 2676: 2675: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2661: 2657: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2644: 2633: 2630: 2570: 2567: 2563:Pythagoreanism 2545: 2542: 2541: 2540: 2524: 2523: 2517: 2514: 2503: 2496: 2485: 2482: 2389: 2384: 2359: 2354: 2350:Gaius Caligula 2309: 2304: 2259: 2256: 2255: 2254: 2251: 2242: 2239: 2235: 2234: 2227: 2208: 2198: 2175: 2172: 2164: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2145: 2142: 2139: 2136: 2133: 2079: 2076: 2075: 2074: 2059:Jacob's dreams 2055: 2052: 2049: 2046: 2043: 2036: 2029: 2022: 2015: 2012: 2005: 2002: 1995: 1988: 1985: 1978: 1971: 1959: 1956: 1938: 1935: 1931: 1930: 1927: 1917: 1909:Book of Exodus 1881: 1878: 1870:Church Fathers 1857: 1854: 1837:Pythagoreanism 1832: 1829: 1808: 1805: 1738: 1735: 1725: 1722: 1713:anthropopathic 1696: 1693: 1660: 1657: 1652: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1633: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1608: 1605: 1492: 1489: 1479: 1478: 1476: 1475: 1468: 1461: 1453: 1450: 1449: 1446: 1445: 1443: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1381: 1378: 1373: 1372: 1369: 1368: 1365: 1364: 1361: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1278:Jacob Abendana 1275: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1248:Tzvi Ashkenazi 1245: 1240: 1235: 1230: 1228:Salomon Maimon 1225: 1223:Baruch Spinoza 1220: 1218:Uriel da Costa 1215: 1209: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1169: 1167:Existentialist 1164: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1133: 1129: 1126: 1119: 1118: 1115: 1114: 1111: 1110: 1107: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1080: 1076: 1073: 1072: 1069: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1042: 1038: 1035: 1034: 1031: 1030: 1025: 1019: 1015: 1012: 1011: 1008: 1007: 1002: 997: 992: 987: 982: 980:Hasdai Crescas 977: 972: 967: 962: 957: 952: 947: 942: 937: 932: 927: 922: 917: 912: 907: 902: 896: 892: 889: 888: 885: 884: 879: 874: 869: 864: 859: 853: 851:Influenced by: 849: 846: 839: 838: 835: 834: 831: 830: 827: 826: 821: 815: 811: 809: 806: 805: 800: 795: 790: 784: 780: 777: 770: 769: 766: 765: 757: 756: 750: 749: 736: 733: 720:Aramaic script 675:Hebrew grammar 510: 507: 453: 450: 382: 379: 363:Gaius Caligula 358: 355: 183: 182: 179: 178: 169: 166: 163: 162: 153: 151:Main interests 150: 147: 146: 144: 143: 138: 132: 130: 124: 123: 118: 114: 113: 108: 104: 103: 100: 99: 83: 79: 78: 69: 60: 56: 55: 52: 44: 43: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9369: 9358: 9355: 9353: 9350: 9348: 9345: 9343: 9340: 9338: 9335: 9333: 9330: 9328: 9325: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9292:20s BC births 9290: 9288: 9285: 9284: 9282: 9267: 9264: 9263: 9260: 9254: 9251: 9249: 9248:Social theory 9246: 9244: 9241: 9239: 9236: 9234: 9231: 9229: 9226: 9224: 9221: 9219: 9216: 9214: 9211: 9209: 9206: 9204: 9201: 9199: 9196: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9174: 9171: 9170: 9168: 9164: 9155: 9154: 9150: 9145: 9144: 9140: 9135: 9134: 9130: 9125: 9124: 9120: 9115: 9114: 9110: 9105: 9104: 9100: 9095: 9094: 9090: 9085: 9084: 9080: 9075: 9074: 9070: 9065: 9064: 9060: 9055: 9054: 9050: 9045: 9044: 9040: 9035: 9034: 9030: 9025: 9024: 9020: 9015: 9014: 9010: 9005: 9004: 9000: 8999: 8997: 8993: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8960: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8902:Radhakrishnan 8900: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8669: 8667: 8663:20th and 21st 8661: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8557: 8555: 8552: 8550: 8547: 8545: 8542: 8540: 8537: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8462: 8461: 8459: 8455:18th and 19th 8453: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8408: 8406: 8402: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8337: 8335: 8331: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8312: 8310: 8307: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8251: 8249: 8245: 8242: 8238: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8220: 8217: 8216: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8198: 8195: 8194: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8184: 8182: 8178: 8172: 8169: 8166: 8165: 8160: 8156: 8153: 8152: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8120: 8119: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8106: 8105: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8076: 8073: 8072: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8039: 8036: 8035: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8007: 8004: 8003: 8002: 7999: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7981: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7946: 7944: 7940: 7936: 7929: 7924: 7922: 7917: 7915: 7910: 7909: 7906: 7896: 7892: 7886: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7863: 7861: 7859: 7855: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7838:Denominations 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7825: 7823: 7821: 7817: 7811: 7810:Last Judgment 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7782: 7779: 7778: 7776: 7774: 7770: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7755: 7753: 7751: 7747: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7647: 7645: 7643: 7639: 7635: 7628: 7624: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7577: 7571: 7570:Unmoved mover 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7513: 7509: 7508: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7471:Binitarianism 7469: 7467: 7463: 7460: 7459: 7457: 7453: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7413: 7411: 7409: 7405: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7361: 7359: 7355: 7349: 7345: 7342: 7338: 7335: 7334: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7319: 7317: 7315: 7311: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7246: 7244: 7242: 7238: 7227: 7223: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7205: 7203: 7199: 7193: 7192:Supreme Being 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7169: 7167: 7163: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7111: 7110: 7107: 7106: 7104: 7100: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7079: 7076: 7072: 7069: 7068: 7067: 7064: 7063:Gender of God 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7048: 7046: 7042: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6989: 6986: 6985: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6968:Kathenotheism 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6943: 6941: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6928: 6924: 6920: 6915: 6911: 6907: 6900: 6895: 6893: 6888: 6886: 6881: 6880: 6877: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6845:Henri Bergson 6843: 6842: 6840: 6838: 6834: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6778:Alonzo Church 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6763:Gottlob Frege 6761: 6759: 6757: 6753: 6750: 6746: 6740: 6739:Aleksei Losev 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6714:Thomas Taylor 6712: 6711: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6686: 6682: 6676: 6675:Blaise Pascal 6673: 6671: 6668: 6667: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6639: 6637: 6635: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6622: 6619: 6615: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6563:Peter Abelard 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6545: 6543: 6539: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6474:Asclepiodotus 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6421: 6419: 6415: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6302: 6299: 6298: 6297: 6294: 6293: 6291: 6289: 6288:Neoplatonists 6285: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6208:Justin Martyr 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6185: 6183: 6181: 6177: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6119: 6117: 6113: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6079: 6077: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6064: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5951: 5949: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5936: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5918: 5913: 5911: 5906: 5904: 5899: 5898: 5895: 5888: 5885: 5879: 5876: 5873: 5869: 5868: 5863: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5851:Philo's works 5848: 5844: 5840: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5798: 5794: 5791: 5790: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5770: 5768: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5708:9780415096799 5704: 5700: 5699: 5693: 5690: 5686: 5685:Schürer, Emil 5683: 5680: 5679:0-19-502514-8 5676: 5672: 5668: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5655:9789023227137 5651: 5647: 5646: 5640: 5636: 5634:9780860782872 5630: 5626: 5625: 5619: 5616: 5612: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5597:Pearce, Sarah 5595: 5591: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5578:Émile Bréhier 5575: 5571: 5568: 5567: 5562: 5559: 5555: 5554: 5549: 5545: 5540: 5536: 5534:9781107013308 5530: 5526: 5525: 5519: 5515: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5490: 5486: 5485: 5479: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5464:9789004103887 5460: 5456: 5455: 5449: 5448: 5438: 5437: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5411: 5410:public domain 5402: 5398: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5386:"Philo" 5381: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5356: 5350: 5346: 5345: 5339: 5338: 5324: 5318: 5312: 5305: 5300: 5293: 5289: 5283: 5276: 5271: 5264: 5259: 5252: 5247: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5212: 5204: 5197: 5190: 5185: 5176: 5169: 5163: 5156: 5153:see Schürer, 5150: 5143: 5137: 5128: 5121: 5115: 5106: 5099: 5094: 5092: 5084: 5079: 5071: 5067: 5061: 5054: 5048: 5041: 5035: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5014: 5005: 4996: 4987: 4978: 4969: 4960: 4951: 4944: 4940: 4934: 4927: 4923: 4917: 4910: 4904: 4897: 4891: 4882: 4880: 4878: 4876: 4868: 4867: 4861: 4852: 4845: 4841: 4836: 4828: 4822: 4814: 4812:9780943575933 4808: 4804: 4800: 4794: 4787: 4781: 4774: 4772: 4768: 4762: 4756: 4752: 4751: 4746: 4740: 4733: 4728: 4719: 4710: 4701: 4692: 4683: 4674: 4665: 4656: 4647: 4641: 4639: 4633: 4627: 4618: 4609: 4600: 4591: 4582: 4573: 4564: 4555: 4546: 4539: 4535: 4530: 4528: 4520: 4515: 4506: 4497: 4488: 4479: 4473:1876, i. 170. 4472: 4468: 4462: 4453: 4444: 4435: 4428: 4424: 4419: 4412: 4408: 4403: 4396: 4392: 4387: 4378: 4369: 4360: 4351: 4342: 4333: 4324: 4315: 4299: 4295: 4294: 4289: 4283: 4275: 4271: 4265: 4256: 4249:. p. 58. 4248: 4240: 4239: 4234: 4230: 4227:(1901–1906). 4226: 4222: 4218: 4206: 4198: 4197: 4189: 4180: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4146: 4138: 4132: 4128: 4127: 4119: 4117: 4108: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4084: 4077: 4071: 4064: 4060: 4055: 4047: 4046: 4040: 4039:"Angel" 4035: 4029: 4022: 4016: 4008: 4007: 4002: 3996: 3989: 3984: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3963: 3961: 3952: 3946: 3941: 3939: 3929: 3923: 3920: 3914: 3907: 3902: 3895: 3889: 3876: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3847: 3839: 3835: 3829: 3822: 3819:), Caput XI ( 3818: 3814: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3796: 3795:On Providence 3791: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3768: 3763: 3756: 3751: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3723: 3716: 3711: 3704: 3698: 3694: 3677: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3636: 3623: 3617: 3611: 3610: 3607: 3600: 3591: 3585: 3578: 3573: 3566: 3562: 3547: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3537: 3536:Land of Onias 3534: 3533: 3523: 3521:9780891304722 3517: 3513: 3512: 3506: 3502: 3496: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3474: 3466: 3460: 3456: 3455: 3450: 3446: 3439: 3435: 3430: 3427: 3424: 3421: 3418: 3415: 3414: 3412: 3408: 3407:Paul Wendland 3404: 3403:Cohn, Leopold 3401: 3397: 3391: 3383: 3379: 3378: 3373: 3372: 3361: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3347: 3346: 3342: 3339: 3336: 3334: 3331: 3328: 3327: 3323: 3320: 3317: 3315: 3312: 3309: 3308: 3304: 3301: 3298: 3296: 3293: 3290: 3289: 3285: 3282: 3279: 3277: 3274: 3271: 3268: 3265: 3264: 3260: 3257: 3254: 3251: 3248: 3247: 3243: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3232: 3229: 3226: 3223: 3222: 3218: 3215: 3212: 3210: 3207: 3204: 3203: 3199: 3196: 3193: 3191: 3188: 3185: 3184: 3180: 3177: 3174: 3172: 3169: 3166: 3164:De vita Mosis 3163: 3162: 3158: 3155: 3152: 3150: 3147: 3144: 3143: 3139: 3136: 3133: 3131: 3128: 3126:De virtutibus 3125: 3124: 3120: 3117: 3114: 3112: 3109: 3106: 3103: 3100: 3097: 3096: 3092: 3089: 3086: 3084: 3081: 3078: 3077: 3073: 3070: 3067: 3065: 3062: 3060:De sobrietate 3059: 3058: 3054: 3051: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3040: 3039: 3035: 3032: 3029: 3027: 3024: 3021: 3018: 3017: 3013: 3010: 3007: 3005: 3002: 2999: 2998: 2994: 2991: 2988: 2986: 2983: 2980: 2979: 2975: 2972: 2969: 2967: 2964: 2961: 2960: 2956: 2953: 2950: 2948: 2945: 2942: 2941: 2937: 2934: 2931: 2929: 2926: 2923: 2922: 2918: 2915: 2912: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2903: 2899: 2896: 2893: 2891: 2888: 2885: 2884: 2880: 2877: 2874: 2872: 2871:On the Giants 2869: 2867:De gigantibus 2866: 2865: 2861: 2858: 2855: 2853: 2850: 2847: 2846: 2842: 2839: 2836: 2834: 2831: 2828: 2827: 2823: 2820: 2817: 2815: 2814:The Decalogue 2812: 2809: 2808: 2804: 2801: 2798: 2796: 2793: 2790: 2789: 2785: 2782: 2779: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2770: 2766: 2763: 2760: 2758: 2755: 2752: 2751: 2747: 2744: 2741: 2738: 2736:De animalibus 2735: 2734: 2730: 2727: 2724: 2722: 2719: 2716: 2715: 2711: 2708: 2705: 2703: 2700: 2697: 2696: 2692: 2689: 2686: 2684: 2681: 2678: 2677: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2665: 2662: 2659: 2658: 2654: 2651: 2648: 2646:English title 2645: 2642: 2641: 2638: 2629: 2627: 2622: 2621: 2615: 2611: 2606: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2591: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2566: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2537: 2533: 2532:Jakob Bernays 2529: 2528: 2527: 2522: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2501: 2497: 2494: 2493: 2491: 2481: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2425: 2421: 2420: 2414: 2412: 2407: 2406:Lake Mareotis 2403: 2399: 2395: 2388: 2383: 2379: 2376: 2375:Second Temple 2371: 2369: 2365: 2358: 2353: 2351: 2347: 2342: 2333: 2329: 2327: 2322:Woodcut from 2320: 2315: 2308: 2303: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2252: 2249: 2248: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2225: 2224:On Providence 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2181: 2180: 2179: 2171: 2169: 2161: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2137: 2134: 2131: 2130: 2129: 2126: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2085: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2053: 2050: 2047: 2044: 2041: 2037: 2034: 2030: 2027: 2023: 2020: 2016: 2013: 2010: 2006: 2003: 2000: 1996: 1993: 1989: 1986: 1983: 1979: 1976: 1972: 1969: 1968: 1967: 1965: 1955: 1953: 1949: 1944: 1934: 1928: 1925: 1921: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1895: 1894: 1893: 1891: 1887: 1877: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1852: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1838: 1828: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1804: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1781:Peter Schäfer 1778: 1776: 1770: 1767: 1762: 1759: 1754: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1734: 1730: 1721: 1717: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1692: 1689: 1685: 1684:transcendence 1680: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1656: 1649: 1646: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1617: 1616: 1614: 1604: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1547:as elaborate 1546: 1540: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1504: 1498: 1488: 1486: 1474: 1469: 1467: 1462: 1460: 1455: 1454: 1452: 1451: 1441: 1440:Righteousness 1438: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1390:Chosen people 1388: 1386: 1383: 1382: 1380: 1379: 1371: 1370: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1283:Isaac Cardoso 1281: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1258:Samuel Hirsch 1256: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1210: 1208: 1204: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1134: 1132: 1128: 1127: 1123: 1117: 1116: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1081: 1079: 1075: 1074: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1046:Isaac Israeli 1044: 1043: 1041: 1037: 1036: 1029: 1026: 1024: 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Variorum. 5623: 5614: 5600: 5589: 5585: 5564: 5551: 5523: 5511: 5495: 5482: 5453: 5434: 5394: 5369: 5358:. Retrieved 5343: 5323: 5316: 5311: 5303: 5299: 5291: 5282: 5274: 5270: 5262: 5258: 5250: 5246: 5221: 5217: 5211: 5202: 5196: 5184: 5175: 5167: 5162: 5154: 5149: 5141: 5136: 5127: 5119: 5114: 5105: 5097: 5082: 5078: 5069: 5060: 5052: 5047: 5039: 5034: 5026: 5013: 5004: 4995: 4986: 4977: 4968: 4959: 4950: 4942: 4938: 4933: 4916: 4908: 4903: 4895: 4890: 4864: 4860: 4851: 4843: 4835: 4798: 4793: 4785: 4780: 4770: 4764: 4749: 4739: 4731: 4727: 4718: 4709: 4700: 4691: 4682: 4673: 4664: 4655: 4646: 4637: 4631: 4626: 4617: 4608: 4599: 4590: 4581: 4572: 4563: 4554: 4545: 4537: 4518: 4514: 4505: 4496: 4487: 4478: 4470: 4467:Emil Schürer 4461: 4452: 4443: 4434: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4377: 4368: 4359: 4350: 4341: 4332: 4323: 4314: 4302:. Retrieved 4291: 4282: 4264: 4255: 4246: 4236: 4205: 4188: 4179: 4169:December 20, 4167:. Retrieved 4155: 4145: 4125: 4096: 4083: 4075: 4070: 4062: 4054: 4043: 4028: 4020: 4015: 4009:. 1901–1906. 4004: 3995: 3986: 3972: 3928: 3918: 3913: 3905: 3901: 3896:xviii. 8. 1. 3893: 3888: 3878:, retrieved 3856: 3846: 3837: 3828: 3810: 3802: 3794: 3790: 3766: 3762: 3754: 3750: 3730: 3722: 3714: 3710: 3702: 3697: 3676: 3665:Ecclesiastes 3661:Lamentations 3635: 3584: 3565: 3541:Cairo Geniza 3510: 3486: 3453: 3444: 3410: 3384:. 1854–1855. 3376: 3359:Omn Prob Lib 3283:Quaest in Gn 3258:Quaest in Ex 2829:De ebrietate 2721:On Husbandry 2635: 2613: 2607: 2603:Hebrew Bible 2592: 2572: 2547: 2525: 2490:Pseudo-Philo 2442:Pythagoreans 2428: 2417: 2415: 2391: 2386: 2380: 2372: 2363: 2361: 2356: 2345: 2337: 2323: 2306: 2261: 2245: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2205: 2201: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2177: 2165: 2127: 2087: 1961: 1942: 1940: 1932: 1919: 1896: 1883: 1859: 1849: 1845: 1834: 1810: 1779: 1771: 1763: 1755: 1740: 1731: 1727: 1718: 1698: 1681: 1662: 1653: 1610: 1587:the senses. 1577: 1572: 1560: 1541: 1503:Hebrew Bible 1500: 1482: 1338:Martin Buber 1206: 1157:Conservative 1130: 1077: 1039: 1016: 920:Judah Halevi 893: 872:Jewish Kalam 850: 823: 812: 781: 727: 723: 713: 709: 696: 679: 627: 617:Hebrew Bible 598: 591: 585: 579: 573: 567: 561: 557: 535: 512: 501: 495: 486: 482: 465: 455: 423: 398: 384: 360: 339: 300: 289: 271:Philō Judæus 268: 187: 186: 89: 50 CE 9208:Historicism 9037:(1835–1840) 9003:De Officiis 8727:de Beauvoir 8697:Baudrillard 8649:Vivekananda 8639:Tocqueville 8554:Kierkegaard 8370:Ibn Khaldun 8340:Alpharabius 8231:Personalism 8140:Stewardship 8097:Reification 8092:Natural law 8013:Familialism 7979:Culturalism 7763:Krishnology 7740:Soteriology 7695:Eschatology 7675:Christology 7540:Open theism 7496:Exotheology 7394:Zoroastrian 7357:By religion 7314:Eschatology 7269:Homoiousian 7222:Ahura Mazda 7000:Panentheism 6963:Hermeticism 6860:Leo Strauss 6837:Continental 6803:Saul Kripke 6768:G. E. Moore 6702:Anne Conway 6625:Renaissance 6588:Bonaventure 6137:Clitomachus 5974:Aristonymus 5843:torreys.org 5801:Lecture on 5691:(1886–1890) 5224:(1): 1–28. 5189:Dillon 1996 4634:, cited in 4632:De Profugis 4372:Isa. lv. 9. 3894:Antiquities 3715:Antiquities 3447:(in Greek). 3417:Volumes 1–3 3321:Det Pot Ins 3302:Rer Div Her 3064:On Sobriety 2810:De decalogo 2753:De Cherubim 2679:De Abrahamo 2643:Latin title 2597:instead of 2595:allegorical 2536:Peripatetic 2402:Therapeutae 2328:Weltchronik 2326:Schedelsche 2191:On the Jews 2170:audiences. 2153:Tischendorf 1943:Quaestiones 1937:Quaestiones 1897:Quaestiones 1775:high priest 1520:ὀρθὸς λόγος 1514:θεῖος λόγος 1508:ἱερὸς λόγος 1395:Eschatology 1288:David Nieto 1253:Jacob Emden 1187:Neo-Hasidic 1066:Ibn Kammuna 1056:al-Mukkamas 1051:Saadia Gaon 985:Joseph Albo 945:Nachmanides 905:Ibn Gabirol 773:Hellenistic 613:Koine Greek 554:Demosthenes 307:Koine Greek 121:Roman Egypt 75:Roman Egypt 9297:50s deaths 9281:Categories 9213:Humanities 9173:Agnotology 8832:Kołakowski 8395:Ibn Tufayl 8375:Maimonides 8319:Thucydides 8314:Tertullian 8269:Lactantius 8164:Volksgeist 8145:Traditions 7959:Convention 7848:Philosophy 7735:Sophiology 7715:Philosophy 7710:Messianism 7670:Paterology 7274:Hypostasis 7264:Homoousian 7095:theologies 7035:Theopanism 7020:Polytheism 6983:Monotheism 6958:Henotheism 6773:Kurt Gödel 6697:Henry More 6499:Simplicius 6318:Iamblichus 6082:Arcesilaus 6042:Xenocrates 6022:Speusippus 5998:Heraclides 5924:Platonists 5881:(in Greek) 5335:References 5168:Geschichte 5155:Geschichte 5120:Geschichte 5053:Geschichte 5040:Geschichte 4943:Classement 4939:Geschichte 4909:Geschichte 4896:Geschichte 4894:Schürer, 4866:De somniis 4803:C.D. Yonke 4034:Pope, Hugh 3917:Eusebius, 3892:Josephus, 3880:2023-12-20 3464:9004103880 3423:Voumes 4–6 3186:In Flaccum 3159:Contempl. 3079:De somniis 3011:Praem Poen 2886:De Josepho 2739:On Animals 2683:On Abraham 2488:See also: 2462:Heraclitus 2450:Empedocles 2446:Parmenides 2430:Massebieau 2419:Therapeutæ 2312:See also: 2296:Massebieau 2280:Hilgenfeld 2220:On Animals 2202:Ad Flaccum 2082:See also: 2026:Sobrietate 1999:gigantibus 1866:Pentateuch 1813:trichotomy 1801:Septuagint 1797:Sapiential 1789:Alexandria 1751:Heraclitus 1607:Numerology 1557:Heraclitus 1535:, and the 1529:revelation 1495:See also: 1485:syncretism 1313:Moses Hess 1131:Positions: 1078:Positions: 995:Judah Minz 965:Gersonides 940:Maimonides 803:Boethusian 782:Positions: 739:See also: 735:Philosophy 625:etymologic 609:Septuagint 575:Theaetetus 426:Alexandria 335:Jewish law 331:Septuagint 311:philosophy 281:Alexandria 263: – c. 242:יְדִידְיָה 71:Alexandria 9253:Sociology 9203:Historism 8912:Santayana 8882:Oakeshott 8852:MacIntyre 8837:Kropotkin 8812:Heidegger 8665:centuries 8579:Nietzsche 8544:Jefferson 8529:Helvétius 8494:Condorcet 8457:centuries 8441:Montaigne 8264:Confucius 8254:Augustine 8171:Worldview 8065:Modernity 8038:Formation 7725:Practical 7720:Political 7685:Cosmology 7642:Christian 7501:Holocaust 7491:Egotheism 7446:Goddesses 7441:Mormonism 7369:Christian 7322:Afterlife 7208:Sustainer 7015:Polydeism 7010:Pantheism 6995:Mysticism 6978:Monolatry 6973:Nontheism 6953:Dystheism 6685:Cambridge 6553:Al-Farabi 6494:Damascius 6484:Zenodotus 6434:Hierocles 6403:Macrobius 6398:Augustine 6383:Antoninus 6333:Sosipatra 6278:Calcidius 6188:Antiochus 6142:Charmadas 6122:Carneades 6106:Hegesinus 5959:Aristotle 5939:Academics 5166:Schürer, 5051:Schürer, 5038:Schürer, 4937:Schürer, 4869:ii, 82–92 4821:cite book 4164:2161-0002 3745:. p. 304. 3689:Citations 3653:Canticles 3624:' as 3599:romanized 3495:cite book 3473:cite book 3390:cite book 2890:On Joseph 2783:Conf Ling 2583:Platonism 2470:symposium 2458:Cleanthes 2434:Conybeare 2183:Apologies 2067:Abimelech 2019:Ebrietate 1952:Ambrosius 1924:Genesis 1 1901:Inquiries 1709:pedagogic 1688:ineffable 1549:metaphors 1425:Holocaust 1415:Happiness 1197:Rambamist 1177:Holocaust 1152:Chassidic 1142:Sephardic 1089:Kabbalist 1017:Yemenite: 793:Sadducean 788:Hasmonean 653:romanized 638:philology 634:rabbinism 581:Symposium 550:Euripides 509:Education 452:Diplomacy 325:and late 283:, in the 247:romanized 227:romanized 156:Cosmology 96: 75 9266:Category 9178:Axiology 9166:See also 8957:Voegelin 8947:Spengler 8922:Shariati 8877:Nussbaum 8862:Maritain 8822:Irigaray 8802:Habermas 8767:Foucault 8752:Durkheim 8654:Voltaire 8619:de Staël 8594:Rousseau 8519:Franklin 8380:Muhammad 8365:Gelasius 8350:Avempace 8333:Medieval 8309:Polybius 8304:Plutarch 8070:Morality 8045:Ideology 8033:Identity 7942:Concepts 7843:Kabbalah 7790:Prophets 7665:Glossary 7631:By faith 7594:Hinduism 7476:Demiurge 7466:in Islam 7426:Hinduism 7416:Buddhism 7408:Feminist 7364:Buddhist 7172:Absolute 7165:Concepts 7141:Hinduism 7136:Buddhism 7102:By faith 7066:and gods 7058:Divinity 7044:Concepts 7005:Pandeism 6906:Theology 6756:Analytic 6541:Medieval 6504:Priscian 6439:Syrianus 6408:Boethius 6363:Salutius 6343:Dexippus 6338:Aedesius 6313:Porphyry 6301:Students 6296:Plotinus 6258:Longinus 6233:Apuleius 6223:Alcinous 6203:Plutarch 6097:Telecles 6067:Skeptics 5979:Coriscus 5767:By Philo 5592:: 25–64. 5494:(1938). 5475:(1911). 5425:(1905). 5315:Kittel, 5238:24656850 5144:article. 5017:Compare 4926:Wendland 4898:iii. 503 4465:Compare 4393:II, §2; 4298:Archived 4274:Archived 4091:(1999). 4036:(1907). 3729:(2014). 3577:Jedediah 3572:Yəḏīḏyāh 3530:See also 3429:Volume 7 3340:Deus Imm 3156:Vit Cont 3118:Spec Leg 2992:Poster C 2916:Migr Abr 2709:Aet Mund 2674:Hypoth. 2579:Stoicism 2438:Wendland 2284:Wendland 2278:(1887), 2040:Abrahami 1975:cherubim 1948:Eusebius 1841:Stoicism 1823:(soul), 1819:(mind), 1743:demiurge 1665:theology 1659:Theology 1599:and the 1593:Josephus 1569:Stoicism 1420:Holiness 1137:Orthodox 1104:Tosafist 1099:Talmudic 877:Kabbalah 842:Medieval 798:Pharisee 619:and the 587:Republic 563:Phaedrus 560:and the 540:and the 498:Eusebius 477:alabarch 472:Josephus 446:Berenice 413:and the 371:Claudius 342:allegory 333:and the 319:religion 315:politics 296:Caligula 275:, was a 253:Yəḏīḏyāh 9007:(44 BC) 8937:Sombart 8932:Skinner 8917:Scruton 8897:Polanyi 8872:Niebuhr 8857:Marcuse 8792:Gramsci 8787:Gentile 8747:Du Bois 8737:Deleuze 8707:Benoist 8677:Agamben 8634:Thoreau 8624:Stirner 8614:Spencer 8564:Le Play 8514:Fourier 8499:Emerson 8484:Carlyle 8469:Bentham 8446:Müntzer 8416:Erasmus 8390:Plethon 8385:Photios 8345:Aquinas 8279:Mencius 8247:Ancient 8180:Schools 8060:Loyalty 8018:History 8006:Counter 8001:Culture 7969:Customs 7833:Aggadah 7781:Oneness 7773:Islamic 7655:Outline 7650:History 7609:Judaism 7604:Jainism 7560:Process 7535:Olelbis 7436:Judaism 7379:Islamic 7294:Trinity 7177:Brahman 7151:Sikhism 7146:Jainism 7119:Judaism 7071:Goddess 6642:Plethon 6578:Thierry 6573:Gilbert 6568:Bernard 6489:Agapius 6464:Isidore 6459:Marinus 6454:Proclus 6449:Aedesia 6444:Hermias 6417:Academy 6388:Hypatia 6323:Sopater 6308:Amelius 6238:Atticus 6218:Albinus 6101:Evander 6092:Lacydes 6052:Polemon 6047:Crantor 5964:Eudoxus 5931:Ancient 5795:at the 5599:(2007) 5550:(ed.). 5412:: 5393:(ed.). 5360:23 June 5083:Flaccus 4630:Philo, 4425:, §27; 4304:Aug 19, 4196:et seq. 3645:Ezekiel 3618: 3601:: 3241:Leg All 3219:Legat. 3216:Leg Gaj 3200:Flacc. 3190:Flaccus 3178:Vit Mos 3052:Sacr AC 3014:Praem. 2976:Plant. 2954:Op Mund 2935:Mut Nom 2824:Decal. 2805:Congr. 2601:of the 2587:Midrash 2569:Judaism 2411:Red Sea 2292:Schürer 2276:Ansfeld 2268:Frankel 2168:gentile 2115:Abraham 1964:Genesis 1916:Exodus. 1553:symbols 1430:Messiah 1207:People: 1182:Renewal 1094:Karaism 813:People: 667: 655:: 629:midrash 558:Timaeus 527:Judaism 348:, with 249:: 229:: 174:of the 9198:Ethics 9157:(2010) 9147:(1991) 9137:(1990) 9127:(1987) 9117:(1987) 9107:(1979) 9097:(1976) 9087:(1967) 9077:(1964) 9067:(1949) 9057:(1935) 9047:(1930) 9027:(1756) 9017:(1486) 8962:Walzer 8952:Taylor 8942:Sowell 8927:Simmel 8892:Pareto 8887:Ortega 8797:Guénon 8782:Gehlen 8777:Gandhi 8732:Debord 8717:Butler 8712:Berlin 8702:Bauman 8692:Badiou 8682:Arendt 8672:Adorno 8604:Ruskin 8559:Le Bon 8534:Herder 8509:Fichte 8504:Engels 8474:Bonald 8464:Arnold 8436:Milton 8431:Luther 8411:Calvin 8289:Origen 8259:Cicero 8219:Social 8155:Family 8150:Values 8111:Rights 8075:Public 8023:Honour 7954:Anomie 7949:Agency 7871:Wiccan 7820:Jewish 7800:Angels 7730:Public 7700:Ethics 7389:Taoist 7384:Jewish 7344:Heaven 7201:God as 6931:Theism 6617:Modern 6558:Anselm 6479:Hegias 6358:Julian 6268:Origen 6157:Cicero 6075:Middle 5737:about 5705: 5677: 5652: 5631: 5607: 5531: 5461: 5376: 5351: 5236: 4809: 4771:sophia 4757: 4214: 4162: 4133: 4103: 3979: 3871: 3817:e-text 3807:Jerome 3741: 3669:Esther 3649:Daniel 3622:Yahweh 3606:Malakh 3590:Hebrew 3518: 3461: 3405:& 3362:Prob. 3213:legat. 3194:Flacc. 3140:Virt. 3121:Spec. 3093:Somn. 3074:Sobr. 3055:Sacr. 3036:Prov. 3008:praem. 2995:Post. 2970:plant. 2957:Opif. 2919:Migr. 2818:decal. 2799:congr. 2786:Conf. 2767:Cher. 2748:Anim. 2652:Kittel 2555:Origen 2544:Legacy 2511:Jerome 2507:Origen 2464:, and 2424:Lucius 2298:, and 2222:, and 2193:, and 2149:Mangey 2121:, and 2098:Mosaic 1821:psyche 1675:, the 1673:heaven 1517:, and 1400:Ethics 1375:Topics 1192:Mussar 1162:Reform 1147:Chabad 1122:Modern 1040:Other: 728:kurios 724:kyrios 703:Κύριος 688:Κύριος 671:Jordan 642:Hebrew 601:Hebrew 590:, and 569:Phaedo 552:, and 542:Stoics 409:, the 405:, the 395:Jerome 381:Family 317:, and 238:Hebrew 233:Phílōn 128:School 117:Region 9287:Philo 8995:Works 8982:Žižek 8967:Weber 8907:Röpke 8867:Negri 8847:Lasch 8817:Hoppe 8772:Fromm 8762:Evola 8742:Dewey 8722:Camus 8629:Taine 8609:Smith 8599:Royce 8589:Renan 8524:Hegel 8489:Comte 8479:Burke 8426:Locke 8360:Dante 8355:Bruni 8324:Xunzi 8299:Plato 8294:Philo 8274:Laozi 8082:Mores 7994:Multi 7984:Inter 7858:Pagan 7750:Hindu 7599:Islam 7431:Islam 7374:Hindu 7337:Fitra 7187:Logos 7129:Islam 7078:Numen 7053:Deity 6948:Deism 6939:Forms 6213:Gaius 5954:Plato 5740:Philo 5546:. In 5429:. In 5389:. In 5277:, I.4 5265:, I.3 5253:, I.1 5234:JSTOR 4231:. In 3797:2.64. 3667:, or 3641:canon 3552:Notes 3441:(PDF) 3356:prob. 3343:Deus 3324:Det. 3305:Her. 3244:Leg. 3197:Flacc 3181:Mos. 3153:cont. 3134:virt. 3115:spec. 3087:somn. 3068:sobr. 3049:sacr. 3030:prov. 2989:post. 2973:Plant 2951:opif. 2938:Mut. 2913:migr. 2900:Ios. 2881:Gig. 2862:Fug. 2843:Ebr. 2821:Decal 2802:Congr 2780:conf. 2761:Cher. 2742:anim. 2731:Agr. 2728:Agric 2712:Aet. 2693:Abr. 2668:apol. 2577:with 2466:Plato 2398:Egypt 2300:Krell 2272:Grätz 2264:Stoic 2123:Jacob 2119:Isaac 2107:Enoch 2090:Moses 2071:Laban 1890:Bible 1886:Torah 1874:Latin 1862:Torah 1856:Works 1793:Egypt 1766:Ideas 1747:Logos 1737:Logos 1705:hands 1677:world 1525:Moses 1405:Faith 1385:Anger 682:Logos 659:yāraḏ 647:יָרַד 546:Homer 538:Plato 490:Apion 464:. 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