508:. Both meetings were tumultuous as Damian's entourage created commotion and Jafna could not impose order on the proceedings. Nothing came of the discussions as no agreement could be made on the location or participants of a synod to discuss their theological disagreement, and ultimately Jafna gave up and left out of frustration. Peter continued to push for a resolution, and he followed Damian when he returned to Egypt after the assembly in Arabia, but this was in vain as Damian evaded any meeting by travelling from monastery to monastery.
2442:
380:
Peter received the delegation's reply and a letter from Elias declaring an end to talks of union as Conon and
Antoninus refused to condemn proponents of tritheism. Theodore concurred with Conon and Antoninus, but Elias separated from the tritheist faction at this point and met with Peter. Elias underwent penance for a short period of time, presented Peter with a
245:
Paul's opponents conspired to consecrate a new patriarch of
Antioch in his stead, and Jacob Baradaeus twice offered to appoint Peter as Paul's successor, but he refused on both occasions as he was reluctant to assume the office whilst Paul was still alive. Damian travelled to Syria in 579 after Jacob
480:
Peter's letter to the
Antonines attests that after staying at Paralos for four months, during which time he was poorly treated, Peter and his companions were expelled from Egypt with no agreement on a meeting between him and Damian, whereas Michael the Syrian's history suggests a second meeting was
439:
On the other hand, the Syrian sources, including Peter's letters and the histories of
Michael the Syrian and Bar Hebraeus, favour Peter, and record the dispute had begun after Damian had written an anti-tritheist book in response to a tritheist tract, and sent it to Peter to be examined and correct
415:
In c. 586, the formerly cordial relationship between Peter and Damian was soured by theological controversy, and ultimately led to schism between their two churches that would endure until its resolution in 616. However, the origins of this quarrel is obscured by the partisanship of the available
379:
and
Antoninus to again discuss the patriarch's demands for their reunion. At the meeting's conclusion, Elias and Theodore accepted Peter's main conditions, and it was agreed they would write to the other tritheists at Constantinople to consult them before a union was formalised. A few days later,
355:
John
Barbour, and offered his resignation to Damian in an effort to reunite the Paulites and Jacobites. Damian refused Peter's offer, and Paul may have died soon after, thus bringing an end to the split between the two factions, however, it is alternatively asserted that Paul instead died in 584,
476:
in Egypt, instead relayed that he had travelled to Egypt with his entourage without any prior agreement with Damian, and had planned to travel to
Alexandria, but had been prevented from entering the city and made to stay at Paralos, only three days march from the city. Both Michael the Syrian's
399:
position had led Damian to expel him from the city, and he travelled to Syria to continue his campaign in support of the position against non-Chalcedonianism. Probus was consequently excommunicated, and after an appeal from John
Barbour, who had concealed his support for neo-Chalcedonism, Peter
456:, and asked that he clarified several points. Damian resented Peter's request, and claimed that he had rejected his work out of envy, thus prompting Peter to assemble a synod, which compiled and conveyed a text to Damian to reply to his claims. This was to no avail, however, as Damian issued
246:
Baradaeus' death to arrange for the election of a new patriarch, and again Peter was asked to become patriarch, but he refused once more. Finally, after Damian had unsuccessfully attempted to consecrate a certain
Severus as patriarch, and a meeting between the Paulites and Jacobites at
467:
Peter issued a letter addressed to the Church of
Alexandria to encourage its members to prevail upon Damian to resolve the dispute. According to Michael the Syrian, after Peter had invited him to meet to discuss their disagreement several times, Damian reluctantly agreed to meet at
406:
by John Barbour that he had composed in defence of Probus. The synod concluded that John had also adopted neo-Chalcedonism, and he was duly deposed and excommunicated, and Peter issued a synodal letter to condemn and refute their christological position.
363:
tritheist bishops Antoninus and Elias and archimandrite Theodore to discuss their reunion with the Syrian non-Chalcedonians under Peter, and he asserted that he would only assent to this if they renounced tritheism and its proponents, namely
436:, but had also supported the division of the Trinity, thus suggesting he supported tritheism, which was theologically opposed to sabellianism. It is claimed that Peter had ignored a treatise from Damian that had informed him of his errors.
356:
suggesting the schism endured for several more years. Peter returned to Syria, whereas his companions Probus and John Barbour decided to remain at Alexandria as they had become disgruntled with Peter for not consecrating them as bishops.
194:, and led the church as he faced the division he inherited from Paul's tenure as patriarch. Whilst he had some success in dealing with the tritheists, Peter quarrelled with his erstwhile ally the Egyptian non-Chalcedonian
520:("Against Damian") to provide an account of the dispute between the two patriarchs. The treatise served as a defence against Damian's accusations of sabellianism and tritheism, and at its end Peter declared an end to the
543:("Against Damian") survives in six manuscripts, the most complete of which includes chapters five to twenty-two of book two, and all fifty chapters of book three. In the treatise, Peter utilised quotations from
350:
Upon his ascension to the patriarchal office, Peter became remorseful that he had agreed to become patriarch whilst its previous incumbent still lived, travelled to Alexandria with the theologians Probus and
524:
with Damian, thus officially marking the schism between the Syrian and Egyptian non-Chalcedonian churches. Peter later died of natural causes on 22 April 591, and was buried at the monastery of Gubo Baroyo.
189:
Under considerable pressure from the most prominent non-Chalcedonians, Peter agreed to become patriarch of Antioch, and thus spiritual leader of the Syrian non-Chalcedonians, in opposition to its incumbent
537:
in Syriac, which survives in two manuscripts dated to the 15th century, and a poem on the crucifixion in Syriac, of which a single manuscript likely from the end of the 6th century is still extant.
489:
in secret, and sent representatives to Peter at his residence at the monastery of Gubo Baroyo. As a region with a strong non-Chalcedonian presence, and the residence of the non-Chalcedonian
295:
892) as the year of Peter's consecration. The earliest date 570/571 is disregarded as an erroneous copy of 581, and 578, although previously accepted by earlier Syriac historians, including
2093:
2057:
2069:
1525:
2165:
1411:
Wickham, Lionel R. (2008). "Schism and reconciliation in a sixth-century Trinitarian dispute: Damian of Alexandria and Peter of Callinicus on 'properties, roles and relations'".
428:, support Damian, and subsequently attest that the dispute had begun with Peter's synodal letter to Damian, in which he had allegedly declared it was unnecessary to speak of the
2123:
2105:
1242:
Ebied, Rifaat (2016). "Quotations from the Works of St. Severus of Antioch in Peter of Callinicus' magnum opus 'Contra Damianum'". In Youhanna Youssef; John D'Alton (eds.).
2218:
2135:
440:
any errors. Peter's reply to Damian gave praise of his refutation of tritheism, but also noted that he may have deviated from the doctrine that had been established by the
2171:
2087:
493:, who had previously arbitrated ecclesiastical disputes, Arabia was an ideal location for the meeting between the two patriarchs under the arbitration of the Ghassanid
2111:
2099:
1761:
500:
Thus the phylarch Jafna presided over two ill-fated meetings in Arabia in 587, the first of which was held at a monastery, and the second took place at the Church of
2117:
1841:
1906:
2266:
2141:
1886:
2304:
2291:
2159:
1829:
1797:
2467:
2129:
1993:
1767:
1518:
2033:
2339:
2254:
1999:
1925:
1815:
1624:
2345:
2081:
1803:
1791:
1749:
1743:
477:
history and Peter's letter suggest that, although he did not meet with Damian at Paralos, he did receive a number of letters from him whilst he was there.
1822:
372:. To Theodore's surprise, Antoninus renounced tritheism, and was supported by Elias, but neither of the two bishops broke off from the tritheist faction.
2482:
2375:
2369:
2363:
2298:
2194:
2188:
2051:
1919:
1737:
223:, philosophy, and theology, and likely became a monk at the monastery of Saint Ananias near Callinicum. The 570s was a tumultuous period for the Syrian
2477:
2351:
2284:
2248:
2236:
2153:
2063:
2027:
1773:
2272:
2147:
1962:
1511:
2039:
2357:
2200:
2045:
1667:
1659:
1594:
1188:(2011). "Episcopal Succession in Antioch in the Sixth Century". In Johan Leemans; Peter Van Nuffelen; Shawn W. J. Keough; Carla Nicolaye (eds.).
1835:
1534:
1485:
29:
1755:
472:
in Egypt to make arrangements for a formal debate between the two. However, Peter, in his letter to the monastery of the Antonines at the
368:, and accepted the denunciation of tritheism as expressed in the aforementioned synodal letters of Peter and Damian, and the treatise of
1576:
1495:
342:. Damian responded with a letter to Peter to give his official endorsement, and enthusiastically praised the new patriarch of Antioch.
85:
334:
with the support of the Egyptian non-Chalcedonians. It is also suggested that he was consecrated at the monastery of Gubo Baroyo near
485:. The letter from Peter to the Syrians at Alexandria clarifies that a meeting in Arabia was agreed upon once Damian had travelled to
242:, thus creating a schism between the Paulites, who supported Paul as patriarch, and Jacobites, who supported the deposition of Paul.
338:. After his consecration, Peter sent a letter to Damian to confirm their churches were in communion, and included a refutation of
418:
2517:
2512:
2502:
2497:
516:
Peter's failure to end the dispute with Damian even after he had followed him to Egypt led him to write a treatise later named
1323:
Hoyland, Robert (2009). "Late Roman Provincia Arabia, Monophysite Monks and Arab Tribes: a Problem of Centre and Periphery".
232:
250:
in 580 had failed to reunite the factions, Peter relented and agreed to become patriarch of Antioch on Damian's request.
2075:
1313:
2507:
453:
369:
330:
record that Peter was consecrated at the aforementioned monastery of Saint Ananias by the archbishop Joseph of
384:(confession of faith) in accordance with his conditions on 21 July 585, and entered into communion with him.
224:
296:
1968:
178:
2405:
1847:
1197:
235:
195:
176:
from 581 until his death in 591. He is commemorated as a saint by the Syriac Orthodox Church in the
2387:
2230:
1913:
1859:
548:
424:
1353:
Leemans, Johan (2011). "Logic and the Trinity: Introducing Text and Context of Gregory of Nyssa's
2487:
2393:
2260:
2212:
2010:
1974:
1720:
1691:
392:
2333:
2278:
1538:
253:
The sources differ on the date, location, and bishop responsible for Peter's consecration. The
173:
141:
39:
2417:
1931:
1779:
1606:
1600:
1588:
1344:
Bishop Kyrillos (2017). "John of Barullos (540–615)". In Gawdat Gabra; Hany N. Takla (eds.).
560:
375:
After several years, the tritheists Elias and Theodore met with Peter on behalf of Conon of
1853:
1785:
1645:
1582:
1503:
564:
308:
304:
169:
1346:
Christianity and Monasticism in Northern Egypt: Beni Suef, Giza, Cairo, and the Nile Delta
8:
2492:
2472:
2446:
1893:
1872:
1612:
1160:
556:
501:
445:
441:
331:
1464:
Wilmshurst, David (2019). "West Syrian patriarchs and maphrians". In Daniel King (ed.).
1291:
Hainthaler, Theresia (2004). "The Christological Controversy on Proba and John Barbur".
2423:
2411:
2399:
2310:
1950:
1899:
1865:
1809:
1714:
1702:
1680:
1637:
1618:
1552:
1428:
576:
534:
449:
323:
1388:
1380:
Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century, Volume I, Part 2: Ecclesiastical History
314:
John of Ephesus reported that Peter was consecrated patriarch of Antioch by Damian at
2381:
2327:
2224:
1674:
1441:
1432:
1309:
1284:
Christ in Christian Tradition: Volume 2 Part 3: The Churches of Jerusalem and Antioch
1272:
Christ in Christian Tradition: Volume 2 Part 4: The Churches of Jerusalem and Antioch
1251:
552:
255:
2242:
1652:
1558:
1420:
1332:
1279:
1267:
568:
388:
287:
265:
107:
198:, and entered into a schism with him that would persist past his death until 616.
2021:
1956:
1879:
1445:
1392:
1255:
1214:
572:
469:
365:
274:
239:
220:
161:
1375:
1210:
2206:
1564:
1478:
544:
521:
482:
376:
247:
228:
216:
191:
153:
75:
1424:
1359:
Gregory of Nyssa: The Minor Treatises on Trinitarian Theology and Apollinarism
2461:
1185:
486:
457:
352:
1336:
1156:
433:
327:
300:
292:
282:
270:
260:
1450:
Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition
1397:
Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition
1219:
Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition
1708:
396:
1014:
1012:
999:
997:
995:
993:
819:
490:
315:
215:
in c. 550, and was the son of an orator named Paul. He was educated in
912:
869:
400:
convened a synod at the monastery of Gubo Baroyo in c. 585 to hear an
1630:
1368:
Monk and Mason on the Tigris Frontier: The Early History of Tur Abdin
1009:
990:
945:
943:
941:
939:
902:
900:
898:
896:
840:
838:
836:
834:
770:
768:
766:
722:
720:
339:
1102:
1080:
1078:
741:
739:
737:
735:
881:
494:
402:
183:
131:
1114:
1036:
936:
893:
831:
763:
717:
686:
606:
2441:
1202:
The Scattered Pearls: A History of Syriac Literature and Sciences
1075:
732:
505:
429:
360:
335:
311:, and Ortiz de Urbina, has since been rejected in favour of 581.
49:
608:
473:
579:. He quoted at least 107 passages from 27 of Severus' works.
212:
103:
1533:
1233:
Ebied, Rifaat; Van Roey, Albert; Wickham, Lionel R. (1981).
859:
857:
855:
853:
792:
664:
662:
1413:
International Journal for the Study of the Christian Church
1286:. Translated by Marianne Ehrhardt. Oxford University Press.
227:
community as its spiritual leader and patriarch of Antioch
1204:. Translated by Matti Moosa (2nd ed.). Gorgias Press.
387:
At Alexandria, Probus and John Barbour had been swayed to
1165:. Translated by Marianna Mazzola. PSL Research University
1063:
1053:
1051:
1024:
980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
850:
780:
707:
705:
703:
701:
659:
588:
1357:". In Volker Henning Drecoll; Margitta Berghaus (eds.).
955:
1308:. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies.
1306:
The Chronicle of Zuqnin, Parts III and IV A.D. 488–775
1131:
1129:
1048:
967:
809:
807:
751:
698:
464:
to defend his book, and continued to criticise Peter.
432:, thereby constituting an accusation of the heresy of
1090:
674:
649:
647:
645:
643:
641:
607:
Jeanne-Nicole Mellon Saint-Laurent (17 August 2016).
30:
Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch and All the East
1278:
1266:
1232:
1120:
1108:
1084:
1042:
1018:
1003:
949:
918:
906:
887:
875:
844:
825:
774:
745:
726:
692:
1126:
804:
16:
40th Patriarch of Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch
638:
626:
924:
2459:
1343:
798:
2468:Syriac Patriarchs of Antioch from 512 to 1783
1519:
1235:Peter of Callinicum: Anti-Tritheist Dossier
2483:6th-century Syriac Orthodox Church bishops
1526:
1512:
1463:
1386:
1290:
863:
786:
680:
2478:6th-century Oriental Orthodox archbishops
1444:. In Sebastian P. Brock; Aaron M. Butts;
1391:. In Sebastian P. Brock; Aaron M. Butts;
1348:. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–11.
1213:. In Sebastian P. Brock; Aaron M. Butts;
1192:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH. pp. 23–39.
395:, and the former's open support for this
1155:
961:
711:
259:places Peter's consecration in 570/571 (
1439:
1410:
1352:
1322:
1303:
1274:. Translated by O.C. Dean, Jr. Mowbray.
1196:
1057:
984:
757:
668:
653:
594:
481:arranged to be held in the province of
419:History of the Patriarchs of Alexandria
345:
2460:
1374:
1365:
1244:Severus of Antioch: His Life and Times
1096:
1069:
1030:
1507:
1241:
1208:
1190:Episcopal Elections in Late Antiquity
1184:
1135:
930:
813:
613:Qadishe: A Guide to the Syriac Saints
410:
1486:Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch
1250:
1121:Ebied, Van Roey & Wickham (1981)
1109:Ebied, Van Roey & Wickham (1981)
1085:Ebied, Van Roey & Wickham (1981)
1043:Ebied, Van Roey & Wickham (1981)
1019:Ebied, Van Roey & Wickham (1981)
1004:Ebied, Van Roey & Wickham (1981)
950:Ebied, Van Roey & Wickham (1981)
919:Ebied, Van Roey & Wickham (1981)
907:Ebied, Van Roey & Wickham (1981)
876:Ebied, Van Roey & Wickham (1981)
746:Ebied, Van Roey & Wickham (1981)
727:Ebied, Van Roey & Wickham (1981)
632:
165:
547:to support his argument, including
416:sources. The Egyptian sources, the
13:
2058:Ignatius Philoxenus Aziz bar Sobto
888:Grillmeier & Hainthaler (2013)
845:Grillmeier & Hainthaler (1996)
826:Grillmeier & Hainthaler (2013)
775:Grillmeier & Hainthaler (1996)
693:Grillmeier & Hainthaler (2013)
533:Peter is known to have written an
14:
2529:
2440:
2070:Ignatius John Quphar ʿEnwardoyo
1282:; Hainthaler, Theresia (2013).
1270:; Hainthaler, Theresia (1996).
1144:
454:Pope Theodosius I of Alexandria
370:Pope Theodosius I of Alexandria
2166:Gregory Zaitun Ghomo of Midyat
2094:Ignatius Jacob of Hesna d’Kifa
1468:. Routledge. pp. 806–813.
1262:(in French). The Darwin Press.
600:
1:
2518:Syriac Orthodox Church saints
2513:6th-century Byzantine writers
2503:People from Raqqa Governorate
2498:6th-century Byzantine bishops
1370:. Cambridge University Press.
582:
511:
206:
1209:Brock, Sebastian P. (2011).
231:was declared deposed by the
201:
7:
2124:Ignatius Barsawmo of Midyat
2106:Ignatius Abdallah of Midyat
1969:Ignatius Abraham bar Gharib
1561:(c. 544–c. 547; c. 557–560)
1448:; Lucas Van Rompay (eds.).
1440:Wickham, Lionel R. (2011).
1395:; Lucas Van Rompay (eds.).
1217:; Lucas Van Rompay (eds.).
359:In 582, Peter met with the
179:Martyrology of Rabban Sliba
10:
2534:
2172:Severus Abd al-Nur of Arbo
2078:(1492/1493–1494/1509/1512)
1387:Van Rompay, Lucas (2011).
1361:. Brill. pp. 111–130.
318:, and is supported by the
2433:
2406:Ignatius Aphrem I Barsoum
2320:
2181:
2088:Ignatius Simon of Hattakh
2009:
1984:
1941:
1848:Athanasius VI bar Khamoro
1730:
1545:
1492:
1483:
1475:
1425:10.1080/14742250701841673
1246:. Brill. pp. 65–123.
322:, whereas the historians
236:Pope Damian of Alexandria
233:Egyptian non-Chalcedonian
196:Pope Damian of Alexandria
137:
127:
122:
114:
96:
91:
81:
71:
63:
55:
45:
35:
28:
21:
2231:Ignatius Noah of Lebanon
2219:Ignatius Khalaf Maʿdnoyo
2136:Ignatius Ishaʿya of Arbo
2112:Ignatius Habib of Midyat
2100:Ignatius Sohdo of Midyat
1860:Athanasius VII bar Qatra
549:Athanasius of Alexandria
528:
425:Synaxaire Arabe-Jacobite
2508:People from Roman Syria
2447:Christianity portal
2213:Ignatius Behnam Hadloyo
2118:Ignatius Denho of Arnas
2011:Patriarchs of Tur Abdin
1985:Patriarchs of Melitene,
1975:Ignatius Behnam Hadloyo
1692:Dionysius I Telmaharoyo
1366:Palmer, Andrew (1990).
393:Stephanus of Alexandria
291:also supports 580/581 (
182:, and his feast day is
150:Peter III of Callinicum
23:Peter III of Callinicum
2388:Ignatius Abdulmasih II
2334:Ignatius Shukrallah II
2279:Ignatius Hidayat Allah
2267:Ignatius David II Shah
2142:Severus Isaac of Azekh
1887:Michael II the Younger
1687:Abraham (807/808–837)†
1539:Syriac Orthodox Church
1389:"Pawlos of Beth Ukome"
1337:10.1484/J.SEC.1.100513
1304:Harrack, Amir (1999).
1293:Het Christelijk Oosten
1162:Ecclesiastical History
799:Bishop Kyrillos (2017)
279:Ecclesiastical History
174:Syriac Orthodox Church
157:
142:Syriac Orthodox Church
40:Syriac Orthodox Church
2418:Ignatius Zakka I Iwas
2305:Ignatius Abdulmasih I
2292:Ignatius Shukrallah I
2281:(1597/1598–1639/1640)
2245:(1510/1512–1517/1519)
2209:(1421/1422–1444/1445)
2160:Mirza of Beth Sbirino
2048:(1444/1446–1454/1455)
1942:Patriarchs of Mardin,
1914:John XIII bar Ma'dani
1896:(1207/1208–1219/1220)
1812:(1063/1064–1072/1073)
1806:(1057/1058–1062/1064)
1800:(1042/1048/1049–1057)
1788:(1004–1030/1031/1033)
1780:Athanasius IV Salhoyo
1607:Athanasius II Baldoyo
1601:Severus II bar Masqeh
1442:"Peter of Kallinikos"
1237:. Peeters Publishers.
609:"Peter of Kallinikos"
561:Eustathius of Antioch
2394:Ignatius Abdullah II
2321:18th century–present
2261:Ignatius Ni'matallah
2130:Ignatius Aho of Arbo
1994:Ignatius Constantine
1907:Dionysius VII ʿAngur
1854:John XI bar Mawdyono
1786:John VIII bar Abdoun
1646:Athanasius Sandalaya
1583:Athanasius I Gammolo
1325:Semitica et Classica
565:Gregory of Nazianzus
346:Patriarch of Antioch
309:Jean-Baptiste Chabot
305:Carl Anton Baumstark
170:Patriarch of Antioch
108:Eastern Roman Empire
2340:Ignatius George III
2255:Ignatius Abdullah I
2182:14th–17th centuries
2000:Ignatius Philoxenus
1926:Philoxenus I Nemrud
1873:Theodore bar Wahbun
1782:(986/987–1002/1003)
1731:10th–13th centuries
1072:, pp. 934–935.
1033:, pp. 927–928.
828:, pp. 275–276.
671:, pp. 309–310.
597:, pp. 123–124.
557:Cyril of Alexandria
446:Cyril of Alexandria
442:Cappadocian Fathers
238:and eminent bishop
2424:Ignatius Aphrem II
2412:Ignatius Jacob III
2400:Ignatius Elias III
2346:Ignatius George IV
2311:Ignatius George II
2082:Ignatius Yeshu III
2076:Ignatius Masʿud II
1951:Ignatius bar Wahib
1900:Ignatius III David
1830:Dionysius V Laʿzar
1810:John X bar Shushan
1804:Athanasius V Yahyo
1798:John IX bar ʿAbdun
1792:Dionysius IV Yahyo
1715:Theodosius Romanus
1252:Fiey, Jean Maurice
921:, pp. 24, 59.
878:, pp. 16, 23.
577:Severus of Antioch
450:Severus of Antioch
411:Alexandrine schism
324:Michael the Syrian
211:Peter was born at
2455:
2454:
2382:Ignatius Peter IV
2376:Ignatius Jacob II
2370:Ignatius Elias II
2364:Ignatius George V
2328:Ignatius Isaac II
2299:Ignatius Yeshu II
2295:
2225:Ignatius John XIV
2195:Basil III Gabriel
2189:Michael III Yeshu
2052:Ignatius Yeshu II
2034:Ignatius Masʿud I
1920:Ignatius IV Yeshu
1910:
1890:
1889:(1199/1200–1215)†
1876:
1826:
1825:(1075–1076/1077)†
1723:(896/897–908/909)
1705:(846/847–873/874)
1699:
1688:
1671:
1663:
1655:(758/759–789/790)
1649:
1641:
1633:(739/740–754/755)
1603:(667/668–680/684)
1546:6th–9th centuries
1502:
1501:
1493:Succeeded by
1382:. Dumbarton Oaks.
1280:Grillmeier, Aloys
1268:Grillmeier, Aloys
1179:Secondary sources
1021:, pp. 39–40.
1006:, pp. 38–39.
864:Hainthaler (2004)
787:Wilmshurst (2019)
681:Van Rompay (2011)
553:Basil of Caesarea
320:Chronicle of 1234
256:Chronicle of 1234
166:ܦܛܪܘܣ ܓ ܩܠܘܢܝܩܝܐ
158:Petrus Callinicus
147:
146:
2525:
2445:
2444:
2402:(1917–1932/1933)
2390:(1894/1895–1903)
2372:(1836/1839–1847)
2366:(1819–1836/1839)
2354:(1782–1817/1819)
2352:Ignatius Matthew
2342:(1745/1746–1768)
2336:(1722/1723–1745)
2307:(1661/1662–1686)
2301:(1653/1655–1661)
2290:
2285:Ignatius Simon I
2249:Ignatius David I
2243:Ignatius Jacob I
2239:(1509–1510/1519)
2237:Ignatius Yeshu I
2233:(1493/1494–1509)
2221:(1455/1456–1484)
2154:Barsawmo of Hbob
2072:(1489–1492/1493)
2066:(1482–1488/1489)
2064:Ignatius Saba II
2042:(1421–1444/1445)
2028:Ignatius Yeshu I
1971:(1381/1382–1412)
1965:(1365/1366–1381)
1959:(1333–1365/1366)
1922:(1264–1282/1283)
1905:
1885:
1871:
1862:(1138/1139–1166)
1856:(1129/1130–1137)
1850:(1090/1091–1129)
1838:(1086–1087/1088)
1832:(1077–1078/1079)
1821:
1774:John VII Sarigta
1698:Simeon (c. 837)†
1697:
1686:
1666:
1658:
1644:
1636:
1567:(c. 551/564–578)
1559:Sergius of Tella
1528:
1521:
1514:
1505:
1504:
1476:Preceded by
1473:
1472:
1469:
1466:The Syriac World
1460:
1458:
1456:
1436:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1383:
1371:
1362:
1349:
1340:
1319:
1300:
1287:
1275:
1263:
1260:Saints Syriaques
1247:
1238:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1211:"Yuḥanon Barbur"
1205:
1193:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1139:
1133:
1124:
1118:
1112:
1111:, pp. 9–10.
1106:
1100:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1046:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1022:
1016:
1007:
1001:
988:
982:
965:
959:
953:
947:
934:
928:
922:
916:
910:
904:
891:
885:
879:
873:
867:
861:
848:
842:
829:
823:
817:
811:
802:
796:
790:
784:
778:
772:
761:
755:
749:
743:
730:
724:
715:
709:
696:
690:
684:
678:
672:
666:
657:
651:
636:
630:
624:
623:
621:
619:
604:
598:
592:
569:Gregory of Nyssa
389:Neo-Chalcedonism
288:Chronicle of 846
266:Zuqnin Chronicle
225:non-Chalcedonian
172:and head of the
167:
92:Personal details
19:
18:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2439:
2436:
2429:
2316:
2273:Ignatius Pilate
2177:
2148:Joseph of Arnas
2022:Ignatius Saba I
2014:
2005:
1986:
1980:
1963:Ignatius Shahab
1957:Ignatius Ismail
1943:
1937:
1880:Athanasius VIII
1823:John bar ʿAbdun
1726:
1541:
1532:
1498:
1489:
1481:
1454:
1452:
1446:George A. Kiraz
1401:
1399:
1393:George A. Kiraz
1316:
1256:Lawrence Conrad
1223:
1221:
1215:George A. Kiraz
1198:Barsoum, Ephrem
1168:
1166:
1150:Primary sources
1147:
1142:
1134:
1127:
1119:
1115:
1107:
1103:
1095:
1091:
1083:
1076:
1068:
1064:
1056:
1049:
1041:
1037:
1029:
1025:
1017:
1010:
1002:
991:
987:, pp. 5–6.
983:
968:
960:
956:
948:
937:
929:
925:
917:
913:
905:
894:
886:
882:
874:
870:
862:
851:
843:
832:
824:
820:
812:
805:
797:
793:
785:
781:
773:
764:
756:
752:
744:
733:
729:, pp. 2–3.
725:
718:
710:
699:
691:
687:
679:
675:
667:
660:
652:
639:
631:
627:
617:
615:
605:
601:
593:
589:
585:
573:John Chrysostom
541:Contra Damianum
531:
518:Contra Damianum
514:
413:
366:John Philoponus
348:
275:John of Ephesus
240:Jacob Baradaeus
209:
204:
110:
101:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2531:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2488:Syriac writers
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2435:† Illegitimate
2434:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2426:(2014–Present)
2421:
2415:
2409:
2403:
2397:
2391:
2385:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2361:
2355:
2349:
2343:
2337:
2331:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2308:
2302:
2296:
2288:
2282:
2276:
2270:
2264:
2258:
2252:
2246:
2240:
2234:
2228:
2222:
2216:
2210:
2207:Basil IV Simon
2204:
2203:(1387–c. 1421)
2198:
2192:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2169:
2163:
2157:
2151:
2145:
2139:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2115:
2109:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2040:Ignatius Enoch
2037:
2031:
2025:
2018:
2016:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2003:
2002:(1349–c. 1360)
1997:
1990:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1947:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1903:
1897:
1891:
1883:
1877:
1869:
1866:Michael I Rabo
1863:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1819:
1813:
1807:
1801:
1795:
1789:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1706:
1700:
1695:
1689:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1664:
1656:
1650:
1642:
1634:
1628:
1625:Athanasius III
1622:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1542:
1531:
1530:
1523:
1516:
1508:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1491:
1482:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1461:
1437:
1408:
1384:
1372:
1363:
1350:
1341:
1320:
1314:
1301:
1288:
1276:
1264:
1248:
1239:
1230:
1206:
1194:
1186:Allen, Pauline
1176:
1175:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1125:
1113:
1101:
1099:, p. 175.
1089:
1074:
1062:
1060:, p. 129.
1058:Hoyland (2009)
1047:
1035:
1023:
1008:
989:
985:Wickham (2008)
966:
964:, p. 245.
954:
935:
923:
911:
892:
890:, p. 276.
880:
868:
866:, p. 157.
849:
830:
818:
803:
791:
789:, p. 806.
779:
762:
760:, p. 137.
758:Harrack (1999)
750:
731:
716:
714:, p. 244.
697:
695:, p. 191.
685:
673:
669:Barsoum (2003)
658:
654:Wickham (2011)
637:
635:, p. 152.
625:
599:
595:Leemans (2011)
586:
584:
581:
545:Church Fathers
530:
527:
513:
510:
458:festal letters
412:
409:
397:christological
347:
344:
297:William Wright
248:Constantinople
229:Paul the Black
208:
205:
203:
200:
192:Paul the Black
145:
144:
139:
135:
134:
129:
125:
124:
120:
119:
116:
112:
111:
102:
98:
94:
93:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
73:
69:
68:
65:
61:
60:
57:
53:
52:
47:
43:
42:
37:
33:
32:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2530:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2358:Ignatius John
2356:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2201:Philoxenus II
2199:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2046:Ignatius Qumo
2044:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1983:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1940:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1762:Dionysius III
1760:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1677:(790–791/792)
1676:
1673:
1669:
1668:David of Dara
1665:
1661:
1660:John of Raqqa
1657:
1654:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1627:(724–739/740)
1626:
1623:
1621:(709–723/724)
1620:
1617:
1615:(687–707/708)
1614:
1611:
1609:(683/684–687)
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1597:(649–666/667)
1596:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1585:(594/595–631)
1584:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1573:(578/581–591)
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1529:
1524:
1522:
1517:
1515:
1510:
1509:
1506:
1497:
1488:
1487:
1480:
1474:
1467:
1462:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1376:Shahîd, Irfan
1373:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1315:9780888442864
1311:
1307:
1302:
1299:(1): 155–170.
1298:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1164:
1163:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1138:, p. 68.
1137:
1132:
1130:
1123:, p. 12.
1122:
1117:
1110:
1105:
1098:
1097:Palmer (1990)
1093:
1086:
1081:
1079:
1071:
1070:Shahîd (1995)
1066:
1059:
1054:
1052:
1045:, p. 40.
1044:
1039:
1032:
1031:Shahîd (1995)
1027:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1005:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
986:
981:
979:
977:
975:
973:
971:
963:
958:
952:, p. 37.
951:
946:
944:
942:
940:
932:
927:
920:
915:
909:, p. 24.
908:
903:
901:
899:
897:
889:
884:
877:
872:
865:
860:
858:
856:
854:
847:, p. 78.
846:
841:
839:
837:
835:
827:
822:
816:, p. 34.
815:
810:
808:
800:
795:
788:
783:
777:, p. 77.
776:
771:
769:
767:
759:
754:
747:
742:
740:
738:
736:
728:
723:
721:
713:
708:
706:
704:
702:
694:
689:
682:
677:
670:
665:
663:
655:
650:
648:
646:
644:
642:
634:
629:
614:
610:
603:
596:
591:
587:
580:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
536:
526:
523:
519:
509:
507:
503:
502:Saint Sergius
498:
496:
492:
488:
484:
478:
475:
471:
465:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
437:
435:
431:
427:
426:
421:
420:
408:
405:
404:
398:
394:
390:
385:
383:
378:
373:
371:
367:
362:
357:
354:
353:archimandrite
343:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
289:
284:
281:records 581 (
280:
276:
272:
268:
267:
262:
258:
257:
251:
249:
243:
241:
237:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
199:
197:
193:
187:
185:
181:
180:
175:
171:
163:
159:
155:
151:
143:
140:
136:
133:
130:
126:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
99:
95:
90:
87:
84:
80:
77:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
51:
48:
44:
41:
38:
34:
31:
27:
20:
2294:(1640–1670)†
1909:(1252–1261)†
1875:(1180–1193)†
1842:Dionysius VI
1721:Dionysius II
1570:
1484:
1465:
1453:. Retrieved
1449:
1416:
1412:
1400:. Retrieved
1396:
1379:
1367:
1358:
1354:
1345:
1328:
1324:
1305:
1296:
1292:
1283:
1271:
1259:
1243:
1234:
1222:. Retrieved
1218:
1201:
1189:
1178:
1177:
1167:. Retrieved
1161:
1157:Bar Hebraeus
1149:
1148:
1145:Bibliography
1136:Ebied (2016)
1116:
1104:
1092:
1087:, p. 8.
1065:
1038:
1026:
962:Bar Hebraeus
957:
931:Brock (2011)
926:
914:
883:
871:
821:
814:Allen (2011)
801:, p. 8.
794:
782:
753:
748:, p. 5.
712:Bar Hebraeus
688:
676:
628:
616:. Retrieved
612:
602:
590:
540:
539:
532:
517:
515:
499:
479:
466:
461:
438:
434:sabellianism
423:
417:
414:
401:
386:
381:
374:
358:
349:
328:Bar Hebraeus
319:
313:
301:Rubens Duval
286:
278:
264:
254:
252:
244:
210:
188:
177:
149:
148:
138:Venerated in
118:22 April 591
2420:(1980–2014)
2414:(1957–1980)
2408:(1933–1957)
2396:(1906–1915)
2384:(1872–1894)
2378:(1847–1871)
2360:(1817–1818)
2348:(1768–1781)
2330:(1709–1722)
2313:(1687–1708)
2287:(1640–1653)
2275:(1591–1597)
2269:(1576–1591)
2263:(1557–1576)
2257:(1521–1557)
2251:(1519–1521)
2227:(1484–1493)
2215:(1445–1455)
2197:(1349–1387)
2191:(1313–1349)
2174:(1834–1839)
2168:(1821–1844)
2162:(1816–1842)
2156:(1816–1839)
2150:(1805–1834)
2144:(1804–1816)
2138:(1791–1816)
2132:(1791–1816)
2126:(1740–1791)
2120:(1707–1725)
2114:(1674–1707)
2102:(1584–1621)
2096:(1551–1571)
2090:(1524–1551)
2084:(1515–1524)
2060:(1460–1482)
2054:(1455–1460)
2036:(1418–1420)
2030:(1389–1418)
2024:(1364–1389)
1996:(1292–1293)
1977:(1412–1445)
1953:(1293–1333)
1934:(1292–1312)
1928:(1283–1292)
1916:(1252–1263)
1902:(1222–1252)
1882:(1199–1207)
1868:(1166–1199)
1844:(1088–1090)
1836:Iwannis III
1818:(1074–1075)
1794:(1031–1042)
1709:Ignatius II
1419:(1): 3–15.
1331:: 117–139.
633:Fiey (2004)
382:plerophoria
269:gives 578 (
72:Predecessor
2493:550 births
2473:591 deaths
2462:Categories
1932:Michael II
1756:Iwannis II
1670:(762–774)†
1662:(758–762)†
1648:(756–758)†
1640:(755–756)†
1613:Julian III
1535:Patriarchs
1355:Ad Graecos
583:References
512:Later life
491:Ghassanids
316:Alexandria
285:892). The
273:889), and
263:882), the
213:Callinicum
207:Early life
168:) was the
104:Callinicum
64:Term ended
2108:(c. 1628)
2015:1364–1844
1987:1293–1360
1944:1293–1445
1776:(965–985)
1770:(962–963)
1768:Abraham I
1764:(958–961)
1758:(954–957)
1752:(936–953)
1746:(923–935)
1740:(910–922)
1717:(887–896)
1711:(878–883)
1694:(818–845)
1683:(793–817)
1631:Iwannis I
1591:(631–648)
1579:(591–594)
1577:Julian II
1571:Peter III
1555:(512–538)
1553:Severus I
1496:Julian II
1433:170103621
522:communion
340:tritheism
202:Biography
128:Feast day
123:Sainthood
86:Julian II
82:Successor
56:Installed
1894:John XII
1816:Basil II
1681:Quriaqos
1653:George I
1595:Theodore
1589:John III
1490:581–591
1378:(1995).
1254:(2004).
1200:(2003).
535:anaphora
495:phylarch
462:apologia
403:apologia
361:Cilician
184:22 April
132:22 April
1750:John VI
1744:Basil I
1703:John IV
1638:Isaac I
1619:Elias I
1565:Paul II
1537:of the
1479:Paul II
1455:19 June
1258:(ed.).
1224:25 June
618:19 June
506:Jabiyah
497:Jafna.
470:Paralos
430:Trinity
336:Cyrrhus
277:in his
76:Paul II
50:Antioch
1738:John V
1675:Joseph
1431:
1402:9 June
1312:
1169:31 May
575:, and
483:Arabia
474:Enaton
452:, and
377:Tarsus
221:Syriac
162:Syriac
100:c. 550
36:Church
1429:S2CID
529:Works
217:Greek
154:Latin
1457:2020
1404:2020
1310:ISBN
1226:2020
1171:2020
620:2020
487:Tyre
460:and
422:and
332:Amid
326:and
115:Died
97:Born
1421:doi
1333:doi
504:at
391:by
67:591
59:581
46:See
2464::
1427:.
1415:.
1327:.
1297:56
1295:.
1159:.
1128:^
1077:^
1050:^
1011:^
992:^
969:^
938:^
895:^
852:^
833:^
806:^
765:^
734:^
719:^
700:^
661:^
640:^
611:.
571:,
567:,
563:,
559:,
555:,
551:,
448:,
444:,
307:,
303:,
299:,
293:AG
283:AG
271:AG
261:AG
219:,
186:.
164::
160:,
156::
106:,
2013:,
1527:e
1520:t
1513:v
1459:.
1435:.
1423::
1417:8
1406:.
1339:.
1335::
1329:2
1318:.
1228:.
1173:.
933:.
683:.
656:.
622:.
152:(
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