Phi Beta Sigma - Knowledge

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alumni and collegiate chapters of the chosen city. During the convention, members of the General Board – the administrative body of the fraternity-are elected and appointed. The General Board may act in the interest of the Fraternity when the Conclave is not in session. In addition, seminars, social events, concerts, an international Miss Phi Beta Sigma Pageant, Stepshow, and oratorical contests are also held during the week-long conference. Throughout the years, notable individuals such as George Washington Carver, Dr. Carter G. Woodson, and NFL quarterback Charlie Batch were speakers at past Conclaves.

2017:, A. Langston Taylor thought to establish a fraternity. Soon after, he started as a student at Howard University in Washington, D.C. In October 1913, Taylor and Leonard F. Morse had their initial conversation about starting a fraternity. They included Charles I. Brown as the third member of the founding group. By November 1913, they established a committee to develop what was to become Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity. Soon after the first committee meeting, Taylor, Morse, and Brown chose nine associates to join in creating the fraternity. Those men were the first charter members of the organization. 2192: 2002: 2325: 3413: 1872: 3360:

the help of many Sigma members, in addition to families and friends of Sigmas brothers, some impressive artifacts of the history of the Fraternity were discovered. Among those artifacts, pictures of Sigma Founder A. Langston Taylor; historical pictures from the 1914, 1915, and 1916 yearbooks at Howard University; original letters; Conclave banners; and interviews with Sigma Brother Decatur Morse, son of Sigma Founder Leonard F. Morse, Samuel Proctor Massie II, son of an

2291:. Like many other organizations during this period, Phi Beta Sigma faced financial difficulties. With brothers faced with financial worries, some members were forced to leave their respective institutions due to lack of funds to continue their educations; several chapters became inactive. The fraternity saw its income drastically shrink to the point of nearly disappearing completely. As a result of the bank closures, the remaining funds of the fraternity were frozen. 2547: 2996: 248: 2594:

skin tone or texture of hair. They wished and wanted their fraternity to exist as part of even a greater brotherhood which would be devoted to the "inclusive we" rather than the "exclusive we." The fraternity's defiance of stereotypes that have plagued other organizations indeed goes back to the founders themselves with their careful and deliberate building of the fraternity by promoting a membership with diverse backgrounds.

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collegiate affairs. The offices of Second-Vice President and collegiate member at large are reserved positions on the general board for collegiate (undergraduate) members to hold. In addition, the Editor of The Crescent Magazine, Director of publicity, and the National Executive Director make up the members of the General Board. The latter-mentioned members are appointed to their positions and do not hold voting powers.

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African, Caucasian, Hispanic, Native American, and Asian descent. According to its Constitution, academically eligible male students of any race, religion, or national origin may join while enrolled at a college or university through collegiate chapters, or professional men may join through an alumni chapter if a college degree has been attained, along with a certain minimum number of earned credit hours.

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As a result of deaths and other dislocations resulting from the war, the General Board was forced to re-organize. Fraternity President I. L. Scruggs asked founder and National Treasurer A. Langston Taylor to contact members as soon as they re-appeared in civilian clothes. Taylor helped revive the fraternity by appealing to members in the US, as numerous Sigma men were serving on the European battle front.

40: 2670:. As part of the campaign, the fraternity developed anti-hazing training materials, held a town hall meetings, facilitated workshops and encouraged local chapters to participate in the annual National Anti-Hazing Awareness Day. Phi Beta Sigma's efforts to eliminate hazing from the fraternity continue as local chapters are now mandated to participate in anti-hazing awareness workshops. 3322:(Sigmas Waging War Against Cancer) is a concentrated and coordinated effort to reduce the incidence of cancer in the African-American community. Through a partnership with the American Cancer Society, the goal of Project S.W.W.A.C. is to increase awareness, with a strong emphasis on early detection and prevention of prostate and colorectal cancer. 2309:

Bigger and Better Business program. The first objective of Phi Beta Sigma's new program was to call upon colleges to provide business courses for its students. The fraternity went forward with its plans to implement the bigger and better business program and aid as many financially strapped chapters as possible through scholarships for brothers.

2129:"Arizona Cleaver was the chief builder and she asked fourteen others to join her. I shall never forget the first meetings held in the dormitory rooms of Miner Hall. Miss Hardwick, the matron, never knew I was about until I was escorted out by Arizona, who was her assistant. I was Miss Hardwick's favorite boy." 3259:

The Bigger and Better Business serves as an umbrella for other national initiatives involving business. The program's goals include supporting minority businesses, increasing communication with sigma brothers involved with business, and instilling sound business principals and practices to members of

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The Bigger and Better Negro Business idea was first tested in 1924 with an imposing exhibition in Philadelphia. This was held in connection with the Conclave. Twenty-five leading Negro Businesses sent statements and over fifty sent exhibits. The whole show took place in the lobby of the YMCA. Several

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Established at the 1929 Conclave, the Distinguished Service Chapter is the highest honor bestowed on a member of Phi Beta Sigma. Membership in the Distinguished Service Chapter must be recommended and approved by the awardees Chapter, Region, and by the General Board of the Fraternity prior to entry.

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In 1996, the fraternity was sued by a former pledge and football player at the University of Georgia for violating hazing laws. As a pledge, he was hospitalized with bruises to his buttock and torn blood vessels due to being paddled by fraternity members. Three members were arrested and pled guilty

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The Conclave is the legislative power of Phi Beta Sigma. During a conclave year, delegates representing all of the active chapters from within the seven regions of the Fraternity meet in the chosen city. The Conclave-or fraternity convention- is currently held biannually and usually co-hosted by the

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Today, Phi Beta Sigma has blossomed into an international organization of leaders. The fraternity has experienced unprecedented growth and continues to be a leader among issues of social justice as well as proponent of the interests of minority communities, the needy, the oppressed, and the youth.

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From its inception, the Founders also conceived Phi Beta Sigma as a mechanism to deliver services to the general community. Rather than gaining skills to be utilized exclusively for themselves and their immediate families, the founders of Phi Beta Sigma held a deep conviction that they should return

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The founders deeply wished to create an organization that viewed itself as "a part of" the general community rather than "apart from" the general community. They believed that each potential member should be judged by his own merits rather than his family background or affluence... without regard of

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led a 54-mile protest march from Selma to the capital of Alabama: Montgomery. Lewis became known nationally for his prominent role in the marches and became a Congressman as a Democrat from Georgia. During police attacks on the peaceful demonstration Lewis was beaten mercilessly, leaving head wounds

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joined and became the executive secretary of the then newly formed Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. From 1961 to 1965 Forman, a decade older and more experienced than most of the other members of SNCC, became responsible for providing organizational support to the young, loosely affiliated

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As the nation came to terms with the Great Depression, Phi Beta Sigma and its members continued to implement programs to support the black community. In February 1930, the General Board met in New York City and appointed then vice president of the Eastern Region, Dr. T. H. Wright, as head of the new

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Phi Beta Sigma responded to a "call to arms" in 1917 as the United States entered the First World War. Alpha chapter had about seventy members in uniform. During the war, many members entered the service or war work. Many fraternity chapters were depleted, and the National Office ceased to function.

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created in 2001 by Sigma brothers Mark Pacich, Louis W. Lubin Jr. and Ahab El’Askeni. The museum's initial goal was to dispel the discrepancies of the Fraternity's history, by collecting as many newspaper articles, Crescent Magazines, Conclave Journals, autographs, pictures, etc., as possible. With

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became the first African-American mayor of the city of Chicago, Illinois. In 1986, the Fraternity opened the Phi Beta Sigma Federal Credit Union which is open to members of the Fraternity, members of the sister sorority, Zeta Phi Beta, their families, and their respective Regions and chapters. With

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As Phi Beta Sigma prepared for the Silver (25th) Anniversary, a special search was made for lost founder Charles I. Brown. The search would yield no results as to the fate or location of Founder Brown. The 1939 conclave marking the 25th anniversary of the fraternity was held on the campus of Howard

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by their Sigma counterparts, Charles R. and A. Langston Taylor. As National Executive Secretary of Phi Beta Sigma, Charles Taylor wrote to all Sigma chapters requesting they establish Zeta chapters at their respective institutions. With the efforts of Taylor, Zeta added several chapters in areas as

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In 2012, a former pledge at Virginia State University sued the fraternity for $ 1 million as a result of his problematic experience with the fraternity. He was hospitalized due to constant physical abuse and forced to drop out of college due to emotional trauma that distracted him from completing

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At the 1941 Conclave in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the fraternity became a permanent member of the National Negro Business League. At the same conclave Brother A. Philip Randolph announced a proposed march on Washington, D.C., to protest racial discrimination in defense work and the armed forces.

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In the spring of 1919, Sigma member Charles Robert Samuel Taylor, a student at Howard University, discussed with fellow student Arizona Cleaver his idea for a sister organization to be established. Cleaver presented this idea to fourteen other Howard women. With the help of Charles Taylor and A.

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By February 1920, Phi Beta Sigma had expanded to ten active chapters. During the December 1919 Conclave, Phi Beta Sigma's first conclave after the war, A. Langston Taylor was given approval from the General Board to assist in the organization of what was to become Phi Beta Sigma's sister sorority.

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in 1917. Today, the fraternity serves through a membership of more than 200,000 men in over 700 chapters in the United States, Africa, Europe, Asia, and the Caribbean. Although Phi Beta Sigma is considered a predominantly African-American fraternity, its membership includes college-educated men of

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In 2011, Terry Davis, the former elected national treasurer for the fraternity was convicted for embezzling at least $ 50,000 from the fraternity's bank accounts. He was sentenced to 31 months in prison and ordered to repay the fraternity $ 50,000 in restitution. Davis was initially charged with

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Phi Beta Sigma's Constitution states that race, religion, and national origin are not criteria for membership. Membership is predominantly African-American in composition, with members in over 700 collegiate and alumni chapters in the United States, District of Columbia, Germany, Switzerland, The

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No longer a single entity, the Fraternity has now established the Phi Beta Sigma Educational Foundation, the Phi Beta Sigma Housing Foundation, the Phi Beta Sigma Federal Credit Union, a notable youth auxiliary program, "The Sigma Beta Club," and the Phi Beta Sigma Charitable Outreach Foundation.

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brought greetings to the brothers in attendance of the conference on behalf of the members of Omega Psi Phi. The following year, the general board approved the fraternity's affiliation with the already established National Pan-Hellenic Council. in continuation of Sigma's Social Action initiative,

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in 1934. As a result, railway porters were granted rights under federal law. This victory and the continuing work of Randolph and the BSCP led to the Pullman Company contract with the union, which included over $ 2 million in pay increases for employees, a shorter workweek, and overtime pay.

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to reference the symbolic meaning of the crescent to the fraternity. At the 1924 conclave, a special exhibit introduced the concept of the "Bigger and Better Negro Business". This would lead to the establishment of Bigger and Better Business as a national program at the 1925 conclave. At the 1928

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With administration permission, Zeta Phi Beta sorority held its first official meeting on January 16, 1920. The founders and charter members of the Sorority were Arizona Cleaver (Stemons), Viola Tyler (Goings), Myrtle Tyler (Faithful), Pearl Anna Neal, and Fannie Pettie (Watts). The five founders

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charter member, Samuel P. Massie, Robert L. Pollard II, son of Sigma brother Col. Robert L. Pollard who joined Sigma in 1919, and Dr. Gregory Tignor, son of Sigma brother Madison Tignor who also joined Sigma in 1919. The exhibit has been displayed in many cities including; Orlando, Philadelphia,

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Phi Beta Sigma has from its very beginning concerned itself with improving the general well-being of minority groups. In 1934, a well-defined program of Social Action was formulated and put into action. Elmo M. Anderson, then president of Epsilon Sigma chapter (New York) formulated this program

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In 2009, Donnie Wade Jr., a student at Prairie View A&M University, died of extreme exhaustion due to illegal hazing activity while he was pledging the fraternity. His family filed a $ 97 million lawsuit against the fraternity and the chapter was temporarily expelled from campus for several

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Through the years, members of Phi Beta Sigma have been involved in incidents related to hazing, although now denounced by the fraternity, incidents have been discovered of pledges being subjected to activities which in some case have resulted in serious injury and even death. Prior to 1990, the

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In 1922, Founder Taylor called for the assembly of the Black Greek-lettered organizations of Howard University to discuss the formation of a governing council. Although the efforts of Taylor failed on that particular day, they would sow the seeds for what was to become the National Pan-Hellenic

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The following year, Walker and founder A. Langston Taylor, were elected Editor-in-Chief and circulation manager, respectively. Other fraternity members also advanced to leadership positions at Howard: W.F. Vincent, William H. Foster, John Berry, Earl Lawson, among others, were presidents of the

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in Washington, D.C., on January 9, 1914, by three young African-American male students with nine other Howard students as charter members. The fraternity's founders, A. Langston Taylor, Leonard F. Morse, and Charles I. Brown, wanted to organize a Greek letter fraternity that would exemplify the

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Phi Beta Sigma aims their focuses on issues that greatly impact the African-American community and the youth of the nation. The Phi Beta Sigma national programs of Bigger and Better Business, Education and Social Action are realized through the Fraternity's overarching program, Sigma Wellness,

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In the early 1950s, Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity developed a youth auxiliary group. Under the direction of Dr. Parlett L. Moore the Sigma Beta Club was founded. On April 23, 1954, the first club chapter was organized in Montgomery, AL. The Sigma Beta Clubs' principles of focus emphasize Culture,

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In the winter of 1934, Sigma brothers Elmo Anderson, James W. Johnson, Emmett May and Bob Jiggets presented the Social Action proposition to the Conclave in Washington, D.C. The idea was adopted as a national program at the same conclave. Anderson is credited as "The Father of Social Action".

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The Current General board is composed of The International President, First Vice-President, Second-Vice President, Treasurer, General Counsel, a Distinguished Service Chapter Representative, the regional directors, the immediate past-president, two collegiate members at large, and director of

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while taking an inclusive perspective to serve the community as opposed to having an exclusive purpose. The fraternity exceeded the prevailing models of Black Greek-Letter fraternal organizations by being the first to establish alumni chapters, youth mentoring clubs, a federal credit union,

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Phi Beta Sigma believes that the improvement and economic conditions of minorities is a major factor in the improvement of the general welfare of society. It is upon this conviction that the Bigger and Better Business Program rests. Since 1926, the Bigger and Better Business Program has been

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Crescent Club was the official pledge club of Phi Beta Sigma and potential candidates interested in becoming a member of the fraternity would join the pledge club before being fully initiated. In response to the increasing number of lawsuits stemming from allegations and incidents related to

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in early January 2020. That designer incorporated the Fraternity's name along with other symbolism on the fabric of pants offered for sale on its website. The Fraternity objected and explained in a cease-and-desist letter that such usage was in violation of trademark and was not developed as

2316:, northern region vice president C. L. Roberts suggested that instead of a yearly meeting, the annual conclaves should be held once every two years. It was also at this conclave that brother George Washington Carver delivered an impassioned and emotional speech to the brothers in attendance. 3247:"Philadelphia, 1924, Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity 'arrived'. We had a mob of people at this Conclave. There were representatives from twenty-eight chapters -and all the trimmings. The introduction of the Bigger and Better Negro Business idea was made by way of an exhibit devoted to this topic. 2204:

The 1920s also witnessed the birth of the Harlem Renaissance - a flowering of African-American cultural and intellectual life that began to be absorbed into mainstream American culture. Phi Beta Sigma fraternity brother Alain LeRoy Locke is unofficially credited as the "Father of the Harlem

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During the first two years, the fraternity organized and maintained a Sunday school program, led by A.H. Brown; and opened a public library and art gallery, which became the foundations of the Benjamin Banneker Research Society and the Washington Art Club, respectively. Abraham M. Walker, a

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Project S.E.T. (Sigma Education Time) is focused on increasing grade point averages and graduation rates of collegiates throughout the nation. The program aims to help with job readiness, choosing a career path {3–5 year outlook}, interviewing techniques, negotiating and entrepreneurship.

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On July 16, 2014, as part of the fraternity's centennial celebration, a permanent museum was opened at the Phi Beta Sigma International Headquarters in Washington D.C. As a result, Phi Beta Sigma became the first Historically Black Greek Lettered fraternity to open its own museum.

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were elected the first district judge of the Illinois Supreme Court and first African-American elected by popular vote to a statewide office in the state of Texas respectively. In 1995, the fraternity was the only NPHC organization involved with the planning and support of the

2651:, Phi Beta Sigma and other members of the National Pan-Hellenic Council jointly agreed to disband pledging as a form of admission. In an attempt to eliminate Hazing from these organizations, each revised its orientation procedures and developed the Membership Intake Process. 2061: 2741:

Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity's membership includes many notable members who are involved in the fields of arts and entertainment, business, civil rights, education, health, law, politics, science, and sports. The fraternity's membership roster includes heads of state

2662:, launched a coalition whose aim was to combat hazing culture not just within the black Greek Lettered Organizations, but also the broader community at large. The coalition, also pledged their support of federal anti-hazing legislation that was being spearheaded by 3276:

The National Program of Education focuses on programming and services to graduate and undergraduates in the fraternity. Programs such as scholarships, lectures, college fairs, mentoring, and tutoring enhance this program on local, regional and national levels.

2616:"Each one, was different in temperament, in ability, in appearance; but that was why they were chosen by the three founders. We felt that a fraternity composed of men who were all alike in habits, interest and abilities would be a pretty dull organization." 2393:

Due to the outbreak of the Second World War no Conclaves were held, although some brothers in various regions were able to assemble independently of the General Board. At the fraternity's first spring conclave in 1944, the fraternity voted to support the

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thousand visitors seemed to have been impressed. The response was so great that the 1925 Conclave in Richmond, Virginia voted unanimously to make Bigger and Better Negro Business the public program of the Fraternity, and it has been so ever since."

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the community. Project S.E.E.D. (Sigma Economic Empowerment Development) is the foremost Bigger and Better Business Program. The program was developed to help the membership focus on two important areas: Financial Management and Home ownership.

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The Sigma Beta Club provides mentoring, guidance, educational tutorial assistance and advise to young men between ages 6 to 18. Created in 1950, it was the first youth auxiliary group of any of the National Pan-Hellenic Council organizations.

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activists by paying bills, radically expanding the institutional staff, and planning the logistics for programs. Under the leadership of Forman and others, SNCC became an important political player at the height of the Civil Rights Movement.

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The 1940s and 1950s would show the continued expansion of Phi Beta Sigma. In 1949, the fraternity became an international organization with the chartering of the Beta Upsilon Sigma graduate chapter and the Gamma Nu Sigma graduate chapter in

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Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, the United States Virgin Islands, the Bahamas, Africa, and

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the fraternity introduced the Sigma Wellness initiatives as the latest national programs. The 2009 Conclave in New Orleans saw former President William Jefferson Clinton accept honorary member invitation to Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity."

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In 2015, the fraternity was kicked off the campus of Salisbury University until Spring 2017. The university had received several anonymous complaints of pledges being beaten with paddles, forced to drink alcohol, and being harassed.

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Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity organizes its chapters according to their regions in the United States and abroad. The seven regions are each led by a regional director and a regional board. A comprehensive list of regions is shown below:

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1934 also marked the birth of Social Action as a national program and the return of founder A. Langston Taylor to the forefront of Sigma. Brother Emmett May was elected as the first director of the social action initiative.

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chose the name Zeta Phi Beta. The similar names of both Sigma and Zeta are intentional in nature, as the women adopted the Greek letters 'Phi' and 'Beta' to "seal and signify the relationship between the two organizations".

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In 2012, seven members (six students and one staff member) of the fraternity were banned from the campus of Wiley College after reports surfaced of the brutal and dangerous hazing practices pledges had to go through.

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The founders of Phi Beta Sigma were all educators in their own right. The genesis of the Education Program lies in the traditional emphasis that the fraternity places on Education. During the 1945 conclave in

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Renaissance." His philosophy served as a strong motivating force in keeping the energy and passion of the Movement at the forefront. In addition to Locke, Sigma brothers James Weldon Johnson and

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As the struggle for the civil rights of African Americans renewed in the 1950s, Sigma men held positions of leadership among various civil rights groups, organized protests, and proposed the

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their newly acquired skills to the communities from which they had come. This deep conviction was mirrored in the Fraternity's motto, "Culture For Service and Service For Humanity."

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In 2014, a former Francis Marion University student won a $ 1.6 million lawsuit against an individual member of the fraternity and his home owners policy after allegedly suffering

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was published. The journal was the official organ of the fraternity; Eugene T. Alexander was named its first editor. The following month, the fraternity held its 1921 Conclave at

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chapters in Africa, and a collegiate chapter outside of the United States. It is the only fraternity to hold a constitutional bond with a historically African-American sorority,

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The Birth of Bigger and Better Business, As told by Dr. I.L. Scruggs, Excerpts from Our Cause Speeds On, by W. Sherman Savage and L.D. Reddick, The Fuller Press, Georgia, 1957

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Parks, Malveaux, Morial (2008) Black Greek-letter organizations in the twenty-first century: our fight has just begun Lexington-Fayette, KY University Press of Kentucky, p.102

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In 2006, seven Sigmas were arrested for beating pledges from the University of South Carolina. One known pledge was hospitalized due to the severe beatings and torment.

2036: 1684: 1636: 2566:. In addition to those projects, the fraternity added Project Vote and the Phi Beta Sigma Capital Hill Summit under the social action umbrella. At the 2007 conclave in 5897: 3858: 2701:

In 1998, a pledge at Southern Illinois University was struck in the chest by several members of the fraternity which caused him to suffer from a severe asthma attack.

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Bahamas, Virgin Islands, South Korea, Japan and countries in Africa. Since its founding in 1914, more than 200,000+ men have joined the membership of Phi Beta Sigma.

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Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, North Dakota, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Washington, Wyoming, Japan, South Korea and Kuwait

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The fraternity's five main social action programs are Project Vote, Sigma Wellness, Sigma Presence on Capitol Hill, and projects S.W.W.A.C. and S.A.T.A.P.P.

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In 1992, a pledge at Southern University (Baton Rouge) went blind after being intentionally hit on the head with a frying pan by a member of the fraternity.

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A year after the establishment of Phi Beta Sigma, it began expansion to other campuses. On November 13, 1915, Beta chapter was chartered at Wiley College in

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in Baltimore). The 1916 conclave authorized production of an official fraternity publication, and member W.F. Vincent was elected as the National Editor.

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In the spring of 1915, the fraternity worked to emphasize its intellectual reach. It inducted such African-American scholars as Dr. Edward P. Davis, Dr.

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is focused on presenting Sigma members the opportunity to discuss many of the critical issues facing our communities with members of the U.S. Congress.

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On January 31, 1920, Phi Beta Sigma was incorporated in the district of Washington, D.C., and became known as Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity, Incorporated.

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by graduate member Herbert Stevens. Beta chapter became the first chapter of any African-American Greek-lettered organization to be chartered south of

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The assets of the museum have grown since the initial display in 2000. The most coveted possession yet to be acquired are the first 2 issues of the

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calling for the reconstruction of social order. It was a tremendous success. It fit in with the social thinking of the American public in those

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The fraternity expanded over a broad geographical area in a short amount of time when its second, third, and fourth chapters were chartered at

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Under the leadership of Sigma Brother A. Philip Randolph, the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters was able to gain rights under federal law.

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in Washington, D.C. On April 15, 1914, the Board of Deans at Howard University officially recognized Phi Beta Sigma and the following week

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was invited as a guest speaker and saw the creation of the Distinguished Service chapter. The fall of 1929 saw the crash of the nation's

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sponsored on a national scale by Phi Beta Sigma as a way of supporting, fostering, and promoting minority owned businesses and services.

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is a collaborative venture with the March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation to address the alarming rise in teenage pregnancy. The

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the establishment of the credit union, Phi Beta Sigma became the first NPHC organization to offer such an entity to its members.

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would later be involved with the 1963 March on Washington, Randolph as a key organizer and Lewis as a speaker representing the

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in Washington, D.C. Some 200 members attended, representing three collegiate chapters, Alpha, Beta, and Gamma (established at

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were participants in this creative emergence, led primarily by the African-American community based in the neighborhood of

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is to register and educate citizens and encourage members of the community to participate in the democratic process. The

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On January 9, 1914, the permanent organization of Phi Beta Sigma fraternity was established in the Bowen Room of the

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Sigma Brother John Lewis speaks during the final day of the 2008 Democratic National Convention in Denver, Colorado.

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is Chris V. Rey, J. D., and the fraternity's headquarters are located at 145 Kennedy Street, NW, Washington, D.C.

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Has distinguished himself in the Fraternity and/or in his respective communities for extending exemplary service.

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The 1935 Atlanta Conclave saw yet another meeting between Sigma and Omega Psi Phi fraternities. Omega founders

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Harrison, Lullelia W. "Torchbearers of a Legacy: A History of Zeta Phi Beta Sorority, In. 1920 – 1997", p.4

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the skin with a hot iron, as a part of the initiation process was officially sanctioned by the fraternity.

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A chapter name ending in "Sigma" denotes a graduate chapter. No chapter of Phi Beta Sigma is designated

2398:. 1949 would mark the reunion of two of the founders of Sigma: A. Langston Taylor and Leonard F. Morse. 2390:

and issue Executive Order 8802 which barred discrimination in governmental and defense industry hiring.

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due to being severely beaten throughout his pledge process. Nine Phi Beta Sigma members were arrested.

2521:, New York. In 1990, two Sigma brothers made significant firsts in their respective fields as Brothers 1749: 1729: 1232: 1167: 940: 842: 809: 596: 481: 2509:

In 1989, the Fraternity celebrated its Diamond Jubilee in Washington, D.C. Also in that year, brother

2057:. On March 5, 1915, Herbert L. Stevens was initiated, as the first Graduate member of Phi Beta Sigma. 3959: 2567: 2395: 2288: 2231:, Georgia. This conference saw the first-ever inter-fraternity conference between Phi Beta Sigma and 2197:

Sigma Brother A. Philip Randolph was seen as a key intellectual player during the Harlem Renaissance.

1704: 1448: 1408: 697: 4073:"Prairie View A&M disbands Phi Beta Sigma fraternity over hazing violations that ended in death" 6113: 2775: 2763: 2535: 2481:

from police brutality in the interest of African-American justice. As one of the many advocates of

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Listed below are the thirty-six International Presidents since the 1914 institution of the office

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The seven regions of Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity both within the United States and Internationally.

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stealing over $ 200,000 but his attorney was able to lower the amount due to lack of evidence.

2365:

We live in daily hope that we shall one day learn the fate of our beloved brother and founder.

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Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, Oklahoma and all of Tennessee west of the 86th Longitude

6635: 6520: 6063: 5971: 5547: 4399: 3620: 2383: 1120: 1110: 1042: 1005: 789: 779: 679: 360: 4723: 6103: 6043: 6028: 5638: 4948: 3418: 3356: 2514: 2268: 2224: 2147: 2084: 1969: 1876: 1328: 573: 365: 298: 4498: 4272: 3748:"Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity, Inc. Demands Ralph Lauren Remove Greek Letters from its Pants" 2141:

The newly established Zeta Phi Beta sorority, Inc. was given a formal introduction at the

8: 6701: 6675: 6540: 6490: 6435: 6219: 6174: 5998: 5935: 5686: 5225: 5038: 4978: 4918: 4848: 4768: 4260: 3270: 3076:

Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, Minnesota, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa, Ontario (Canada)

2755: 2720: 2474: 2407: 2050: 1744: 1222: 1184: 601: 432: 2477:. Originally the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense, their goal was the protection of 2013:

In the summer of 1910, after a conversation with a recent Howard University graduate in

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Black Greek-letter Organizations in the Twenty-First Century: Our Fight Has Just Begun

3946:"Former Treasurer of International Fraternity Sentenced in Connection with Bank Fraud" 3401:. The museum is only 14 issues away from having every Crescent magazine ever printed. 6749: 6739: 6655: 6590: 6580: 6545: 6485: 6377: 6352: 6332: 6317: 6287: 6262: 6247: 6237: 6169: 6133: 6098: 6083: 6033: 6008: 5905: 5882: 5724: 5681: 5656: 5646: 5567: 5562: 5489: 5479: 5295: 5235: 5164: 5159: 5139: 5129: 4993: 4783: 4687: 4669: 4607: 4549: 4459: 3982: 3838: 3645: 3370: 2767: 2563: 2531: 2526: 2510: 2502: 2403: 2340: 2313: 2284: 2054: 1944: 920: 761: 268: 110: 62: 6550: 3722:"PBS Celebrates 95TH Conclave in the Crescent City | Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity" 1300: 6515: 6505: 6322: 6257: 6189: 6088: 6058: 6013: 6003: 5993: 5920: 5915: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5719: 5691: 5676: 5607: 5582: 5280: 5190: 5134: 4943: 4938: 4853: 4843: 4793: 4239: 3752: 2933: 2667: 2654:

In 2012, then Phi Beta Sigma International President Jimmy Hammock, along with the

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became the first African-American Secretary of Education. At the 2003 conclave, in

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The divine nine : the history of African American fraternities and sororities

4363:

Excerpts from Our Cause Speeds On and The Crescent 1949 (35th Anniversary Edition)

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Torchbearers of a Legacy: A History of Zeta Phi Beta Sorority, Inc. 1920 – 1997

3543:

Torchbearers of a Legacy: A History of Zeta Phi Beta Sorority, Inc. 1920 – 1997

3021:

One must meet the following criteria in order to be considered for this honor:

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North Carolina, South Carolina and all of Tennessee east of the 86th Longitude

2099: 6780: 6650: 6625: 6620: 6605: 6535: 6450: 6430: 6425: 6204: 6078: 6038: 5847: 5837: 5832: 5749: 5729: 5577: 5524: 5494: 5347: 5255: 5093: 5073: 5068: 5033: 5023: 4973: 4908: 4888: 4868: 4833: 4823: 4699: 4681: 4650: 4556: 3986: 3776:"Ralph Lauren apologizes after using black fraternity symbol on $ 334 chinos" 3441: 2747: 2470: 2422:

of 1963. In Atlanta, A. Philip Randolph helped with the establishment of the

2232: 2155: 2114: 1961: 1954: 1851: 1846: 4099:"Hazing Lawsuit: George Desdunes' Death Sign of a Larger Problem - the Root" 4008: 6733: 6640: 6530: 6068: 5966: 5797: 5792: 5777: 5696: 5597: 5592: 5529: 5083: 4968: 2823: 2811: 2759: 2575: 2494: 2438: 2262:. The magazine's name change was suggested by members of the Mu chapter at 2161: 1335: 1147: 875: 738: 6696: 6691: 6670: 6510: 6347: 6337: 6327: 6292: 5802: 5772: 5519: 5144: 5108: 3330:

is focused on living healthier lifestyles through education. The goal of

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The Fraternity noticed abuse of its trademark by the clothing designer

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Brother Jesse W. Lewis was voted in as the DSC's first member (1929).

2546: 2410:, with the chartering of the Gamma Nu Sigma graduate chapter in 1955. 247: 6585: 6570: 6480: 6460: 6455: 6372: 6357: 6272: 6214: 5782: 5169: 5018: 5013: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4425:"Sigma Spotlight: Mark Pacich, Phi Beta Sigma International web-site" 3046: 2995: 2555: 2090: 1831: 1172: 905: 684: 511: 39: 4324: 3975:"Lawsuit Shatters Code of Silence Over Hazing at Black Fraternities" 2356:

brothers of Sigma were actively involved the Chicago meeting of the

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This proposed march would lead then president of the United States

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On December 28, 1916, Phi Beta Sigma hosted the fraternity's first

1217: 1142: 1135: 161: 4143:"Former VSU student sues Phi Beta Sigma over alleged hazing abuse" 2413: 2254:

In March 1924, the name of the fraternity's official publication,

2177:

The literary works of Sigma Brother James Weldon Johnson, such as

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50th Anniversary of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom

2228: 1305: 611: 16:

International historically African American collegiate fraternity

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is an honorary member. Other notable members include scientist

2210: 1212: 2406:. The fraternity would extend its international chapters into 2064:

Founding photo of Alpha chapter, Howard University, circa 1914

4753: 4125:"Wiley College accuses Phi Beta Sigma of hazing - CBS46 News" 3640: 3638: 3446: 3385: 2629: 1930: 985: 29: 3106:

Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, and the Bahamas,

3003:

will serve as the location of the Fraternity's 2019 Conclave

2675: 2136:(On Arizona Cleaver & the organization of Zeta Phi Beta) 2120:

Langston Taylor, they began work to found the new sorority.

2060: 4528: 3589:"In The Beginning", by Charles Robert Taylor, reprint from 2100:

Incorporation and the founding of Zeta Phi Beta (1920–1933)

2043: 1015: 3682:; September/October 2006, Vol. 113, Issue 5, pp. 30-37, 8p 3635: 4493: 4297:. Pbs1914programs.org. September 23, 2009. Archived from 2335:

Fraternity brother A. Philip Randolph, who organized the

3015: 2162:

Phi Beta Sigma's contributions to the Harlem Renaissance

2030:, Howard University's student newspaper, publicized it. 4458:. Lexington-Fayette, KY: University Press of Kentucky. 4453: 2146:

far west as Kansas City State College; as far south as

2034:

fraternity member, was elected associate editor of the

205:

Sigmas, Men of Sigma, 'Mab, Men of Fire & Brimstone

4612: 4183:"Md. fraternity paddled, abused pledges, report says" 3690: 3688: 2585:

profiled this controversy in a January 2020 article.

2320:

Social action and international expansion (1934–1949)

4059:"Seven USC students charged in 2006 hazing incident" 3408: 3350: 2623:(On The First Initiated Brothers of Phi Beta Sigma) 1808:

Unarmed African Americans killed by police officers

3960:"Black "Greek" Hazing Tied to Leadership Behavior" 3714: 3685: 2091:World War I and the Sigma call to arms (1917–1919) 2278: 6778: 3913:. Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity, Inc. Archived from 3224:Phi Beta Sigma – "Buying Black and Giving Back" 2426:(SCLC) in 1957. Randolph and fraternity brother 2109:Creation of Zeta Phi Beta Sorority, Incorporated 6738:. Nikki Giovanni (2nd ed.). New York, NY. 5336: 3865:(Press release). Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity, Inc 3378:"Culture For Service and Service For Humanity" 3025:Active in the Fraternity for at least ten years 2414:Sigma and the Civil Rights Movement (1950–1969) 5367:North American fraternity and sorority housing 4275:. Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity, Rho Sigma chapter 4034:"HAZING MORE COMMON AT SIUC THAN HIGH SCHOOLS" 3911:"Phi Beta Sigma National Anti-Hazing Campaign" 3746:Thornton, Cedric 'BIG CED' (January 9, 2020). 2635: 2312:Later that year, at the 1930 Conclave held in 535:Education of freed people during the Civil War 128:"Culture For Service and Service For Humanity" 5322: 4739: 4636: 4514: 4371: 4369: 3234: 3211:Phi Beta Sigma National Marrow Donor Program 2538:served as national coordinator of the March. 1985: 1906: 4478:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4265: 3606: 3574: 3548: 3535: 3239:As told by Dr. I. L. Scruggs (excerpts from 2588: 2283:At the 1929 Conclave held in New York City, 546:Historically black colleges and universities 4391: 4238:. Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity. Archived from 3219:Phi Beta Sigma – "A Fraternity that Reads" 2841: 530:Education during the slave period in the US 6766:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5329: 5315: 4746: 4732: 4643: 4629: 4521: 4507: 4366: 3885:"Black groups launch anti-hazing campaign" 3452:List of social fraternities and sororities 2219:In November 1921, the first volume of the 1913: 1899: 853:National Black Caucus of State Legislators 6807:Student organizations established in 1914 4755:North American Interfraternity Conference 3972: 3347:Athletics, Social and Educational needs. 2676:Notable embezzlement and hazing incidents 2432:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee 2372:(On The fate of Founder Charles I. Brown) 2339:, played a role in the amendments to the 1982:North American Interfraternity Conference 309:Slavery in the colonial history of the US 4400:"Phi Beta Sigma Museum Opens in NW D.C." 4287: 4006: 3745: 3524: 3522: 3495: 3493: 3292: 3133: 3045: 2994: 2545: 2424:Southern Christian Leadership Conference 2323: 2059: 2000: 6812:1914 establishments in Washington, D.C. 5346:Academic fraternities originating from 4529:Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity, Incorporated 3698:. Epsilon Epsilon Sigma. Archived from 3567:Taylor, Charles.R. "In The Beginning", 3035: 2541: 1996: 6792:Student societies in the United States 6779: 4397: 4295:"Phi Beta Sigma Community Initiatives" 3973:Applebome, Peter (December 21, 1994). 3843:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3792: 3341: 3336:Sigma Presence on Capitol Hill Program 3001:Westgate Las Vegas Resort & Casino 2664:United States House of Representatives 2497:was elected the first governor of the 2488: 5310: 4727: 4624: 4611: 4502: 4155: 3519: 3506: 3490: 3477: 3016:Distinguished Service Chapter members 2948:#28 William E. Stanley Jr., 1993–1995 2926:#22 Richard M. Ballard Jr., 1977–1979 2774:; organizer of the Million Man March 2388:Committee on Fair Employment Practice 1051:Athletic associations and conferences 540:History of African-American education 136:Brotherhood, Scholarship, and Service 6731: 5382:Hazing in Greek letter organizations 3773: 2966:#34 Jonathan A. Mason Sr., 2013–2017 2855:#01 Abram Langston Taylor, 1914–1916 2849: 2642:Hazing in Greek letter organizations 1950:Brotherhood, Scholarship and Service 974:Association for the Study of African 4762:Currently active members of the NIC 3155:Phi Beta Sigma Capitol Hill Summit 2337:Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters 2181:, played a significant role in the 1980:(NPHC) and a former member of the 1788:Race and ethnicity in the US census 1289:African-American Vernacular English 858:National Conference of Black Mayors 13: 4613:Articles related to Phi Beta Sigma 4445: 4398:Jacobs, Courtney (July 18, 2014). 2960:#32 Paul L. Griffin Jr., 2005–2009 2901:#15 George D. Flemmings; 1955–1957 2898:#14 George L. Hightower, 1954–1955 2886:#10 Richard A. Billings, 1941–1944 2766:; the first black Rhodes Scholar, 2730: 2303:6th International President of ΦΒΣ 1976:Phi Beta Sigma is a member of the 991:National Black Chamber of Commerce 14: 6823: 5179:Defunct former members of the NIC 4494:Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity website 4487: 3569:Phi Beta Sigma Crescent Magazine, 3351:The Phi Beta Sigma History Museum 3139:Phi Beta Sigma National Programs 2969:#35 Michael E. Cristal, 2017–2021 2942:#26 Moses C. McClendon, 1987–1989 2883:#09 George W. Lawrence, 1938–1940 2858:#02 Ivorite L. Scruggs, 1917–1919 2621:Sigma Co-Founder Leonard F. Morse 2579:Fraternity-approved sportswear. 1695:Places by plurality of population 361:Civil rights movement (1954–1968) 351:Civil rights movement (1865–1896) 304:Abolitionism in the United States 5123:Active former members of the NIC 4596:List of Phi Beta Sigma Conclaves 4454:Parks, Malveaux, Morial (2008). 4236:"Phi Beta Sigma Past Presidents" 3891:. Associated Press. May 31, 2012 3774:Sims, Megan (January 16, 2020). 3471:"Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity, Inc" 3437:List of Phi Beta Sigma conclaves 3411: 3288: 3086:Louisiana, New Mexico, and Texas 2991:List of Phi Beta Sigma conclaves 2929:#23 Charles B. Wright, 1980–1981 2923:#21 John E. Westberry, 1974–1976 2920:#20 Parlette L. Moore, 1971–1973 2907:#17 Roswell O. Sutton, 1960-1962 2861:#03 William S. Savage, 1920–1921 2437:In 1961, Phi Beta Sigma brother 2329:A porter for the Pullman Company 2190: 2170: 1870: 392:Black Belt in the American South 246: 38: 6725: 5541:Asian/Pacific Islander-American 4589:List of Phi Beta Sigma chapters 4582:List of Phi Beta Sigma brothers 4417: 4357: 4339: 4312: 4254: 4228: 4214: 4200: 4175: 4149: 4135: 4117: 4091: 4065: 4051: 4026: 4000: 3966: 3952: 3938: 3929: 3903: 3877: 3851: 3805: 3767: 3739: 3672: 3654: 3600: 3583: 3432:List of Phi Beta Sigma chapters 3427:List of Phi Beta Sigma brothers 3355:The Sigma History Museum was a 3042:List of Phi Beta Sigma chapters 2957:#31 Arthur R. Thomas, 2001–2005 2951:#29 Carter D. Womack, 1995–1997 2945:#27 Carter D. Womack, 1989–1993 2910:#18 Maurice A. Moore, 1963–1965 2904:#16 Hutson L. Lovell, 1958–1959 2889:#11 George A. Parker, 1944–1947 2867:#05 John W. Woodhous, 1923–1925 2864:#04 Walter M. Clarke, 1921–1922 2698:to hazing and battery charges. 2680: 2370:Founder Leonard F. Morse – 1949 2134:Sigma Brother Charles R. Taylor 1926:Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity, Inc. 996:National Council of Negro Women 3561: 3463: 3160:National Program of Education 2972:#36 Chris V. Rey, 2021–Present 2917:#19 Alvin J. McNeil, 1966–1970 2770:; Black Panther Party founder 2737:List of Phi Beta Sigma members 2479:African-American neighborhoods 2458:that are still visible today. 2279:Sigma and the Great Depression 2042:Debating Society, the college 1793:Racism against Black Americans 1: 6802:National Pan-Hellenic Council 4652:National Pan-Hellenic Council 4564:National Pan-Hellenic Council 4427:. Pbs1914.org. Archived from 4405:. The Afro American Newspaper 3724:. Pbs1914.org. Archived from 3457: 2954:#30 Peter M. Adams, 1997-2001 2895:#13 Felix J. Brown, 1951–1953 2892:#12 Ras O. Johnson, 1948–1950 2877:#07 Jesse W. Lewis, 1935–1936 2605: 2080: 2005:The birthplace of SIGMA: the 1978:National Pan-Hellenic Council 1938:historically African American 1001:National Pan-Hellenic Council 3678:Curtis. "Life of a Party". 3263: 2963:#33 Jimmy Hammock, 2009–2013 2939:#25 James T. Floyd 1984–1987 2810:; and professional athletes 2499:United States Virgin Islands 2022:12th Street Y.M.C.A Building 2007:Twelfth Street YMCA Building 1803:School segregation in the US 1341:Black American Sign Language 1315:Languages and other dialects 7: 5444:Lists by country/territory 5415:Fraternities and sororities 5338:Fraternities and sororities 4654:(in order by founding date) 4377:"PBS Southwestern Programs" 3404: 3144:Bigger and Better Business 2984: 2636:Pledging and hazing culture 2447:Selma to Montgomery marches 2251:Council eight years later. 630:African-American businesses 10: 6828: 6732:Ross, Lawrence C. (2019). 4346:Education Program Web-Site 4007:cmaadmin (July 11, 2007). 3661:Charles I. Brown Biography 3235:Bigger and Better Business 3192:Sleepout For The Homeless 3039: 2988: 2880:#08 James W. Johnson, 1937 2734: 2639: 2256:The Phi Beta Sigma Journal 2112: 1991: 1931: 1168:Great Dismal Swamp maroons 843:Congressional Black Caucus 810:African Diaspora Religions 597:Martin Luther King Jr. Day 30: 6684: 6386: 6228: 6147: 5980: 5954: 5896: 5861: 5763: 5710: 5631: 5538: 5468: 5407: 5354: 5344: 5178: 5122: 4761: 4659: 4618: 4573: 4543:Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity 4534: 3753:Black Enterprise magazine 3593:, Fall, 1959, Page 72 of 2806:; television personality 2778:; civil rights activists 2689: 2589:Purpose of the fraternity 2582:Black Enterprise magazine 2568:Charlotte, North Carolina 2396:United Negro College Fund 2037:Howard University Journal 1968:in Maryland in 1916, and 1675:US states and territories 976:American Life and History 698:Lift Every Voice and Sing 407:Treatment of the enslaved 245: 229: 209: 201: 193: 185: 175: 167: 156: 140: 132: 124: 116: 106: 98: 88: 78: 68: 46: 37: 28: 23: 3617:Planet Bahá'í 2003-02-28 2842:International Presidents 2792:The Original Temptations 2776:Benjamin Chavis Muhammad 2764:George Washington Carver 2536:Benjamin Chavis Muhammad 2513:became the president of 2483:The Black Power Movement 2461:Phi Beta Sigma brothers 2053:, T.M. Gregory, and Dr. 1877:United States portal 1284:African-American English 795:African-American Muslims 356:Jim Crow era (1896–1954) 4351:April 19, 2007, at the 4273:"ΦΒΣ National Programs" 3696:"Epsilon Epsilon Sigma" 3171:Sigma Wellness Project 2744:Benjamin Nnamdi Azikiwe 2656:National Action Network 2554:In 2001, Sigma brother 2358:National Negro Congress 2027:The University Reporter 1986:International President 1970:Kansas State University 1798:Reparations for slavery 886:Back-to-Africa movement 785:Black Hebrew Israelites 663:African-American beauty 52:; 110 years ago 5399:Mother of Fraternities 4557:Zeta Phi Beta Sorority 3666:June 23, 2009, at the 3554:Harrison, Lullelia W. 3541:Harrison, Lullelia W. 3399:Phi Beta Sigma Journal 3380: 3328:Sigma Wellness Project 3301: 3297:Phi Beta Sigma at the 3257: 3184:Clean Speech Movement 3051: 3004: 2658:, led by Sigma member 2618: 2551: 2367: 2332: 2298: 2242: 2221:Phi Beta Sigma Journal 2154:; and as far north as 2131: 2065: 2010: 1268:Dialects and languages 428:Second Great Migration 214:145 Kennedy Street, NW 4431:on September 28, 2011 4379:. Pbssouthwestern.org 4145:. September 27, 2012. 4105:on September 22, 2015 3917:on September 24, 2015 3376: 3296: 3245: 3163:Project S.A.T.A.P.P. 3134:The national programs 3049: 2998: 2640:Further information: 2614: 2549: 2384:Franklin D. Roosevelt 2363: 2327: 2294: 2285:Dr. Carter G. Woodson 2260:The Crescent Magazine 2238: 2127: 2063: 2004: 1680:US metropolitan areas 1507:List of neighborhoods 1121:Alabama Creole people 1111:African-American Jews 1043:Negro league baseball 1006:National Urban League 958:Civic/economic groups 790:African-American Jews 680:African-American hair 542:, after the Civil War 371:Post–civil rights era 3825:on December 12, 2006 3798:Savage, William S., 3528:Savage, William S., 3512:Savage, William S., 3499:Savage, William S., 3483:Savage, William S., 3419:United States portal 3357:traveling exhibition 3324:Project S.A.T.A.P.P. 3179:The Sigma Beta Club 3036:Chapters and regions 2542:Twenty-first century 2515:Medgar Evers College 2269:Louisville, Kentucky 2245:Brother I.L. Scruggs 2225:Morris Brown College 2148:Morris Brown College 2085:Morgan State College 1997:Founding (1910–1916) 1966:Morgan State College 1943:. It was founded at 1837:Criminal stereotypes 1612:District of Columbia 1329:Afro-Seminole Creole 771:Non-Christian groups 366:Black power movement 330:during the Civil War 299:Atlantic slave trade 50:January 9, 1914 6388:Social fraternities 5712:Historically Jewish 3800:Our Cause Speeds On 3728:on January 22, 2012 3623:on February 8, 2006 3530:Our Cause Speeds On 3514:Our Cause Speeds On 3501:Our Cause Speeds On 3485:Our Cause Speeds On 3342:The Sigma Beta Club 3271:St. Louis, Missouri 3241:Our Cause Speeds On 3195:HIV/AIDS Awareness 3176:Project S.W.W.A.C. 3140: 2756:William V.S. Tubman 2721:acute kidney injury 2489:History (1970–2000) 2475:Black Panther Party 2420:March on Washington 2408:Geneva, Switzerland 2271:, the tradition of 2009:in Washington, D.C. 1984:(NIC). The current 1233:Sierra Leone Creole 1194:Specific ancestries 1079:Southwestern (SWAC) 602:Black History Month 433:New Great Migration 387:Agriculture history 5392:Philippines deaths 4327:on August 24, 2007 4208:"Honorary Members" 4131:on March 19, 2017. 3979:The New York Times 3702:on October 8, 2011 3607:Goldsmith, James. 3320:Project S.W.W.A.C. 3302: 3231:adopted in 2007. 3138: 3052: 3005: 2872:Arthur W. Mitchell 2560:Memphis, Tennessee 2552: 2523:Charles E. Freeman 2353:Oscar James Cooper 2333: 2301:Arthur W. Mitchell 2267:Conclave, held in 2264:Lincoln University 2213:in New York City. 2207:A. Philip Randolph 2183:Harlem Renaissance 2074:Richmond, Virginia 2066: 2015:Memphis, Tennessee 2011: 1242:Sexual orientation 1116:Afro-Puerto Ricans 1069:Mid-Eastern (MEAC) 704:Self-determination 668:Black is beautiful 334:Reconstruction era 89:Former Affiliation 6797:Howard University 6745:978-1-4967-2887-6 6721: 6720: 6715: 6714: 6230:Social sororities 5304: 5303: 4721: 4720: 4688:Delta Sigma Theta 4670:Alpha Kappa Alpha 4605: 4604: 4550:Howard University 4465:978-0-8131-2491-9 4301:on March 26, 2012 4261:Regional Contacts 4242:on August 9, 2009 4156:Golgowski, Nina. 4061:. April 26, 2007. 3473:. August 9, 2021. 3228: 3227: 3200:Project S.A.D.A. 3152:Project S.E.E.D. 2981: 2980: 2768:Alain LeRoy Locke 2564:teenage pregnancy 2532:Million Man March 2527:Morris Overstreet 2511:Edison O. Jackson 2503:Harold Washington 2493:In 1970, brother 2404:Monrovia, Liberia 2341:Railway Labor Act 2314:Tuskegee, Alabama 2258:, was changed to 2055:Alain Leroy Locke 1945:Howard University 1923: 1922: 1860: 1859: 1758: 1757: 1532:Dallas-Fort Worth 1349: 1348: 1259: 1258: 1203:Americo-Liberians 1086: 1085: 1024: 1023: 949: 948: 818: 817: 762:Womanist theology 712: 711: 654:Symbols and ideas 440: 439: 319:Antebellum period 314:Revolutionary War 269:African Americans 254: 253: 237:.phibetasigma1914 197:200,000+ lifetime 111:African Americans 63:Howard University 6819: 6772: 6771: 6765: 6757: 6729: 6702:Gentlemen's club 5472:African-American 5331: 5324: 5317: 5308: 5307: 4748: 4741: 4734: 4725: 4724: 4645: 4638: 4631: 4622: 4621: 4609: 4608: 4535:Related Articles 4523: 4516: 4509: 4500: 4499: 4483: 4477: 4469: 4440: 4439: 4437: 4436: 4421: 4415: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4395: 4389: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4373: 4364: 4361: 4355: 4343: 4337: 4336: 4334: 4332: 4323:. Archived from 4316: 4310: 4309: 4307: 4306: 4291: 4285: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4269: 4263: 4258: 4252: 4251: 4249: 4247: 4232: 4226: 4225: 4218: 4212: 4211: 4204: 4198: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4179: 4173: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4153: 4147: 4146: 4139: 4133: 4132: 4127:. Archived from 4121: 4115: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4101:. Archived from 4095: 4089: 4088: 4086: 4084: 4079:. April 20, 2010 4069: 4063: 4062: 4055: 4049: 4048: 4046: 4044: 4030: 4024: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4004: 3998: 3997: 3995: 3993: 3970: 3964: 3963: 3962:. July 19, 2012. 3956: 3950: 3949: 3942: 3936: 3933: 3927: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3907: 3901: 3900: 3898: 3896: 3881: 3875: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3855: 3849: 3848: 3842: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3824: 3818:. Archived from 3817: 3809: 3803: 3796: 3790: 3789: 3771: 3765: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3743: 3737: 3736: 3734: 3733: 3718: 3712: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3692: 3683: 3676: 3670: 3658: 3652: 3642: 3633: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3619:. Archived from 3604: 3598: 3587: 3581: 3578: 3572: 3565: 3559: 3552: 3546: 3539: 3533: 3526: 3517: 3510: 3504: 3497: 3488: 3481: 3475: 3474: 3467: 3421: 3416: 3415: 3414: 3389: 3141: 3137: 2934:Demetrius Newton 2850: 2668:Frederica Wilson 2624: 2469:established the 2373: 2304: 2246: 2194: 2174: 2152:Atlanta, Georgia 2137: 2051:Thomas W. Turner 1934: 1933: 1915: 1908: 1901: 1875: 1874: 1873: 1822:media depictions 1771: 1770: 1666:Population count 1362: 1361: 1296:Liberian English 1275:English dialects 1272: 1271: 1228:Samaná Americans 1153:Creoles of color 1099: 1098: 1037: 1036: 981:Black conductors 962: 961: 831: 830: 805:Louisiana Voodoo 727: 726: 472:Family structure 455: 454: 402:Military history 397:Business history 328:military history 283: 282: 256: 255: 250: 241: 238: 236: 225: 221: 219:Washington, D.C. 215: 151: 146: 60: 58: 53: 42: 33: 32: 21: 20: 6827: 6826: 6822: 6821: 6820: 6818: 6817: 6816: 6777: 6776: 6775: 6759: 6758: 6746: 6730: 6726: 6722: 6717: 6716: 6711: 6680: 6382: 6224: 6143: 5976: 5955:Native American 5950: 5892: 5857: 5759: 5706: 5634: 5627: 5540: 5534: 5471: 5464: 5403: 5350: 5340: 5335: 5305: 5300: 5174: 5118: 4757: 4752: 4722: 4717: 4706:Sigma Gamma Rho 4676:Kappa Alpha Psi 4664:Alpha Phi Alpha 4655: 4649: 4614: 4606: 4601: 4569: 4530: 4527: 4490: 4471: 4470: 4466: 4448: 4446:Further reading 4443: 4434: 4432: 4423: 4422: 4418: 4408: 4406: 4396: 4392: 4382: 4380: 4375: 4374: 4367: 4362: 4358: 4353:Wayback Machine 4344: 4340: 4330: 4328: 4319: 4317: 4313: 4304: 4302: 4293: 4292: 4288: 4278: 4276: 4271: 4270: 4266: 4259: 4255: 4245: 4243: 4234: 4233: 4229: 4222:"Famous Sigmas" 4220: 4219: 4215: 4206: 4205: 4201: 4191: 4189: 4181: 4180: 4176: 4166: 4164: 4162:nydailynews.com 4154: 4150: 4141: 4140: 4136: 4123: 4122: 4118: 4108: 4106: 4097: 4096: 4092: 4082: 4080: 4071: 4070: 4066: 4057: 4056: 4052: 4042: 4040: 4032: 4031: 4027: 4017: 4015: 4005: 4001: 3991: 3989: 3971: 3967: 3958: 3957: 3953: 3944: 3943: 3939: 3934: 3930: 3920: 3918: 3909: 3908: 3904: 3894: 3892: 3883: 3882: 3878: 3868: 3866: 3857: 3856: 3852: 3836: 3835: 3828: 3826: 3822: 3815: 3813:"Archived copy" 3811: 3810: 3806: 3797: 3793: 3781:Yahoo Lifestyle 3772: 3768: 3758: 3756: 3744: 3740: 3731: 3729: 3720: 3719: 3715: 3705: 3703: 3694: 3693: 3686: 3677: 3673: 3668:Wayback Machine 3659: 3655: 3643: 3636: 3626: 3624: 3605: 3601: 3595:The Sigma Light 3588: 3584: 3579: 3575: 3566: 3562: 3553: 3549: 3540: 3536: 3527: 3520: 3511: 3507: 3498: 3491: 3482: 3478: 3469: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3417: 3412: 3410: 3407: 3391: 3384:Phi Beta Sigma 3382: 3353: 3344: 3291: 3266: 3237: 3216:Sigma I.D. Day 3208:Project S.E.R. 3168:Project S.E.T. 3136: 3131: 3044: 3038: 3018: 2993: 2987: 2982: 2844: 2832:Richard Sherman 2804:Terrence Howard 2796:Blair Underwood 2752:William Tolbert 2739: 2733: 2731:Notable members 2692: 2683: 2678: 2644: 2638: 2626: 2622: 2620: 2608: 2591: 2544: 2491: 2416: 2375: 2371: 2369: 2349:Edgar Amos Love 2322: 2306: 2302: 2300: 2281: 2248: 2244: 2202: 2201: 2200: 2199: 2198: 2195: 2187: 2186: 2179:God's Trombones 2175: 2164: 2139: 2135: 2133: 2117: 2111: 2102: 2093: 2070:Marshall, Texas 1999: 1994: 1919: 1871: 1869: 1862: 1861: 1856: 1812: 1768: 1760: 1759: 1754: 1699: 1661: 1637:Omaha, Nebraska 1602:Historic places 1596: 1488: 1359: 1351: 1350: 1345: 1310: 1269: 1261: 1260: 1255: 1237: 1189: 1131:Black Seminoles 1096: 1095:Sub-communities 1088: 1087: 1074:Southern (SIAC) 1034: 1026: 1025: 1020: 975: 959: 951: 950: 945: 862: 828: 820: 819: 814: 800:Nation of Islam 766: 743: 724: 714: 713: 708: 649: 616: 583: 555: 516: 492:Musical theater 452: 442: 441: 423:Great Migration 280: 233: 223: 222: 217: 216: 213: 171:White Carnation 149: 148: 144: 61: 56: 54: 51: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6825: 6815: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6787:Phi Beta Sigma 6774: 6773: 6744: 6723: 6719: 6718: 6713: 6712: 6710: 6709: 6707:Secret society 6704: 6699: 6694: 6688: 6686: 6682: 6681: 6679: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6392: 6390: 6384: 6383: 6381: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6234: 6232: 6226: 6225: 6223: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6151: 6149: 6148:Major specific 6145: 6144: 6142: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5990: 5988: 5978: 5977: 5975: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5958: 5956: 5952: 5951: 5949: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5902: 5900: 5894: 5893: 5891: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5869: 5867: 5859: 5858: 5856: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5769: 5767: 5761: 5760: 5758: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5716: 5714: 5708: 5707: 5705: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5643: 5641: 5629: 5628: 5626: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5544: 5542: 5536: 5535: 5533: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5476: 5474: 5466: 5465: 5463: 5462: 5461: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5411: 5409: 5405: 5404: 5402: 5401: 5396: 5395: 5394: 5389: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5358: 5356: 5352: 5351: 5345: 5342: 5341: 5334: 5333: 5326: 5319: 5311: 5302: 5301: 5299: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5182: 5180: 5176: 5175: 5173: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5126: 5124: 5120: 5119: 5117: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4765: 4763: 4759: 4758: 4751: 4750: 4743: 4736: 4728: 4719: 4718: 4716: 4715: 4712:Iota Phi Theta 4709: 4703: 4697: 4694:Phi Beta Sigma 4691: 4685: 4679: 4673: 4667: 4660: 4657: 4656: 4648: 4647: 4640: 4633: 4625: 4619: 4616: 4615: 4603: 4602: 4600: 4599: 4592: 4585: 4577: 4575: 4571: 4570: 4568: 4567: 4560: 4553: 4546: 4538: 4536: 4532: 4531: 4526: 4525: 4518: 4511: 4503: 4497: 4496: 4489: 4488:External links 4486: 4485: 4484: 4464: 4451: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4441: 4416: 4390: 4365: 4356: 4338: 4311: 4286: 4264: 4253: 4227: 4213: 4199: 4174: 4148: 4134: 4116: 4090: 4064: 4050: 4025: 3999: 3965: 3951: 3937: 3928: 3902: 3876: 3863:prnewswire.com 3850: 3804: 3791: 3766: 3738: 3713: 3684: 3671: 3653: 3634: 3599: 3582: 3573: 3560: 3547: 3534: 3518: 3505: 3489: 3476: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3455: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3439: 3434: 3429: 3423: 3422: 3406: 3403: 3375: 3352: 3349: 3343: 3340: 3290: 3287: 3265: 3262: 3236: 3233: 3226: 3225: 3221: 3220: 3217: 3213: 3212: 3209: 3205: 3204: 3203:Project S.A.S 3201: 3197: 3196: 3193: 3189: 3188: 3187:Sigma Academy 3185: 3181: 3180: 3177: 3173: 3172: 3169: 3165: 3164: 3161: 3157: 3156: 3153: 3149: 3148: 3145: 3135: 3132: 3130: 3129: 3119: 3109: 3099: 3089: 3079: 3069: 3057: 3040:Main article: 3037: 3034: 3030: 3029: 3026: 3017: 3014: 2989:Main article: 2986: 2983: 2979: 2978: 2975: 2974: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2964: 2961: 2958: 2955: 2952: 2949: 2946: 2943: 2940: 2937: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2921: 2918: 2913: 2912: 2911: 2908: 2905: 2902: 2899: 2896: 2893: 2890: 2887: 2884: 2881: 2878: 2875: 2868: 2865: 2862: 2859: 2856: 2848: 2843: 2840: 2784:Hosea Williams 2772:Huey P. Newton 2735:Main article: 2732: 2729: 2691: 2688: 2682: 2679: 2677: 2674: 2637: 2634: 2613: 2607: 2604: 2590: 2587: 2543: 2540: 2490: 2487: 2463:Huey P. Newton 2451:Hosea Williams 2415: 2412: 2386:to create the 2362: 2321: 2318: 2293: 2280: 2277: 2237: 2196: 2189: 2188: 2176: 2169: 2168: 2167: 2166: 2165: 2163: 2160: 2143:Whitelaw Hotel 2126: 2113:Main article: 2110: 2107: 2101: 2098: 2092: 2089: 1998: 1995: 1993: 1990: 1921: 1920: 1918: 1917: 1910: 1903: 1895: 1892: 1891: 1890: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1864: 1863: 1858: 1857: 1855: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1828: 1825: 1824: 1814: 1813: 1811: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1785: 1783:Black genocide 1779: 1776: 1775: 1769: 1766: 1765: 1762: 1761: 1756: 1755: 1753: 1752: 1747: 1742: 1737: 1732: 1727: 1722: 1717: 1711: 1708: 1707: 1701: 1700: 1698: 1697: 1692: 1690:US communities 1687: 1682: 1677: 1671: 1668: 1667: 1663: 1662: 1660: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1647:South Carolina 1644: 1642:North Carolina 1639: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1608: 1605: 1604: 1598: 1597: 1595: 1594: 1589: 1584: 1579: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1504: 1498: 1495: 1494: 1490: 1489: 1487: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1464:South Carolina 1461: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1444:North Carolina 1441: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1370: 1367: 1366: 1360: 1357: 1356: 1353: 1352: 1347: 1346: 1344: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1332: 1331: 1320: 1317: 1316: 1312: 1311: 1309: 1308: 1303: 1301:Samaná English 1298: 1293: 1292: 1291: 1280: 1277: 1276: 1270: 1267: 1266: 1263: 1262: 1257: 1256: 1254: 1253: 1251:LGBT community 1247: 1244: 1243: 1239: 1238: 1236: 1235: 1230: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1210: 1208:Creek Freedmen 1205: 1199: 1196: 1195: 1191: 1190: 1188: 1187: 1182: 1181: 1180: 1178:Carmel Indians 1170: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1140: 1139: 1138: 1133: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1107: 1104: 1103: 1097: 1094: 1093: 1090: 1089: 1084: 1083: 1082: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1059:Central (CIAA) 1053: 1052: 1048: 1047: 1046: 1045: 1035: 1032: 1031: 1028: 1027: 1022: 1021: 1019: 1018: 1013: 1008: 1003: 998: 993: 988: 983: 978: 970: 967: 966: 960: 957: 956: 953: 952: 947: 946: 944: 943: 938: 933: 928: 926:Pan-Africanism 923: 918: 913: 908: 903: 898: 893: 888: 883: 878: 872: 869: 868: 864: 863: 861: 860: 855: 850: 845: 839: 836: 835: 829: 826: 825: 822: 821: 816: 815: 813: 812: 807: 802: 797: 792: 787: 782: 776: 773: 772: 768: 767: 765: 764: 759: 757:Black theology 753: 750: 749: 745: 744: 742: 741: 735: 732: 731: 725: 720: 719: 716: 715: 710: 709: 707: 706: 701: 694: 689: 688: 687: 677: 672: 671: 670: 659: 656: 655: 651: 650: 648: 647: 642: 637: 632: 626: 623: 622: 621:Economic class 618: 617: 615: 614: 609: 604: 599: 593: 590: 589: 585: 584: 582: 581: 576: 571: 565: 562: 561: 560:Academic study 557: 556: 554: 553: 548: 543: 537: 532: 526: 523: 522: 518: 517: 515: 514: 509: 504: 499: 494: 489: 484: 479: 474: 469: 463: 460: 459: 453: 448: 447: 444: 443: 438: 437: 436: 435: 430: 425: 417: 416: 412: 411: 410: 409: 404: 399: 394: 389: 381: 380: 376: 375: 374: 373: 368: 363: 358: 353: 348: 343: 342: 341: 331: 321: 316: 311: 306: 301: 296: 288: 287: 281: 276: 275: 272: 271: 265: 264: 252: 251: 243: 242: 231: 227: 226: 211: 207: 206: 203: 199: 198: 195: 191: 190: 187: 183: 182: 177: 173: 172: 169: 165: 164: 158: 154: 153: 142: 138: 137: 134: 130: 129: 126: 122: 121: 118: 114: 113: 108: 104: 103: 100: 96: 95: 90: 86: 85: 80: 76: 75: 70: 66: 65: 48: 44: 43: 35: 34: 26: 25: 24:Phi Beta Sigma 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6824: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6784: 6782: 6769: 6763: 6755: 6751: 6747: 6741: 6737: 6736: 6728: 6724: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6689: 6687: 6683: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6393: 6391: 6389: 6385: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6235: 6233: 6231: 6227: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6152: 6150: 6146: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5991: 5989: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5959: 5957: 5953: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5903: 5901: 5899: 5895: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5862:Historically 5860: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5770: 5768: 5766: 5765:Multicultural 5762: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5717: 5715: 5713: 5709: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5644: 5642: 5640: 5636: 5630: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5545: 5543: 5537: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5477: 5475: 5473: 5467: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5445: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5420:North America 5418: 5416: 5413: 5412: 5410: 5406: 5400: 5397: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5384: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5359: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5348:North America 5343: 5339: 5332: 5327: 5325: 5320: 5318: 5313: 5312: 5309: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5183: 5181: 5177: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5127: 5125: 5121: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4766: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4749: 4744: 4742: 4737: 4735: 4730: 4729: 4726: 4713: 4710: 4707: 4704: 4701: 4700:Zeta Phi Beta 4698: 4695: 4692: 4689: 4686: 4683: 4682:Omega Psi Phi 4680: 4677: 4674: 4671: 4668: 4665: 4662: 4661: 4658: 4653: 4646: 4641: 4639: 4634: 4632: 4627: 4626: 4623: 4617: 4610: 4598: 4597: 4593: 4591: 4590: 4586: 4584: 4583: 4579: 4578: 4576: 4572: 4566: 4565: 4561: 4559: 4558: 4554: 4552: 4551: 4547: 4545: 4544: 4540: 4539: 4537: 4533: 4524: 4519: 4517: 4512: 4510: 4505: 4504: 4501: 4495: 4492: 4491: 4481: 4475: 4467: 4461: 4457: 4452: 4450: 4449: 4430: 4426: 4420: 4404: 4401: 4394: 4378: 4372: 4370: 4360: 4354: 4350: 4347: 4342: 4326: 4322: 4315: 4300: 4296: 4290: 4274: 4268: 4262: 4257: 4241: 4237: 4231: 4223: 4217: 4209: 4203: 4188: 4184: 4178: 4163: 4159: 4152: 4144: 4138: 4130: 4126: 4120: 4109:September 27, 4104: 4100: 4094: 4078: 4074: 4068: 4060: 4054: 4039: 4035: 4029: 4014: 4010: 4003: 3992:September 17, 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3969: 3961: 3955: 3947: 3941: 3932: 3921:September 25, 3916: 3912: 3906: 3895:September 26, 3890: 3886: 3880: 3869:September 26, 3864: 3860: 3854: 3846: 3840: 3821: 3814: 3808: 3801: 3795: 3787: 3783: 3782: 3777: 3770: 3755: 3754: 3749: 3742: 3727: 3723: 3717: 3701: 3697: 3691: 3689: 3681: 3675: 3669: 3665: 3662: 3657: 3651: 3650:0-8131-2491-3 3647: 3641: 3639: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3612: 3603: 3596: 3592: 3586: 3577: 3570: 3564: 3557: 3551: 3544: 3538: 3531: 3525: 3523: 3515: 3509: 3502: 3496: 3494: 3486: 3480: 3472: 3466: 3462: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3442:Zeta Phi Beta 3440: 3438: 3435: 3433: 3430: 3428: 3425: 3424: 3420: 3409: 3402: 3400: 3395: 3390: 3388: 3387: 3379: 3374: 3372: 3368: 3363: 3362:Alpha chapter 3358: 3348: 3339: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3314: 3310: 3308: 3300: 3295: 3289:Social action 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3272: 3261: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3242: 3232: 3223: 3222: 3218: 3215: 3214: 3210: 3207: 3206: 3202: 3199: 3198: 3194: 3191: 3190: 3186: 3183: 3182: 3178: 3175: 3174: 3170: 3167: 3166: 3162: 3159: 3158: 3154: 3151: 3150: 3147:Project Vote 3146: 3143: 3142: 3127: 3123: 3120: 3117: 3113: 3110: 3107: 3103: 3100: 3097: 3093: 3090: 3087: 3083: 3080: 3077: 3073: 3070: 3067: 3062: 3059: 3058: 3056: 3048: 3043: 3033: 3027: 3024: 3023: 3022: 3013: 3009: 3002: 2997: 2992: 2976: 2971: 2968: 2965: 2962: 2959: 2956: 2953: 2950: 2947: 2944: 2941: 2938: 2935: 2931: 2928: 2925: 2922: 2919: 2916: 2915: 2914: 2909: 2906: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2894: 2891: 2888: 2885: 2882: 2879: 2876: 2873: 2869: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2857: 2854: 2853: 2852: 2851: 2847: 2839: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2786:and the Rev. 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2748:Kwame Nkrumah 2745: 2738: 2728: 2724: 2722: 2717: 2716:his studies. 2713: 2709: 2705: 2702: 2699: 2695: 2687: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2652: 2650: 2643: 2633: 2631: 2625: 2617: 2612: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2586: 2584: 2583: 2577: 2572: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2548: 2539: 2537: 2533: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2507: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2486: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2471:revolutionary 2468: 2464: 2459: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2443: 2440: 2435: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2411: 2409: 2405: 2399: 2397: 2391: 2389: 2385: 2379: 2374: 2366: 2361: 2359: 2354: 2350: 2345: 2342: 2338: 2330: 2326: 2317: 2315: 2310: 2305: 2297: 2292: 2290: 2289:stock markets 2286: 2276: 2274: 2270: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2252: 2247: 2241: 2236: 2234: 2233:Omega Psi Phi 2230: 2226: 2222: 2217: 2214: 2212: 2208: 2193: 2184: 2180: 2173: 2159: 2157: 2156:New York City 2153: 2149: 2144: 2138: 2130: 2125: 2121: 2116: 2115:Zeta Phi Beta 2106: 2097: 2088: 2086: 2082: 2077: 2075: 2071: 2062: 2058: 2056: 2052: 2047: 2045: 2040: 2038: 2031: 2029: 2028: 2023: 2018: 2016: 2008: 2003: 1989: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1974: 1971: 1967: 1964:in Texas and 1963: 1962:Wiley College 1958: 1956: 1955:Zeta Phi Beta 1951: 1946: 1942: 1939: 1935: 1927: 1916: 1911: 1909: 1904: 1902: 1897: 1896: 1894: 1893: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1868: 1867: 1866: 1865: 1853: 1852:Minstrel show 1850: 1848: 1847:Magical Negro 1845: 1843: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1829: 1827: 1826: 1823: 1819: 1816: 1815: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1780: 1778: 1777: 1773: 1772: 1764: 1763: 1751: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1731: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1712: 1710: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1702: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1672: 1670: 1669: 1665: 1664: 1658: 1657:West Virginia 1655: 1653: 1650: 1648: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1609: 1607: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1599: 1593: 1592:San Francisco 1590: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1578: 1575: 1573: 1572:New York City 1570: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1499: 1497: 1496: 1492: 1491: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1371: 1369: 1368: 1364: 1363: 1355: 1354: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1330: 1327: 1326: 1325: 1322: 1321: 1319: 1318: 1314: 1313: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1290: 1287: 1286: 1285: 1282: 1281: 1279: 1278: 1274: 1273: 1265: 1264: 1252: 1249: 1248: 1246: 1245: 1241: 1240: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1223:Nova Scotians 1221: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1200: 1198: 1197: 1193: 1192: 1186: 1183: 1179: 1176: 1175: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1128: 1127: 1126:Black Indians 1124: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1112: 1109: 1108: 1106: 1105: 1101: 1100: 1092: 1091: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1064:HBCU (HBCUAC) 1062: 1060: 1057: 1056: 1055: 1054: 1050: 1049: 1044: 1041: 1040: 1039: 1038: 1030: 1029: 1017: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1002: 999: 997: 994: 992: 989: 987: 984: 982: 979: 977: 972: 971: 969: 968: 965:Organizations 964: 963: 955: 954: 942: 939: 937: 934: 932: 929: 927: 924: 922: 919: 917: 914: 912: 909: 907: 904: 902: 899: 897: 894: 892: 889: 887: 884: 882: 879: 877: 874: 873: 871: 870: 866: 865: 859: 856: 854: 851: 849: 846: 844: 841: 840: 838: 837: 834:Organizations 833: 832: 824: 823: 811: 808: 806: 803: 801: 798: 796: 793: 791: 788: 786: 783: 781: 778: 777: 775: 774: 770: 769: 763: 760: 758: 755: 754: 752: 751: 747: 746: 740: 737: 736: 734: 733: 729: 728: 723: 718: 717: 705: 702: 699: 695: 693: 690: 686: 683: 682: 681: 678: 676: 673: 669: 666: 665: 664: 661: 660: 658: 657: 653: 652: 646: 643: 641: 638: 636: 633: 631: 628: 627: 625: 624: 620: 619: 613: 610: 608: 605: 603: 600: 598: 595: 594: 592: 591: 587: 586: 580: 577: 575: 572: 570: 567: 566: 564: 563: 559: 558: 552: 549: 547: 544: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 527: 525: 524: 520: 519: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 502:Neighborhoods 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 464: 462: 461: 457: 456: 451: 446: 445: 434: 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 420: 419: 418: 414: 413: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 384: 383: 382: 378: 377: 372: 369: 367: 364: 362: 359: 357: 354: 352: 349: 347: 344: 340: 337: 336: 335: 332: 329: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 291: 290: 289: 285: 284: 279: 274: 273: 270: 267: 266: 262: 258: 257: 249: 244: 240: 232: 228: 224:United States 220: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 184: 181: 178: 174: 170: 166: 163: 159: 155: 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 120:International 119: 115: 112: 109: 105: 101: 97: 94: 91: 87: 84: 81: 77: 74: 71: 67: 64: 49: 45: 41: 36: 27: 22: 19: 6734: 6727: 6636:ΦΜΑ Sinfonia 5986:Puerto Rican 5635:fraternities 5539:Historically 5514: 5470:Historically 5430:Professional 5043: 4693: 4594: 4587: 4580: 4562: 4555: 4548: 4542: 4541: 4455: 4433:. 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