Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse

2361:. The Battle of Lauffen on 13 May 1534 cost Ferdinand his newly acquired possession and caused Philip to be recognized as the hero of the day in Protestant Germany; his victory was viewed as the victory of the Schmalkaldic League. The war to capture Wuerttemberg cost Philip upwards of half a million florins, which turned out to be the most costly of his campaigns. After consulting a host of possible investors in Philip's War, Philip raised: “21,000 fl. from Conrad Joham, February, 1543 -- 10,000 fl. From the civic regime April, 1534 – 10,000 fl. From the civic regime, June 24, 1534 – 5,000 fl. From the Great Hospital” The sum proved not to be enough to hold off the multi-ethnic Imperial hordes, backed by Genoese banks, Papal reserves, and subsidies collected from the Low Countries. In the years following, this coalition became one of the most important factors in European politics, largely through the influence of Philip, who lost no opportunity in furthering the Protestant cause. Its alliance was sought by both France and England; it was extended for a period of ten years with 149: 2387: 2633: 2298:. His sympathy for the Reformers associated with Zwingli in Switzerland and Bucer in Strasburg was intensified by the anger of the emperor at receiving from Philip a statement of Protestant tenets composed by the ex-Franciscan Lambert, and the landgrave's failure to secure any common action on the part of the Protestant powers regarding the approaching Turkish war. Philip eagerly embraced Zwingli's plan of a great Protestant alliance to extend from the Adriatic to Denmark to keep the Holy Roman Emperor from crossing into Germany. This association caused some coldness between himself and the followers of Luther at the 2318:, but when the position of the Upper Germans was officially rejected, Philip left the Diet directing his representatives manfully to uphold the Protestant position, and to keep general, not particular, interests constantly in view. At this time he offered Luther a refuge in his own territories and began to cultivate close relations with Martin Bucer, whose understanding of political questions created a common bond of sympathy between them. Moreover, Bucer fully agreed with the landgrave on the importance of compromise measures in treating the controversy surrounding the 514: 2365:; and new members were added to it for the cause; "To begin with and first of all, this constitution shall have no other purpose, form, or intent than to provide defense and repulsion and to keep ourselves and our subjects and related persons free of unjust violence. By this, we mean cases where, on account of the Christian, just, and correct cause – as defined in our treaty of Christian alliance – we are attacked, invaded, conquered, or in any other way injured, but only for this cause and no other." 2421: 2612:, was prevented from succeeding by the jealousy prevailing between Duke Maurice of Saxony and the Elector John Frederick I of Saxony. Fearful of the success of these plans, the emperor invited Philip to an interview at Speyer. Philip spoke plainly in criticism of the Emperor's policy, and it was soon evident that peace could not be preserved. Four months later (20 July 1546) the imperial ban was declared against John Frederick and Philip as perjured rebels and traitors. The result was the 543: 2488:

he did not give up hopes of reaching a religious compromise through diplomatic means. He was bitterly disgusted by the criticism directed against him, and feared that the law which he himself had enacted against adultery might be applied to his own case. In this state of mind he was now determined to make his peace with the Emperor on terms which would not involve desertion of the Protestant cause. He offered to observe neutrality regarding the imperial acquisition of the

2557: 40: 2694:—had come to the fore. Philip no longer desired to assume the leadership of the Protestant party. All his energies were now directed toward finding a basis of agreement between Protestants and Roman Catholics. At his direction his theologians were prominent in the various conferences where representative Roman Catholics and Protestants assembled to attempt to find a working basis for reunion. 3699: 2193:, were active in agitating against the growth of the Reformation. Their activities, along with other circumstances, including rumors of war, convinced Philip of the existence of a secret league among the Roman Catholic princes. His suspicions were confirmed to his own satisfaction by a forgery given him by an adventurer who had been employed in important missions by George of Saxony, one 2413:, but Luther replied that it was not enough for a Christian to consider the acts of the patriarchs, rather that he, like the patriarchs, must have special divine sanction. Since such sanction was clearly lacking in this case, Luther advised against bigamous marriage, especially for Christians, unless there was extreme necessity, as, for example, if the wife was 2342:, which was to protect their religious and secular interests against interference from the Emperor. The landgrave and his ally, John, Elector of Saxony, became recognized leaders of this union of German princes and cities. Philip was thoroughly convinced that the Protestant cause depended on weakening the power of the 2373:. The emperor's fears as to the political purpose of the league were, for the time being, set aside, but at the same time a council which would include representatives of the pope was rejected and measures were taken to secure the permanence of the Protestant cause in the future. In 1538–39 relations between 2475:, where, on 4 March 1540, Philip and Margarethe were united. The time was particularly inauspicious for any scandal affecting the Protestants, for the Emperor, who had rejected the Frankfort Respite, was about to invade Germany. A few weeks later, however, the whole matter was revealed by Philip's sister 2623:

In despair Philip, who had been negotiating with the Emperor for some time, agreed to throw himself on his mercy, on condition that his territorial rights would not be impaired and that he himself would not be imprisoned. These terms were disregarded, however, and on 23 June 1547 both the leaders of

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The advances of Philip, though he declined to do anything prejudicial to the Protestant cause, were welcomed by the Emperor. Following Bucer's advice, the landgrave now proceeded to take active steps with the hope of establishing religious peace between the Roman Catholics and Protestants. Secure of

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This event had affected the entire political situation in Germany. Even while the marriage question was occupying his attention, Philip was engaged in constructing far-reaching plans for reforming the Church and for drawing together all the opponents of the House of Habsburg, though at the same time

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of Saxony. Philip easily gained his first wife's consent to the marriage. Bucer, who was strongly influenced by political arguments, was won over by the landgrave's threat to ally himself with the Emperor if he did not secure the consent of the theologians to the marriage, and the Wittenberg divines

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Philip himself wrote from prison to forward the acceptance of the Augsburg Interim, especially as his liberty depended upon it. As long as the unrestricted preaching of the Gospel and the Protestant tenet of justification by faith were secured, other matters seemed to him of subordinate importance.

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on 27 February 1526, he showed that he was already taking steps to organize a protective alliance of all Protestant princes and powers. At the same time, he united political motives with his religious policy. As early as the spring of 1526, he sought to prevent the election of the Catholic Archduke

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of 1544, which opened his eyes to the danger threatening Protestantism. He prevented the Roman Catholic Duke Henry V of Brunswick-Lüneburg from taking forcible possession of his dominions and unsuccessfully planned a new alliance with German princes against Austria, pledging its members to prevent

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Before engaging in hostilities, Philip attempted to achieve the goals of Protestant policy by peaceful means. He proposed a compromise on the subject of confiscated church property, but at the same time he was untiring in preparing for a possible recourse to war and cultivated diplomatic relations

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The German prince's Evangelical interpretation of, “cuius regio, eius religio” ("Whose realm, his religion" ) at the Diet of Speyer in 1526, gave the Landgrave authority to garner enough political support to start a war effort, or at least a defensive effort. This effort resulted in the foundation

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refused to obey the landgrave's commands. Meanwhile, his imprisonment was made still more bitter by the information which he received concerning conditions in Hesse, and the rigor of his confinement was increased after he had made an unsuccessful attempt to escape. It was not until 1552 that the

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on his behalf. The struggles over authority continued, however. To put an end to them, Philip was declared of age in 1518, his actual assumption of power beginning the following year. The power of the Estates had been broken by his mother, but he owed her little else. His education had been very

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For his part, the Emperor agreed not to attack him in case there was a common war against all Protestants. These arrangements for special terms led to the collapse of Philip's position as leader of the Protestant party. He had become an object of suspicion, and, although the league continued to

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The imprisonment of Philip put the Protestants in Hesse into great trials and difficulties. It had previously been organized carefully by Philip and Bucer, and synods, presbyteries, and a system of discipline had been established. Now the public worship showed no uniformity, discipline was not

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policy to Melanchthon and urged that all Protestants should stand together in demanding that a general council alone should decide religious differences. This was supposed to be indicative of Zwinglianism, and Philip soon found it necessary to explain his exact position on the question of the

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in March 1563. He gave permanent form to the Hessian Church by the great agenda of 1566–67, and in his will, dated 1562, urged his sons to maintain the Augsburg Confession and the Concord of Wittenberg, and at the same time to work in behalf of a reunion of Roman Catholics and Protestants if

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In 1543 the internal dissensions of the Protestant league compelled Philip to resign from its leadership and to think seriously of dissolving it. He put his trust entirely in the Emperor's good faith, agreeing to help him against both the French and the Turks. At the

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On the other hand, the struggle between Protestant factions injured the advancement of their mutual interests, and Bucer, encouraged by Philip, was accordingly occupied in the attempt to bring Protestants together on a common religious platform, the result being the

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in the same year, Philip openly championed the Protestant cause, rendering it possible for Protestant preachers to propagate their views while the Diet was in session, and, like his followers, openly disregarding ordinary Roman Catholic ecclesiastical usages.

2335:, which outlawed Martin Luther and demanded his punishment as a heretic”. The Schmalkaldic League assumed the role of protectors of Protestant lands, the members of which were formally recognized in the First Agreement of the Schmalkaldic League in 1531. 2377:

and Protestants became strained almost to the breaking-point, and war was averted only by the Frankfort Respite. The Protestants, however, failed to avail themselves of their opportunities, largely through the extreme docility and pliability of Philip.

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Thus the "secret advice of a confessor" was won from Luther and Melanchthon (on 10 December 1539), neither of them knowing that the bigamous wife had already been chosen. Bucer and Melanchthon were now summoned, without any reason given, to appear in

2479:, and the scandal caused a painful reaction throughout Germany. Some of Philip's allies refused to serve under him, and Luther, under the plea that it was a matter of advice given in the confessional, refused to acknowledge his part in the marriage. 2350:

with any and all powers whom he knew to have anti-Habsburg interests. A peaceful turn came when arrangements were made with the Emperor at Nuremberg on 25 July 1532, but this did not prevent Philip from preparing for a future struggle.

2435:, where the Reformer had proposed that the king's difficulty could be solved by his taking a second wife better than by his divorcing the first one. To strengthen his position, there were Luther's own statements in his sermons on the 2673:

He read Roman Catholic controversial literature, attended mass, and was much impressed by his study of the Fathers of the Church. The Hessian clergy, however, boldly opposed the introduction of the Interim and the government at

2528:, of the secular princes were still faithful to the Roman Catholic cause, and while united action might at the time easily have resulted in the triumph of Protestantism, there was no union of purpose. Duke Maurice of Saxony and 2149:

Although there was no strong popular movement for Protestantism in Hesse, Philip determined to organize the church there according to Protestant principles. In this he was aided not only by his chancellor, the humanist

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Philip was also much disturbed by the internal conflicts that arose after Luther's death between his followers and the disciples of Melanchthon. He never wearied in urging the necessity of mutual toleration between

2512:, and in return for the concession of an amnesty, he agreed to stand by Charles against all his enemies, excepting Protestantism and the Schmalkaldic League; to make no alliances with France, England, or the 3520:

The civic regime was a group of able lenders at the free-city of Strasbourg, who consulted with the various powers of Strasbourg including: the guilds, Conrad Joham (one of the wealthiest men of Strasbourg),

2417:, or abnormal in other respects. Despite this discouragement, Philip gave up neither his project to secure a bigamous marriage nor his life of sensuality, which kept him for years from receiving communion. 2331:

of: the League of Gotha, then the League of Torgau, and finally the Schmalkaldic League. The Holy Roman Empire's elector John of Saxony, Philip's most powerful ally, agreed to, “oppose the terms of the

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imperfect, and his moral and religious training had been neglected. Despite all this, he developed rapidly as a statesman, and soon began to take steps to increase his personal authority as a ruler.

2439:, as well as historical precedents which proved to his satisfaction that it was impossible for anything to be un-Christian that God had not punished in the case of the patriarchs, who in the 2713:

Financial aid was given to the Huguenots, and Hessian troops fought side by side with them in the French religious civil wars, this policy contributing to the declaration of toleration at

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It seemed to him to be the only salve for his troubled conscience and the only hope of moral improvement open to him. He accordingly proposed to marry the daughter of one of his sister's

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and to prevent a French alliance, on condition that the emperor would pardon him for all his opposition and violation of the imperial laws, though without direct mention of his bigamy.

2279:. Although the attitude of the Wittenberg theologians frustrated his attempts to bring about harmonious relations, and although the situation was further complicated by the position of 3151: 2454:. While the landgrave had no scruples in this matter whatsoever, Margarethe was unwilling to take the step unless they had the approval of the theologians and the consent of the 2310:

The arrival of the emperor put an end to these disputes for the time being. But when Charles V demanded that the Protestant representatives should take part in the procession of

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Editors. "League of Gotha created as an association of Protestant princes". The Literary Encyclopedia. First published 01 November 2010; last revised 30 November -1.

2166:, was abandoned, at least in part, the monasteries and religious foundations were dissolved and their property was applied to charitable and scholastic purposes. The 3710: 2314:, and that Protestant preaching should cease in the city, Philip bluntly refused to obey. He now sought in vain to secure a modification of the tenth article of the 1325: 3763: 3273: 2702:

and Lutherans, and to the last cherished the hope of a great Protestant federation, so that, with this end in view, he cultivated friendly relations with

2228:, and Mainz, the latter bishopric also being compelled to recognize the validity of ecclesiastical jurisdiction in Hessian and Saxon territory until the 3511:

Brady A. Thomas Jr, Editor, Heiko A. Oberman, Communities, Politics and Reformation in Early Modern Europe(Leiden; Boston; Brill; Koeln, 1998) pp.92-96

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Brady A. Thomas Jr, Editor, Heiko A. Oberman, Communities, Politics and Reformation in Early Modern Europe(Leiden; Boston; Brill; Koeln, 1998) pp. 94

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declared he must be inspired by the Holy Spirit, and Emperor Charles V now intended to make him commander-in-chief in the next war against the Turks.

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on 9 March 1528, it was agreed that the Protestant princes should take the offensive in order to protect their territories from invasion and capture.

1018: 2092:. There he was attracted by Luther's personality, though he had at first little interest in the religious elements of the gathering. Philip embraced 2338:

In 1531 Philip was successful in accomplishing the purpose for which he had so long worked by securing the adhesion of the Protestant powers to the

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now forbade all breach of the peace, and, after long negotiations, Philip succeeded in extorting the expenses for his armament from the dioceses of

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Political conditions were nonetheless very unfavorable to Philip, who might easily be charged with disturbing the peace of the empire, and at the

1343: 3305: 2588:. Caption reads: "Don't frighten us Pope, with your ban, and don't be such a furious man. Otherwise we shall turn around and show you our rears." 1855: 2443:

were held up as models of faith. It was during an illness due to his excesses that the thought of taking a second wife became a fixed purpose.

2398:, who was also alleged to be an immoderate drinker, Philip committed adultery; and as early as 1526 he began to consider the permissibility of 994: 104: 57: 2532:

would not join the Schmalkaldic League; Cleves was successfully invaded by imperial troops; and Protestantism was rigorously suppressed in

1670: 76: 3393: 1467: 3656:"Nicht Bapst: nicht schreck uns mit deim ban, Und sey nicht so zorniger man. Wir thun sonst ein gegen wehre, Und zeigen dirs Bel vedere" 2216:, though convinced of the existence of the conspiracy, counseled strongly against acting on the offensive. The imperial authorities at 2782: 1443: 83: 984: 3816: 3499: 2962: 2843: 2592:

The situation was suddenly changed, however, and Philip was tardily forced again into the opposition against the Emperor, by the

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in a possible war against the Protestants and proposed a new Protestant alliance to take the place of the Schmalkaldic League.

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represented the Protestant side. Philip was successful in securing the permission of the Emperor to establish a university at

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Eucharist, whereupon he declared that he fully agreed with the Lutherans, but disapproved of persecuting the Swiss.

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Though Philip was now active in restoring order within his territories, new leaders—such as Maurice of Saxony and

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remain in force, and gained some new adherents in succeeding years, its real power had dissipated. But while only

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gave him his long-desired freedom and that he was able, on 12 September 1552, to reenter his capital, Kassel.

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Philip accordingly wrote Luther for his opinion about the matter, alleging as a precedent the polygamy of the

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Philip was untiring in his attempts to draw new allies into the league against Charles V and the Archduke

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the next day that it pleased him very much. From a series of woodcuts (1545) usually referred to as the

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in 1547 and the capture of the Elector John Frederick marked the fall of the Schmalkaldic League.

2221: 2182: 2162:, a staunch enemy of the faith he had left. While the radical policy of Lambert, embodied in the 1803: 1168: 953: 3864: 3854: 3692: 2577: 2497: 2287:

and the followers of Luther in their sacramental theories admitted honest disagreement, and that

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On 29 March 1545 Philipp read the pamphlet that contained this woodcut and wrote in a letter to

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http://www.germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=4389&language=english

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in 1541, and his presence there contributed to the direction affairs took at the

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was invited to Germany, and Philip thus prepared the way for the celebrated

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the Schmalkaldic League were taken to south Germany and held as captives.

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Philip was especially anxious to prevent division over the subject of the

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Within a few weeks of his 1523 marriage to the unattractive and sickly

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in 1544 he championed the Emperor's policy with great eloquence. The

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Barbara, Countess of Württemberg-Mömpelgard, then Countess of Waldeck

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Philip was affected by Melanchthon's opinion concerning the case of

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http://www.germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/docpage.cfm?docpage_id=5409

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Protestant Resistance, The Smalkaldic League (1531/35) accessed on

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was finally introduced, sanctioning Catholic practises and terms.

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Philipp Konrad, Count of Dietz (29 September 1547 – 25 May 1569),

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Christopher Ernst, Count of Dietz (16 July 1543 – 20 April 1603).

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were worked upon by the plea of the prince's ethical necessity.

2406:, he lived "constantly in a state of adultery and fornication." 2815: 2763: 2674: 2303: 2217: 2202: 2077: 243: 2836:(13 February 1539 – 14 March 1582), married on 8 July 1560 to 2627: 2294:

The result was that Philip was suspected of a tendency toward

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In Latin, the title reads "Hic oscula pedibus papae figuntur"

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The Constitution of the Smalkaldic League, December 23, 1535

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Philip refused to be drawn into the anti-Lutheran league of

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The first agreement of the Schmalkaldic League accessed on

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Albrecht, Count of Dietz (10 March 1546 – 3 October 1569).

2601:. When this failed, he sought to secure the neutrality of 3714:(third ed.). London and New York: Funk and Wagnalls. 2256: 3764:

WW-Person: A data base of the higher nobility in Europe.

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Moritz, Count of Dietz (8 June 1553 – 23 January 1575).

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Philip of Hesse and Christine of Saxony, by Jost v. Hoff

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But all of this, like his projected coalition with the

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Hermann, Count of Dietz (12 February 1542 – ca. 1568).

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or a Christian council should decide to the contrary.

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New Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge

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religious colloquy, in which Melanchthon, Bucer, and

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in 1524 after a personal meeting with the theologian

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Luther's Last Battles: Politics And Polemics 1531-46

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Luther's Last Battles: Politics And Polemics 1531-46

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Magnus II, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Güstrow

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Anna, Countess of Dietz (1557 – 2/5 January 1558).

2665:applied, and many competing sectaries existed. The 64:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3667:. 2nd ed. (Lexington, Massachusetts: Heath, 1992). 2953:) between his four sons by his first wife, namely 2791:(or Hesse-Cassel) (24 June 1532 – 25 August 1592). 2170:was founded in the summer of 1527 to be, like the 339:Agnes, Electress of Saxony, then Duchess of Saxony 3836: 3665:Reformation Europe: Age of Reform and Revolution 2721:Philip died in 1567 and was interred in Kassel. 2291:could not resolve the differences definitively. 2926:Ernst, Count of Dietz (12 August 1554 – 1570). 2597:the acceptance of the decrees of the projected 2496:the imperial favor, he agreed to appear at the 2185:, Konrad II von Thungen, and the archbishop of 1747:(retained by Lutherans, mostly banned by Trent) 2002:(13 November 1504 – 31 March 1567), nicknamed 2794:Philip Louis (29 June 1534 – 31 August 1535). 2718:opportunity and circumstances should permit. 2088:took place in 1521, at the age of 17, at the 2040:. He was one of the main belligerents in the 1980: 3599:Oberman, Heiko Augustinus (1 January 1994). 3553:The Life of Luther Written by Himself, p.251 2933:On his death, his territories were divided ( 2262: 2004: 444: 437: 430: 423: 414: 407: 400: 390: 353: 294: 3579: 3577: 2628:Imprisonment of Philip and Interim in Hesse 2482: 2302:in 1530, especially when he propounded his 2011: 2748:(31 May 1527 – 4 November 1555), married: 2084:The first meeting of Philip of Hesse with 1987: 1973: 246:, Landgraviate of Hesse, Holy Roman Empire 147: 3619: 2981:Ancestors of Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse 2908:in Frauenberg on 10 August 1577 to Count 2852:(29 June 1543 – 13 May 1604), married in 2724: 2427:, copy of a painting by an unknown artist 2053:Early life and embracing of Protestantism 124:Learn how and when to remove this message 3574: 2741:) and had in this marriage 10 children: 2631: 2555: 2419: 2385: 2145:Introduction of the Reformation in Hesse 277: 3757:"Genealogy of the Hessian noble family" 3707: 3598: 2800:(8 April 1536 – 8 June 1597), married: 2174:, a school for Protestant theologians. 376:Philip II, Landgrave of Hesse-Rheinfels 14: 3837: 3708:Jackson, Samuel Macauley, ed. (1914). 3592: 3569:The Life of Luther Written by Himself. 3347: 3227: 3223: 3213: 3105: 2995: 2991: 2866:(10 September 1547 – 7 February 1596). 2281:Georg, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach 1178:Censorship of the Bible § 16th century 386:George I, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt 381:Christine, Duchess of Holstein-Gottorp 344:Anna, Countess Palatine of Zweibrücken 3602:The Impact of the Reformation: Essays 3423: 3413: 3409: 3397: 3391: 3381: 3365: 3355: 3351: 3335: 3329: 3319: 3303: 3293: 3289: 3277: 3271: 3261: 3245: 3235: 3231: 3207: 3197: 3181: 3171: 3167: 3155: 3149: 3139: 3123: 3113: 3109: 3093: 3087: 3077: 3061: 3051: 3047: 3035: 3029: 3019: 3003: 2999: 2901:in Kassel on 3 October 1567 to Count 349:William IV, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel 281: 3676:Toward the Bigamy of Philip of Hesse 3126:Ludwig I, Count of Württemberg-Urach 2381: 2042:War of the Katzenelnbogen Succession 366:Louis IV, Landgrave of Hesse-Marburg 314: 62:adding citations to reliable sources 33: 2898:(14 October 1544 – 1608), married: 2846:(22 April 1541 – 20 November 1583). 2562:John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony 2526:Henry V, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg 318: 24: 3368:Eric II, Duke of Pomerania-Wolgast 2552:Resumption of hostility to Charles 2346:emperors both at home and abroad. 2038:early Protestant rulers in Germany 25: 3896: 3754: 3740: 2768:John Frederick II, Duke of Saxony 2522:Albrecht VII, Duke of Mecklenburg 2357:, who had been invested with the 2326:Leader of the Schmalkaldic League 1486:16th century Renaissance humanism 1225:Political and religious conflicts 409:Christopher Ernst, Count of Dietz 3697: 2685: 2158:, but also by the ex-Franciscan 2119:, in 1525. By his alliance with 1468:Dutch Renaissance and Golden Age 1344:Influence on church architecture 541: 512: 38: 3650: 3641: 2886:(12 March 1541 – 10 June 1569). 2830:(27 May 1537 – 9 October 1604). 310: 273: 49:needs additional citations for 3605:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. 3544: 3532: 3523: 3514: 3505: 3492: 3480: 3090:William II, Landgrave of Hesse 2208:Both Luther and the elector's 2100:. He then helped suppress the 1169:Counter-Reformation § Politics 477:William II, Landgrave of Hesse 432:Philipp Konrad, Count of Dietz 73:"Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse" 29:Prince Philipp of Hesse-Kassel 13: 1: 3474: 3248:Henry IV, Duke of Mecklenburg 3152:Mathilde of Württemberg-Urach 2910:Stephan Heinrich of Everstein 2818:on 11 November 1568 to Count 2809:George I, Duke of Württemberg 2755:on 9 January 1541 to Elector 2197:. After meeting with Elector 1881:Conclusion and commemorations 1564:Hymnody of continental Europe 1477:Folklore of the Low Countries 1112:Frederick V, Elector Palatine 775:Theologies of seminal figures 371:Elisabeth, Electress Palatine 3817:Philip II of Hesse-Rheinfels 3332:Anna of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 3210:Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse 3032:Louis II, Landgrave of Hesse 2963:Philip II of Hesse-Rheinfels 2896:Margretha, Countess of Dietz 2856:on 17 December 1564 to Duke 2844:Philip II of Hesse-Rheinfels 2066:Anna of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 2047: 2000:Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse 786:Theology of Huldrych Zwingli 487:Anna of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 417:Margretha, Countess of Dietz 173:11 July 1509 – 31 March 1567 7: 3860:German Protestant Reformers 3184:Mechthild of the Palatinate 3006:Louis I, Landgrave of Hesse 2972: 2864:George I of Hesse-Darmstadt 2160:François Lambert of Avignon 1513:English Renaissance theatre 995:Denmark–Norway and Holstein 10: 3901: 3827:Georg I of Hesse-Darmstadt 3797:William IV of Hesse-Kassel 3341: 3225: 3099: 2993: 2967:Georg I of Hesse-Darmstadt 2955:William IV of Hesse-Kassel 2903:Hans Bernhard of Eberstein 2838:Louis VI, Elector Palatine 2789:William IV of Hesse-Kassel 2692:Christopher of Württemberg 2660:and the Landgrave of Hesse 2506:Johann Pistorius the Elder 1708:Lutheran and Anglican Mass 1573:Music of the British Isles 1500:16th century in literature 26: 3823: 3813: 3807:Louis IV of Hesse-Marburg 3803: 3793: 3784: 3776: 3771: 3615:– via Google Books. 3426:Sophia of Pomerania-Stolp 3411: 3403: 3394:Sophie of Pommern-Wolgast 3375: 3353: 3349: 3313: 3291: 3283: 3255: 3233: 3229: 3191: 3169: 3161: 3133: 3111: 3107: 3071: 3049: 3041: 3013: 2997: 2959:Louis IV of Hesse-Marburg 2870:Also, on 4 March 1540 he 2858:Adolf of Holstein-Gottorp 2828:Louis IV of Hesse-Marburg 2530:Joachim II of Brandenburg 2263:Suspected of Zwinglianism 2191:Albert III of Brandenburg 1934:Calendrical commemoration 1247:War of the Three Kingdoms 781:Theology of Martin Luther 508: 492: 482: 472: 460: 329: 250: 237: 217: 213: 187: 177: 169: 162: 146: 141: 2876:Margarethe von der Saale 2807:on 10 September 1555 to 2642:Suleiman the Magnificent 2574:Depictions of the Papacy 2483:Overtures to the Emperor 2452:Margarethe von der Saale 2425:Margarethe von der Saale 2172:University of Wittenberg 2076:, succeeded in becoming 646:Johann Ruchrat von Wesel 425:Albrecht, Count of Dietz 297:Margarethe von der Saale 3678:, Brooklyn, New York.: 3629:By Mark U. Edwards, Jr. 3488:accessed 21 April 2015. 3306:Dorothea of Brandenburg 2783:Wolfgang of Zweibrücken 2766:on 26 May 1555 to Duke 2177:Philip's father-in-law 2121:John, Elector of Saxony 2110:Battle of Frankenhausen 1779:First Wittenberg hymnal 1237:French Wars of Religion 1051:Major political leaders 791:Theology of John Calvin 452:Anna, Countess of Dietz 402:Hermann, Count of Dietz 241:31 March 1567 (aged 62) 3631:Fortress Press, 2004. 3584:Mark U. Edwards, Jr., 2739:George, Duke of Saxony 2725:Marriages and children 2708:Elizabeth I of England 2661: 2589: 2473:Rotenburg an der Fulda 2428: 2391: 2355:Ferdinand I of Austria 2245:Protestation at Speyer 2179:George, Duke of Saxony 2117:George, Duke of Saxony 2057:Philip was the son of 2034:Protestant Reformation 2005: 1495:16th century in poetry 1298:German Renaissance Art 1278:Painting and sculpture 445: 439:Moritz, Count of Dietz 438: 431: 424: 415: 408: 401: 391: 354: 295: 2635: 2559: 2423: 2389: 2237:Second Diet of Speyer 2168:University of Marburg 1903:Simultaneous rise of 1815:Book of Common Prayer 1615:Scottish church music 1601:Anglican church music 1082:Gaspard II de Coligny 1057:Henry VIII of England 861:Peter Martyr Vermigli 446:Ernst, Count of Dietz 228:Landgraviate of Hesse 2733:on 11 December 1523 2359:Duchy of Württemberg 2164:Homberg church order 2154:, and his chaplain, 2102:German Peasants' War 2064:and his second wife 2032:and champion of the 1894:Protestant orthodoxy 1867:Whole Book of Psalms 1831:Book of Common Order 1699:Ecclesiastical Latin 1252:German Peasants' War 804:Protestant Reformers 734:Northern Renaissance 729:Bohemian Reformation 713:Contributing factors 617:Gottschalk of Orbais 317:; died 280:; died 58:improve this article 3885:People from Marburg 3875:Landgraves of Hesse 2735:Christine of Saxony 2396:Christine of Saxony 2340:Schmalkaldic League 2316:Augsburg Confession 2098:Philipp Melanchthon 2062:William II of Hesse 1899:Peace of Westphalia 1890:Confessionalization 1694:Liturgical Struggle 1620:Normative principle 1199:Holy Roman Emperors 1148:Counter-Reformation 599:Girolamo Savonarola 262:Christine of Saxony 3787:Landgrave of Hesse 2882:Philipp, Count of 2729:Philip married in 2704:French Protestants 2662: 2618:Battle of Mühlberg 2590: 2580:, commissioned by 2546:bishop of Augsburg 2498:Diet of Regensburg 2429: 2392: 2371:Wittenberg Concord 2230:Holy Roman Emperor 2134:Holy Roman Emperor 1804:Thomissøn's hymnal 1606:Exclusive psalmody 1362:Metaphysical poets 1284:Northern Mannerism 1274:Art and literature 1187:Anti-Protestantism 1123:Electors of Saxony 1087:Henry IV of France 1077:William the Silent 1000:Sweden and Finland 891:Balthasar Hubmaier 856:Heinrich Bullinger 816:Philip Melanchthon 749:Johannes Gutenberg 739:Christian humanism 681:Ninety-five Theses 549:Ninety-five Theses 392:Philipp, Count of 164:Landgrave of Hesse 136:Landgrave of Hesse 18:Philipp I of Hesse 3833: 3832: 3824:Succeeded by 3814:Succeeded by 3804:Succeeded by 3794:Succeeded by 3755:Marek, Miroslav. 3727:Missing or empty 3720:cite encyclopedia 3693:Find in a Library 3670:Hastings, Eells. 3663:De Lamar Jensen, 3637:978-0-8006-3735-4 3471: 3470: 3467: 3466: 2820:Daniel of Waldeck 2757:Maurice of Saxony 2636:Allegory showing 2456:elector of Saxony 2448:ladies-in-waiting 2382:Bigamous marriage 1997: 1996: 1821:Metrical psalters 1242:Eighty Years' War 1232:Thirty Years' War 1117:Philip I of Hesse 841:Andreas Karlstadt 651:Johannes von Goch 632:Berengar of Tours 627:Claudius of Turin 608:Arnold of Brescia 520: 519: 232:Holy Roman Empire 209:(Hesse-Darmstadt) 204:(Hesse-Rheinfels) 134: 133: 126: 108: 16:(Redirected from 3892: 3870:German Lutherans 3777:Preceded by 3769: 3768: 3760: 3751: 3736: 3730: 3725: 3723: 3715: 3701: 3700: 3657: 3654: 3648: 3645: 3639: 3623: 3617: 3616: 3596: 3590: 3581: 3572: 3571: 3565:Internet Archive 3562: 3561: 3548: 3542: 3536: 3530: 3527: 3521: 3518: 3512: 3509: 3503: 3496: 3490: 3484: 2987: 2986: 2978: 2977: 2667:Augsburg Interim 2646:Pope Clement VII 2614:Schmalkaldic War 2599:Council of Trent 2570:Papstspottbilder 2460:John Frederick I 2300:Diet of Augsburg 2277:Marburg Colloquy 2273:Huldrych Zwingli 2181:, the bishop of 2027: 2024: 2019: 2016: 2013: 2008: 1989: 1982: 1975: 1927:Luther Monuments 1922:Reformation Wall 1892:with subsequent 1856:Scottish Psalter 1770:Lutheran hymnals 1671:Calvin's liturgy 1666:Reformed worship 1587:Lutheran chorale 1430:Bohorič alphabet 1262:Schmalkaldic War 1160:Council of Trent 1135:John Frederick I 1034:Poland-Lithuania 911:Jacobus Arminius 821:Huldrych Zwingli 744:German mysticism 545: 522: 521: 516: 448: 441: 434: 427: 420: 411: 404: 397: 357: 322: 320: 316: 312: 300: 285: 283: 279: 275: 221:13 November 1504 151: 139: 138: 129: 122: 118: 115: 109: 107: 66: 42: 34: 21: 3900: 3899: 3895: 3894: 3893: 3891: 3890: 3889: 3835: 3834: 3829: 3819: 3809: 3799: 3790: 3782: 3759:. Genealogy.EU. 3749: 3743: 3728: 3726: 3717: 3716: 3698: 3660: 3655: 3651: 3646: 3642: 3624: 3620: 3613: 3597: 3593: 3582: 3575: 3559: 3557: 3556:. G. Bell. 1904 3550: 3549: 3545: 3537: 3533: 3528: 3524: 3519: 3515: 3510: 3506: 3497: 3493: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3472: 2975: 2951:Hesse-Darmstadt 2947:Hesse-Rheinfels 2727: 2688: 2680:Peace of Passau 2630: 2594:Treaty of Crépy 2576:in English, by 2566:Papstspotbilder 2554: 2490:Duchy of Cleves 2485: 2437:Book of Genesis 2402:. According to 2384: 2375:Roman Catholics 2328: 2265: 2147: 2123:, concluded in 2055: 2050: 2030:German nobleman 2025: 2022:the Magnanimous 2020: 2017: 2014: 1993: 1957: 1956: 1955: 1941:Reformation Day 1931: 1882: 1874: 1873: 1872: 1861: 1849:Genevan Psalter 1843: 1838:Souterliedekens 1825: 1809: 1791: 1773: 1750: 1740: 1726: 1722:Paraphrase mass 1713: 1703: 1689: 1675: 1656: 1642: 1624: 1610: 1596: 1582: 1568: 1555: 1547: 1546: 1545: 1504: 1490: 1481: 1472: 1458: 1434: 1395: 1371: 1335: 1321: 1307: 1293: 1275: 1267: 1266: 1227: 1217: 1216: 1215: 1196: 1182: 1173: 1164: 1155:Catholic Church 1149: 1141: 1140: 1139: 1107:Gustav II Adolf 1102:Gabriel Bethlen 1097:Stephen Bocskai 1092:Jeanne d'Albret 1067:Oliver Cromwell 1052: 1044: 1043: 936: 928: 927: 871:François Hotman 851:George Buchanan 836:William Tyndale 806: 796: 795: 776: 768: 767: 763:Johann Reuchlin 714: 706: 705: 676: 666: 665: 641:Wessel Gansfort 567: 557: 500: 456: 325: 324: 308: 304: 301: 287: 271: 267: 264: 242: 222: 205: 200: 199:(Hesse-Marburg) 195: 158: 137: 130: 119: 113: 110: 67: 65: 55: 43: 32: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3898: 3888: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3865:House of Hesse 3862: 3857: 3855:Child monarchs 3852: 3847: 3831: 3830: 3825: 3821: 3820: 3815: 3811: 3810: 3805: 3801: 3800: 3795: 3792: 3783: 3778: 3774: 3773: 3772:Regnal titles 3767: 3766: 3761: 3752: 3742: 3741:External links 3739: 3738: 3737: 3695: 3680:AMS Press inc. 3668: 3659: 3658: 3649: 3640: 3618: 3611: 3591: 3588:(2004), p. 199 3573: 3543: 3531: 3522: 3513: 3504: 3491: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3469: 3468: 3465: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3435: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3428: 3422: 3419: 3418: 3415: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3405: 3404: 3402: 3399: 3398: 3396: 3390: 3387: 3386: 3383: 3382: 3380: 3377: 3376: 3374: 3371: 3370: 3364: 3361: 3360: 3357: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3342: 3340: 3337: 3336: 3334: 3328: 3325: 3324: 3321: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3314: 3312: 3309: 3308: 3302: 3299: 3298: 3295: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3285: 3284: 3282: 3279: 3278: 3276: 3270: 3267: 3266: 3263: 3262: 3260: 3257: 3256: 3254: 3251: 3250: 3244: 3241: 3240: 3237: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3218: 3215: 3214: 3212: 3206: 3203: 3202: 3199: 3198: 3196: 3193: 3192: 3190: 3187: 3186: 3180: 3177: 3176: 3173: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3163: 3162: 3160: 3157: 3156: 3154: 3148: 3145: 3144: 3141: 3140: 3138: 3135: 3134: 3132: 3129: 3128: 3122: 3119: 3118: 3115: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3101: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3094: 3092: 3086: 3083: 3082: 3079: 3078: 3076: 3073: 3072: 3070: 3067: 3066: 3064:Anna of Saxony 3060: 3057: 3056: 3053: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3042: 3040: 3037: 3036: 3034: 3028: 3025: 3024: 3021: 3020: 3018: 3015: 3014: 3012: 3009: 3008: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2983: 2982: 2976: 2974: 2971: 2931: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2921: 2918: 2915: 2914: 2913: 2906: 2893: 2890: 2887: 2872:morganatically 2868: 2867: 2861: 2847: 2841: 2831: 2825: 2824: 2823: 2812: 2795: 2792: 2786: 2780:Count palatine 2773: 2772: 2771: 2760: 2726: 2723: 2687: 2684: 2658:Duke of Saxony 2654:Duke of Cleves 2629: 2626: 2553: 2550: 2542:Diet of Speyer 2514:duke of Cleves 2484: 2481: 2462:, and of Duke 2383: 2380: 2333:Edict of Worms 2327: 2324: 2312:Corpus Christi 2289:Holy Scripture 2271:. Through him 2264: 2261: 2146: 2143: 2138:Diet of Speyer 2106:Thomas Müntzer 2054: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2006:der Großmütige 1995: 1994: 1992: 1991: 1984: 1977: 1969: 1966: 1965: 1959: 1958: 1954: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1937: 1930: 1929: 1924: 1918: 1912: 1911: 1901: 1896: 1883: 1880: 1879: 1876: 1875: 1871: 1870: 1862: 1860: 1859: 1852: 1844: 1842: 1841: 1834: 1826: 1824: 1823: 1818: 1810: 1808: 1807: 1800: 1797:Swenske songer 1792: 1790: 1789: 1782: 1774: 1772: 1771: 1756: 1749: 1748: 1741: 1739: 1738: 1727: 1725: 1724: 1714: 1712: 1711: 1704: 1702: 1701: 1696: 1690: 1688: 1687: 1685:Deutsche Messe 1682: 1680:Formula missae 1676: 1674: 1673: 1668: 1662: 1655: 1654: 1649: 1643: 1641: 1640: 1631: 1629:Anglican chant 1625: 1623: 1622: 1617: 1611: 1609: 1608: 1603: 1597: 1595: 1594: 1589: 1583: 1581: 1580: 1575: 1569: 1567: 1566: 1560: 1556: 1553: 1552: 1549: 1548: 1544: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1522: 1521: 1520: 1515: 1503: 1502: 1497: 1491: 1489: 1488: 1482: 1480: 1479: 1473: 1471: 1470: 1465: 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2693: 2686:Closing years 2683: 2681: 2676: 2670: 2668: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2634: 2625: 2621: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2606: 2604: 2600: 2595: 2587: 2586:Pope Paul III 2583: 2582:Martin Luther 2579: 2578:Lucas Cranach 2575: 2572:in German or 2571: 2567: 2563: 2558: 2549: 2547: 2543: 2537: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2517: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2493: 2491: 2480: 2478: 2474: 2468: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2444: 2442: 2441:New Testament 2438: 2434: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2416: 2412: 2407: 2405: 2404:Martin Luther 2401: 2397: 2388: 2379: 2376: 2372: 2366: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2351: 2347: 2345: 2341: 2336: 2334: 2323: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2308: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2292: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2260: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2233: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2206: 2204: 2201:of Saxony in 2200: 2196: 2195:Otto von Pack 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2175: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2142: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2113: 2111: 2107: 2104:by defeating 2103: 2099: 2095: 2094:Protestantism 2091: 2090:Diet of Worms 2087: 2086:Martin Luther 2082: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2060: 2045: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2023: 2009: 2007: 2001: 1990: 1985: 1983: 1978: 1976: 1971: 1970: 1968: 1967: 1964: 1963:Protestantism 1961: 1960: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1938: 1936: 1935: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1919: 1917: 1916: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1891: 1888: 1887: 1886: 1878: 1877: 1869: 1868: 1864: 1863: 1858: 1857: 1853: 1851: 1850: 1846: 1845: 1840: 1839: 1835: 1833: 1832: 1828: 1827: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1816: 1812: 1811: 1806: 1805: 1801: 1799: 1798: 1794: 1793: 1788: 1787: 1783: 1781: 1780: 1776: 1775: 1769: 1768: 1763: 1762: 1758: 1757: 1755: 1754: 1746: 1743: 1742: 1736: 1732: 1729: 1728: 1723: 1719: 1716: 1715: 1709: 1706: 1705: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1691: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1677: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1664: 1663: 1661: 1660: 1653: 1650: 1648: 1645: 1644: 1639: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1626: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1612: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1598: 1593: 1592:Lutheran hymn 1590: 1588: 1585: 1584: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1570: 1565: 1562: 1561: 1559: 1551: 1550: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1523: 1519: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1510: 1509: 1508: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1492: 1487: 1484: 1483: 1478: 1475: 1474: 1469: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1460: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1436: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1397: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1382: 1379: 1377: 1374: 1373: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1354: 1352: 1351: 1345: 1342: 1341: 1340: 1339: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1326:Art conflicts 1324: 1323: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1309: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1295: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1281: 1279: 1271: 1270: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1229: 1226: 1221: 1220: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1203: 1201: 1200: 1193: 1190: 1188: 1185: 1184: 1179: 1176: 1175: 1170: 1167: 1166: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1152: 1145: 1144: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1130:Frederick III 1128: 1127: 1125: 1124: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1054: 1048: 1047: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 996: 993: 991: 988: 986: 983: 981: 978: 976: 973: 971: 968: 966: 963: 961: 958: 955: 951: 947: 944: 942: 939: 938: 932: 931: 924: 923: 919: 917: 914: 912: 909: 907: 904: 902: 899: 897: 894: 892: 889: 887: 884: 882: 879: 877: 874: 872: 869: 867: 866:William Farel 864: 862: 859: 857: 854: 852: 849: 847: 846:Theodore Beza 844: 842: 839: 837: 834: 832: 829: 827: 824: 822: 819: 817: 814: 812: 811:Martin Luther 809: 808: 805: 800: 799: 792: 789: 787: 784: 782: 779: 778: 772: 771: 764: 761: 759: 756: 754: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 725: 722: 720: 717: 716: 710: 709: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 686:Diet of Worms 684: 682: 679: 678: 675: 670: 669: 662: 659: 657: 654: 652: 649: 647: 644: 642: 639: 637: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 609: 606: 604: 600: 597: 595: 591: 588: 586: 582: 581:John Wycliffe 579: 577: 573: 570: 569: 566: 561: 560: 555: 554:Martin Luther 552:, written by 551: 550: 544: 540: 539: 536: 533: 532: 528: 524: 523: 515: 511: 507: 503: 498: 495: 491: 488: 485: 481: 478: 475: 471: 468: 465: 463: 459: 453: 450: 447: 443: 440: 436: 433: 429: 426: 422: 419: 418: 413: 410: 406: 403: 399: 396: 395: 389: 387: 384: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 369: 367: 364: 362: 359: 356: 352: 350: 347: 345: 342: 340: 337: 336: 334: 332: 328: 299: 298: 289: 288: 263: 256: 255: 253: 249: 245: 240: 236: 233: 229: 225: 220: 216: 212: 208: 203: 198: 193: 190: 186: 183: 180: 176: 172: 168: 165: 161: 156: 150: 145: 140: 128: 125: 117: 114:December 2021 106: 103: 99: 96: 92: 89: 85: 82: 78: 75: – 74: 70: 69:Find sources: 63: 59: 53: 52: 47:This article 45: 41: 36: 35: 30: 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Retrieved 3552: 3546: 3534: 3525: 3516: 3507: 3494: 3482: 3209: 2939:Hesse-Kassel 2932: 2869: 2805:Reichenweier 2728: 2720: 2712: 2696: 2689: 2671: 2663: 2622: 2607: 2591: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2538: 2518: 2494: 2486: 2469: 2445: 2430: 2408: 2393: 2367: 2362: 2352: 2348: 2337: 2329: 2309: 2296:Zwinglianism 2293: 2285:Martin Bucer 2266: 2234: 2214:Gregor Brück 2207: 2176: 2152:Johann Feige 2148: 2114: 2083: 2056: 2021: 2003: 1999: 1998: 1933: 1932: 1914: 1913: 1884: 1865: 1854: 1847: 1836: 1829: 1813: 1802: 1795: 1784: 1777: 1765: 1759: 1752: 1751: 1658: 1657: 1652:Verse anthem 1647:Falsobordone 1557: 1506: 1505: 1349: 1348: 1337: 1336: 1331:Beeldenstorm 1289:Lutheran art 1277: 1211:Ferdinand II 1198: 1197: 1122: 1121: 1116: 921: 896:Menno Simons 831:Martin Bucer 696:Magisterials 691:Luther Bible 636:Berengarians 547: 504:(until 1524) 499:(since 1524) 451: 153:Portrait by 120: 111: 101: 94: 87: 80: 68: 56:Please help 51:verification 48: 3850:1567 deaths 3845:1504 births 3750:(in German) 2156:Adam Krafft 1909:Rationalism 1718:Cyclic mass 1386:Anglo-Irish 1357:Elizabethan 1312:English art 1303:Swedish art 1062:Elizabeth I 975:Czech Lands 970:Netherlands 946:Switzerland 935:By location 922:Many others 826:John Calvin 576:Waldensians 572:Peter Waldo 535:Reformation 178:Predecessor 3839:Categories 3791:1509–1567 3780:William II 3560:2011-09-28 3475:References 2700:Calvinists 2502:Regensburg 2433:Henry VIII 2411:patriarchs 2210:chancellor 1885:Conclusion 1367:Propaganda 1350:Literature 612:Arnoldists 565:Precursors 192:William IV 182:William II 155:Hans Krell 84:newspapers 2937:becoming 2850:Christine 2834:Elisabeth 2706:and with 2650:Francis I 2638:Charles V 2477:Elisabeth 2320:Eucharist 2269:Eucharist 2253:Strasburg 2249:Nuremberg 2241:Charles V 2136:. At the 2130:Ferdinand 2059:Landgrave 2048:Biography 2028:), was a 1915:Monuments 1659:Liturgies 1638:Polyphony 1634:Homophony 1578:Hymn tune 1463:Icelandic 1444:Norwegian 1206:Charles V 1192:Criticism 876:John Knox 674:Beginning 622:Ratramnus 509:Signature 202:Philip II 188:Successor 2973:Ancestry 2874:married 2344:Habsburg 2222:Würzburg 2183:Würzburg 1951:Anglican 1946:Lutheran 1745:Sequence 1710:in music 1526:Morality 1518:Pastoral 1420:Romanian 1381:Scottish 1338:Building 1317:Woodcuts 990:Slovenia 965:Scotland 751:and his 701:Radicals 603:Piagnoni 594:Hussites 585:Lollardy 527:a series 525:Part of 497:Lutheran 493:Religion 207:George I 197:Louis IV 142:Philip I 3706:: 3682:(2003) 2854:Gottorp 2798:Barbara 2753:Marburg 2731:Dresden 2715:Amboise 2603:Bavaria 2510:Marburg 2464:Maurice 2415:leprous 2226:Bamberg 2108:at the 2070:Estates 2015: 1905:Pietism 1786:Ausbund 1753:Hymnals 1541:Revenge 1536:Tragedy 1531:History 1507:Theater 1454:Finnish 1449:Swedish 1439:Faroese 1415:Sorbian 1039:Ireland 1019:Austria 1010:Estonia 1005:Iceland 985:Romania 980:Hungary 960:England 941:Germany 758:Erasmus 661:Pataria 590:Jan Hus 556:in 1517 323: 307: 303: 286: 270: 266: 224:Marburg 98:scholar 3686: 3635: 3609: 2965:, and 2949:, and 2816:Kassel 2764:Weimar 2675:Kassel 2656:, the 2652:, the 2524:, and 2400:bigamy 2304:irenic 2255:, and 2218:Speyer 2203:Weimar 2078:regent 1767:Second 1425:Danish 1410:Slovak 1391:German 1024:France 1014:Latvia 954:Zürich 950:Geneva 529:on the 483:Mother 473:Father 313: 276: 251:Spouse 244:Kassel 157:, 1534 100: 93: 86: 79: 71: 2935:Hesse 2884:Dietz 2746:Agnes 2610:Swiss 2187:Mainz 2125:Gotha 2074:Hesse 1761:First 1737:Rites 1735:Sarum 1731:Roman 1558:Forms 1554:Music 1405:Swiss 1400:Czech 1376:Welsh 1029:Italy 462:House 394:Dietz 331:Issue 321:) 309:( 305: 284:) 272:( 268: 170:Reign 105:JSTOR 91:books 3733:help 3684:ISBN 3633:ISBN 3607:ISBN 3424:15. 3366:14. 3304:13. 3246:12. 3182:11. 3124:10. 2776:Anna 2534:Metz 2199:John 2012:lit. 1907:and 1764:and 1733:vs. 1720:vs. 1636:vs. 1012:and 634:and 610:and 601:and 592:and 583:and 574:and 319:1566 315:1540 282:1549 278:1523 238:Died 218:Born 77:news 3392:7. 3330:3. 3272:6. 3208:1. 3150:5. 3088:2. 3062:9. 3030:4. 3004:8. 2814:in 2803:in 2762:in 2751:in 2568:or 2257:Ulm 2132:as 2072:of 60:by 3841:: 3724:: 3722:}} 3718:{{ 3576:^ 3567:. 2969:. 2961:, 2957:, 2945:, 2941:, 2710:. 2648:, 2644:, 2536:. 2458:, 2450:, 2322:. 2259:. 2251:, 2224:, 2212:, 2189:, 2112:. 2044:. 311:m. 274:m. 230:, 226:, 3735:) 3731:( 3502:, 2912:. 2905:; 2860:. 2840:. 2822:. 2811:; 2785:. 2770:. 2759:; 2026:' 2018:' 2010:( 1988:e 1981:t 1974:v 956:) 952:/ 948:( 127:) 121:( 116:) 112:( 102:· 95:· 88:· 81:· 54:. 31:. 20:)

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